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Linkow L, Iyer SS, Piermatti J. THE WORLD'S LONGEST FUNCTIONING IMPLANT: A VERIFIED CASE REPORT. J ORAL IMPLANTOL 2023:490913. [PMID: 36796062 DOI: 10.1563/aaid-joi-d-22-00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Satisfactory function, esthetics, phonetics, together with long term stability, and minimal complications are considered as metrics defining a successful outcome. The current case report is documentation of a mandibular subperiosteal implant with a successful follow up of 56 years. Numerous issues can be credited for the long-term successful outcome including selection of the patient, heedfulness of basic anatomic and physiologic principles, design of the implant and superstructure, surgical execution, application of sound restorative principles, conscientious hygiene, and clockwork re-care. The case demonstrates intense cooperation and coordination between the surgeon, restorative dentist, laboratory technical staff, together with long lasting patient compliance. Execution of the treatment with a mandibular subperiosteal implant helped this patient overcome the status of a dental cripple. The highlight of the case is that it is the longest success ever documented in the history of any type of implant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shankar S Iyer
- NYU 469 Morris Avenue UNITED STATES Elizabeth NJ 07208 9085278880
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2
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Raikwar SP, Thangavel R, Ahmed ME, Selvakumar GP, Kempuraj D, Wu K, Khan O, Bazley K, Bussinger B, Kukulka K, Zaheer S, Iyer SS, Govindarajan R, Burton C, James D, Zaheer A. Real-Time Noninvasive Bioluminescence, Ultrasound and Photoacoustic Imaging in NFκB-RE-Luc Transgenic Mice Reveal Glia Maturation Factor-Mediated Immediate and Sustained Spatio-Temporal Activation of NFκB Signaling Post-Traumatic Brain Injury in a Gender-Specific Manner. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 41:1687-1706. [PMID: 32785863 PMCID: PMC8188847 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00937-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrauma especially traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. To improve upon the early diagnosis and develop precision-targeted therapies for TBI, it is critical to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways. The transcription factor, nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), which is ubiquitously expressed, plays a crucial role in the normal cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, function, as well as in disease states like neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Here, we hypothesized that real-time noninvasive bioluminescence molecular imaging allows rapid and precise monitoring of TBI-induced immediate and rapid spatio-temporal activation of NFκB signaling pathway in response to Glia maturation factor (GMF) upregulation which in turn leads to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration post-TBI. To test and validate our hypothesis and to gain novel mechanistic insights, we subjected NFκB-RE-Luc transgenic male and female mice to TBI and performed real-time noninvasive bioluminescence imaging (BLI) as well as photoacoustic and ultrasound imaging (PAI). Our BLI data revealed that TBI leads to an immediate and sustained activation of NFκB signaling. Further, our BLI data suggest that especially in male NFκB-RE-Luc transgenic mice subjected to TBI, in addition to brain, there is widespread activation of NFκB signaling in multiple organs. However, in the case of the female NFκB-RE-Luc transgenic mice, TBI induces a very specific and localized activation of NFκB signaling in the brain. Further, our microRNA data suggest that TBI induces significant upregulation of mir-9-5p, mir-21a-5p, mir-34a-5p, mir-16-3p, as well as mir-155-5p within 24 h and these microRNAs can be successfully used as TBI-specific biomarkers. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the first and unique study of its kind to report immediate and sustained activation of NFκB signaling post-TBI in a gender-specific manner by utilizing real-time non-invasive BLI and PAI in NFκB-RE-Luc transgenic mice. Our study will prove immensely beneficial to gain novel mechanistic insights underlying TBI, unravel novel therapeutic targets, as well as enable us to monitor in real-time the response to innovative TBI-specific precision-targeted gene and stem cell-based precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu P Raikwar
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Govindhasamy Pushpavathi Selvakumar
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Kristopher Wu
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Osaid Khan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Kieran Bazley
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Bret Bussinger
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Klaudia Kukulka
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Smita Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Shankar S Iyer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Raghav Govindarajan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | | | - Asgar Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.
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3
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Kempuraj D, Thangavel R, Kempuraj DD, Ahmed ME, Selvakumar GP, Raikwar SP, Zaheer SA, Iyer SS, Govindarajan R, Chandrasekaran PN, Zaheer A. Neuroprotective effects of flavone luteolin in neuroinflammation and neurotrauma. Biofactors 2021; 47:190-197. [PMID: 33098588 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation leads to neurodegeneration, cognitive defects, and neurodegenerative disorders. Neurotrauma/traumatic brain injury (TBI) can cause activation of glial cells, neurons, and neuroimmune cells in the brain to release neuroinflammatory mediators. Neurotrauma leads to immediate primary brain damage (direct damage), neuroinflammatory responses, neuroinflammation, and late secondary brain damage (indirect) through neuroinflammatory mechanism. Secondary brain damage leads to chronic inflammation and the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Currently, there are no effective and specific therapeutic options to treat these brain damages or neurodegenerative diseases. Flavone luteolin is an important natural polyphenol present in several plants that show anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, cytoprotective, and macrophage polarization effects. In this short review article, we have reviewed the neuroprotective effects of luteolin in neurotrauma and neurodegenerative disorders and pathways involved in this mechanism. We have collected data for this study from publications in the PubMed using the keywords luteolin and mast cells, neuroinflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, and TBI. Recent reports suggest that luteolin suppresses systemic and neuroinflammatory responses in Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Studies have shown that luteolin exhibits neuroprotective effects through various mechanisms, including suppressing immune cell activation, such as mast cells, and inflammatory mediators released from these cells. In addition, luteolin can suppress neuroinflammatory response, activation of microglia and astrocytes, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and the severity of neuroinflammatory diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and TBI pathogenesis. In conclusion, luteolin can improve cognitive decline and enhance neuroprotection in neurodegenerative diseases, TBI, and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- The Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- The Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Deepak D Kempuraj
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- David H. Hickman High School, Columbia Public Schools, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- The Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Govindhasamy Pushpavathi Selvakumar
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- The Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Sudhanshu P Raikwar
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- The Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Smita A Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- The Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Shankar S Iyer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- The Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Raghav Govindarajan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Asgar Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- The Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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Covarrubias AJ, Kale A, Perrone R, Lopez-Dominguez JA, Pisco AO, Kasler HG, Schmidt MS, Heckenbach I, Kwok R, Wiley CD, Wong HS, Gibbs E, Iyer SS, Basisty N, Wu Q, Kim IJ, Silva E, Vitangcol K, Shin KO, Lee YM, Riley R, Ben-Sahra I, Ott M, Schilling B, Scheibye-Knudsen M, Ishihara K, Quake SR, Newman J, Brenner C, Campisi J, Verdin E. Author Correction: Senescent cells promote tissue NAD + decline during ageing via the activation of CD38 + macrophages. Nat Metab 2021; 3:120-121. [PMID: 33303985 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-00328-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Covarrubias
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
- UCSF Department of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Abhijit Kale
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Mark S Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Indra Heckenbach
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ryan Kwok
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | | | - Hoi-Shan Wong
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - Eddy Gibbs
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - Shankar S Iyer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Qiuxia Wu
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - Ik-Jung Kim
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - Elena Silva
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | | | - Kyong-Oh Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Moon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Issam Ben-Sahra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Melanie Ott
- Gladstone Institutes, Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Morten Scheibye-Knudsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katsuhiko Ishihara
- Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Stephen R Quake
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - John Newman
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
- UCSF Department of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Charles Brenner
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Diabetes & Cancer Metabolism, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | | | - Eric Verdin
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA.
- UCSF Department of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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5
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Covarrubias AJ, Kale A, Perrone R, Lopez-Dominguez JA, Pisco AO, Kasler HG, Schmidt MS, Heckenbach I, Kwok R, Wiley CD, Wong HS, Gibbs E, Iyer SS, Basisty N, Wu Q, Kim IJ, Silva E, Vitangcol K, Shin KO, Lee YM, Riley R, Ben-Sahra I, Ott M, Schilling B, Scheibye-Knudsen M, Ishihara K, Quake SR, Newman J, Brenner C, Campisi J, Verdin E. Senescent cells promote tissue NAD + decline during ageing via the activation of CD38 + macrophages. Nat Metab 2020; 2:1265-1283. [PMID: 33199924 PMCID: PMC7908681 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-00305-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Declining tissue nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) levels are linked to ageing and its associated diseases. However, the mechanism for this decline is unclear. Here, we show that pro-inflammatory M1-like macrophages, but not naive or M2 macrophages, accumulate in metabolic tissues, including visceral white adipose tissue and liver, during ageing and acute responses to inflammation. These M1-like macrophages express high levels of the NAD-consuming enzyme CD38 and have enhanced CD38-dependent NADase activity, thereby reducing tissue NAD levels. We also find that senescent cells progressively accumulate in visceral white adipose tissue and liver during ageing and that inflammatory cytokines secreted by senescent cells (the senescence-associated secretory phenotype, SASP) induce macrophages to proliferate and express CD38. These results uncover a new causal link among resident tissue macrophages, cellular senescence and tissue NAD decline during ageing and offer novel therapeutic opportunities to maintain NAD levels during ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Covarrubias
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
- UCSF Department of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Abhijit Kale
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Mark S Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Indra Heckenbach
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ryan Kwok
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | | | - Hoi-Shan Wong
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - Eddy Gibbs
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - Shankar S Iyer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Qiuxia Wu
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - Ik-Jung Kim
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - Elena Silva
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | | | - Kyong-Oh Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Moon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Issam Ben-Sahra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Melanie Ott
- Gladstone Institutes, Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Morten Scheibye-Knudsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katsuhiko Ishihara
- Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Stephen R Quake
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - John Newman
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
- UCSF Department of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Charles Brenner
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Diabetes & Cancer Metabolism, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | | | - Eric Verdin
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA.
- UCSF Department of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Kempuraj D, Ahmed ME, Selvakumar GP, Thangavel R, Raikwar SP, Zaheer SA, Iyer SS, Govindarajan R, Nattanmai Chandrasekaran P, Burton C, James D, Zaheer A. Acute Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Neuroinflammatory Response and Neurovascular Disorders in the Brain. Neurotox Res 2020; 39:359-368. [PMID: 32955722 PMCID: PMC7502806 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00288-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acute traumatic brain injury (TBI) leads to neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, cognitive decline, psychological disorders, increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, and microvascular damage in the brain. Inflammatory mediators secreted from activated glial cells, neurons, and mast cells are implicated in the pathogenesis of TBI through secondary brain damage. Abnormalities or damage to the neurovascular unit is the indication of secondary injuries in the brain after TBI. However, the precise mechanisms of molecular and ultrastructural neurovascular alterations involved in the pathogenesis of acute TBI are not yet clearly understood. Moreover, currently, there are no precision-targeted effective treatment options to prevent the sequelae of TBI. In this study, mice were subjected to closed head weight-drop-induced acute TBI and evaluated neuroinflammatory and neurovascular alterations in the brain by immunofluorescence staining or quantitation by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) procedure. Mast cell stabilizer drug cromolyn was administered to inhibit the neuroinflammatory response of TBI. Results indicate decreased level of pericyte marker platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta (PDGFR-β) and BBB-associated tight junction proteins junctional adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A) and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) in the brains 7 days after weight-drop-induced acute TBI as compared with the brains from sham control mice indicating acute TBI-associated BBB/tight junction protein disruption. Further, the administration of cromolyn drug significantly inhibited acute TBI-associated decrease of PDGFR-β, JAM-A, and ZO-1 in the brain. These findings suggest that acute TBI causes BBB/tight junction damage and that cromolyn administration could protect this acute TBI-induced brain damage as well as its long-time consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA. .,The Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA. .,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA.,The Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Govindhasamy Pushpavathi Selvakumar
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA.,The Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA.,The Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Sudhanshu P Raikwar
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA.,The Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Smita A Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA.,The Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Shankar S Iyer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA.,The Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Raghav Govindarajan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | | | | | - Asgar Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA. .,The Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA. .,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA.
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7
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Kempuraj D, Selvakumar GP, Ahmed ME, Raikwar SP, Thangavel R, Khan A, Zaheer SA, Iyer SS, Burton C, James D, Zaheer A. COVID-19, Mast Cells, Cytokine Storm, Psychological Stress, and Neuroinflammation. Neuroscientist 2020; 26:402-414. [PMID: 32684080 DOI: 10.1177/1073858420941476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a new pandemic infectious disease that originated in China. COVID-19 is a global public health emergency of international concern. COVID-19 causes mild to severe illness with high morbidity and mortality, especially in preexisting risk groups. Therapeutic options are now limited to COVID-19. The hallmark of COVID-19 pathogenesis is the cytokine storm with elevated levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), chemokine (C-C-motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). COVID-19 can cause severe pneumonia, and neurological disorders, including stroke, the damage to the neurovascular unit, blood-brain barrier disruption, high intracranial proinflammatory cytokines, and endothelial cell damage in the brain. Mast cells are innate immune cells and also implicated in adaptive immune response, systemic inflammatory diseases, neuroinflammatory diseases, traumatic brain injury and stroke, and stress disorders. SARS-CoV-2 can activate monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells, mast cells, neutrophils, and induce cytokine storm in the lung. COVID-19 can activate mast cells, neurons, glial cells, and endothelial cells. SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause psychological stress and neuroinflammation. In conclusion, COVID-19 can induce mast cell activation, psychological stress, cytokine storm, and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Govindhasamy Pushpavathi Selvakumar
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Sudhanshu P Raikwar
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Asher Khan
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Smita A Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Shankar S Iyer
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | | | - Asgar Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
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Selvakumar GP, Ahmed ME, Thangavel R, Kempuraj D, Dubova I, Raikwar SP, Zaheer S, Iyer SS, Zaheer A. A role for glia maturation factor dependent activation of mast cells and microglia in MPTP induced dopamine loss and behavioural deficits in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 87:429-443. [PMID: 31982500 PMCID: PMC7316620 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanism mediating degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD) is not yet fully understood. Previously, we have shown the contribution of glia maturation factor (GMF), a proinflammatory protein in dopaminergic neurodegeneration mediated by activation of mast cells (MCs). In this study, methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced nigrostriatal neurodegeneration and astro-glial activations were determined by western blot and immunofluorescence techniques in wild type (WT) mice, MC-deficient (MC-KO) mice and GMF-deficient (GMF-KO) mice, with or without MC reconstitution before MPTP administration. We show that GMF-KO in the MCs reduces the synergistic effects of MC and Calpain1 (calcium-activated cysteine protease enzyme)-dependent dopaminergic neuronal loss that reduces motor behavioral impairments in MPTP-treated mouse. Administration of MPTP increase in calpain-mediated proteolysis in nigral dopaminergic neurons further resulting in motor decline in mice. We found that MPTP administered WT mice exhibits oxidative stress due to significant increases in the levels of malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase and reduction in the levels of reduced glutathione and glutathione peroxidase activity as compared with both MC-KO and GMF-KO mice. The number of TH-positive neurons in the ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra and the fibers in the striatum were significantly reduced while granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), MC-Tryptase, GFAP, IBA1, Calpain1 and intracellular adhesion molecule 1 expression were significantly increased in WT mice. Similarly, tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine transporters and vesicular monoamine transporters 2 proteins expression were significantly reduced in the SN of MPTP treated WT mice. The motor behavior as analyzed by rotarod and hang test was significantly reduced in WT mice as compared with both the MC-KO and GMF-KO mice. We conclude that GMF-dependent MC activation enhances the detrimental effect of astro-glial activation-mediated oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in the midbrain, and its inhibition may slowdown the progression of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govindhasamy Pushpavathi Selvakumar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO 65211, United States,Department of Neurology, and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO 65211, United States,Department of Neurology, and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO 65211, United States,Department of Neurology, and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO 65211, United States,Department of Neurology, and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Iuliia Dubova
- Department of Neurology, and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Sudhanshu P. Raikwar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO 65211, United States,Department of Neurology, and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Smita Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Shankar S. Iyer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO 65211, United States,Department of Neurology, and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO 65211, United States; Department of Neurology, and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States.
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9
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Selvakumar GP, Ahmed ME, Iyer SS, Thangavel R, Kempuraj D, Raikwar SP, Bazley K, Wu K, Khan A, Kukulka K, Bussinger B, Zaheer S, Burton C, James D, Zaheer A. Absence of Glia Maturation Factor Protects from Axonal Injury and Motor Behavioral Impairments after Traumatic Brain Injury. Exp Neurobiol 2020; 29:230-248. [PMID: 32565489 PMCID: PMC7344375 DOI: 10.5607/en20017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes disability and death, accelerating the progression towards Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease (PD). TBI causes serious motor and cognitive impairments, as seen in PD that arise during the period of the initial insult. However, this has been understudied relative to TBI induced neuroinflammation, motor and cognitive decline that progress towards PD. Neuronal ubiquitin-C-terminal hydrolase- L1 (UCHL1) is a thiol protease that breaks down ubiquitinated proteins and its level represents the severity of TBI. Previously, we demonstrated the molecular action of glia maturation factor (GMF); a proinflammatory protein in mediating neuroinflammation and neuronal loss. Here, we show that the weight drop method induced TBI neuropathology using behavioral tests, western blotting, and immunofluorescence techniques on sections from wild type (WT) and GMF-deficient (GMF-KO) mice. Results reveal a significant improvement in substantia nigral tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine transporter expression with motor behavioral performance in GMF-KO mice following TBI. In addition, a significant reduction in neuroinflammation was manifested, as shown by activation of nuclear factor-kB, reduced levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase- 2 expressions. Likewise, neurotrophins including brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial-derived neurotrophic factor were significantly improved in GMF-KO mice than WT 72 h post-TBI. Consistently, we found that TBI enhances GFAP and UCHL-1 expression and reduces the number of dopaminergic TH-positive neurons in WT compared to GMF-KO mice 72 h post-TBI. Interestingly, we observed a reduction of THpositive tanycytes in the median eminence of WT than GMF-KO mice. Overall, we found that absence of GMF significantly reversed these neuropathological events and improved behavioral outcome. This study provides evidence that PD-associated pathology progression can be initiated upon induction of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govindhasamy Pushpavathi Selvakumar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Shankar S Iyer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Sudhanshu P Raikwar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Kieran Bazley
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Kristopher Wu
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Asher Khan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Klaudia Kukulka
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Bret Bussinger
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Smita Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | | | | | - Asgar Zaheer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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10
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Kempuraj D, Ahmed ME, Selvakumar GP, Thangavel R, Raikwar SP, Zaheer SA, Iyer SS, Burton C, James D, Zaheer A. Psychological Stress-Induced Immune Response and Risk of Alzheimer's Disease in Veterans from Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom. Clin Ther 2020; 42:974-982. [PMID: 32184013 PMCID: PMC7308186 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Psychological stress is a significant health problem in veterans and their family members. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stress lead to the onset, progression, and worsening of several inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases in veterans and civilians. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, irreversible neuroinflammatory disease that causes problems with memory, thinking, and behavior. TBIs and chronic psychological stress cause and accelerate the pathology of neuroinflammatory diseases such as AD. However, the precise molecular and cellular mechanisms governing neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration are currently unknown, especially in veterans. The purpose of this review article was to advance the hypothesis that stress and TBI-mediated immune response substantially contribute and accelerate the pathogenesis of AD in veterans and their close family members and civilians. METHODS The information in this article was collected and interpreted from published articles in PubMed between 1985 and 2020 using the key words stress, psychological stress, Afghanistan war, Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), Iraq War, Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), Operation New Dawn (OND), traumatic brain injury, mast cell and stress, stress and neuroimmune response, stress and Alzheimer's disease, traumatic brain injury, and Alzheimer's disease. FINDINGS Chronic psychological stress and brain injury induce the generation and accumulation of beta-amyloid peptide, amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and phosphorylation of tau in the brain, thereby contributing to AD pathogenesis. Active military personnel and veterans are under enormous psychological stress due to various war-related activities, including TBIs, disabilities, fear, new environmental conditions, lack of normal life activities, insufficient communications, explosions, military-related noise, and health hazards. Brain injury, stress, mast cell, and other immune cell activation can induce headache, migraine, dementia, and upregulate neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in veterans of Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Iraqi Freedom, and Operation New Dawn. TBIs, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological stress, pain, glial activation, and dementia in active military personnel, veterans, or their family members can cause AD several years later in their lives. We suggest that there are increasing numbers of veterans with TBIs and stress and that these veterans may develop AD late in life if no appropriate therapeutic intervention is available. IMPLICATIONS Per these published reports, the fact that TBIs and psychological stress can accelerate the pathogenesis of AD should be recognized. Active military personnel, veterans, and their close family members should be evaluated regularly for stress symptoms to prevent the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Govindhasamy Pushpavathi Selvakumar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Sudhanshu P Raikwar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Smita A Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Shankar S Iyer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | | | - Asgar Zaheer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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11
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Kempuraj D, Ahmed ME, Selvakumar GP, Thangavel R, Dhaliwal AS, Dubova I, Mentor S, Premkumar K, Saeed D, Zahoor H, Raikwar SP, Zaheer S, Iyer SS, Zaheer A. Brain Injury-Mediated Neuroinflammatory Response and Alzheimer's Disease. Neuroscientist 2020; 26:134-155. [PMID: 31092147 PMCID: PMC7274851 DOI: 10.1177/1073858419848293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major health problem in the United States, which affects about 1.7 million people each year. Glial cells, T-cells, and mast cells perform specific protective functions in different regions of the brain for the recovery of cognitive and motor functions after central nervous system (CNS) injuries including TBI. Chronic neuroinflammatory responses resulting in neuronal death and the accompanying stress following brain injury predisposes or accelerates the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in high-risk individuals. About 5.7 million Americans are currently living with AD. Immediately following brain injury, mast cells respond by releasing prestored and preactivated mediators and recruit immune cells to the CNS. Blood-brain barrier (BBB), tight junction and adherens junction proteins, neurovascular and gliovascular microstructural rearrangements, and dysfunction associated with increased trafficking of inflammatory mediators and inflammatory cells from the periphery across the BBB leads to increase in the chronic neuroinflammatory reactions following brain injury. In this review, we advance the hypothesis that neuroinflammatory responses resulting from mast cell activation along with the accompanying risk factors such as age, gender, food habits, emotional status, stress, allergic tendency, chronic inflammatory diseases, and certain drugs can accelerate brain injury-associated neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs’, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs’, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Govindhasamy Pushpavathi Selvakumar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs’, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs’, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Arshdeep S. Dhaliwal
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Iuliia Dubova
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs’, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Shireen Mentor
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Keerthivaas Premkumar
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Daniyal Saeed
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Haris Zahoor
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Sudhanshu P. Raikwar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs’, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Smita Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Shankar S. Iyer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs’, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs’, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
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12
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Ramaswamy SB, Bhagavan SM, Kaur H, Giler GE, Kempuraj D, Thangavel R, Ahmed ME, Selvakumar GP, Raikwar SP, Zaheer S, Iyer SS, Govindarajan R, Zaheer A. Glia Maturation Factor in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Open Access J Neurol Neurosurg 2019; 12:79-82. [PMID: 32775957 PMCID: PMC7413177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disease characterized by the presence of extracellular amyloid plaques (APs) and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the brain. There is no disease modifying therapeutic options currently available for this disease. Hippocampus, entorhinal cortex (Broadmann area 28), perirhinal cortex (Broadmann area 35) and insular cortices are areas within the brain that are first ones to be severely affected in AD. Neuroinflammation is an important factor that induces neurodegeneration in AD. Glia maturation factor (GMF), a proinflammatory factor plays a crucial role in AD through activation of microglia and astrocytes to release proinflammatory mediators in the brain. Through immunohistochemical studies, we have previously shown that GMF is highly expressed in the vicinity of APs and NFTs in AD brains. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), reactive astrocytes, ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1 (Iba-1) labelled activated microglia and GMF immunoreactive glial cells are increased in the entorhinal cortical layers especially at the sites of APs and Tau containing NFTs indicating a role for GMF. Overexpression of GMF in glial cells leads to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Inhibition of GMF expression reduces neurodegeneration. Therefore, we suggest that GMF is a novel therapeutic target not only for AD but also for various other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swathi Beladakere Ramaswamy
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Sachin M Bhagavan
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Harleen Kaur
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Gema E Giler
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Govindhasamy Pushpavathi Selvakumar
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Sudhanshu P. Raikwar
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Smita Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Shankar S Iyer
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Raghav Govindarajan
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
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13
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Bedard M, Shrestha D, Priestman DA, Wang Y, Schneider F, Matute JD, Iyer SS, Gileadi U, Prota G, Kandasamy M, Veerapen N, Besra G, Fritzsche M, Zeissig S, Shevchenko A, Christianson JC, Platt FM, Eggeling C, Blumberg RS, Salio M, Cerundolo V. Sterile activation of invariant natural killer T cells by ER-stressed antigen-presenting cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:23671-23681. [PMID: 31690657 PMCID: PMC6876220 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1910097116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells have the unique ability to shape immunity during antitumor immune responses and other forms of sterile and nonsterile inflammation. Recent studies have highlighted a variety of classes of endogenous and pathogen-derived lipid antigens that can trigger iNKT cell activation under sterile and nonsterile conditions. However, the context and mechanisms that drive the presentation of self-lipid antigens in sterile inflammation remain unclear. Here we report that endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stressed myeloid cells, via signaling events modulated by the protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK) pathway, increase CD1d-mediated presentation of immunogenic endogenous lipid species, which results in enhanced iNKT cell activation both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, we demonstrate that actin cytoskeletal reorganization during ER stress results in an altered distribution of CD1d on the cell surface, which contributes to enhanced iNKT cell activation. These results define a previously unidentified mechanism that controls iNKT cell activation during sterile inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Bedard
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dilip Shrestha
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David A Priestman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, OX1 3QT Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yuting Wang
- Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Falk Schneider
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Juan D Matute
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Shankar S Iyer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Uzi Gileadi
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gennaro Prota
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Matheswaran Kandasamy
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Natacha Veerapen
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Egdbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Gurdyal Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Egdbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Fritzsche
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom
- Kennedy Institute for Rheumatology, University of Oxford, OX3 7LF Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Zeissig
- Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andrej Shevchenko
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - John C Christianson
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, OX3 7LD Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Frances M Platt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, OX1 3QT Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Eggeling
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom
- Institute of Applied Optics and Biophysics, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Department of Biophysical Imaging, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technologies e.V., 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Richard S Blumberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Mariolina Salio
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom;
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14
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Kempuraj D, Selvakumar GP, Thangavel R, Ahmed ME, Zaheer S, Kumar KK, Yelam A, Kaur H, Dubova I, Raikwar SP, Iyer SS, Zaheer A. Glia Maturation Factor and Mast Cell-Dependent Expression of Inflammatory Mediators and Proteinase Activated Receptor-2 in Neuroinflammation. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 66:1117-1129. [PMID: 30372685 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the presence of inflammation-mediated dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra. Inflammatory mediators from activated microglia, astrocytes, neurons, T-cells and mast cells mediate neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Administration of neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induces PD like motor deficits in rodents. 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), a toxic metabolite of MPTP activates glial cells, neurons and mast cells to release neuroinflammatory mediators. Glia maturation factor (GMF), mast cells and proteinase activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) are implicated in neuroinflammation. Alpha-synuclein which induces neurodegeneration increases PAR-2 expression in the brain. However, the exact mechanisms are not yet understood. In this study, we quantified inflammatory mediators in the brains of MPTP-administered wild type (Wt), GMF-knockout (GMF-KO), and mast cell knockout (MC-KO) mice. Additionally, we analyzed the effect of MPP+, GMF, and mast cell proteases on PAR-2 expression in astrocytes and neurons in vitro. Results show that the levels of interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and the chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) were lesser in the brains of GMF-KO mice and MC-KO mice when compared to Wt mice brain after MPTP administration. Incubation of astrocytes and neurons with MPP+, GMF, and mouse mast cell protease-6 (MMCP-6) and MMCP-7 increased the expression of PAR-2. Our studies show that the absence of mast cells and GMF reduce the expression of neuroinflammatory mediators in the brain. We conclude that GMF along with mast cell interactions with glial cells and neurons during neuroinflammation can be explored as a new therapeutic target for PD and other neuroinflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Govindhasamy Pushpavathi Selvakumar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Smita Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Keerthana Kuppamma Kumar
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Anudeep Yelam
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Harleen Kaur
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Iuliia Dubova
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Sudhanshu P Raikwar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Shankar S Iyer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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15
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Ahmed ME, Thangavel R, Selvakumar GP, Kempuraj DP, Dubova IP, Raikwar SP, Zaheer SP, Iyer SS, Zaheer A. P4-509: SUPPRESSION OF NEUROINFLAMMATION AND AMYLOID PATHOLOGY IN 5XFAD MICE BRAIN BY GLIA MATURATION FACTOR ANTIBODY. Alzheimers Dement 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2019.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- University of Missouri; Columbia MO USA
- Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital; Columbia MO USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shankar S. Iyer
- University of Missouri; Columbia MO USA
- Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital; Columbia MO USA
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- University of Missouri; Columbia MO USA
- Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital; Columbia MO USA
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16
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Raikwar SP, Kikkeri NS, Sakuru R, Saeed D, Zahoor H, Premkumar K, Mentor S, Thangavel R, Dubova I, Ahmed ME, Selvakumar GP, Kempuraj D, Zaheer S, Iyer SS, Zaheer A. Next Generation Precision Medicine: CRISPR-mediated Genome Editing for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2019; 14:608-641. [PMID: 31011884 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-019-09849-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant advancements in the field of molecular neurobiology especially neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, the highly complex molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative diseases remain elusive. As a result, the development of the next generation neurotherapeutics has experienced a considerable lag phase. Recent advancements in the field of genome editing offer a new template for dissecting the precise molecular pathways underlying the complex neurodegenerative disorders. We believe that the innovative genome and transcriptome editing strategies offer an excellent opportunity to decipher novel therapeutic targets, develop novel neurodegenerative disease models, develop neuroimaging modalities, develop next-generation diagnostics as well as develop patient-specific precision-targeted personalized therapies to effectively treat neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Frontotemporal dementia etc. Here, we review the latest developments in the field of CRISPR-mediated genome editing and provide unbiased futuristic insights regarding its translational potential to improve the treatment outcomes and minimize financial burden. However, despite significant advancements, we would caution the scientific community that since the CRISPR field is still evolving, currently we do not know the full spectrum of CRISPR-mediated side effects. In the wake of the recent news regarding CRISPR-edited human babies being born in China, we urge the scientific community to maintain high scientific and ethical standards and utilize CRISPR for developing in vitro disease in a dish model, in vivo testing in nonhuman primates and lower vertebrates and for the development of neurotherapeutics for the currently incurable neurodegenerative disorders. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu P Raikwar
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Nidhi S Kikkeri
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Ragha Sakuru
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Daniyal Saeed
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Haris Zahoor
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Keerthivaas Premkumar
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Shireen Mentor
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, 7535, Republic of South Africa
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Iuliia Dubova
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Govindhasamy P Selvakumar
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Smita Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Shankar S Iyer
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA. .,U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.
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17
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Raikwar SP, Ahmed ME, Dubova I, Mentor S, Saeed D, Zahoor H, Premkumar K, Thangavel R, Selvakumar GP, Kempuraj D, Zaheer S, Iyer SS, Zaheer A. Glia Maturation Factor Gene Editing Improves Neurocognitive Function in an Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model. FASEB J 2019. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.620.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu P Raikwar
- University of Missouri, School of MedicineDepartment of NeurologyColumbiaMO
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' HospitalColumbiaMO
| | - Mohammad E Ahmed
- University of Missouri, School of MedicineDepartment of NeurologyColumbiaMO
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' HospitalColumbiaMO
| | - Iuliia Dubova
- University of Missouri, School of MedicineDepartment of NeurologyColumbiaMO
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' HospitalColumbiaMO
| | - Shireen Mentor
- University of Missouri, School of MedicineDepartment of NeurologyColumbiaMO
- University of the Western CapeDepartment of Medical BiosciencesCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Daniyal Saeed
- University of Missouri, School of MedicineDepartment of NeurologyColumbiaMO
| | - Haris Zahoor
- University of Missouri, School of MedicineDepartment of NeurologyColumbiaMO
| | | | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- University of Missouri, School of MedicineDepartment of NeurologyColumbiaMO
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' HospitalColumbiaMO
| | - Govindhasamy P. Selvakumar
- University of Missouri, School of MedicineDepartment of NeurologyColumbiaMO
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' HospitalColumbiaMO
| | - Duraisamy Kempuraj
- University of Missouri, School of MedicineDepartment of NeurologyColumbiaMO
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' HospitalColumbiaMO
| | - Smita Zaheer
- University of Missouri, School of MedicineDepartment of NeurologyColumbiaMO
| | - Shankar S. Iyer
- University of Missouri, School of MedicineDepartment of NeurologyColumbiaMO
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' HospitalColumbiaMO
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- University of Missouri, School of MedicineDepartment of NeurologyColumbiaMO
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' HospitalColumbiaMO
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18
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Thangavel R, Premkumar K, Zahoor H, Saeed D, Iuliia D, Pushpavathi SG, Duraisamy K, Ahmed ME, Raikwar SP, Zaheer SA, Iyer SS, Zaheer A. Co‐localization of Glia Maturation Factor and Progranulin in the Human Alzheimer's Disease Brains. FASEB J 2019. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.791.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramasamy Thangavel
- University of Missouri School of MedicineColumbiaMO
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans HospitalColumbiaMO
| | | | - Haris Zahoor
- University of Missouri School of MedicineColumbiaMO
| | | | - Dubova Iuliia
- University of Missouri School of MedicineColumbiaMO
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans HospitalColumbiaMO
| | | | - Kempuraj Duraisamy
- University of Missouri School of MedicineColumbiaMO
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans HospitalColumbiaMO
| | - Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- University of Missouri School of MedicineColumbiaMO
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans HospitalColumbiaMO
| | | | | | - Shankar S Iyer
- University of Missouri School of MedicineColumbiaMO
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans HospitalColumbiaMO
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- University of Missouri School of MedicineColumbiaMO
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans HospitalColumbiaMO
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19
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AHMED MOHAMMADEJAZ, Thangavel R, Selvakumar GP, Kempuraj D, Dubova I, Zahoor H, Raikwar SP, Mentor S, Zaheer S, Iyer SS, Zaheer A. Glia Maturation Factor‐Antibody Injection Reduces Behavioral Impairment, Neuro Inflammation and Amyloid Pathology in 5XFAD Mice Brains. FASEB J 2019. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.791.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- MOHAMMAD EJAZ AHMED
- University of MissouriColumbiaMO
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans HospitalColumbiaMO
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- University of MissouriColumbiaMO
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans HospitalColumbiaMO
| | | | - Duraisamy Kempuraj
- University of MissouriColumbiaMO
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans HospitalColumbiaMO
| | - Iuliia Dubova
- University of MissouriColumbiaMO
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans HospitalColumbiaMO
| | | | | | - Shireen Mentor
- University of MissouriColumbiaMO
- Department of Medical Biosciences University of the Western CapeWestern CapeSouth Africa
| | | | - Shankar S Iyer
- University of MissouriColumbiaMO
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans HospitalColumbiaMO
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- University of MissouriColumbiaMO
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans HospitalColumbiaMO
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20
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Duraisamy K, Premkumar K, Selvakumar GP, Thangavel R, Ahmed ME, Zaheer SA, Raikwar SP, Dubova L, Iyer SS, Zaheer A. Mast Cells Augment Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. FASEB J 2019. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.791.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kempuraj Duraisamy
- University of Missouri, School of MedicineDepartment of NeurologyColumbiaMO
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans HospitalU.S. Department of Veterans AffairsColumbiaMO
| | | | - Govindhasamy Pushpavathi Selvakumar
- University of Missouri, School of MedicineDepartment of NeurologyColumbiaMO
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans HospitalU.S. Department of Veterans AffairsColumbiaMO
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- University of Missouri, School of MedicineDepartment of NeurologyColumbiaMO
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans HospitalU.S. Department of Veterans AffairsColumbiaMO
| | - Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- University of Missouri, School of MedicineDepartment of NeurologyColumbiaMO
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans HospitalU.S. Department of Veterans AffairsColumbiaMO
| | - Smita A Zaheer
- University of Missouri, School of MedicineDepartment of NeurologyColumbiaMO
| | - Sudhanshu P Raikwar
- University of Missouri, School of MedicineDepartment of NeurologyColumbiaMO
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans HospitalU.S. Department of Veterans AffairsColumbiaMO
| | - Luliia Dubova
- University of Missouri, School of MedicineDepartment of NeurologyColumbiaMO
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans HospitalU.S. Department of Veterans AffairsColumbiaMO
| | - Shankar S Iyer
- University of Missouri, School of MedicineDepartment of NeurologyColumbiaMO
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans HospitalU.S. Department of Veterans AffairsColumbiaMO
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- University of Missouri, School of MedicineDepartment of NeurologyColumbiaMO
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans HospitalU.S. Department of Veterans AffairsColumbiaMO
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21
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Pushpavathi SG, Duraisamy K, Ahmed ME, Thangavel R, Dubova I, Mentor S, Saeed D, Zaheer S, Raikwar SP, Iyer SS, Zaheer A. Glia Maturation Factor Dependent Mast Cell Activation and Calpain 1 Synergize Dopaminergic Neuronal Loss and Behavioral Deficits in an MPTP Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. FASEB J 2019. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.791.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kempuraj Duraisamy
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans HospitalColumbiaMO
- NeurologyUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO
| | - Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans HospitalColumbiaMO
- NeurologyUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans HospitalColumbiaMO
- NeurologyUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO
| | - Iuliia Dubova
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans HospitalColumbiaMO
- NeurologyUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO
| | - Shireen Mentor
- NeurologyUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO
- University of the Western CapeBellvilleSouth Africa
| | | | | | | | - Shankar S Iyer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans HospitalColumbiaMO
- NeurologyUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans HospitalColumbiaMO
- NeurologyUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankar S Iyer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Yu-Hwa Huang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard S Blumberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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23
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Kempuraj D, Mentor S, Thangavel R, Ahmed ME, Selvakumar GP, Raikwar SP, Dubova I, Zaheer S, Iyer SS, Zaheer A. Mast Cells in Stress, Pain, Blood-Brain Barrier, Neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:54. [PMID: 30837843 PMCID: PMC6389675 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cell activation plays an important role in stress-mediated disease pathogenesis. Chronic stress cause or exacerbate aging and age-dependent neurodegenerative diseases. The severity of inflammatory diseases is worsened by the stress. Mast cell activation-dependent inflammatory mediators augment stress associated pain and neuroinflammation. Stress is the second most common trigger of headache due to mast cell activation. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive irreversible neurodegenerative disease that affects more women than men and woman's increased susceptibility to chronic stress could increase the risk for AD. Modern life-related stress, social stress, isolation stress, restraint stress, early life stress are associated with an increased level of neurotoxic beta amyloid (Aβ) peptide. Stress increases cognitive dysfunction, generates amyloid precursor protein (APP), hyperphosphorylated tau, neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), and amyloid plaques (APs) in the brain. Stress-induced Aβ persists for years and generates APs even several years after the stress exposure. Stress activates hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis and releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from hypothalamus and in peripheral system, which increases the formation of Aβ, tau hyperphosphorylation, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption in the brain. Mast cells are implicated in nociception and pain. Mast cells are the source and target of CRH and other neuropeptides that mediate neuroinflammation. Microglia express receptor for CRH that mediate neurodegeneration in AD. However, the exact mechanisms of how stress-mediated mast cell activation contribute to the pathogenesis of AD remains elusive. This mini-review highlights the possible role of stress and mast cell activation in neuroinflammation, BBB, and tight junction disruption and AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital (VA), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Shireen Mentor
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital (VA), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Mohammad E. Ahmed
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital (VA), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Govindhasamy Pushpavathi Selvakumar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital (VA), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Sudhanshu P. Raikwar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital (VA), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Iuliia Dubova
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital (VA), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Smita Zaheer
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Shankar S. Iyer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital (VA), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital (VA), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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24
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Thangavel R, Bhagavan SM, Ramaswamy SB, Surpur S, Govindarajan R, Kempuraj D, Zaheer S, Raikwar S, Ahmed ME, Selvakumar GP, Iyer SS, Zaheer A. Co-Expression of Glia Maturation Factor and Apolipoprotein E4 in Alzheimer's Disease Brain. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 61:553-560. [PMID: 29172001 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) is a major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). The E4 allele of ApoE plays a crucial role in the inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes associated with AD. This is evident from the multiple effects of the ApoE isoforms in amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregation. Glia maturation factor (GMF) is a brain-specific neuroinflammatory protein that we have previously demonstrated to be significantly upregulated in various regions of AD brains compared to non-AD control brains and that it induces neurodegeneration. We have previously reported that GMF is predominantly expressed in the reactive astrocytes surrounding amyloid plaques (APs) in AD brain. In the present study, using immunohistochemical and dual immunofluorescence staining, we show the expression and colocalization of GMF and ApoE4 in AD brains. Our results show that ApoE4 is present within the APs of AD brain. Further, we found that GMF and ApoE4 were strongly expressed and co-associated in APs and in the reactive astrocytes surrounding APs in AD. An increased expression of GMF in APs and neurofibrillary tangles in the AD brain, and the co-localization of GMF and ApoE4 in APs suggest that GMF and ApoE4 together should be contributing to the neuropathological changes associated with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramasamy Thangavel
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Sachin M Bhagavan
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Swathi Beladakere Ramaswamy
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Spurthi Surpur
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Raghav Govindarajan
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Smita Zaheer
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Sudhanshu Raikwar
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Mohammad E Ahmed
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Govindhasamy Pushpavathi Selvakumar
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Shankar S Iyer
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
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Raikwar SP, Thangavel R, Dubova I, Selvakumar GP, Ahmed ME, Kempuraj D, Zaheer SA, Iyer SS, Zaheer A. Targeted Gene Editing of Glia Maturation Factor in Microglia: a Novel Alzheimer's Disease Therapeutic Target. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:378-393. [PMID: 29704201 PMCID: PMC6344368 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1068-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating, progressive neurodegenerative disorder that leads to severe cognitive impairment in elderly patients. Chronic neuroinflammation plays an important role in the AD pathogenesis. Glia maturation factor (GMF), a proinflammatory molecule discovered in our laboratory, is significantly upregulated in various regions of AD brains. We have previously reported that GMF is predominantly expressed in the reactive glial cells surrounding the amyloid plaques (APs) in the mouse and human AD brain. Microglia are the major source of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines including GMF. Recently clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) based genome editing has been recognized to study the functions of genes that are implicated in various diseases. Here, we investigated if CRISPR-Cas9-mediated GMF gene editing leads to inhibition of GMF expression and suppression of microglial activation. Confocal microscopy of murine BV2 microglial cell line transduced with an adeno-associated virus (AAV) coexpressing Staphylococcus aureus (Sa) Cas9 and a GMF-specific guide RNA (GMF-sgRNA) revealed few cells expressing SaCas9 while lacking GMF expression, thereby confirming successful GMF gene editing. To further improve GMF gene editing efficiency, we developed lentiviral vectors (LVs) expressing either Streptococcus pyogenes (Sp) Cas9 or GMF-sgRNAs. BV2 cells cotransduced with LVs expressing SpCas9 and GMF-sgRNAs revealed reduced GMF expression and the presence of indels in the exons 2 and 3 of the GMF coding sequence. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment of GMF-edited cells led to reduced microglial activation as shown by reduced p38 MAPK phosphorylation. We believe that targeted in vivo GMF gene editing has a significant potential for developing a unique and novel AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu P Raikwar
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Iuliia Dubova
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Govindhasamy Pushpavathi Selvakumar
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Smita A Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Shankar S Iyer
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA.
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26
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Selvakumar GP, Iyer SS, Kempuraj D, Ahmed ME, Thangavel R, Dubova I, Raikwar SP, Zaheer S, Zaheer A. Molecular Association of Glia Maturation Factor with the Autophagic Machinery in Rat Dopaminergic Neurons: a Role for Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and MAPK Activation. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:3865-3881. [PMID: 30218400 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1340-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the several neurodegenerative diseases where accumulation of aggregated proteins like α-synuclein occurs. Dysfunction in autophagy leading to this protein build-up and subsequent dopaminergic neurodegeneration may be one of the causes of PD. The mechanisms that impair autophagy remain poorly understood. 1-Methyl-4-phenylpiridium ion (MPP+) is a neurotoxin that induces experimental PD in vitro. Our studies have shown that glia maturation factor (GMF), a brain-localized inflammatory protein, induces dopaminergic neurodegeneration in PD and that suppression of GMF prevents MPP+-induced loss of dopaminergic neurons. In the present study, we demonstrate a molecular action of GMF on the autophagic machinery resulting in dopaminergic neuronal loss and propose GMF-mediated autophagic dysfunction as one of the contributing factors in PD progression. Using dopaminergic N27 neurons, primary neurons from wild type (WT), and GMF-deficient (GMF-KO) mice, we show that GMF and MPP+ enhanced expression of MAPKs increased the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation and endoplasmic reticulum stress markers such as phospho-eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3 (p-PERK) and inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α). Further, GMF and MPP+ reduced Beclin 1, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) family-interacting protein of 200 kD (FIP200), and autophagy-related proteins (ATGs) 3, 5, 7, 16L, and 12. The combined results demonstrate that GMF affects autophagy through autophagosome formation with significantly reduced lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1/2, and the number of autophagic acidic vesicles. Using primary neurons, we show that MPP+ treatment leads to differential expression and localization of p62/sequestosome and in GMF-KO neurons, there was a marked increase in p62 staining implying autophagy deficiency with very little co-localization of α-synuclein and p62 as compared with WT neurons. Collectively, this study provides a bidirectional role for GMF in executing dopaminergic neuronal death mediated by autophagy that is relevant to PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govindhasamy Pushpavathi Selvakumar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Neurology, and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine-University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Shankar S Iyer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Neurology, and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine-University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Neurology, and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine-University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Neurology, and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine-University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Neurology, and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine-University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Iuliia Dubova
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Sudhanshu P Raikwar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Neurology, and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine-University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Smita Zaheer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA. .,Department of Neurology, and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine-University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA.
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Chowdhury D, Saravanamurthy PS, Chakrabartty A, Purohit S, Iyer SS, Agarwal A, Gopal KM, Mishra P. Vulnerabilities and risks of HIV infection among migrants in the Thane district, India. Public Health 2018; 164:49-56. [PMID: 30189388 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the vulnerabilities and risks of HIV infection among female migrants compared with male migrants in the Thane district of Maharashtra, India. STUDY DESIGN This is a cross-sectional epidemiological study. METHODS Data from 35,841 migrants (men 96.2% and women 3.8%) were collected using the web-based 'Migrant Service Delivery System.' The data were then analysed in SPSS, version 23.0. Statistical analysis, including Chi-squared test and multivariate logistic regression, was used to identify factors influencing HIV infection for both male and female migrants. RESULTS It was observed that 2.96% of female migrants had HIV infection compared with 0.77% of male migrants. We found that 12.1% of women consumed alcohol compared with 41.9% of men, and access to bars was 1.5% among women and 3.5% in men. We observed an even larger difference between men and women in their previous history of using brothels for sex; only 5.9% of female migrants reported previously having used brothels for sex, compared with 62.9% of male migrants. Approximately 12.3% of married women and 93.6% of married men had sex with someone other than their spouse. We found that 67.0% of married women and 73.9% of married men reported using a condom during their last sexual act compared with 60.9% of unmarried women and 68.1% of unmarried men. CONCLUSIONS In Thane, female migrants faced higher vulnerabilities and risks of HIV infection than male migrants. Consequently, innovative strategies are required to address these particular needs of female migrants.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Chowdhury
- Public Health Foundation of India, PIPPSE, Plot 47, Sector 44, Gurgaon, 122002, India.
| | - P S Saravanamurthy
- Public Health Foundation of India, PIPPSE, Plot 47, Sector 44, Gurgaon, 122002, India
| | - A Chakrabartty
- Health Vision and Research, 333A/1-Jessore Road, Kolkata, 700 089, India.
| | - S Purohit
- Public Health Foundation of India, PIPPSE, Plot 47, Sector 44, Gurgaon, 122002, India
| | - S S Iyer
- Tata Institute of Social Science (TISS), V.N.Purav Marg, Deonar, Mumbai, 400088, Maharashtra, India
| | - A Agarwal
- Public Health Foundation of India, PIPPSE, Plot 47, Sector 44, Gurgaon, 122002, India
| | - K M Gopal
- National Migration Unit (NMU), National AIDS Control Organisation, 36 Janpath Rd, Delhi 110001, India
| | - P Mishra
- Public Health Foundation of India, PIPPSE, Plot 47, Sector 44, Gurgaon, 122002, India
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28
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Selvakumar GP, Iyer SS, Kempuraj D, Raju M, Thangavel R, Saeed D, Ahmed ME, Zahoor H, Raikwar SP, Zaheer S, Zaheer A. Glia Maturation Factor Dependent Inhibition of Mitochondrial PGC-1α Triggers Oxidative Stress-Mediated Apoptosis in N27 Rat Dopaminergic Neuronal Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:7132-7152. [PMID: 29383690 PMCID: PMC6066475 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0882-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting over five million individuals worldwide. The exact molecular events underlying PD pathogenesis are still not clearly known. Glia maturation factor (GMF), a neuroinflammatory protein in the brain plays an important role in the pathogenesis of PD. Mitochondrial dysfunctions and oxidative stress trigger apoptosis leading to dopaminergic neuronal degeneration in PD. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α or PPARGC-α) acts as a transcriptional co-regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis and energy metabolism by controlling oxidative phosphorylation, antioxidant activity, and autophagy. In this study, we found that incubation of immortalized rat dopaminergic (N27) neurons with GMF influences the expression of peroxisome PGC-1α and increases oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptotic cell death. We show that incubation with GMF reduces the expression of PGC-1α with concomitant decreases in the mitochondrial complexes. Besides, there is increased oxidative stress and depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in these cells. Further, GMF reduces tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression and shifts Bax/Bcl-2 expression resulting in release of cytochrome-c and increased activations of effector caspase expressions. Transmission electron microscopy analyses revealed alteration in the mitochondrial architecture. Our results show that GMF acts as an important upstream regulator of PGC-1α in promoting dopaminergic neuronal death through its effect on oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis. Our current data suggest that GMF is a critical risk factor for PD and suggest that it could be explored as a potential therapeutic target to inhibit PD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govindhasamy Pushpavathi Selvakumar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology and The Center for Translational Neuroscience, M741A Medical Science Building, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Shankar S Iyer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology and The Center for Translational Neuroscience, M741A Medical Science Building, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology and The Center for Translational Neuroscience, M741A Medical Science Building, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Murugesan Raju
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology and The Center for Translational Neuroscience, M741A Medical Science Building, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Daniyal Saeed
- Department of Neurology and The Center for Translational Neuroscience, M741A Medical Science Building, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- Department of Neurology and The Center for Translational Neuroscience, M741A Medical Science Building, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Harris Zahoor
- Department of Neurology and The Center for Translational Neuroscience, M741A Medical Science Building, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Sudhanshu P Raikwar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology and The Center for Translational Neuroscience, M741A Medical Science Building, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Smita Zaheer
- Department of Neurology and The Center for Translational Neuroscience, M741A Medical Science Building, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Department of Neurology and The Center for Translational Neuroscience, M741A Medical Science Building, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA.
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29
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Kempuraj D, Thangavel R, Selvakumar GP, Ahmed ME, Zaheer S, Raikwar SP, Zahoor H, Saeed D, Dubova I, Giler G, Herr S, Iyer SS, Zaheer A. Mast Cell Proteases Activate Astrocytes and Glia-Neurons and Release Interleukin-33 by Activating p38 and ERK1/2 MAPKs and NF-κB. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:1681-1693. [PMID: 29916143 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1177-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory mediators released from activated microglia, astrocytes, neurons, and mast cells mediate neuroinflammation. Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by inflammation-dependent dopaminergic neurodegeneration in substantia nigra. 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), a metabolite of parkinsonian neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), induces inflammatory mediators' release from brain cells and mast cells. Brain cells' interaction with mast cells is implicated in neuroinflammation. However, the exact mechanisms involved are not yet clearly understood. Mouse fetal brain-derived cultured primary astrocytes and glia-neurons were incubated with mouse mast cell protease-6 (MMCP-6) and MMCP-7, and mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) were incubated with MPP+ and brain protein glia maturation factor (GMF). Interleukin-33 (IL-33) released from these cells was quantitated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Both MMCP-6 and MMCP-7 induced IL-33 release from astrocytes and glia-neurons. MPP+ and GMF were used as a positive control-induced IL-33 and reactive oxygen species expression in mast cells. Mast cell proteases and MPP+ activate p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in astrocytes, glia-neurons, or mast cells. Addition of BMMCs from wt mice and transduction with adeno-GMF show higher chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) release. MPP+ activated glial cells and reduced microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2) expression indicating neurodegeneration. IL-33 expression increased in the midbrain and striatum of PD brains as compared with age- and sex-matched control subjects. Glial cells and neurons interact with mast cells and accelerate neuroinflammation and these interactions can be explored as a new therapeutic target to treat PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Medical Science Building,1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Medical Science Building,1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Gvindhasamy Pushpavathi Selvakumar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Medical Science Building,1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Medical Science Building,1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Smita Zaheer
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Medical Science Building,1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Sudhanshu P Raikwar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Medical Science Building,1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Haris Zahoor
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Medical Science Building,1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Daniyal Saeed
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Medical Science Building,1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Iuliia Dubova
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Medical Science Building,1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Gema Giler
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Medical Science Building,1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Shelby Herr
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Medical Science Building,1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Shankar S Iyer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Medical Science Building,1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Medical Science Building,1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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30
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Duraisamy K, Selvakumar GP, Thangavel R, Ahmed ME, Raikwar SP, Zaheer S, Iyer SS, Zaheer A. Mast Cell Proteases Activate Glia‐Neurons and Release Interleukin‐33 by Activating MAPKs. FASEB J 2018. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2018.32.1_supplement.805.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Asgar Zaheer
- NeurologyUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO
- HSTM Veterans HospitalMissouriMO
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31
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Elliott EI, Miller AN, Banoth B, Iyer SS, Stotland A, Weiss JP, Gottlieb RA, Sutterwala FS, Cassel SL. Cutting Edge: Mitochondrial Assembly of the NLRP3 Inflammasome Complex Is Initiated at Priming. J Immunol 2018; 200:3047-3052. [PMID: 29602772 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The NLRP3 inflammasome is activated in response to microbial and danger signals, resulting in caspase-1-dependent secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. Canonical NLRP3 inflammasome activation is a two-step process requiring both priming and activation signals. During inflammasome activation, NLRP3 associates with mitochondria; however, the role for this interaction is unclear. In this article, we show that mouse NLRP3 and caspase-1 independently interact with the mitochondrial lipid cardiolipin, which is externalized to the outer mitochondrial membrane at priming in response to reactive oxygen species. An NLRP3 activation signal is then required for the calcium-dependent association of the adaptor molecule ASC with NLRP3 on the mitochondrial surface, resulting in inflammasome complex assembly and activation. These findings demonstrate a novel lipid interaction for caspase-1 and identify a role for mitochondria as supramolecular organizing centers in the assembly and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric I Elliott
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242.,Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048.,The Inflammation Program, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Alexis N Miller
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Balaji Banoth
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Shankar S Iyer
- The Inflammation Program, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242.,Department of Neurology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212
| | - Aleksandr Stotland
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048; and.,Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Jerrold P Weiss
- The Inflammation Program, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Roberta A Gottlieb
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048; and.,Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Fayyaz S Sutterwala
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; .,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242.,Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048.,The Inflammation Program, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Suzanne L Cassel
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048; .,The Inflammation Program, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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32
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Kempuraj D, Selvakumar GP, Thangavel R, Ahmed ME, Zaheer S, Raikwar SP, Iyer SS, Bhagavan SM, Beladakere-Ramaswamy S, Zaheer A. Mast Cell Activation in Brain Injury, Stress, and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:703. [PMID: 29302258 PMCID: PMC5733004 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are localized throughout the body and mediate allergic, immune, and inflammatory reactions. They are heterogeneous, tissue-resident, long-lived, and granulated cells. Mast cells increase their numbers in specific site in the body by proliferation, increased recruitment, increased survival, and increased rate of maturation from its progenitors. Mast cells are implicated in brain injuries, neuropsychiatric disorders, stress, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. Brain mast cells are the first responders before microglia in the brain injuries since mast cells can release prestored mediators. Mast cells also can detect amyloid plaque formation during Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Stress conditions activate mast cells to release prestored and newly synthesized inflammatory mediators and induce increased blood-brain barrier permeability, recruitment of immune and inflammatory cells into the brain and neuroinflammation. Stress induces the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus and mast cells. CRH activates glial cells and mast cells through CRH receptors and releases neuroinflammatory mediators. Stress also increases proinflammatory mediator release in the peripheral systems that can induce and augment neuroinflammation. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a traumatic-chronic stress related mental dysfunction. Currently there is no specific therapy to treat PTSD since its disease mechanisms are not yet clearly understood. Moreover, recent reports indicate that PTSD could induce and augment neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Mast cells play a crucial role in the peripheral inflammation as well as in neuroinflammation due to brain injuries, stress, depression, and PTSD. Therefore, mast cells activation in brain injury, stress, and PTSD may accelerate the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases including AD. This review focusses on how mast cells in brain injuries, stress, and PTSD may promote the pathogenesis of AD. We suggest that inhibition of mast cells activation and brain cells associated inflammatory pathways in the brain injuries, stress, and PTSD can be explored as a new therapeutic target to delay or prevent the pathogenesis and severity of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Govindhasamy P Selvakumar
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Mohammad E Ahmed
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Smita Zaheer
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Sudhanshu P Raikwar
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Shankar S Iyer
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Sachin M Bhagavan
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Swathi Beladakere-Ramaswamy
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, United States
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Thangavel R, Kempuraj D, Zaheer S, Raikwar S, Ahmed ME, Selvakumar GP, Iyer SS, Zaheer A. Glia Maturation Factor and Mitochondrial Uncoupling Proteins 2 and 4 Expression in the Temporal Cortex of Alzheimer's Disease Brain. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:150. [PMID: 28572767 PMCID: PMC5435744 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by the presence of neuropathological lesions containing amyloid plaques (APs) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). AD is associated with mitochondrial dysfunctions, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the brain. We have previously demonstrated enhanced expression of the proinflammatory protein glia maturation factor (GMF) in glial cells near APs and NFTs in the AD brains. Parahippocampal gyrus consisting of entorhinal and perirhinal subdivisions of temporal cortex is the first brain region affected during AD pathogenesis. Current paradigm implicates oxidative stress-mediated neuronal damage contributing to the early pathology in AD with mitochondrial membrane potential regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The inner mitochondrial membrane anion transporters called the uncoupling proteins (UCPs), function as regulators of cellular homeostasis by mitigating oxidative stress. In the present study, we have analyzed the expression of GMF and mitochondrial UCP2 and UCP4 in the parahippocampal gyrus of AD and non-AD brains by immunostaining techniques. APs were detected by thioflavin-S fluorescence staining or immunohistochemistry (IHC) with 6E10 antibody. Our current results suggest that upregulation of GMF expression is associated with down-regulation of UCP2 as well as UCP4 in the parahippocampal gyrus of AD brains as compared to non-AD brains. Further, GMF expression is associated with up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), the enzyme that induces the production of nitric oxide (NO), as well as nuclear factor kB p65 (NF-κB p65) expression. Also, GMF appeared to localize to the mitochondria in AD brains. Based on our current observations, we propose that enhanced expression of GMF down-regulates mitochondrial UCP2 and UCP4 thereby exacerbating AD pathophysiology and this effect is potentially mediated by iNOS and NF-κB. Thus, GMF functions as an activator protein that interferes with the cytoprotective mechanisms in AD brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramasamy Thangavel
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States.,Research Services, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans HospitalColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States.,Research Services, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans HospitalColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Smita Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Sudhanshu Raikwar
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Mohammad E Ahmed
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | | | - Shankar S Iyer
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States.,Research Services, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans HospitalColumbia, MO, United States
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34
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Kempuraj D, Thangavel R, Natteru PA, Selvakumar GP, Saeed D, Zahoor H, Zaheer S, Iyer SS, Zaheer A. Neuroinflammation Induces Neurodegeneration. J Neurol Neurosurg Spine 2016; 1:1003. [PMID: 28127589 PMCID: PMC5260818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Multiple Sclerosis (MS) are characterized by neuronal degeneration and neuronal death in specific regions of the central nervous system (CNS). In AD, neurons of the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex are the first to degenerate, whereas in PD, dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra degenerate. MS patients show destruction of the myelin sheath. Once the CNS neurons are damaged, they are unable to regenerate unlike any other tissue in the body. Neurodegeneration is mediated by inflammatory and neurotoxic mediators such as interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, IL-33, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), CCL5, matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs), granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), glia maturation factor (GMF), substance P, reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), mast cells-mediated histamine and proteases, protease activated receptor-2 (PAR-2), CD40, CD40L, CD88, intracellular Ca+ elevation, and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kB). Activated microglia, astrocytes, neurons, T-cells and mast cells release these inflammatory mediators and mediate neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in a vicious manner. Further, immune and inflammatory cells and inflammatory mediators from the periphery cross the defective blood-brain-barrier (BBB) and augment neuroinflammation. Though inflammation is crucial in the onset and the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, anti-inflammatory drugs do not provide significant therapeutic effects in these patients till date, as the disease pathogenesis is not yet clearly understood. In this review, we discuss the possible factors involved in neuroinflammation-mediated neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kempuraj
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - R Thangavel
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - PA Natteru
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - GP Selvakumar
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - D Saeed
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - H Zahoor
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - S Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - SS Iyer
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - A Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
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Abstract
Microbial colonization of mucosal tissues during infancy plays an instrumental role in the development and education of the host mammalian immune system. These early-life events can have long-standing consequences: facilitating tolerance to environmental exposures or contributing to the development of disease in later life, including inflammatory bowel disease, allergy, and asthma. Recent studies have begun to define a critical period during early development in which disruption of optimal host-commensal interactions can lead to persistent and in some cases irreversible defects in the development and training of specific immune subsets. Here, we discuss the role of early-life education of the immune system during this "window of opportunity," when microbial colonization has a potentially critical impact on human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gensollen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shankar S Iyer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dennis L Kasper
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard S Blumberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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36
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Covarrubias AJ, Aksoylar HI, Yu J, Snyder NW, Worth AJ, Iyer SS, Wang J, Ben-Sahra I, Byles V, Polynne-Stapornkul T, Espinosa EC, Lamming D, Manning BD, Zhang Y, Blair IA, Horng T. Akt-mTORC1 signaling regulates Acly to integrate metabolic input to control of macrophage activation. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 26894960 PMCID: PMC4769166 DOI: 10.7554/elife.11612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage activation/polarization to distinct functional states is critically supported by metabolic shifts. How polarizing signals coordinate metabolic and functional reprogramming, and the potential implications for control of macrophage activation, remains poorly understood. Here we show that IL-4 signaling co-opts the Akt-mTORC1 pathway to regulate Acly, a key enzyme in Ac-CoA synthesis, leading to increased histone acetylation and M2 gene induction. Only a subset of M2 genes is controlled in this way, including those regulating cellular proliferation and chemokine production. Moreover, metabolic signals impinge on the Akt-mTORC1 axis for such control of M2 activation. We propose that Akt-mTORC1 signaling calibrates metabolic state to energetically demanding aspects of M2 activation, which may define a new role for metabolism in supporting macrophage activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Covarrubias
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States
| | - Halil Ibrahim Aksoylar
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States
| | - Jiujiu Yu
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States
| | - Nathaniel W Snyder
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States.,A.J. Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Andrew J Worth
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Shankar S Iyer
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Institute for Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Issam Ben-Sahra
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States
| | - Vanessa Byles
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States
| | - Tiffany Polynne-Stapornkul
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States
| | - Erika C Espinosa
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States
| | - Dudley Lamming
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Brendan D Manning
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States
| | - Yijing Zhang
- Institute for Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ian A Blair
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Tiffany Horng
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States
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37
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Cassel SL, Elliott E, Iyer SS, Sutterwala F. Cardiolipin Provides a Platform for Caspase-1 Activation and NLRP3 Inflammasome Assembly. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.12.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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38
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Ma F, Li B, Liu SY, Iyer SS, Yu Y, Wu A, Cheng G. Positive feedback regulation of type I IFN production by the IFN-inducible DNA sensor cGAS. J Immunol 2015; 194:1545-54. [PMID: 25609843 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and robust induction of type I IFN (IFN-I) is a critical event in host antiviral innate immune response. It has been well demonstrated that cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) plays an important role in sensing cytosolic DNA and triggering STING dependent signaling to induce IFN-I. However, it is largely unknown how cGAS itself is regulated during pathogen infection and IFN-I production. In this study, we show that pattern recognition receptor (PRR) ligands, including lipid A, LPS, poly(I:C), poly(dA:dT), and cGAMP, induce cGAS expression in an IFN-I-dependent manner in both mouse and human macrophages. Further experiments indicated that cGAS is an IFN-stimulated gene (ISG), and two adjacent IFN-sensitive response elements (ISREs) in the promoter region of cGAS mediate the induction of cGAS by IFN-I. Additionally, we show that optimal production of IFN-β triggered by poly (dA:dT) or HSV-1 requires IFNAR signaling. Knockdown of the constitutively expressed DNA sensor DDX41 attenuates poly(dA:dT)-triggered IFN-β production and cGAS induction. By analyzing the dynamic expression of poly(dA:dT)-induced IFN-β and cGAS transcripts, we have found that induction of IFN-β is earlier than cGAS. Furthermore, we have provided evidence that induction of cGAS by IFN-I meditates the subsequent positive feedback regulation of DNA-triggered IFN-I production. Thus, our study not only provides a novel mechanism of modulating cGAS expression, but also adds another layer of regulation in DNA-triggered IFN-I production by induction of cGAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Ma
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095; and
| | - Su-yang Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Shankar S Iyer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Yongxin Yu
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry and Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Aiping Wu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Genhong Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095;
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39
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Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is an important regulator of the innate immune response to cytoplasmic DNA. However, regulation of STING itself is largely unknown. Here, we show that STING transcription is induced by innate immune activators, such as cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs), through an IFNAR1- and STAT1-dependent pathway. We also identify a STAT1 binding site in the STING promoter that contributes to the activation of STING transcription. Furthermore, we show that induction of STING mediates the positive feedback regulation of CDN-triggered IFN-I. Thus, our study demonstrates that STING is an interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) and its induction is crucial for the IFN-I positive feedback loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Ma
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yongxin Yu
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry and Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shankar S Iyer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mingyu Sun
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Genhong Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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40
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Mu J, Tai X, Iyer SS, Weissman JD, Singer A, Singer DS. Regulation of MHC class I expression by Foxp3 and its effect on regulatory T cell function. J Immunol 2014; 192:2892-903. [PMID: 24523508 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Expression of MHC class I molecules, which provide immune surveillance against intracellular pathogens, is higher on lymphoid cells than on any other cell types. In T cells, this is a result of activation of class I transcription by the T cell enhanceosome consisting of Runx1, CBFβ, and LEF1. We now report that MHC class I transcription in T cells also is enhanced by Foxp3, resulting in higher levels of class I in CD4(+)CD25(+) T regulatory cells than in conventional CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells. Interestingly, the effect of Foxp3 regulation of MHC class I transcription is cell type specific: Foxp3 increases MHC class I expression in T cells but represses it in epithelial tumor cells. In both cell types, Foxp3 targets the upstream IFN response element and downstream core promoter of the class I gene. Importantly, expression of MHC class I contributes to the function of CD4(+)CD25(+) T regulatory cells by enhancing immune suppression, both in in vitro and in vivo. These findings identify MHC class I genes as direct targets of Foxp3 whose expression augments regulatory T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Mu
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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41
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Iyer SS, He Q, Janczy JR, Elliott EI, Zhong Z, Olivier AK, Sadler JJ, Knepper-Adrian V, Han R, Qiao L, Eisenbarth SC, Nauseef WM, Cassel SL, Sutterwala FS. Mitochondrial cardiolipin is required for Nlrp3 inflammasome activation. Immunity 2013; 39:311-323. [PMID: 23954133 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 626] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nlrp3 inflammasome activation occurs in response to numerous agonists but the specific mechanism by which this takes place remains unclear. All previously evaluated activators of the Nlrp3 inflammasome induce the generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), suggesting a model in which ROS is a required upstream mediator of Nlrp3 inflammasome activation. Here we have identified the oxazolidinone antibiotic linezolid as a Nlrp3 agonist that activates the Nlrp3 inflammasome independently of ROS. The pathways for ROS-dependent and ROS-independent Nlrp3 activation converged upon mitochondrial dysfunction and specifically the mitochondrial lipid cardiolipin. Cardiolipin bound to Nlrp3 directly and interference with cardiolipin synthesis specifically inhibited Nlrp3 inflammasome activation. Together these data suggest that mitochondria play a critical role in the activation of the Nlrp3 inflammasome through the direct binding of Nlrp3 to cardiolipin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankar S Iyer
- Inflammation Program, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Qiong He
- Inflammation Program, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - John R Janczy
- Inflammation Program, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Eric I Elliott
- Inflammation Program, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Zhenyu Zhong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Alicia K Olivier
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Sadler
- Inflammation Program, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Vickie Knepper-Adrian
- Inflammation Program, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Renzhi Han
- the Department of Cell & Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Liang Qiao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Stephanie C Eisenbarth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - William M Nauseef
- Inflammation Program, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52241, USA
| | - Suzanne L Cassel
- Inflammation Program, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Fayyaz S Sutterwala
- Inflammation Program, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52241, USA
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42
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Teles RMB, Graeber TG, Krutzik SR, Montoya D, Schenk M, Lee DJ, Komisopoulou E, Kelly-Scumpia K, Chun R, Iyer SS, Sarno EN, Rea TH, Hewison M, Adams JS, Popper SJ, Relman DA, Stenger S, Bloom BR, Cheng G, Modlin RL. Type I interferon suppresses type II interferon-triggered human anti-mycobacterial responses. Science 2013; 339:1448-53. [PMID: 23449998 PMCID: PMC3653587 DOI: 10.1126/science.1233665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-α and IFN-β) are important for protection against many viral infections, whereas type II interferon (IFN-γ) is essential for host defense against some bacterial and parasitic pathogens. Study of IFN responses in human leprosy revealed an inverse correlation between IFN-β and IFN-γ gene expression programs. IFN-γ and its downstream vitamin D-dependent antimicrobial genes were preferentially expressed in self-healing tuberculoid lesions and mediated antimicrobial activity against the pathogen Mycobacterium leprae in vitro. In contrast, IFN-β and its downstream genes, including interleukin-10 (IL-10), were induced in monocytes by M. leprae in vitro and preferentially expressed in disseminated and progressive lepromatous lesions. The IFN-γ-induced macrophage vitamin D-dependent antimicrobial peptide response was inhibited by IFN-β and by IL-10, suggesting that the differential production of IFNs contributes to protection versus pathogenesis in some human bacterial infections.
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MESH Headings
- 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-Hydroxylase/genetics
- 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-Hydroxylase/metabolism
- Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/genetics
- Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/metabolism
- Humans
- Interferon-beta/genetics
- Interferon-beta/immunology
- Interferon-beta/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-10/genetics
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Leprosy, Lepromatous/genetics
- Leprosy, Lepromatous/immunology
- Leprosy, Lepromatous/metabolism
- Leprosy, Tuberculoid/genetics
- Leprosy, Tuberculoid/immunology
- Leprosy, Tuberculoid/metabolism
- Microbial Viability
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Mycobacterium leprae/immunology
- Mycobacterium leprae/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Calcitriol/genetics
- Receptors, Calcitriol/metabolism
- Transcriptome
- Tuberculosis/genetics
- Tuberculosis/immunology
- Up-Regulation
- beta-Defensins/genetics
- beta-Defensins/metabolism
- Cathelicidins
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosane M. B. Teles
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Thomas G. Graeber
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Johnson Comprehensive Cancer Center, California NanoSystems Institute, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Stephan R. Krutzik
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Dennis Montoya
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mirjam Schenk
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Delphine J. Lee
- Department of Translational Immunology, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Evangelia Komisopoulou
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Johnson Comprehensive Cancer Center, California NanoSystems Institute, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kindra Kelly-Scumpia
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rene Chun
- UCLA/Orthopedic Hospital Department of Orthopedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shankar S. Iyer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Euzenir N. Sarno
- Department of Mycobacteriosis, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thomas H. Rea
- Department of Dermatology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Martin Hewison
- UCLA/Orthopedic Hospital Department of Orthopedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - John S. Adams
- UCLA/Orthopedic Hospital Department of Orthopedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Stephen J. Popper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David A. Relman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Steffen Stenger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital of Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Genhong Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Robert L. Modlin
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Iyer SS, Haribabu PK. Minimizing alveolar bone loss during and after extractions (Part I)--review of techniques: atraumatic extraction, root retention. Alpha Omegan 2013; 106:67-72. [PMID: 24864402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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Fabri M, Stenger S, Shin DM, Yuk JM, Liu PT, Realegeno S, Lee HM, Krutzik SR, Schenk M, Sieling PA, Teles R, Montoya D, Iyer SS, Bruns H, Lewinsohn DM, Hollis BW, Hewison M, Adams JS, Steinmeyer A, Zügel U, Cheng G, Jo EK, Bloom BR, Modlin RL. Vitamin D is required for IFN-gamma-mediated antimicrobial activity of human macrophages. Sci Transl Med 2012; 3:104ra102. [PMID: 21998409 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Control of tuberculosis worldwide depends on our understanding of human immune mechanisms, which combat the infection. Acquired T cell responses are critical for host defense against microbial pathogens, yet the mechanisms by which they act in humans remain unclear. We report that T cells, by the release of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), induce autophagy, phagosomal maturation, the production of antimicrobial peptides such as cathelicidin, and antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in human macrophages via a vitamin D-dependent pathway. IFN-γ induced the antimicrobial pathway in human macrophages cultured in vitamin D-sufficient sera, but not in sera from African-Americans that have lower amounts of vitamin D and who are more susceptible to tuberculosis. In vitro supplementation of vitamin D-deficient serum with 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 restored IFN-γ-induced antimicrobial peptide expression, autophagy, phagosome-lysosome fusion, and antimicrobial activity. These results suggest a mechanism in which vitamin D is required for acquired immunity to overcome the ability of intracellular pathogens to evade macrophage-mediated antimicrobial responses. The present findings underscore the importance of adequate amounts of vitamin D in all human populations for sustaining both innate and acquired immunity against infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Fabri
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Ghaffari AA, Chow EK, Iyer SS, Deng JC, Cheng G. Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid suppresses acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity independent of type I interferons and toll-like receptor 3. Hepatology 2011; 53:2042-52. [PMID: 21433044 PMCID: PMC3103596 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Viral infections are often linked to altered drug metabolism in patients; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here we describe a mechanism by which activation of antiviral responses by the synthetic double-stranded RNA ligand, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (polyI:C), leads to decreased acetaminophen (APAP) metabolism and hepatotoxicity. PolyI:C administration down-regulates expression of retinoic X receptor-α (RXRα) as well as its heterodimeric partner pregnane X receptor (PXR) in mice. This down-regulation results in suppression of downstream cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in conversion of APAP to its toxic metabolite. Although the effects of polyI:C on drug metabolism are often attributed to interferon production, we report that polyI:C can decrease APAP metabolism in the absence of the type I interferon receptor. Furthermore, we demonstrate that polyI:C can attenuate APAP metabolism through both its membrane-bound receptor, Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), as well as cytoplasmic receptors. CONCLUSION This is the first study to illustrate that in vivo administration of polyI:C affects drug metabolism independent of type I interferon production or in the absence of TLR3 through crosstalk between nuclear receptors and antiviral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir A. Ghaffari
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Edward K. Chow
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Shankar S. Iyer
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Jane C. Deng
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Genhong Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles
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Lee N, Iyer SS, Mu J, Weissman JD, Ohali A, Howcroft TK, Lewis BA, Singer DS. Three novel downstream promoter elements regulate MHC class I promoter activity in mammalian cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15278. [PMID: 21179443 PMCID: PMC3001478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MHC CLASS I TRANSCRIPTION IS REGULATED BY TWO DISTINCT TYPES OF REGULATORY PATHWAYS: 1) tissue-specific pathways that establish constitutive levels of expression within a given tissue and 2) dynamically modulated pathways that increase or decrease expression within that tissue in response to hormonal or cytokine mediated stimuli. These sets of pathways target distinct upstream regulatory elements, have distinct basal transcription factor requirements, and utilize discrete sets of transcription start sites within an extended core promoter. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We studied regulatory elements within the MHC class I promoter by cellular transfection and in vitro transcription assays in HeLa, HeLa/CIITA, and tsBN462 of various promoter constructs. We have identified three novel MHC class I regulatory elements (GLE, DPE-L1 and DPE-L2), located downstream of the major transcription start sites, that contribute to the regulation of both constitutive and activated MHC class I expression. These elements located at the 3' end of the core promoter preferentially regulate the multiple transcription start sites clustered at the 5' end of the core promoter. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Three novel downstream elements (GLE, DPE-L1, DPE-L2), located between +1 and +32 bp, regulate both constitutive and activated MHC class I gene expression by selectively increasing usage of transcription start sites clustered at the 5' end of the core promoter upstream of +1 bp. Results indicate that the downstream elements preferentially regulate TAF1-dependent, relative to TAF1-independent, transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namhoon Lee
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Cellular, Molecular, Developmental Biology and Biophysics, NIH-Johns Hopkins University, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shankar S. Iyer
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jie Mu
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jocelyn D. Weissman
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anat Ohali
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - T. Kevin Howcroft
- Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brian A. Lewis
- Metabolism Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dinah S. Singer
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Metabolism Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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Iyer SS, Co C, Rojas M. Mesenchymal stem cells and inflammatory lung diseases. Panminerva Med 2009; 51:5-16. [PMID: 19352305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are emerging as a therapeutic modality in various inflammatory disease states. A number of ongoing randomized Phase I/II clinical trials are evaluating the effects of allogeneic MSC infusion in patients with multiple sclerosis, graft-versus-host disease, Crohn's disease, and severe chronic myocardial ischemia. MSCs are also being considered as a potential therapy in patients with inflammatory lung diseases. Several studies, including our own, have demonstrated compelling benefits from the administration of MSCs in animal models of lung injury. These studies are leading to growing interest in the therapeutic use of MSCs in inflammatory lung diseases. In this Review, we describe how the immunoregulatory effects of MSCs can confer substantial protection in the setting of lung diseases such as acute lung injury, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and pulmonary hypertension. We also address potential pitfalls related to the therapeutic use of MSCs in fibrotic lung diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. In addition, we identify emerging areas for MSC- based therapies in modulating oxidative stress and in attenuating inflammation in alcohol-related acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Iyer
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Abstract
The activation of lipid-modifying enzymes generally involves a physical change in their interactions with the membrane substrate. For sphingosine kinase, a predominantly cytosolic enzyme in resting cells, activation is accompanied by translocation to specific subsets of cellular membranes where catalysis occurs. As all eukaryotic membranes have a tightly associated filamentous actin skeleton, we investigated potential regulatory interactions between sphingosine kinase and actin. Sphingosine kinase 1 (SK1) exhibited constitutive- and stimulus-enhanced association with actin filaments and F-actin-enriched membrane fractions in both intact macrophages and an in vitro reconstitution assay, whereas SK1 bound G-actin only under stimulated conditions. Actin inhibitors disrupted SK1 localization and increased its enzymatic activity. Both the localization and the activity of SK1 were coordinately regulated with the actin cytoskeleton. The association of enzymes with the actin cytoskeleton and how this regulates their activities and functions are subjects of intense interest. Here, we describe the approach we used to investigate regulation of SK1. This provides general methods that can be used to examine the role of actin in regulating enzyme activity in macrophages and other myeloid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankar S Iyer
- Physiology and Biophysics, and the Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine and Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Centre, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Kusner DJ, Thompson CR, Melrose NA, Pitson SM, Obeid LM, Iyer SS. The localization and activity of sphingosine kinase 1 are coordinately regulated with actin cytoskeletal dynamics in macrophages. VOLUME 282 (2007) PAGES 23147-23162. J Biol Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(20)57320-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Kusner DJ, Thompson CR, Melrose NA, Pitson SM, Obeid LM, Iyer SS. The Localization and Activity of Sphingosine Kinase 1 Are Coordinately Regulated with Actin Cytoskeletal Dynamics in Macrophages. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:23147-62. [PMID: 17519232 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m700193200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiologic and pathologic functions of sphingosine kinase (SK) require translocation to specific membrane compartments. We tested the hypothesis that interactions with actin filaments regulate the localization of SK1 to membrane surfaces, including the plasma membrane and phagosome. Macrophage activation is accompanied by a marked increase in association of SK1 with actin filaments. Catalytically-inactive (CI)- and phosphorylation-defective (PD)-SK1 mutants exhibited reductions in plasma membrane translocation, colocalization with cortical actin filaments, membrane ruffling, and lamellipodia formation, compared with wild-type (WT)-SK1. However, translocation of CI- and PD-SK1 to phagosomes were equivalent to WT-SK1. SK1 exhibited constitutive- and stimulus-enhanced association with actin filaments and F-actin-enriched membrane fractions in both intact macrophages and a novel in vitro assay. In contrast, SK1 bound G-actin only under stimulated conditions. Actin inhibitors disrupted SK1 localization and modulated its activity. Conversely, reduction of SK1 levels or activity via RNA interference or specific chemical inhibition resulted in dysregulation of actin filaments. Thus, the localization and activity of SK1 are coordinately regulated with actin dynamics during macrophage activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Kusner
- Inflammation Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52245, USA.
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