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Calcineurin signaling as a target for the treatment of alcohol abuse and neuroinflammatory disorders. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2019. [PMID: 31601401 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Converging lines of evidence point to a significant role of neuroinflammation in a host of psychiatric conditions, including alcohol use disorder, TBI, and PTSD. A complex interaction of both peripheral and central signaling underlies processes involved in neuroinflammation. Calcineurin is a molecule that sits at the nexus of these processes and has been clearly linked to a number of psychiatric disorders including alcohol use disorder (AUD). Like its role in regulating peripheral immune cells, calcineurin (CN) plays an integral role in processes regulating neuroimmune function and neuroinflammatory processes. Targeting CN or elements of its signaling pathways at critical points may aid in the functional recovery from neuroinflammatory related disorders. In this review we will highlight the role of neuroinflammation and calcineurin signaling in AUD, TBI and stress-induced disorders and discuss recent findings demonstrating a therapeutic effect of immunosuppressant-induced calcineurin inhibition in a pre-clinical model of binge alcohol drinking.
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Xu B, Lang LM, Lian S, Guo JR, Wang JF, Liu J, Yang HM, Li SZ. Neuroinflammation induced by secretion of acetylated HMGB1 from activated microglia in hippocampi of mice following chronic cold exposure. Brain Res 2019; 1726:146495. [PMID: 31586627 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stress is a nonspecific response to adverse circumstances and chronic stress can destroy homeostasis, leading to various primary diseases. Although chronic cold stress is becoming increasingly important for individuals living or working in extreme environments, the risk of associated disorders of the central nervous system remains unstudied. Here, male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to a temperature of 4 °C, for three hours each day for one, two or three weeks. Glial cell activation, neuronal structure, and neuroinflammation were then evaluated by western blotting, immunofluorescence, Nissl staining and co-immunoprecipitation. Microglial activation, accompanied by activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway, release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and loss of Nissl bodies, was observed in mouse hippocampal tissue following cold exposure. We speculate that these phenomena are mediated by the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB pathway and closely associated with acetylation of HMGB1 in the hippocampus. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of the cold stress response, which should inform the development of new strategies to combat the effects of hypothermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Li-Min Lang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Shuai Lian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Jing-Ru Guo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Jian-Fa Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Juxiong Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Huan-Min Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China.
| | - Shi-Ze Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China.
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Frinchi M, Nuzzo D, Scaduto P, Di Carlo M, Massenti MF, Belluardo N, Mudò G. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) activation in the rat hippocampus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14233. [PMID: 31578381 PMCID: PMC6775129 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50708-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently we found that acute treatment with Oxotremorine (Oxo), a non-selective mAChRs agonist, up-regulates heat shock proteins and activates their transcription factor heat shock factor 1 in the rat hippocampus. Here we aimed to investigate: a) if acute treatment with Oxo may regulate pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress in the rat hippocampus; b) if chronic restraint stress (CRS) induces inflammatory or oxidative alterations in the hippocampus and whether such alterations may be affected by chronic treatment with Oxo. In the acute experiment, rats were injected with single dose of Oxo (0.4 mg/kg) and sacrificed at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h. In the CRS experiment, the rats were exposed for 21 days to the CRS and then were treated with Oxo (0.2 mg/kg) for further 10 days. The acute Oxo treatment showed an ability to significantly reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS), singlet oxygen (1O2), pro-inflammatory cytokines levels (IL-1β and IL-6) and phosphorylated NF-κB-p65. Acute Oxo treatment also increased superoxide dismutase (SOD)-2 protein levels and stimulated SOD activity. No differences were detected in the anti-inflammatory cytokine levels, including IL-10 and TGF-β1. In the group of rats exposed to the CRS were found increased hippocampal IL-1β and IL-6 levels, together with a reduction of SOD activity level. These changes produced by CRS were counteracted by chronic Oxo treatment. In contrast, the upregulation of ROS and 1O2 levels in the CRS group was not counteracted by chronic Oxo treatment. The results revealed a hippocampal anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect of Oxo treatment in both basal conditions and anti-inflammatory in the CRS rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Frinchi
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic, div. of Human Physiology, University of Palermo, 90134, Palermo, Italy
| | - Domenico Nuzzo
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "Alberto Monroy" (IBIM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 90146, Palermo, Italy
| | - Pietro Scaduto
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic, div. of Human Physiology, University of Palermo, 90134, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marta Di Carlo
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "Alberto Monroy" (IBIM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 90146, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria F Massenti
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother and Child Care "Giuseppe D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, 90134, Palermo, Italy
| | - Natale Belluardo
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic, div. of Human Physiology, University of Palermo, 90134, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Mudò
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic, div. of Human Physiology, University of Palermo, 90134, Palermo, Italy.
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Obese mice exposed to psychosocial stress display cardiac and hippocampal dysfunction associated with local brain-derived neurotrophic factor depletion. EBioMedicine 2019; 47:384-401. [PMID: 31492565 PMCID: PMC6796537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity and psychosocial stress (PS) co-exist in individuals of Western society. Nevertheless, how PS impacts cardiac and hippocampal phenotype in obese subjects is still unknown. Nor is it clear whether changes in local brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) account, at least in part, for myocardial and behavioral abnormalities in obese experiencing PS. METHODS In adult male WT mice, obesity was induced via a high-fat diet (HFD). The resident-intruder paradigm was superimposed to trigger PS. In vivo left ventricular (LV) performance was evaluated by echocardiography and pressure-volume loops. Behaviour was indagated by elevated plus maze (EPM) and Y-maze. LV myocardium was assayed for apoptosis, fibrosis, vessel density and oxidative stress. Hippocampus was analyzed for volume, neurogenesis, GABAergic markers and astrogliosis. Cardiac and hippocampal BDNF and TrkB levels were measured by ELISA and WB. We investigated the pathogenetic role played by BDNF signaling in additional cardiac-selective TrkB (cTrkB) KO mice. FINDINGS When combined, obesity and PS jeopardized LV performance, causing prominent apoptosis, fibrosis, oxidative stress and remodeling of the larger coronary branches, along with lower BDNF and TrkB levels. HFD/PS weakened LV function similarly in WT and cTrkB KO mice. The latter exhibited elevated LV ROS emission already at baseline. Obesity/PS augmented anxiety-like behaviour and impaired spatial memory. These changes were coupled to reduced hippocampal volume, neurogenesis, local BDNF and TrkB content and augmented astrogliosis. INTERPRETATION PS and obesity synergistically deteriorate myocardial structure and function by depleting cardiac BDNF/TrkB content, leading to augmented oxidative stress. This comorbidity triggers behavioral deficits and induces hippocampal remodeling, potentially via lower BDNF and TrkB levels. FUND: J.A. was in part supported by Rotary Foundation Global Study Scholarship. G.K. was supported by T32 National Institute of Health (NIH) training grant under award number 1T32AG058527. S.C. was funded by American Heart Association Career Development Award (19CDA34760185). G.A.R.C. was funded by NIH (K01HL133368-01). APB was funded by a Grant from the Friuli Venezia Giulia Region entitled: "Heart failure as the Alzheimer disease of the heart; therapeutic and diagnostic opportunities". M.C. was supported by PRONAT project (CNR). N.P. was funded by NIH (R01 HL136918) and by the Magic-That-Matters fund (JHU). V.L. was in part supported by institutional funds from Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna (Pisa, Italy), by the TIM-Telecom Italia (WHITE Lab, Pisa, Italy), by a research grant from Pastificio Attilio Mastromauro Granoro s.r.l. (Corato, Italy) and in part by ETHERNA project (Prog. n. 161/16, Fondazione Pisa, Italy). Funding source had no such involvement in study design, in the collection, analysis, interpretation of data, in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the paper for publication.
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Pérez-Valenzuela C, Terreros G, Dagnino-Subiabre A. Effects of stress on the auditory system: an approach to study a common origin for mood disorders and dementia. Rev Neurosci 2019; 30:317-324. [PMID: 30205652 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2018-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The concept of stress is a fundamental piece to understand how organisms can adapt to the demands produced by a continuously changing environment. However, modern lifestyle subjects humans to high levels of negative stress or distress, which increases the prevalence of mental illnesses. Definitely, stress has become the pandemic of the 21st century, a fact that demands a great intellectual effort from scientists to understand the neurobiology of stress. This review proposes an innovative point of view to understand that mood disorders and dementia have a common etiology in a stressful environment. We propose that distress produces sensory deprivation, and this interferes with the connection between the brain and the environment in which the subject lives. The auditory system can serve as an example to understand this idea. In this sense, distress impairs the auditory system and induces hearing loss or presbycusis at an early age; this can increase the cognitive load in stressed people, which can stimulate the development of dementia in them. On the other hand, distress impairs the auditory system and increases the excitability of the amygdala, a limbic structure involved in the emotional processing of sounds. A consequence of these alterations could be the increase in the persistence of auditory fear memory, which could increase the development of mood disorders. Finally, it is important to emphasize that stress is an evolutionary issue that is necessary to understand the mental health of humans in these modern times. This article is a contribution to this discussion and will provide insights into the origin of stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Pérez-Valenzuela
- Laboratory of Stress Neurobiology, Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Valparaíso, Gran Bretaña 1111, Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Terreros
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de O'Higgins, Rancagua, Chile.,Auditory and Cognition Center (AUCO), Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexies Dagnino-Subiabre
- Laboratory of Stress Neurobiology, Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Valparaíso, Gran Bretaña 1111, Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile.,Auditory and Cognition Center (AUCO), Santiago, Chile
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Dahoun T, Calcia MA, Veronese M, Bloomfield P, Reis Marques T, Turkheimer F, Howes OD. The association of psychosocial risk factors for mental health with a brain marker altered by inflammation: A translocator protein (TSPO) PET imaging study. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 80:742-750. [PMID: 31112791 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders associated with psychosocial risk factors, including depression and psychosis, have been shown to demonstrate increased microglia activity. Whilst preclinical studies indicate that psychosocial stress leads to increased levels of microglia in the frontal cortex, no study has yet been performed in humans. This study aimed at investigating whether psychosocial risk factors for depression and/or psychosis would be associated with alterations in a brain marker expressed by microglia, the translocator specific protein (TSPO) in humans. We used [11C]-PBR28 Positron Emission Tomography on healthy subjects exposed to childhood and adulthood psychosocial risk factors (high-risk group, N = 12) and age- and sex-matched healthy controls not exposed to childhood and adulthood psychosocial risk factors (low-risk group, N = 12). The [11C]-PBR28 volume of distribution (VT) and Distribution Volume Ratio (DVR) were measured in the total gray matter, and frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital lobes. Levels of childhood trauma, anxiety and depression were measured using respectively the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, State-anxiety questionnaire and Beck Depression Inventory. Compared to the low-risk group, the high-risk group did not exhibit significant differences in the mean [11C]-PBR28 VT (F(1,20) = 1.619, p = 0.218) or DVR (F(1,22) = 0.952, p = 0.340) on any region. There were no significant correlations between the [11C]-PBR28 VT and DVRs in total gray matter and frontal lobe and measures of childhood trauma, anxiety and depression. Psychosocial risk factors for depression and/or psychosis are unlikely to be associated with alterations in [11C]-PBR28 binding, indicating that alterations in TSPO expression reported in these disorders is unlikely to be caused by psychosocial risk factors alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarik Dahoun
- Psychiatric Imaging Group MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX37 JX, UK
| | - Marilia A Calcia
- Institute of Psychiatry, Neurology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Mattia Veronese
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Neurology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Peter Bloomfield
- Psychiatric Imaging Group MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Tiago Reis Marques
- Psychiatric Imaging Group MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Psychiatry, Neurology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Federico Turkheimer
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Neurology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Oliver D Howes
- Psychiatric Imaging Group MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Psychiatry, Neurology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.
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Petrov AM, Lam M, Mast N, Moon J, Li Y, Maxfield E, Pikuleva IA. CYP46A1 Activation by Efavirenz Leads to Behavioral Improvement without Significant Changes in Amyloid Plaque Load in the Brain of 5XFAD Mice. Neurotherapeutics 2019; 16:710-724. [PMID: 31062296 PMCID: PMC6694340 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00737-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Efavirenz, the FDA-approved anti-retroviral medication, is evaluated in the clinical trial in patients with mild cognitive impairment or early dementia due to Alzheimer's disease. Efavirenz is assessed for activation of cytochrome P450 46A1 (CYP46A1), a CNS-specific enzyme that converts cholesterol to 24-hydroxycholesterol. Cholesterol 24-hydroxylation is the major pathway for brain cholesterol removal, and a mechanism that controls brain cholesterol turnover. The present study tested efavirenz on 5XFAD mice (an Alzheimer's model) at a very low daily dose of 0.1 mg/kg body weight. Efavirenz treatment started from three months of age, after amyloid plague appearance, and continued for 6 months. This treatment led to CYP46A1 activation in the brain, enhancement of brain cholesterol turnover, behavioral improvements, reduction in microglia activation but increased astrocyte reactivity. The levels of the soluble and insoluble amyloid 40 and 42 peptides were unchanged while the number and area of the dense core amyloid plaques were slightly decreased. The measurements of the brain levels of several pre- and post-synaptic proteins (Munc13-1, PSD-95, gephyrin, synaptophysin, synapsin-1, and calbindin-D28k) suggested efavirenz effect at the synaptic level. Efavirenz treatment in the present work seems to represent a model of behavioral and other improvements independent of the levels of the amyloid peptides and provides insight into potential outcomes of the future clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey M Petrov
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 2085 Adelbert Rd., Room 303, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Morrie Lam
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 2085 Adelbert Rd., Room 303, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Natalia Mast
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 2085 Adelbert Rd., Room 303, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Jean Moon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 2085 Adelbert Rd., Room 303, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 2085 Adelbert Rd., Room 303, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Erin Maxfield
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 2085 Adelbert Rd., Room 303, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Irina A Pikuleva
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 2085 Adelbert Rd., Room 303, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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Antimony, a novel nerve poison, triggers neuronal autophagic death via reactive oxygen species-mediated inhibition of the protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 114:105561. [PMID: 31228582 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2019.105561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Antimony (Sb), a naturally occurring metal present in air and drinking water, has been found in the human brain, and there is evidence of its toxic effects on neurobehavioral perturbations, suggesting that Sb is a potential nerve poison. Here, we provide the first study on the molecular mechanism underlying Sb-associated neurotoxicity. Mice exposed to antimony potassium tartrate hydrate showed significantly increased neuronal apoptosis. In vitro, Sb triggered apoptosis in PC12 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanically, Sb triggered autophagy as indicated by increased expression of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II (LC3-II) and accumulation of green fluorescent protein-tagged LC3 dots. Moreover, Sb enhanced autophagic flux and sequestosome 1 (p62) degradation. Subsequent analyses showed that Sb treatment decreased phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt) as well as the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), while an Akt activator protected PC12 cells from autophagy. Moreover, the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine attenuated Sb-induced Akt/mTOR inhibition and decreased autophagy and apoptosis, with autophagy inhibition also playing a cytoprotective role. In vivo, mice treated with Sb showed higher expression of LC3-II and p62 in the brain, consistent with the in vitro results. In summary, Sb induced autophagic cell death through reactive oxygen species-mediated inhibition of the Akt/mTOR pathway.
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Trevisan K, Cristina-Pereira R, Silva-Amaral D, Aversi-Ferreira TA. Theories of Aging and the Prevalence of Alzheimer's Disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:9171424. [PMID: 31317043 PMCID: PMC6601487 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9171424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aging and AD are associated in some way, then it is reasonable to ask whether or not it is possible to age without AD inexorably appearing at any moment, depending on the period of life. Therefore, the goal of this review is to verify, in light of some aging theories, the prevalence of AD. METHODS For the purpose of this manuscript, the indexers Alzheimer, aging, Alzheimer, and aging were considered; theories of aging were researched. The research was conducted using PubMed, Medline, Scopus, Elsevier, and Google Scholar. RESULTS The most common subjects in the papers analyzed for this manuscript were aging and Alzheimer's disease. The association between Alzheimer and theories of aging seems inconclusive. CONCLUSIONS Accordingly, the general idea is that AD is associated with aging in such a way that almost all people will present this disease; however, it is plausible to consider that the increase in life expectancy will generate a high prevalence of AD. In a general sense, it seems that the theories of aging explain the origin of AD under superlative and catastrophic considerations and use more biomolecular data than social or behavioral data as the bases of analysis, which may be the problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaynara Trevisan
- Laboratory of Physical Anthropology and Biomathematics, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Renata Cristina-Pereira
- Laboratory of Physical Anthropology and Biomathematics, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Danyelle Silva-Amaral
- Laboratory of Physical Anthropology and Biomathematics, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Tales Alexandre Aversi-Ferreira
- Laboratory of Physical Anthropology and Biomathematics, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, System Emotional Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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Unno K, Furushima D, Hamamoto S, Iguchi K, Yamada H, Morita A, Pervin M, Nakamura Y. Stress-reducing effect of cookies containing matcha green tea: essential ratio among theanine, arginine, caffeine and epigallocatechin gallate. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01653. [PMID: 31111111 PMCID: PMC6512570 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The stress-reducing effect of matcha, a high-quality fine-powdered green tea, has recently been clarified by animal experiments and clinical trials. However, the effect of matcha added to confectioneries is not clear. One aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between matcha components and their stress-reducing effect in mice that were loaded with territorially-based stress. Adrenal hypertrophy, a marker of stress, was significantly suppressed in stress-loaded mice that had ingested matcha components, displaying a caffeine and epigallocatechin gallate to theanine and arginine (CE/TA) ratio of 2 or less. Another aim was to evaluate, in humans, the stress-reducing effect of matcha in cookies using test-matcha (CE/TA = 1.79) or placebo-matcha (CE/TA = 10.64). Participants, who were fifth year pharmacy college students, consumed 4.5 g of matcha in three pieces of cookie daily for 15 days. Salivary α-amylase activity, a stress marker, was significantly lower in the test-matcha group than in the placebo group. These results indicate that the CE/TA ratio of tea components is a key indicator for the suppression of stress. Moreover, matcha with a CE/TA ratio of 2 or less displays a stress-reducing effect, even if it is included in confectionery products. Such products may also benefit individuals who have no habit of drinking matcha as a beverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Unno
- Department of Neurophysiology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.,Tea Science Center, Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Daisuke Furushima
- Department of Drug Evaluation & Informatics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Shingo Hamamoto
- Department of Drug Evaluation & Informatics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Iguchi
- Department of Neurophysiology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamada
- Department of Drug Evaluation & Informatics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Akio Morita
- Department of Functional Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Monira Pervin
- Tea Science Center, Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yoriyuki Nakamura
- Tea Science Center, Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
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Jones MK, Nair A, Gupta M. Mast Cells in Neurodegenerative Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:171. [PMID: 31133804 PMCID: PMC6524694 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases affect millions of people worldwide, yet there are currently no effective treatments. Because risk of neurodegenerative disease substantially increases with age, greater life expectancy with a concomitant aging population means more individuals will be affected in the coming decades. Thus, there is an urgent need for understanding the mechanisms driving neurodegenerative diseases in order to develop improved treatment strategies. Inflammation in the nervous system, termed “neuroinflammation,” has become increasingly recognized as being associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Early attention focused primarily on morphological changes in astrocytes and microglia; however, brain and CNS resident mast cells are now receiving attention as a result of being “first responders” to injury. Mast cells also exert profound effects on their microenvironment and neighboring cells including behavior and/or activation of astrocytes, microglia, and neurons, which, in turn, are implicated in neuroinflammation, neurogenesis and neurodegeneration. Mast cells also affect disruption/permeability of the blood brain barrier enabling toxin and immune cell entry exacerbating an inflammatory microenvironment. Here, we discuss the roles of mast cells in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration with a focus on development and progression of four prominent neurodegenerative diseases: Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and Huntington’s Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Jones
- Department of Medicine, Vascular Biology Center, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Archana Nair
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mihir Gupta
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
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Exposure to a single immobilization or lipopolysaccharide challenge increases expression of genes implicated in the development of Alzheimer's disease in the mice brain cortex. Endocr Regul 2019; 53:100-109. [PMID: 31517627 DOI: 10.2478/enr-2019-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite extensive research efforts, mechanisms participating on development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are covered only partially. Data from the last decades indicate that various stressors, as etiological factors, may play a role of in the AD. Therefore, we investigated the effect of two acute stressors, immobilization (IMO) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), on the AD-related neuropathology. METHODS Adult C57BL/6J mice males were exposed to a single IMO stress or a single intraperitoneal injection of LPS (250 µg/kg body weight). After terminating the experiments, the brains were removed and their cortices isolated. Gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as expression of genes implicated in the AD neuropathology were determined. In addition, mediators related to the activation of the microglia, monocytes, and perivascular macrophages were determined in brain cortices, as well. RESULTS In comparison with the control animals, we found increased gene expression of proinflammatory mediators in mice brain cortex in both IMO and LPS groups. In stressed animals, we also showed an increased expression of genes related to the AD neuropathology, as well as positive correlations between genes implicated in AD development and associated neuroinflammation. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that acute exposure to a strong IMO stressor, composed of the combined physical and psychological challenges, induces similar inflammatory and other ADrelated neuropathological changes as the immune LPS treatment. Our data also indicate that cytokines are most likely released from the peripheral immune cells, as we detected myeloid cells activity, without any microglia response. We hypothesize that stress induces innate immune response in the brain that consequently potentiate the expression of genes implicated in the AD-related neuropathology.
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Wang Y, Zhu T, Wang M, Zhang F, Zhang G, Zhao J, Zhang Y, Wu E, Li X. Icariin Attenuates M1 Activation of Microglia and Aβ Plaque Accumulation in the Hippocampus and Prefrontal Cortex by Up-Regulating PPARγ in Restraint/Isolation-Stressed APP/PS1 Mice. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:291. [PMID: 31001073 PMCID: PMC6455051 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies have shown that psychosocial stress is involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis; it induces M1 microglia polarization and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, leading to neurotoxic outcomes and decreased β-amyloid (Aβ) clearance. Icariin has been proven to be an effective anti-inflammatory agent and to activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors gamma (PPARγ) which induces the M2 phenotype in the microglia. However, whether restraint/isolation stress reduces the clearance ability of microglia by priming and polarizing microglia to the M1 phenotype, and the effects of icariin in attenuating the inflammatory response and relieving the pathological changes of AD are still unclear. Methods APP/PS1 mice (male, aged 3 months) were randomly divided into a control group, a restraint/isolation stress group, and a restraint/isolation stress + icariin group. The restraint/isolation stress group was subjected to a paradigm to build a depressive animal model. Sucrose preference, open field, elevated plus maze, and Y maze test were used to assess the stress paradigm. The Morris water maze test was performed to evaluate spatial reference learning and memory. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistochemistry were used to identify the microglia phenotype and Aβ accumulation. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of PPARγ in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC). Results Restraint/isolation stress induced significant depressive-like behaviors in APP/PS1 mice at 4 months of age and memory impairment at 10 months of age, while 6 months of icariin administration relieved the memory damage. Restraint/isolation stressed mice had elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines, decreased anti-inflammatory cytokines, increased Aβ plaque accumulation and more M1 phenotype microglia in the hippocampus and PFC at 10 months of age, while 6 months of icariin administration relieved these changes. Moreover, restraint/isolation stressed mice had down-regulated PPARγ expression in the hippocampus and PFC at 10 months of age, while 6 months of icariin administration reversed the alteration, especially in the hippocampus. Conclusion Restraint/isolation stress induced depressive-like behaviors and spatial memory damage, over-expression of M1 microglia markers and more severe Aβ accumulation by suppressing PPARγ in APP/PS1 mice. Icariin can be considered a new treatment option as it induces the switch of the microglia phenotype by activating PPARγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihe Wang
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tianrui Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Neurology, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Guitao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Erxi Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuroscience Institute, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, United States.,Department of Surgery and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, TX, United States.,LIVESTRONG Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Department of Neurology, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Tan X, Zhou Y, Gong P, Guan H, Wu B, Hou L, Feng X, Zheng W, Li J. A multifunctional bis-(-)-nor-meptazinol-oxalamide hybrid with metal-chelating property ameliorates Cu(II)-induced spatial learning and memory deficits via preventing neuroinflammation and oxido-nitrosative stress in mice. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2019; 52:199-208. [PMID: 30732883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Excess copper exposure is a risk factor of neurodegeneration related to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Evidence indicates that, besides promoting amyloid β aggregation, activation of neuroinflammation and oxido-nitrosative stress (two key pathophysiological processes of AD) may also play important roles in Cu(II)-induced neuronal injury. Therefore, the copper-chelating strategy has gained attention in search for new anti-AD drugs. We previously reported a novel multifunctional compound N1,N2-bis(3-(S)-meptazinol-propyl) oxalamide (ZLA), a bis-(-)-nor-meptazinol-oxalamide hybrid with properties of dual binding site acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition and Cu(II)/Zn(II) chelation. The present study was aimed to explore its effect on cognitive deficits caused by intrahippocampal injection of Cu(II) in mice. Results showed that ZLA (2, 5 mg/kg; i.p.) treatment significantly ameliorated the Cu(II)-induced impairment of hippocampus-dependent learning and memory, whereas rivastigmine, an AChE inhibitor showing a similar potency of enzyme inhibition to ZLA, had no obvious effect. Immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses revealed that ZLA attenuated the decrease in hippocampal expression of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2, a dendritic marker) in Cu(II)-challenged mice. Further analysis showed that ZLA suppressed the Cu(II)-evoked microglial activation. Moreover, it inhibited the Cu(II)-evoked production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-1β and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the hippocampus. The Cu(II)-induced oxidative and nitrosative stress in the hippocampus was also attenuated after ZLA treatment. Collectively, these results suggest that ZLA ameliorates the Cu(II)-caused cognitive deficits. Inhibition of neuroinflammation and oxido-nitrosative stress, and thus ameliorating neuronal injury, may be the potential mechanism for the anti-amnesic effect of ZLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Tan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Ping Gong
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Huifeng Guan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Baichuan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Lina Hou
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Xuemei Feng
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Wei Zheng
- NPFPC Key Laboratory of Contraceptives and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, 2140 Xietu Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China.
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, PR China.
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de Oliveira MS, da Cruz JN, Gomes Silva S, da Costa WA, de Sousa SHB, Bezerra FWF, Teixeira E, da Silva NJN, de Aguiar Andrade EH, de Jesus Chaves Neto AM, de Carvalho RN. Phytochemical profile, antioxidant activity, inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and interaction mechanism of the major components of the Piper divaricatum essential oil obtained by supercritical CO2. J Supercrit Fluids 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Protective Effects of 1-Methylnicotinamide on Aβ1–42-Induced Cognitive Deficits, Neuroinflammation and Apoptosis in Mice. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2019; 14:401-412. [DOI: 10.1007/s11481-018-09830-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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67
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Westfall S, Iqbal U, Sebastian M, Pasinetti GM. Gut microbiota mediated allostasis prevents stress-induced neuroinflammatory risk factors of Alzheimer's disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2019; 168:147-181. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Zhao D, Gu MY, Xu JL, Zhang LJ, Ryu SY, Yang HO. Anti-neuroinflammatory Effects of 12-Dehydrogingerdione in LPS-Activated Microglia through Inhibiting Akt/IKK/NF-κB Pathway and Activating Nrf-2/HO-1 Pathway. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2019; 27:92-100. [PMID: 30404129 PMCID: PMC6319549 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2018.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginger, one of worldwide consumed dietary spice, is not only famous as food supplements, but also believed to exert a variety of remarkable pharmacological activity as herbal remedies. In this study, a ginger constituent, 12-dehydrogingerdione (DHGD) was proven that has comparable anti-inflammatory activity with positive control 6-shogaol in inhibiting LPS-induced interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, prostaglandin (PG) E2, nitric oxide (NO), inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, without interfering with COX-1 in cultured microglial cells. Subsequent mechanistic studies indicate that 12-DHGD may inhibit neuro-inflammation through suppressing the LPS-activated Akt/IKK/NF-κB pathway. Furthermore, 12-DHGD markedly promoted the activation of NF-E2-related factor (Nrf)-2 and heme oxygenase (HO)-1, and we demonstrated that the involvement of HO-1 on the production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as NO and TNF-α by using a HO-1 inhibitor, Zinc protoporphyrin (Znpp). These results indicate that 12-DHGD may protect against neuro-inflammation by inhibiting Akt/IKK/IκB/NF-κB pathway and promoting Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhao
- Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea.,Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Ming-Yao Gu
- Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiu Liang Xu
- Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Li Jun Zhang
- Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea.,Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Shi Yong Ryu
- Research Center for Medicinal Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ok Yang
- Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea.,Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
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Bisht K, Sharma K, Tremblay MÈ. Chronic stress as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease: Roles of microglia-mediated synaptic remodeling, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Neurobiol Stress 2018; 9:9-21. [PMID: 29992181 PMCID: PMC6035903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the predominant immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS) that exert key physiological roles required for maintaining CNS homeostasis, notably in response to chronic stress, as well as mediating synaptic plasticity, learning and memory. The repeated exposure to stress confers a higher risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases including sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). While microglia have been causally linked to amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation, tau pathology, neurodegeneration, and synaptic loss in AD, they were also attributed beneficial roles, notably in the phagocytic elimination of Aβ. In this review, we discuss the interactions between chronic stress and AD pathology, overview the roles played by microglia in AD, especially focusing on chronic stress as an environmental risk factor modulating their function, and present recently-described microglial phenotypes associated with neuroprotection in AD. These microglial phenotypes observed under both chronic stress and AD pathology may provide novel opportunities for the development of better-targeted therapeutic interventions.
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Key Words
- ABCA7, ATP-binding cassette transporter A7
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- APOE, Apolipoprotein E
- APP, amyloid precursor protein
- Alzheimer's disease
- Aβ, Amyloid beta
- BDNF, brain derived neurotrophic factor
- CD11b, cluster of differentiation molecule 11B
- CD33, cluster of differentiation 33
- CNS, central nervous system
- CR, complement receptor
- CRF, corticotropin releasing factor
- DAM, disease associated microglia
- DAP12, DNAX-activation protein 12
- Dark microglia
- FAD, Familial Alzheimer's disease
- FCRLS, Fc receptor-like S scavenger receptor
- GR, glucocorticoid receptor
- HPA axis, hypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical axis
- IBA1, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1
- IL, interleukin
- LTP, long-term potentiation
- MGnD, microglia with a neurodegenerative phenotype
- MR, mineralocorticoid receptor
- Microglia
- Microglial phenotypes
- NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- NFT, neurofibrillary tangles
- Neurodegeneration
- Neuroinflammation
- PS, presenilin
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Stress
- Synaptic remodeling
- TGFβ, transforming growth factor β
- TLR, Toll-like receptors
- TMEM119, transmembrane protein 119
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor-α
- TREM2, triggering receptor expressed in myeloid cells 2
- TYROBP, TYRO protein tyrosine kinase binding protein
- mPFC, medial prefrontal cortex
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Bisht
- Axe Neurosciences, CRCHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Kaushik Sharma
- Axe Neurosciences, CRCHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, CRCHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département de médecine moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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Stress-Reducing Function of Matcha Green Tea in Animal Experiments and Clinical Trials. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10101468. [PMID: 30308973 PMCID: PMC6213777 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Theanine, a major amino acid in green tea, exhibits a stress-reducing effect in mice and humans. Matcha, which is essentially theanine-rich powdered green tea, is abundant in caffeine. Caffeine has a strong antagonistic effect against theanine. The stress-reducing effect of matcha was examined with an animal experiment and a clinical trial. The stress-reducing effect of matcha marketed in Japan and abroad was assessed based on its composition. The stress-reducing effect of matcha in mice was evaluated as suppressed adrenal hypertrophy using territorially-based loaded stress. High contents of theanine and arginine in matcha exhibited a high stress-reducing effect. However, an effective stress-reducing outcome was only possible when the molar ratio of caffeine and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) to theanine and arginine was less than two. Participants (n = 39) consumed test-matcha, which was expected to have a stress-reducing effect, or placebo-matcha, where no effect was expected. Anxiety, a reaction to stress, was significantly lower in the test-matcha group than in the placebo group. To predict mental function of each matcha, both the quantity of theanine and the ratios of caffeine, EGCG, and arginine against theanine need to be verified.
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Ding RR, Chen W, Guo CY, Liao WT, Yang X, Liao FE, Lin JM, Mei HF, Zeng Y. Dangguishaoyao-San attenuates LPS-induced neuroinflammation via the TLRs/NF-κB signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 105:187-194. [PMID: 29857298 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dangguishaoyao-San (DSS) is composed of six traditional Chinese medicines, including Angelica sinensis, Paeoniae radix, Rhizoma Ligusticum, Poria cocos, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae, and Rhizoma Alismatis. DSS has been reported to be effective in alleviating the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of action of DSS in vitro using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV-2 microglia cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS BV-2 cells were pretreated with 0.58-1.16 mg/mL of DSS for 2 h and then treated with 1 μg/mL LPS for 24 h. Cell viability was determined by an 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The protein expression levels were measured by Western blots. Inflammatory factors were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). The mRNA levels of inflammatory factors were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). RESULTS DSS treatment at concentrations of 0.58-1.16 mg/mL resulted in no significant cytotoxicity. DSS attenuated the release of pro-inflammatory factors, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), iNOS and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in LPS-induced BV-2 cells. DSS attenuated the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, TLR2, and TLR4 and decreased TLR4 and TLR protein levels as well as the phosphorylation of IκB in LPS-induced BV-2 cells. DSS also down-regulated the nuclear translocation of p65. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that DSS has a protective effect on neuroinflammation in LPS-induced BV-2 microglia cells through the TLRs/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Rui Ding
- State Administration of TCM, PR China; Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China
| | - Wang Chen
- State Administration of TCM, PR China; Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China
| | - Cong-Ying Guo
- State Administration of TCM, PR China; Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China
| | - Wei-Tao Liao
- State Administration of TCM, PR China; Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Feng-Er Liao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jing-Ming Lin
- Zhu Jiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Han-Fang Mei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Yu Zeng
- State Administration of TCM, PR China; Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China.
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Morgello S, Jacobs M, Murray J, Byrd D, Neibart E, Mintz L, Meloni G, Chon C, Crary J. Alzheimer's disease neuropathology may not predict functional impairment in HIV: a report of two individuals. J Neurovirol 2018; 24:629-637. [PMID: 30094630 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-018-0663-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
With aging of HIV populations, there is concern that Alzheimer's disease (AD) may become prevalent and difficult to distinguish from HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. To date, there are no reports documenting histologically verified Alzheimer's neuropathology in individuals with HIV and dementia. Herein, we report two antiretroviral-treated, virally suppressed, HIV-infected individuals autopsied by the Manhattan HIV Brain Bank. Subject A presented to study at 52 years, already dependent in instrumental activities of daily living (ADLs), with severe cognitive impairment inclusive of learning and memory dysfunction. Her history was significant for educational disability and head trauma. She had rapid cognitive decline and, by death at age 59 years, was bed-bound, incontinent, and non-communicative. At autopsy, she exhibited severe AD neuropathologic change (NIA-AA score A3B3C3) and age-related tau astrogliopathy (ARTAG). She was homozygous for APOE ε3/ε3. No HIV DNA was detected in frontal lobe by nested polymerase chain reaction. Subject B was a community dwelling 81-year-old woman who experienced sudden death by pulmonary embolus. Prior to death, she was fully functional, living independently, and managing all ADLs. At autopsy, she displayed moderate amyloid and severe tau AD neuropathologic changes (A2B3C2), ARTAG, and cerebral congophilic angiopathy. She was an APOE ε3/ε4 heterozygote, and HIV DNA, but not RNA, was detected in frontal lobe, despite 20 years of therapy-induced viral suppression. We conclude that in the setting of HIV, AD neuropathology may occur with or without symptomatic cognitive dysfunction; as with seronegative individuals, there are likely to be complex factors in the generation of clinically relevant impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Morgello
- Department of Neurology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Gustave L Levy Place, Box 1137, New York, NY, 10029, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience and Pathology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Michelle Jacobs
- Department of Neurology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Gustave L Levy Place, Box 1137, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Jacinta Murray
- Department of Neurology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Gustave L Levy Place, Box 1137, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Desiree Byrd
- Department of Neurology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Gustave L Levy Place, Box 1137, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Eric Neibart
- Department of Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Letty Mintz
- Department of Neurology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Gustave L Levy Place, Box 1137, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Gregory Meloni
- Department of Neurology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Gustave L Levy Place, Box 1137, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Christina Chon
- Department of Neurology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Gustave L Levy Place, Box 1137, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - John Crary
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
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Ji J, Xue TF, Guo XD, Yang J, Guo RB, Wang J, Huang JY, Zhao XJ, Sun XL. Antagonizing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ facilitates M1-to-M2 shift of microglia by enhancing autophagy via the LKB1-AMPK signaling pathway. Aging Cell 2018; 17:e12774. [PMID: 29740932 PMCID: PMC6052482 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia‐mediated neuroinflammation plays a dual role in various brain diseases due to distinct microglial phenotypes, including deleterious M1 and neuroprotective M2. There is growing evidence that the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonist rosiglitazone prevents lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced microglial activation. Here, we observed that antagonizing PPARγ promoted LPS‐stimulated changes in polarization from the M1 to the M2 phenotype in primary microglia. PPARγ antagonist T0070907 increased the expression of M2 markers, including CD206, IL‐4, IGF‐1, TGF‐β1, TGF‐β2, TGF‐β3, G‐CSF, and GM‐CSF, and reduced the expression of M1 markers, such as CD86, Cox‐2, iNOS, IL‐1β, IL‐6, TNF‐α, IFN‐γ, and CCL2, thereby inhibiting NFκB–IKKβ activation. Moreover, antagonizing PPARγ promoted microglial autophagy, as indicated by the downregulation of P62 and the upregulation of Beclin1, Atg5, and LC3‐II/LC3‐I, thereby enhancing the formation of autophagosomes and their degradation by lysosomes in microglia. Furthermore, we found that an increase in LKB1–STRAD–MO25 complex formation enhances autophagy. The LKB1 inhibitor radicicol or knocking down LKB1 prevented autophagy improvement and the M1‐to‐M2 phenotype shift by T0070907. Simultaneously, we found that knocking down PPARγ in BV2 microglial cells also activated LKB1–AMPK signaling and inhibited NFκB–IKKβ activation, which are similar to the effects of antagonizing PPARγ. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that antagonizing PPARγ promotes the M1‐to‐M2 phenotypic shift in LPS‐induced microglia, which might be due to improved autophagy via the activation of the LKB1–AMPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ji
- Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration; Department of Pharmacology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Teng-Fei Xue
- Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration; Department of Pharmacology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Xu-Dong Guo
- Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration; Department of Pharmacology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Jin Yang
- Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration; Department of Pharmacology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Ruo-Bing Guo
- Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration; Department of Pharmacology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Juan Wang
- Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration; Department of Pharmacology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Ji-Ye Huang
- Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration; Department of Pharmacology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Xiao-Jie Zhao
- Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration; Department of Pharmacology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Xiu-Lan Sun
- Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration; Department of Pharmacology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu China
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74
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Sarker MR, Franks SF. Efficacy of curcumin for age-associated cognitive decline: a narrative review of preclinical and clinical studies. GeroScience 2018; 40:73-95. [PMID: 29679204 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-018-0017-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Processes such as aberrant redox signaling and chronic low-grade systemic inflammation have been reported to modulate age-associated pathologies such as cognitive impairment. Curcumin, the primary therapeutic component of the Indian spice, Turmeric (Curcuma longa), has long been known for its strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity attributable to its unique molecular structure. Recently, an interest in this polyphenol as a cognitive therapeutic for the elderly has emerged. The purpose of this paper is to critically review preclinical and clinical studies that have evaluated the efficacy of curcumin in ameliorating and preventing age-associated cognitive decline and address the translational progress of preclinical to clinical efficacy. PubMed, semantic scholar, and Google scholar searches were used for preclinical studies; and clinicaltrials.gov , the Australian and New Zealand clinical trials registry, and PubMed search were used to select relevant completed clinical studies. Results from preclinical studies consistently demonstrate curcumin and its analogues to be efficacious for various aspects of cognitive impairment and processes that contribute to age-associated cognitive impairment. Results of published clinical studies, while mixed, continue to show promise for curcumin's use as a therapeutic for cognitive decline but overall remain inconclusive at this time. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have found that curcumin can significantly decrease oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, and obstruct pathways that activate transcription factors that augment these processes. Future clinical studies would benefit from including evaluation of peripheral and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of dementia and behavioral markers of cognitive decline, as well as targeting the appropriate population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjana Rahman Sarker
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
| | - Susan F Franks
- Department of Family Medicine, Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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75
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Skaper SD, Facci L, Zusso M, Giusti P. An Inflammation-Centric View of Neurological Disease: Beyond the Neuron. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:72. [PMID: 29618972 PMCID: PMC5871676 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a complex biological response fundamental to how the body deals with injury and infection to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury and effect repair. Unlike a normally beneficial acute inflammatory response, chronic inflammation can lead to tissue damage and ultimately its destruction, and often results from an inappropriate immune response. Inflammation in the nervous system (“neuroinflammation”), especially when prolonged, can be particularly injurious. While inflammation per se may not cause disease, it contributes importantly to disease pathogenesis across both the peripheral (neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia) and central [e.g., Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, multiple sclerosis, motor neuron disease, ischemia and traumatic brain injury, depression, and autism spectrum disorder] nervous systems. The existence of extensive lines of communication between the nervous system and immune system represents a fundamental principle underlying neuroinflammation. Immune cell-derived inflammatory molecules are critical for regulation of host responses to inflammation. Although these mediators can originate from various non-neuronal cells, important sources in the above neuropathologies appear to be microglia and mast cells, together with astrocytes and possibly also oligodendrocytes. Understanding neuroinflammation also requires an appreciation that non-neuronal cell—cell interactions, between both glia and mast cells and glia themselves, are an integral part of the inflammation process. Within this context the mast cell occupies a key niche in orchestrating the inflammatory process, from initiation to prolongation. This review will describe the current state of knowledge concerning the biology of neuroinflammation, emphasizing mast cell-glia and glia-glia interactions, then conclude with a consideration of how a cell's endogenous mechanisms might be leveraged to provide a therapeutic strategy to target neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Skaper
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Laura Facci
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Morena Zusso
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Pietro Giusti
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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76
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Extract of sesame cake and sesamol alleviate chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depressive-like behaviors and memory deficits. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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77
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Meshalkina DA, Kysil EV, Warnick JE, Demin KA, Kalueff AV. Adult zebrafish in CNS disease modeling: a tank that's half-full, not half-empty, and still filling. Lab Anim (NY) 2018; 46:378-387. [PMID: 28984854 DOI: 10.1038/laban.1345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is increasingly used in a broad array of biomedical studies, from cancer research to drug screening. Zebrafish also represent an emerging model organism for studying complex brain diseases. The number of zebrafish neuroscience studies is exponentially growing, significantly outpacing those conducted with rodents or other model organisms. Yet, there is still a substantial amount of resistance in adopting zebrafish as a first-choice model system. Studies of the repertoire of zebrafish neural and behavioral functions continue to reveal new opportunities for understanding the pathobiology of various CNS deficits. Although some of these models are well established in zebrafish, including models for anxiety, depression, and addiction, others are less recognized, for example, models of autism and obsessive-compulsive states. However, mounting data indicate that a wide spectrum of CNS diseases can be modeled in adult zebrafish. Here, we summarize recent findings using zebrafish CNS assays, discuss model limitations and the existing challenges, as well as outline future directions of research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya A Meshalkina
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia.,The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), Slidell, Louisiana, USA
| | - Elana V Kysil
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Jason E Warnick
- The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), Slidell, Louisiana, USA.,Department of Behavioral Sciences, Arkansas Tech University, Russellville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Konstantin A Demin
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia.,The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), Slidell, Louisiana, USA
| | - Allan V Kalueff
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, ITBM, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia.,ZENEREI Research Center, Slidell, Louisiana, USA
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78
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Yuan J, Sun Y, Sang S, Pham JH, Kong WJ. The risk of cognitive impairment associated with hearing function in older adults: a pooled analysis of data from eleven studies. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2137. [PMID: 29391476 PMCID: PMC5794920 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20496-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired hearing and cognition are disabling conditions among older adults. Research has presented inconsistent conclusions regarding hearing impairment posing a risk for cognitive impairment. We aimed to assess this from published evidence via searching PubMed and Embase, from the inception of the databases indexed to December 2, 2016. For those high-quality studies retrieved, relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were combined to estimate the risk of cognitive impairment. Eleven cohort studies were included in the present study. Pooled results found that elderly people with disabled peripheral and central hearing function had a higher risk of cognitive impairment (for moderate/severe peripheral hearing impairment: RR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.04-1.59 during a follow-up ≤6 years. RR = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.13-2.20 during a follow-up >6 years; for severe central hearing impairment, RR = 3.21, 95% CI: 1.19-8.69) compared to those with normal hearing function. We also recorded a dose-response trend for cognitive impairment as hearing thresholds rose. No evident bias from potential confounding factors was found with one exception: the length for clinical follow-up. Although results are preliminary because qualifying studies were few, statistical findings were consistent with older people identified as having greater levels of hearing loss, having a corresponding higher risk of cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yuan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, PR China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, PR China
| | - Shuping Sang
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunan, 650031, PR China
| | - Jessica Huynh Pham
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, United States
| | - Wei-Jia Kong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, PR China.
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79
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Kempuraj D, Selvakumar GP, Thangavel R, Ahmed ME, Zaheer S, Raikwar SP, Iyer SS, Bhagavan SM, Beladakere-Ramaswamy S, Zaheer A. Mast Cell Activation in Brain Injury, Stress, and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:703. [PMID: 29302258 PMCID: PMC5733004 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are localized throughout the body and mediate allergic, immune, and inflammatory reactions. They are heterogeneous, tissue-resident, long-lived, and granulated cells. Mast cells increase their numbers in specific site in the body by proliferation, increased recruitment, increased survival, and increased rate of maturation from its progenitors. Mast cells are implicated in brain injuries, neuropsychiatric disorders, stress, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. Brain mast cells are the first responders before microglia in the brain injuries since mast cells can release prestored mediators. Mast cells also can detect amyloid plaque formation during Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Stress conditions activate mast cells to release prestored and newly synthesized inflammatory mediators and induce increased blood-brain barrier permeability, recruitment of immune and inflammatory cells into the brain and neuroinflammation. Stress induces the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus and mast cells. CRH activates glial cells and mast cells through CRH receptors and releases neuroinflammatory mediators. Stress also increases proinflammatory mediator release in the peripheral systems that can induce and augment neuroinflammation. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a traumatic-chronic stress related mental dysfunction. Currently there is no specific therapy to treat PTSD since its disease mechanisms are not yet clearly understood. Moreover, recent reports indicate that PTSD could induce and augment neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Mast cells play a crucial role in the peripheral inflammation as well as in neuroinflammation due to brain injuries, stress, depression, and PTSD. Therefore, mast cells activation in brain injury, stress, and PTSD may accelerate the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases including AD. This review focusses on how mast cells in brain injuries, stress, and PTSD may promote the pathogenesis of AD. We suggest that inhibition of mast cells activation and brain cells associated inflammatory pathways in the brain injuries, stress, and PTSD can be explored as a new therapeutic target to delay or prevent the pathogenesis and severity of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Govindhasamy P. Selvakumar
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Mohammad E. Ahmed
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Smita Zaheer
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Sudhanshu P. Raikwar
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Shankar S. Iyer
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Sachin M. Bhagavan
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Swathi Beladakere-Ramaswamy
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, United States
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80
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Toufexis D, King SB, Michopoulos V. Socially Housed Female Macaques: a Translational Model for the Interaction of Chronic Stress and Estrogen in Aging. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2017; 19:78. [PMID: 28905316 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-017-0833-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Estrogen's role in cognitive aging remains unclear. Despite evidence implicating stress in pathological aging, the interaction of stress with estrogen on cognition in older women has received little attention, and few animal models exist with which to examine this interaction. RECENT FINDINGS We present evidence that aging socially subordinate female macaques that experience chronic psychosocial stress constitute a suitable model to investigate this. First, we review studies showing that estrogen modulates cognition in animal models, as well as studies demonstrating that estrogen's action on certain types of cognition is impaired by stress. Next, we discuss data showing that middle-aged socially subordinate female macaques exhibit distinct stress-induced phenotypes, and review our investigations indicating that estrogen modulates behavior and physiology differently in subordinate female monkeys. We conclude that socially housed female macaques represent a translational animal model for investigating the interplay of chronic stress and estrogen on cognitive aging in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna Toufexis
- Department of Psychological Science, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Division of Development and Cognitive Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - S Bradley King
- Department of Psychological Science, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Vasiliki Michopoulos
- Division of Development and Cognitive Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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81
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Kliushnik TP, Androsova LV, Mikhaylova NM, Kolykhalov IV, Zozulya SA, Dupin AM. [Systemic inflammatory markers in age-associated cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2017; 117:74-79. [PMID: 28805765 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro20171177174-79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine a complex of immune markers reflecting various links of multicomponent inflammatory reactions in amnestic type of mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) in comparison with Alzheimer's disease (AD). MATERIAL AND METHODS Sixty-seven patients with aMCI, aged 72 [63; 77] years, and 91 patients with Alzheimer's disease at the age of 74 [68; 79] years were examined. The aMCI was diagnosed according to the criteria of R.S. Petersen et al. (1999) and B. Dubois et al. (2014). The diagnosis of AD was established in accordance with the ICD-10 and NINCDS-ADRDA criteria. The degree of dementia severity was determined by clinical signs using the CDR (Clinical Dementia Rating) and the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) total score. The control group included 38 age- and sex-matched individuals. Immune and biochemical parameters were determined in blood plasma. The activity of LE and α1-PI was determined by spectrophotometric method. Concentrations of IL-6 and CRP were measured by enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS AD was characterized by the significant decrease in LE activity (p<0.0001) and increase in the activity/levels of α1-PI, CRP and IL-6 (p<0.001; p<0.05; p<0.01, respectively) compared to controls. CDR and MMSE scores were correlated with the LE activity (r=-0.38, r=0.31, p<0.05), i.e. cognitive decline was associated with decreased activity of LE. aMCI was characterized by the significant increase in the activity/level of α1-PI and IL-6 (p<0.0001; p<0.01). In 30% of patients with aMCI, a spectrum of inflammatory markers, typical for patients with AD, was determined. CONCLUSION Based on the results of comparative analysis of aMCI and AD, one can suggest that one third of patients with aMCI represents a group of ultra-high risk of AD. These patients need a dynamic follow-up with a regular assessment of the state of cognitive functions and possibly preventive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - S A Zozulya
- Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - A M Dupin
- Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia
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82
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Brain Under Stress and Alzheimer's Disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2017; 38:73-84. [PMID: 28699112 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-017-0521-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Modern society is characterized by the ubiquity of stressors that affect every individual to different extents. Furthermore, experimental, clinical, and epidemiological data have shown that chronic activation of the stress response may participate in the development of various somatic as well as neuropsychiatric diseases. Surprisingly, the role that stress plays in the etiopathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has not yet been studied in detail and is therefore not well understood. However, accumulated data have shown that neuroendocrine and behavioral changes accompanying the stress response affect neuronal homeostasis and compromise several key neuronal processes. Mediators of the neuroendocrine stress response, if elevated repeatedly or chronically, exert direct detrimental effects on the brain by impairing neuronal metabolism, plasticity, and survival. Stress-induced hormonal and behavioral reactions may also participate in the development of hypertension, atherosclerosis, insulin resistance, and other peripheral disturbances that may indirectly induce neuropathological processes participating in the development and progression of AD. Importantly, stress-induced detrimental effects as etiological factors of AD are attractive because they can be reduced by several approaches including behavioral and pharmacological interventions. These interventions may therefore represent an important strategy for prevention or attenuation of the progression of AD.
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83
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Walker LC, Jucker M. The Exceptional Vulnerability of Humans to Alzheimer's Disease. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:534-545. [PMID: 28483344 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Like many humans, non-human primates deposit copious misfolded Aβ protein in the brain as they age. Nevertheless, the complete behavioral and pathologic phenotype of Alzheimer's disease, including Aβ plaques, neurofibrillary (tau) tangles, and dementia, has not yet been identified in a non-human species. Recent research suggests that the crucial link between Aβ aggregation and tauopathy is somehow disengaged in aged monkeys. Understanding why Alzheimer's disease fails to develop in species that are biologically proximal to humans could disclose new therapeutic targets in the chain of events leading to neurodegeneration and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lary C Walker
- Department of Neurology and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Mathias Jucker
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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84
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Alcocer-Gómez E, Castejón-Vega B, Cordero MD. Stress-Induced NLRP3 Inflammasome in Human Diseases. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2017; 108:127-162. [PMID: 28427559 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Stress is a complex event that induces disturbances to physiological and psychological homeostasis, and it may have a detrimental impact on certain brain and physiological functions. In the last years, a dual role of the stress effect has been studied in order to elucidate the molecular mechanism by which can induce physiological symptoms after psychological stress exposition and vice versa. In this sense, inflammation has been proposed as an important starring. And in the same line, the inflammasome complex has emerged to give responses because of its role of stress sensor. The implication of the same complex, NLRP3 inflammasome, in different diseases such as cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, psychiatric, and metabolic diseases opens a door to develop new therapeutic perspectives.
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