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Ouyang X, Reihill JA, Douglas LEJ, Dunne OM, Sergeant GP, Martin SL. House dust mite allergens induce Ca 2+ signalling and alarmin responses in asthma airway epithelial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167079. [PMID: 38367901 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Type 2 inflammation in asthma develops with exposure to stimuli to include inhaled allergens from house dust mites (HDM). Features include mucus hypersecretion and the formation of pro-secretory ion transport characterised by elevated basal Cl- current. Studies using human sinonasal epithelial cells treated with HDM extract report a higher protease activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) agonist-induced calcium mobilisation that may be related to airway sensitisation by allergen-associated proteases. Herein, this study aimed to investigate the effect of HDM on Ca2+ signalling and inflammatory responses in asthmatic airway epithelial cells. Primary bronchial epithelial cells (hPBECs) from asthma donors cultured at air-liquid interface were used to assess electrophysiological, Ca2+ signalling and inflammatory responses. Differences were observed regarding Ca2+ signalling in response to PAR-2 agonist 2-Furoyl-LIGRLO-amide (2-FLI), and equivalent short-circuit current (Ieq) in response to trypsin and 2-FLI, in ALI-asthma and healthy hPBECs. HDM treatment led to increased levels of intracellular cations (Ca2+, Na+) and significantly reduced the 2-FLI-induced change of Ieq in asthma cells. Apical HDM-induced Ca2+ mobilisation was found to mainly involve the activation of PAR-2 and PAR-4-associated store-operated Ca2+ influx and TRPV1. In contrast, PAR-2, PAR-4 antagonists and TRPV1 antagonist only showed slight impact on basolateral HDM-induced Ca2+ mobilisation. HDM trypsin-like serine proteases were the main components leading to non-amiloride sensitive Ieq and also increased interleukin-33 (IL-33) and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) from asthma hPBECs. These studies add further insight into the complex mechanisms associated with HDM-induced alterations in cell signalling and their relevance to pathological changes within asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Ouyang
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | | | | | - Orla M Dunne
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Gerard P Sergeant
- Smooth Muscle Research Centre, Dundalk Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Dundalk, Co. Louth, Ireland
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2
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Vieceli Dalla Sega F, Fortini F, Licastro D, Monego SD, Degasperi M, Ascierto A, Marracino L, Severi P, D'Accolti M, Soffritti I, Brambilla M, Camera M, Tremoli E, Contoli M, Spadaro S, Campo G, Ferrari R, Caselli E, Rizzo P. Serum from COVID-19 patients promotes endothelial cell dysfunction through protease-activated receptor 2. Inflamm Res 2024; 73:117-130. [PMID: 38117300 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-023-01823-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial dysfunction plays a central role in the pathophysiology of COVID-19 and is closely linked to the severity and mortality of the disease. The inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 infection can alter the capacity of the endothelium to regulate vascular tone, immune responses, and the balance between anti-thrombotic and pro-thrombotic properties. However, the specific endothelial pathways altered during COVID-19 still need to be fully understood. OBJECTIVE In this study, we sought to identify molecular changes in endothelial cells induced by circulating factors characteristic of COVID-19. METHODS AND RESULTS To this aim, we cultured endothelial cells with sera from patients with COVID-19 or non-COVID-19 pneumonia. Through transcriptomic analysis, we were able to identify a distinctive endothelial phenotype that is induced by sera from COVID-19 patients. We confirmed and expanded this observation in vitro by showing that COVID-19 serum alters functional properties of endothelial cells leading to increased apoptosis, loss of barrier integrity, and hypercoagulability. Furthermore, we demonstrated that these endothelial dysfunctions are mediated by protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2), as predicted by transcriptome network analysis validated by in vitro functional assays. CONCLUSION Our findings provide the rationale for further studies to evaluate whether targeting PAR-2 may be a clinically effective strategy to counteract endothelial dysfunction in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alessia Ascierto
- Department of Translational Medicine and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luisa Marracino
- Department of Translational Medicine and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Severi
- Department of Translational Medicine and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria D'Accolti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical, and Agricultural Sciences, and LTTA, Section of Microbiology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Irene Soffritti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical, and Agricultural Sciences, and LTTA, Section of Microbiology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Marina Camera
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Tremoli
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, Cotignola, Italy
| | - Marco Contoli
- Respiratory Section, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Savino Spadaro
- Intensive Care Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gianluca Campo
- Cardiology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Ferrara, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberto Ferrari
- Department of Translational Medicine and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Caselli
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical, and Agricultural Sciences, and LTTA, Section of Microbiology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Rizzo
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, Cotignola, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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3
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Chiang CC, Dodick DW. Emerging and future directions of migraine research and treatment. Handb Clin Neurol 2024; 199:583-597. [PMID: 38307672 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-823357-3.00011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Despite many migraine-specific treatments that became available over the past 5 years, many patients still suffer from debilitating migraine. Emerging and future directions of migraine research and treatment should consider different aspects including revising the headache diagnostic criteria to reflect disease burden and prognosis, developing biomarkers, including genetic, serum, imaging, and deep phenotyping biomarkers to facilitate personalized medicine for headache treatment. Additionally, research should also emphasize identifying novel treatment targets for drug development. In this chapter, we provide an overview of current studies and controversies in the diagnosis of migraine and available research on potential migraine biomarkers. We also discuss potential treatment targets for migraine, including CGRP, PACAP, orexin, non-μ opioid receptors, nitric oxide, BKCa channel, KATP channel, amylin, TRP channels, prolactin, PAR-2, and other potential targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chun Chiang
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.
| | - David W Dodick
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
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Vetvicka D, Suhaj P, Olejar T, Sivak L, Benes J, Pouckova P. Proteinase-activated Receptor 2: Springboard of Tumors. Anticancer Res 2024; 44:1-12. [PMID: 38159988 DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.16782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) were discovered more than 25 years ago and since then, their role in cancer has been under investigation. Research has primarily focused on the receptors located on the membrane of cancer cells and their impact on metabolism, intracellular signalling, and proliferation. Regarding the host response to cancer, studies have predominantly examined the relationship of thrombin receptors (PAR-1, PAR-3, and PAR-4) with blood clotting in distant metastatic spread. However, limited studies have examined the role of PARs, especially PAR-2, in the host anti-tumor immunity. This review article provides insights into the role of PAR-2 on cancer cells and immune competent cells involved in cancer development and progression. It also discussed the current knowledge of the importance of PAR-2 activation at various stages of cancer progression and its association with cancer-related pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Vetvicka
- Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Petr Suhaj
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Third Medical Faculty, Charles University and Thomayer University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Olejar
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Third Medical Faculty, Charles University and Thomayer University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Sivak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Benes
- Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Pouckova
- Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Berlin F, Mogren S, Ly C, Ramu S, Hvidtfeldt M, Uller L, Porsbjerg C, Andersson CK. Mast Cell Tryptase Promotes Airway Remodeling by Inducing Anti-Apoptotic and Cell Growth Properties in Human Alveolar and Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Cells 2023; 12:1439. [PMID: 37408273 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bronchial and alveolar remodeling and impaired epithelial function are characteristics of chronic respiratory diseases. In these patients, an increased number of mast cells (MCs) positive for serine proteases, tryptase and chymase, infiltrate the epithelium and alveolar parenchyma. However, little is known regarding the implication of intraepithelial MCs on the local environment, such as epithelial cell function and properties. In this study, we investigated whether MC tryptase is involved in bronchial and alveolar remodeling and the mechanisms of regulation during inflammation. Using novel holographic live cell imaging, we found that MC tryptase enhanced human bronchial and alveolar epithelial cell growth and shortened the cell division intervals. The elevated cell growth induced by tryptase remained in a pro-inflammatory state. Tryptase also increased the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein BIRC3, as well as growth factor release in epithelial cells. Thus, our data imply that the intraepithelial and alveolar MC release of tryptase may play a critical role in disturbing bronchial epithelial and alveolar homeostasis by altering cell growth-death regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Berlin
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sofia Mogren
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Camilla Ly
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sangeetha Ramu
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Morten Hvidtfeldt
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lena Uller
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Celeste Porsbjerg
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cecilia K Andersson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
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Kanamori A, Tanaka F, Takashima S, Sawada A, Ominami M, Nadatani Y, Fukunaga S, Otani K, Hosomi S, Kamata N, Nagami Y, Taira K, Watanabe T, Fujiwara Y. Esophageal mast cells may be associated with the perception of symptoms in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Esophagus 2023; 20:333-341. [PMID: 36342564 DOI: 10.1007/s10388-022-00967-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a type 2 helper T-cell (Th2)-mediated allergic disease that involves mast cells. This study aimed to clarify the relationship between perception of symptoms and mast cell levels in patients with EoE. METHODS We enrolled patients with asymptomatic esophageal eosinophilia (aEE) and those with symptomatic EoE. Immunofluorescence staining was performed on esophageal biopsy specimens to quantify mast cell-related molecules, such as tryptase, proteinase-activated receptor (PAR)-2, and vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor (VPAC)-1. RESULTS We evaluated 28 and 58 patients with aEE and EoE, respectively. There were no significant differences in clinical and endoscopic features and peak eosinophil counts between both groups. Mast cell tryptase-positive areas were significantly higher in EoE than in aEE (4.9 [3.5-6.2] vs. 2.0 [1.2-3.4] %, p < 0.01). The number of PAR-2-positive cells was significantly higher in EoE than in aEE (14 [8.8-20.0] vs. 4 [2.8-8.0] cells/high-power field [HPF], p < 0.01). The number of VPAC-1-positive cells was significantly higher in the EoE group than in the aEE group (13 [8.8-16.0] vs. 6 [3.0-9.3] cells/HPF, p < 0.01). A positive correlation was observed between the numbers of PAR-2-positive cells and VPAC-1-positive cells (r = 0.851, p < 0.01). Moreover, mast cell tryptase-positive areas positively correlated with the number of PAR-2- and VPAC-1-positive cells (r = 0.352, p < 0.01; r = 0.355, p < 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Esophageal mast cells and their receptors, PAR-2 and VPAC-1, may contribute to the perception of symptoms in patients with EoE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kanamori
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fumio Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan.
| | - Shingo Takashima
- Department of Premier Preventive Medicine/MedCity21, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akinari Sawada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Masaki Ominami
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Yuji Nadatani
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
- Department of Premier Preventive Medicine/MedCity21, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shusei Fukunaga
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Koji Otani
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Shuhei Hosomi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Noriko Kamata
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Nagami
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Koichi Taira
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Toshio Watanabe
- Department of Premier Preventive Medicine/MedCity21, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Fujiwara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
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Tang Y, Chen Y, Yang M, Zheng Q, Li Y, Bao Y. Knockdown of PAR2 alleviates cancer-induced bone pain by inhibiting the activation of astrocytes and the ERK pathway. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2022; 23:514. [PMID: 35637468 PMCID: PMC9150294 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-022-05312-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cancer-induced bone pain (CIBP) is a kind of pain with complex pathophysiology. Proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) is involved in CIBP. This study explored the effects of PAR-2 on CIBP rats. METHODS CIBP rat model was established by injecting Walker 256 rat breast cancer cells into the left tibia of female Sprague-Dawley rats and verified by tibial morphology observation, HE staining, and mechanical hyperalgesia assay. CIBP rats were injected with PAR-2 inhibitor, ERK activator, and CREB inhibitor through the spinal cord sheath on the 13th day after operation. CIBP behaviors were measured by mechanical hyperalgesia assay. On the 14th day after operation, L4-5 spinal cord tissues were obtained. PAR-2 expression, co-expression of PAR-2 and astrocyte marker GFAP, GFAP mRNA and protein levels and the ERK pathway-related protein levels were detected by Western blot, immunofluorescence double staining, RT-qPCR, and Western blot. RESULTS CIBP rats had obvious mechanical hyperalgesia and thermal hyperalgesia from the 7th day after modeling; mechanical hyperalgesia threshold and thermal threshold were decreased; PAR-2 was increased in spinal cord tissues and was co-expressed with GFAP. PAR-2 silencing alleviated rat CIBP by inhibiting astrocyte activation. p-ERK/t-ERK and p-CREB/t-CREB levels in CIBP spinal cord were elevated, the ERK/CREB pathway was activated, while the ERK/CREB pathway was inhibited by PAR-2 silencing. The alleviating effect of PAR-2 inhibitor on hyperalgesia behaviors in CIBP rats were weakened by ERK activator, while were partially restored by CREB inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS PAR-2 knockdown inhibited the ERK/CREB pathway activation and astrocyte activation, thus alleviating CIBP in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Tang
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beixiange 5, Xicheng District, 100053, Beijing, China
| | - Yupeng Chen
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beixiange 5, Xicheng District, 100053, Beijing, China
| | - Mingzhu Yang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Qinghai Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.338 Qiyi Road, Chengzhong District, 810000, Xining, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Qiuhui Zheng
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Qinghai Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.338 Qiyi Road, Chengzhong District, 810000, Xining, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Yaoyuan Li
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beixiange 5, Xicheng District, 100053, Beijing, China
| | - Yanju Bao
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beixiange 5, Xicheng District, 100053, Beijing, China.
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Xu B, Chen J, Fu J, Yang R, Yang B, Huo D, Tan C, Chen H, Wang X. Meningitic Escherichia coli-Induced Interleukin-17A Facilitates Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption via Inhibiting Proteinase 3/Protease-Activated Receptor 2 Axis. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:814867. [PMID: 35221923 PMCID: PMC8873187 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.814867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial meningitis is a life-threatening infectious disease with high morbidity and mortality worldwide, among which meningitic Escherichia coli is a common Gram-negative pathogenic bacterium causing meningitis. It can penetrate the blood–brain barrier (BBB), invoke local inflammatory responses and consequently disrupt the integrity of the BBB. Interleukin-17A (IL-17A) is recognized as a pro-inflammatory cytokine that is released during meningitic E. coli infection. It has been reported that IL-17A is involved in several pathological tissue injuries. However, the function of IL-17A in BBB breakdown remains rarely discussed. Here, our study found that E. coli-induced IL-17A led to the degradation of tight junction proteins (TJs) and adherens junction proteins (AJs) in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs) through inhibiting protease proteinase 3 (PRTN3)/protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) axis, thus increasing the permeability of BBB. In summary, this study uncovered the involvement of IL-17A in regulating BBB integrity and proposed a novel regulatory mechanism, which could be potential therapeutic targets of E. coli meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiyang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruicheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Dong Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
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Redhu D, Franke K, Aparicio-Soto M, Kumari V, Pazur K, Illerhaus A, Hartmann K, Worm M, Babina M. Mast cells instruct keratinocytes to produce TSLP - relevance of the tryptase/ PAR-2 axis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 149:2053-2061.e6. [PMID: 35240143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) promotes Th2 inflammation and is deeply intertwined with inflammatory dermatoses like atopic dermatitis. The mechanisms regulating TSLP are poorly defined. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether and by what mechanisms mast cells (MCs) foster TSLP responses in the cutaneous environment. METHODS Ex vivo and in vivo skin MC degranulation was induced by compound 48/80 in wildtype, PAR-2- and MC-deficient mice in the presence/absence of neutralizing antibodies, antagonists or exogenous mMCP6. Primary human keratinocytes (hKCs) and murine skin explants (mSEs) were stimulated with lysates/supernatants of human skin MCs, purified tryptase or MC-lysate diminished of tryptase. Chymase and histamine were also used. TSLP was quantified by ELISA, RT-qPCR and immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS Mrgprb2-activation elicited TSLP in intact skin, mainly in the epidermis. Responses were strictly MC-dependent and relied on PAR-2. Complementarily, TSLP was elicited by tryptase in mSEs. Exogenous mMCP6 could fully restore responsiveness in MC-deficient mSEs. Conversely, PAR-2-knockout mice were unresponsive to mMCP6, while displaying increased responsiveness to other inflammatory pathways, e.g. IL-1α. Indeed, IL-1α acted in concert with tryptase. In hKCs, MC-elicited TSLP generation was likewise abolished by tryptase inhibition or elimination. Chymase and histamine did not impact TSLP production, but histamine triggered IL-6, IL-8, and SCF. CONCLUSION MCs communicate with KCs more broadly than hitherto suspected. The tryptase-PAR-2 axis is a crucial component of this crosstalk, underlying MC-dependent stimulation of TSLP in neighboring KCs. Interference specifically with MC tryptase may offer a treatment option for disorders initiated or perpetuated by aberrant TSLP, such as atopic dermatitis. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Awareness of the crosstalk between MCs and KCs may permit improved management of skin disorders, e.g. by selective targeting of tryptase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davender Redhu
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Allergy Center Charité, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristin Franke
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Allergy Center Charité, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina Aparicio-Soto
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Allergy Center Charité, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vandana Kumari
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Allergy Center Charité, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristijan Pazur
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Allergy Center Charité, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Illerhaus
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Karin Hartmann
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Allergy, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Margitta Worm
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Allergy Center Charité, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Magda Babina
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Allergy Center Charité, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
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10
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Qin B, Peng Y, Zhong C, Cai Y, Zhou S, Chen H, Zhuang J, Zeng H, Xu C, Xu H, Li J, Ying G, Gu C, Chen G, Wang L. Mast Cells Mediate Inflammatory Injury and Aggravate Neurological Impairment in Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Through Microglial PAR-2 Pathway. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:710481. [PMID: 34646122 PMCID: PMC8503547 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.710481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating cerebrovascular disease with high mortality and disability. Aberrant neuroinflammation has been identified as a critical factor accounting for the poor prognosis of SAH patients. Mast cells (MCs), the sentinel cells of the immune system, play a critical in the early immune reactions and participate in multiple pathophysiological process. However, the exact role of MCs on the pathophysiological process after SAH has not been fully understood. The current study was conducted to determine the role of MCs and MC stabilization in the context of SAH. Mouse SAH model was established by endovascular perforation process. Mice received saline or cromolyn (MC stabilizer) or compound 48/80 (MCs degranulator). Post-SAH evaluation included neurobehavioral test, western blot, immunofluorescence, and toluidine blue staining. We demonstrated that SAH induced MCs activation/degranulation. Administration of MC stabilizer cromolyn conferred a better neurologic outcome and decreased brain edema when compared with SAH+vehicle group. Furthermore, cromolyn significantly inhibited neuroinflammatory response and alleviated neuronal damage after SAH. However, pharmacological activation of MCs with compound 48/80 dramatically aggravated SAH-induced brain injury and exacerbated neurologic outcomes. Notably, pharmacological inhibition of microglial PAR-2 significantly reversed MCs-induced inflammatory response and neurological impairment. Additionally, the effect of MCs-derived tryptase in mediating neuroinflammation was also abolished by the microglial PAR-2 blockage in vitro. Taken together, MCs yielded inflammatory injury through activating microglia-related neuroinflammation after SAH. These data shed light on the notion that MCs might be a novel and promising therapeutic target for SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yucong Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shengjun Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huaijun Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhuang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hanhai Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaoran Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hangzhe Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianru Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guangyu Ying
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chi Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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11
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Amri J, Alaee M, Babaei R, Salemi Z, Meshkani R, Ghazavi A, Akbari A, Salehi M. Biochanin-A has antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, antioxidant, and protective effects on diabetic nephropathy via suppression of TGF-β1 and PAR-2 genes expression in kidney tissues of STZ-induced diabetic rats. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2021; 69:2112-2121. [PMID: 34652037 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
One of the major complications of diabetes is diabetic nephropathy, and often many patients suffer from diabetic nephropathy. That is why it is important to find the mechanisms that cause nephropathy and its treatment. This study was designed to examine the antidiabetic effects of biochanin A (BCA) and evaluate its effects on oxidative stress markers and the expression of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and protease-activated receptors-2 (PAR-2) genes in the kidney of type 1 diabetic rats. After induction of diabetes using streptozotocin (STZ), 55 mg/kg bw dose, rats were randomly divided into four groups with six rats in each group as follows: normal group: normal control receiving normal saline and a single dose of citrate buffer daily; diabetic control group: diabetic control receiving 0.5% dimethyl sulfoxide daily; diabetic+BCA (10 mg/kg) group: diabetic rats receiving biochanin A at a dose of 10 mg/kg bw daily; diabetic+BCA (15 mg/kg) group: diabetic rats receiving biochanin A at a dose of 15 mg/kg bw daily. TGF-β1 and PAR-2 gene expression was assessed by real-time. Spectrophotometric methods were used to measure biochemical factors: fast blood glucose (FBG), urea, creatinine, albumin, lipids profiles malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The course of treatment in this study was 42 days. The results showed that in the diabetic control group, FBG, serum urea, creatinine, expression of TGF-β1 and PAR-2 genes, and the levels of MDA in kidney tissue significantly increased and SOD activity in kidney tissue and serum albumin significantly decreased compared to the normal group (p < 0.001). The results showed that administration of biochanin A (10 and 15 mg/kg) after 42 days significantly reduced the expression of TGF-β1 and PAR-2 genes and FBG, urea, creatinine in serum compared to the diabetic control group (p < 0.001), also significantly increased serum albumin compared to the diabetic control group (p < 0.001). The level of MDA and SOD activity in the tissues of diabetic rats that used biochanin A (10 and 15 mg/kg) was significantly reduced and increased, respectively, compared to the diabetic control group (p < 0.001). Also, the result showed that in the diabetic control group lipids profiles significantly is disturbed compared to the normal group (p < 0.001), the results also showed that biochanin A (10 and 15 mg/kg) administration could significantly improved the lipids profile compared to the control diabetic group (p < 0.001). It is noteworthy that it was found that the beneficial effects of the biochanin A were dose dependent. In conclusion, administration of biochanin A for 42 days has beneficial effect and improves diabetes and nephropathy in diabetic rats. So probably biochanin A can be used as an adjunct therapy in the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Amri
- Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Department of Traditional medicine, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Alaee
- Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Department of Traditional medicine, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.,Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rasool Babaei
- Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Department of Traditional medicine, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Zahra Salemi
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Reza Meshkani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Ghazavi
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Ahmad Akbari
- Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Department of Traditional medicine, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Mehdi Salehi
- Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Department of Traditional medicine, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
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12
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Miyauchi S, Nakagome K, Noguchi T, Kobayashi T, Ueda Y, Soma T, Nagata M. Japanese cedar pollen upregulates the effector functions of eosinophils. Asia Pac Allergy 2021; 11:e26. [PMID: 34386402 PMCID: PMC8331255 DOI: 10.5415/apallergy.2021.11.e26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Symptoms of rhinitis and asthma can be exacerbated during Japanese cedar pollen (JCP)-scattering season, even in subjects who are not sensitized to JCP, suggesting that innate immune responses may contribute to this process. We previously reported that house dust mite directly activates the effector functions of eosinophils. Similar mechanisms may play roles in the JCP-related aggravation of allergic diseases. Objective To investigate whether JCP or Cry j 1, a major allergen of JCP, can modify the effector functions of eosinophils. Methods Eosinophils isolated from the peripheral blood of healthy donors were stimulated with either JCP or Cry j 1, and their adhesion to human intercellular adhesion molecule-1 was measured using eosinophil peroxidase assays. The generation of eosinophil superoxide anion (O2−) was measured based on the superoxide dismutase-inhibitable reduction of cytochrome C. Concentrations of eosinophil-derived neurotoxin in the cell media were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay as a marker of degranulation. Results Both JCP and Cry j 1 directly induced eosinophil adhesiveness, generation of O2−, and release of eosinophil-derived neurotoxin. Both anti-αM and anti-β2 integrin antibodies blocked all of these eosinophil functions induced by JCP and Cry j 1. Similarly, PAR-2 antagonists also partially suppressed all of these effector functions induced by JCP and Cry j 1. Conclusion JCP and Cry j 1 directly activate the functions of eosinophils, and both αMβ2 integrin and partly PAR-2 are contributed to this activation. Therefore, JCP-induced eosinophil activation may play a role in the aggravation of allergic airway diseases in nonsensitized patients as well as in JCP-sensitized patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Miyauchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan.,Allergy Center, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Nakagome
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan.,Allergy Center, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toru Noguchi
- Allergy Center, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Yutaka Ueda
- Allergy Center, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Soma
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan.,Allergy Center, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Makoto Nagata
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan.,Allergy Center, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama, Japan
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13
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Expression of Concern: PAR-2 promotes cell proliferation, migration and invasion through activating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:BSR-20182476_EOC. [PMID: 33821976 DOI: 10.1042/BSR-20182476_EOC] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
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14
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Ye D, Li Y, Zhang H, Zhou Z, Tang Y, Wu P, Zhao Q, Zhang Z. Silencing PRSS1 suppresses the growth and proliferation of gastric carcinoma cells via the ERK pathway. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:957-971. [PMID: 33867821 PMCID: PMC8040304 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.52591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Gastric carcinoma (GC) is one of the most common malignant tumors and seriously threatens human life and health. Methods: In the present study, 243 differentially expressed proteins in GC were identified using laser capture microdissection (LCM) combined with isotopically labeled quantitative proteomics technology. The expression of serine protease 1 (PRSS1) protein was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. MTT and colony formation assays were employed to determine the effect of PRSS1 expression on the growth and proliferation of GC cells. Then, we observed the expression of miR-146a-5p in GC by qRT-PCR. A dual luciferase assay was performed to determine whether PRSS1 is a target gene of miR-146a-5p. We also explored the influence of miR-146a-5p expression on PRSS1 expression and on the growth and proliferation of GC cells. Finally, Western blotting was used to analyze the effect of PRSS1 expression on the activation of the ERK signaling pathway. Results: We confirmed that PRSS1 expression was significantly increased and was positively correlated with the differentiation, tumor size and lymph node metastasis of GC. Subsequently, we found that overexpression of PRSS1 promoted the growth and proliferation of cells, whereas silencing PRSS1 expression inhibited the growth and proliferation of MGC803 cells by inhibiting activation of the ERK signaling pathway via reductions in PAR-2 activation. MiR-146a-5p targets PRSS1 and suppresses the growth and proliferation of MGC803 cells. Conclusions: miR-146a-5p targets PRSS1 and suppresses the growth and proliferation of MGC803 cells. Silencing PRSS1 expression inhibits the ERK signaling pathway by reducing PAR-2 activation, resulting in suppressed growth and proliferation of MGC803 GC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Ye
- Cancer Research Institute of Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology in Hunan Province, Hunan Hengyang 421001, China.,Department of Pathology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330008, China
| | - Yuxuan Li
- Cancer Research Institute of Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology in Hunan Province, Hunan Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Heliang Zhang
- Cancer Research Institute of Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology in Hunan Province, Hunan Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhou
- Clinical Medicine of Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yujie Tang
- Clinical Medicine of Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan Province, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Hengyang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan Province, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hunan Hengyang 421001, Hunan Province China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- Cancer Research Institute of Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology in Hunan Province, Hunan Hengyang 421001, China
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15
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Chao G, Hong X, Zhang S. Effects of Mast Cells Induced by NSAIDs Impair Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Function In Vivo and In Vitro. Inflammation 2021; 44:1396-1404. [PMID: 33566258 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01424-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To explore the correlation between altered expression of mast cells and PAR-2 and impaired mucosal barrier in NSAIDs enteropathy through animal and cell experiments, and to elucidate the role of mast cells and PAR-2 in the pathogenesis of NSAIDs enteropathy and the regulatory mechanism of the tight junction of intestinal epithelium. Animal experiments: the NSAIDs-related small intestine injury model was established by intragastric administration of diclofenac sodium, and mast cells were detected by toluidine blue staining. Cell experiments: Intestinal epithelial cell line (IEC-6) was applied with diclofenac sodium and its activity was detected by CCK-8.IEC-6 and RBL-2H3 were co-cultured to evaluate the permeability of intestinal epithelial cells by detecting the concentration of potassium ion and LDH. The expressions of tight junction proteins (zo-1, claudin-1, occludin), cytoskeletal components (actin, tubulin, keratin) and par-2 were analyzed by Western Blot. In animal experiments, the number of mast cells was significantly increased after 24 h of action of diclofenac sodium. In cell experiments, the survival rate of IEC-6 cells decreased significantly when the concentration of diclofenac sodium is more than 50 μg/mL; after 24 h of co-culture, the potassium and LDH concentration in the co-culture group were significantly higher, and the expression of ZO-1, claudin-1, occludin, tubulin, and keratin was decreased. Mast cells activate PAR-2 in intestinal epithelial cells, downregulate the related proteins of cell tight junctions and cytoskeletal proteins, and increase the permeability of intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanqun Chao
- Department of General Practice, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojie Hong
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
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16
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Kido K, Katagiri N, Kawana H, Sugino S, Yamauchi M, Masaki E. Nociceptive Sensitization by Activation of Protease-Activated Receptor 2 in a Rat Model of Incisional Pain. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11020144. [PMID: 33499207 PMCID: PMC7911446 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Postoperative pain and consequent inflammatory responses after tissue incision adversely affects many surgical patients due to complicated mechanisms. In this study, we examined whether activation of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2), which is stimulated by tryptase from mast cells, elicits nociception and whether the PAR-2 antagonist could reduce incisional nociceptive responses in vivo and in vitro. The effects of a selective PAR-2 antagonist, N3-methylbutyryl-N-6-aminohexanoyl-piperazine (ENMD-1068), pretreatment on pain behaviors were assessed after plantar incision in rats. The effects of a PAR-2 agonist, SLIGRL-NH2, on nociception was assessed after the injection into the hind paw. Furthermore, the responses of C-mechanosensitive nociceptors to the PAR-2 agonist were observed using an in vitro skin–nerve preparation as well. Intraplantar injection of SLIGRL-NH2 elicited spontaneous nociceptive behavior and hyperalgesia. Local administration of ENMD-1068 suppressed guarding behaviors, mechanical and heat hyperalgesia only within the first few hours after incision. SLIGRL-NH2 caused ongoing activity in 47% of C-mechanonociceptors in vitro. This study suggests that PAR-2 may support early nociception after incision by direct or indirect sensitization of C-fibers in rats. Moreover, PAR-2 may play a regulatory role in the early period of postoperative pain together with other co-factors to that contribute to postoperative pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanta Kido
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kanagawa Dental University Hospital, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 2388570, Japan;
- Correspondence:
| | - Norika Katagiri
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kanagawa Dental University Hospital, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 2388570, Japan;
| | - Hiromasa Kawana
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Implantology, Kanagawa Dental University Hospital, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 2388570, Japan;
| | - Shigekazu Sugino
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 9808575, Japan; (S.S.); (M.Y.)
| | - Masanori Yamauchi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 9808575, Japan; (S.S.); (M.Y.)
| | - Eiji Masaki
- Department of Anesthesiology, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Nasushiobara, Tochigi 3292763, Japan;
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17
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Lucena F, McDougall JJ. Pain responses to protease-activated receptor-2 stimulation in the spinal cord of naïve and arthritic rats. Neurosci Lett 2020; 739:135391. [PMID: 32949662 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
There is strong evidence showing that the activation of peripheral proteinase-activated receptors type 2 (PAR-2) can initiate hyperalgesic and inflammatory responses in the joint. However, to date, there is no report of functional spinal PAR-2 receptors in arthritis models. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of PAR-2 receptors at the spinal cord by using a potent agonist (FLIGRL) in naïve animals, and an antagonist (GB83) in different models of joint pain. Saline or FLIGRL (10 nmol) were injected intrathecally in naïve animals and nociceptive behaviour was evaluated over a 24 h time period by von Frey hair algesiometry. Paw withdrawal threshold decreased from 3 to 24 h and this allodynic effect was blocked by GB83 (90 nmol; i.p.). Acute inflammatory joint pain was induced by injecting 0.5 % kaolin/carrageenan (50 μL each) into the right knee joint of male Wistar rats (24 h recovery). Chronic inflammatory joint pain was modelled by intraarticular injection of Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA; 50 μL; 7 days recovery) or chronic osteoarthritis pain by sodium monoiodoacetate (MIA; 3 mg; 14 days recovery). Animals were then treated with either intrathecal vehicle or 10 nmol of GB83 (10 μL); joint pain was evaluated throughout the subsequent 3 h period. The acute inflammatory pain induced by kaolin/carrageenan was not affected by treatment with GB83. Conversely, both chronic arthritis models demonstrated increased hind paw withdrawal threshold after spinal injection of the PAR-2 antagonist. Based on these results, spinal PAR-2 receptors are involved in joint nociceptive processing in chronic but not acute arthritic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Lucena
- Departments of Pharmacology and Anesthesia, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Jason J McDougall
- Departments of Pharmacology and Anesthesia, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, B3H 4R2, Canada.
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18
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Iio A, Kaji K, Kaji N, Hori M, Yonezawa T, Momoi Y, Maeda S. Expression analysis of protease-activated receptor-2 in cats. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2020; 229:110115. [PMID: 32932190 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common disease in geriatric cats. Despite its high prevalence, the pathogenesis of feline CKD is poorly understood. Recently, there has been increasing evidence for the role of protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) in the progression of CKD in humans and rodents. However, the role of PAR-2 in feline CKD has not been evaluated. In this study, we determined nucleotide sequence of feline PAR-2 from the kidney, evaluated PAR-2 mRNA and protein expression in normal feline tissues, and analyzed functional expression in the feline kidney epithelial cell line Crandell-Rees Feline Kidney (CRFK). The open reading frame of feline PAR-2 comprised 1,194 bp and encoded 397 amino acids, showing 90%, 90%, and 85% identities to human, dog, and mouse PAR-2, respectively. In healthy cats, expression levels of the PAR-2 mRNA and protein were relatively higher in the gastrointestinal tract and kidney, and was lowest in the heart. The feline PAR-2 protein expression was confirmed, and stimulation of trypsin and PAR-2 agonists induced a prompt increase in the intracellular calcium ion concentration in CRFK cells. The present study will provide fundamental information for investigation of the involvement of PAR-2 in the pathogenesis of CKD in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Iio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Kaji
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kaji
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Hori
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yonezawa
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Momoi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shingo Maeda
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
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19
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Ocak U, Eser Ocak P, Huang L, Xu W, Zuo Y, Li P, Gamdzyk M, Zuo G, Mo J, Zhang G, Zhang JH. Inhibition of mast cell tryptase attenuates neuroinflammation via PAR-2/p38/NFκB pathway following asphyxial cardiac arrest in rats. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:144. [PMID: 32366312 PMCID: PMC7199326 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01808-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiac arrest survivors suffer from neurological dysfunction including cognitive impairment. Cerebral mast cells, the key regulators of neuroinflammation contribute to neuroinflammation-associated cognitive dysfunction. Mast cell tryptase was demonstrated to have a proinflammatory effect on microglia via the activation of microglial protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2). This study investigated the potential anti-neuroinflammatory effect of mast cell tryptase inhibition and the underlying mechanism of PAR-2/p-p38/NFκB signaling following asphyxia-induced cardiac arrest in rats. Methods Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats resuscitated from 10 min of asphyxia-induced cardiac arrest were randomized to four separate experiments including time-course, short-term outcomes, long-term outcomes and mechanism studies. The effect of mast cell tryptase inhibition on asphyxial cardiac arrest outcomes was examined after intranasal administration of selective mast cell tryptase inhibitor (APC366; 50 μg/rat or 150 μg/rat). AC55541 (selective PAR-2 activator; 30 μg/rat) and SB203580 (selective p38 inhibitor; 300 μg/rat) were used for intervention. Short-term neurocognitive functions were evaluated using the neurological deficit score, number of seizures, adhesive tape removal test, and T-maze test, while long-term cognitive functions were evaluated using the Morris water maze test. Hippocampal neuronal degeneration was evaluated by Fluoro-Jade C staining. Results Mast cell tryptase and PAR-2 were dramatically increased in the brain following asphyxia-induced cardiac arrest. The inhibition of mast cell tryptase by APC366 improved both short- and long-term neurological outcomes in resuscitated rats. Such behavioral benefits were associated with reduced expressions of PAR-2, p-p38, NFκB, TNF-α, and IL-6 in the brain as well as less hippocampal neuronal degeneration. The anti-neuroinflammatory effect of APC366 was abolished by AC55541, which when used alone, indeed further exacerbated neuroinflammation, hippocampal neuronal degeneration, and neurologic deficits following cardiac arrest. The deleterious effects aggregated by AC55541 were minimized by p38 inhibitor. Conclusions The inhibition of mast cell tryptase attenuated neuroinflammation, led to less hippocampal neuronal death and improved neurological deficits following cardiac arrest. This effect was at least partly mediated via inhibiting the PAR-2/p-p38/NFκB signaling pathway. Thus, mast cell tryptase might be a novel therapeutic target in the management of neurological impairment following cardiac arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Ocak
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, 16310, Bursa, Turkey.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Bursa City Hospital, 16110, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Pinar Eser Ocak
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Uludag University School of Medicine, 16069, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Weilin Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, 310009, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuchun Zuo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Marcin Gamdzyk
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Gang Zuo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Taicang Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Taicang, 215400, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Mo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, 322000, China
| | - Guangyu Zhang
- Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA. .,Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.
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20
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Nakanishi N, Kaikita K, Ishii M, Oimatsu Y, Mitsuse T, Ito M, Yamanaga K, Fujisue K, Kanazawa H, Sueta D, Takashio S, Arima Y, Araki S, Nakamura T, Sakamoto K, Suzuki S, Yamamoto E, Soejima H, Tsujita K. Cardioprotective Effects of Rivaroxaban on Cardiac Remodeling After Experimental Myocardial Infarction in Mice. Circ Rep 2020; 2:158-166. [PMID: 33693223 PMCID: PMC7921351 DOI: 10.1253/circrep.cr-19-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
Direct-activated factor X (FXa) plays an important role in thrombosis and is also involved in inflammation via the protease-activated receptor (PAR)-1 and PAR-2 pathway. We hypothesized that rivaroxaban protects against cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI). Methods and Results:
MI was induced in wild-type mice by permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. At day 1 after MI, mice were randomly assigned to the rivaroxaban and vehicle groups. Mice in the rivaroxaban group were provided with a regular chow diet plus rivaroxaban. We evaluated cardiac function by echocardiography, pathology, expression of mRNA and protein at day 7 after MI. Rivaroxaban significantly improved cardiac systolic function, decreased infarct size and cardiac mass compared with the vehicle. Rivaroxaban also downregulated the mRNA expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, transforming growth factor-β, PAR-1 and PAR-2 in the infarcted area, and both A-type and B-type natriuretic peptides in the non-infarcted area compared with the vehicle. Furthermore, rivaroxaban attenuated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase in the non-infarcted area compared with the vehicle. Conclusions:
Rivaroxaban protected against cardiac dysfunction in MI model mice. Reduction of PAR-1, PAR-2 and proinflammatory cytokines in the infarcted area may be involved in its cardioprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Nakanishi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Koichi Kaikita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Masanobu Ishii
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Yu Oimatsu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Tatsuro Mitsuse
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Miwa Ito
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Kenshi Yamanaga
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Koichiro Fujisue
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Hisanori Kanazawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Daisuke Sueta
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Seiji Takashio
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Yuichiro Arima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Satoshi Araki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Taishi Nakamura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Kenji Sakamoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Satoru Suzuki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Eiichiro Yamamoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Hirofumi Soejima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Kenichi Tsujita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
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21
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Kawaguchi M, Yamamoto K, Kataoka H, Izumi A, Yamashita F, Kiwaki T, Nishida T, Camerer E, Fukushima T. Protease-activated receptor-2 accelerates intestinal tumor formation through activation of nuclear factor-κB signaling and tumor angiogenesis in Apc Min/+ mice. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:1193-1202. [PMID: 31997435 PMCID: PMC7156842 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor‐1 (HAI‐1), encoded by the SPINT1 gene, is a membrane‐bound protease inhibitor expressed on the surface of epithelial cells. Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor‐1 regulates type II transmembrane serine proteases that activate protease‐activated receptor‐2 (PAR‐2). We previously reported that deletion of Spint1 in ApcMin/+ mice resulted in accelerated formation of intestinal tumors, possibly through enhanced nuclear factor‐κB signaling. In this study, we examined the role of PAR‐2 in accelerating tumor formation in the ApcMin/+ model in the presence or absence of Spint1. We observed that knockout of the F2rl1 gene, encoding PAR‐2, not only eliminated the enhanced formation of intestinal tumors caused by Spint1 deletion, but also reduced tumor formation in the presence of Spint1. Exacerbation of anemia and weight loss associated with HAI‐1 deficiency was also normalized by compound deficiency of PAR‐2. Mechanistically, signaling triggered by deregulated protease activities increased nuclear translocation of RelA/p65, vascular endothelial growth factor expression, and vascular density in ApcMin/+‐induced intestinal tumors. These results suggest that serine proteases promote intestinal carcinogenesis through activation of PAR‐2, and that HAI‐1 plays a critical tumor suppressor role as an inhibitor of matriptase, kallikreins, and other PAR‐2 activating proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Kawaguchi
- Department of Pathology, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Koji Yamamoto
- Department of Pathology, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kataoka
- Department of Pathology, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Aya Izumi
- Department of Pathology, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Fumiki Yamashita
- Department of Pathology, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Takumi Kiwaki
- Department of Pathology, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nishida
- Department of Pathology, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Eric Camerer
- Inserm U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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22
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Kempuraj D, Selvakumar GP, Thangavel R, Ahmed ME, Zaheer S, Kumar KK, Yelam A, Kaur H, Dubova I, Raikwar SP, Iyer SS, Zaheer A. Glia Maturation Factor and Mast Cell-Dependent Expression of Inflammatory Mediators and Proteinase Activated Receptor-2 in Neuroinflammation. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 66:1117-1129. [PMID: 30372685 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the presence of inflammation-mediated dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra. Inflammatory mediators from activated microglia, astrocytes, neurons, T-cells and mast cells mediate neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Administration of neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induces PD like motor deficits in rodents. 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), a toxic metabolite of MPTP activates glial cells, neurons and mast cells to release neuroinflammatory mediators. Glia maturation factor (GMF), mast cells and proteinase activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) are implicated in neuroinflammation. Alpha-synuclein which induces neurodegeneration increases PAR-2 expression in the brain. However, the exact mechanisms are not yet understood. In this study, we quantified inflammatory mediators in the brains of MPTP-administered wild type (Wt), GMF-knockout (GMF-KO), and mast cell knockout (MC-KO) mice. Additionally, we analyzed the effect of MPP+, GMF, and mast cell proteases on PAR-2 expression in astrocytes and neurons in vitro. Results show that the levels of interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and the chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) were lesser in the brains of GMF-KO mice and MC-KO mice when compared to Wt mice brain after MPTP administration. Incubation of astrocytes and neurons with MPP+, GMF, and mouse mast cell protease-6 (MMCP-6) and MMCP-7 increased the expression of PAR-2. Our studies show that the absence of mast cells and GMF reduce the expression of neuroinflammatory mediators in the brain. We conclude that GMF along with mast cell interactions with glial cells and neurons during neuroinflammation can be explored as a new therapeutic target for PD and other neuroinflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Govindhasamy Pushpavathi Selvakumar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Smita Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Keerthana Kuppamma Kumar
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Anudeep Yelam
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Harleen Kaur
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Iuliia Dubova
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Sudhanshu P Raikwar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Shankar S Iyer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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23
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García-González G, Sánchez-González A, Hernández-Bello R, González GM, Franco-Molina MA, Coronado-Cerda EE, Palma-Nicolás JP. Triggering of protease-activated receptors (PARs) induces alternative M2 macrophage polarization with impaired plasticity. Mol Immunol 2019; 114:278-288. [PMID: 31419704 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) have been described in a wide diversity of vertebrate cells, including human immune cells. Macrophages are pivotal cells in the host-pathogen interaction and their polarization in M1 or M2 cells has been described as a new central paradigm in the immune response to pathogens. In this context, we explored the involvement of PAR activation by serine proteases on M1/M2 macrophage differentiation and their impact on the Th1/Th2 cytokine profile in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen. Our results demonstrate that the serine proteases, thrombin and trypsin, induce interleukin (IL)-4 release from human monocytes, together with upregulation of the macrophage mannose receptor (CD206) in the same way that alternative M2a differentiated cells with M-CSF/IL-4. Protease stimulation of monocytes in the presence of PAR-1 (SCH-79797) or PAR-2 (FSLLRY-NH2) antagonists abolished IL-4 release from monocytes, whereas the use of the peptide agonist for PAR-1 (SFLLRNPNDKYEPF-NH2) or PAR-2 (SLIGKV-NH2) induced the secretion of IL-4 at a level comparable to thrombin or trypsin. When these protease-induced M2 macrophages from healthy human PPD + donors were co-cultured with autologous lymphocyte population in the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen, we found a consistent inhibition of IFN-γ/IL-12 release together with persistent IL-4 expression, in contrast to the expected Th1 profile obtained with M2a macrophages. To our knowledge, this is the first observation that proteolytic activation of PAR1/2 receptors in monocytes induces M2-like macrophages with impaired plasticity and their implication in the driving of the Th1/Th2 cytokine profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo García-González
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Departamento de Microbiología, Av. Francisco I. Madero y Calle Dr. Eduardo Aguirre Pequeño s/n, Colonia Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo León, C.P. 64460, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Sánchez-González
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Departamento de Microbiología, Av. Francisco I. Madero y Calle Dr. Eduardo Aguirre Pequeño s/n, Colonia Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo León, C.P. 64460, Mexico
| | - Romel Hernández-Bello
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Departamento de Microbiología, Av. Francisco I. Madero y Calle Dr. Eduardo Aguirre Pequeño s/n, Colonia Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo León, C.P. 64460, Mexico
| | - Gloria M González
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Departamento de Microbiología, Av. Francisco I. Madero y Calle Dr. Eduardo Aguirre Pequeño s/n, Colonia Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo León, C.P. 64460, Mexico
| | - Moisés Armides Franco-Molina
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Inmunología y Virología, Av. Pedro de Alba s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, C.P. 66455, Mexico
| | - Erika Evangelina Coronado-Cerda
- Universidad del Valle de México, Campus Cumbres, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Av. Las Palmas 5500, Colonia Cima de las Cumbres, Monterrey, Nuevo León, C.P. 64610, Mexico
| | - José Prisco Palma-Nicolás
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Departamento de Microbiología, Av. Francisco I. Madero y Calle Dr. Eduardo Aguirre Pequeño s/n, Colonia Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo León, C.P. 64460, Mexico.
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24
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Tang KL, Tang HY, Du Y, Tian T, Xiong SJ. PAR-2 promotes cell proliferation, migration, and invasion through activating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20182476. [PMID: 31213575 DOI: 10.1042/BSR20182476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This research aimed to explore the function of protease activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) development and progression, as well as underlying molecular mechanism. Methods: Tissue samples were collected from 115 OSCC patients. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to measure the expression of PAR-2 mRNA in OSCC tissues and cells. MTT and Transwell assays were used to detect the proliferation, migration, and invasion of OSCC cells, respectively. Western blot was performed to determine protein expression. Results: The expression of PAR-2 mRNA was up-regulated in OSCC tissue and cells (P<0.01), and its mRNA level was obviously correlated to tumor differentiation and TNM stage in OSCC (P<0.05 for both). The activation of PAR-2 with PAR-2AP (PAR-2 agonist) significantly promoted the proliferation, migration, and invasion of OSCC cells, while its knockout could inhibit malignant behaviors of OSCC cells (P<0.05). Excessive activation of PAR-2 enhanced phosphorylation level of PI3K, AKT, and mTOR revealing the activation of PI3K/AKT pathway. Moreover, LY294002, the inhibitor of PI3K/AKT pathway, could reverse oncogenic action caused by PAR-2 activation. Conclusion:PAR-2 can promote OSCC growth and progression via activating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
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25
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Shrestha Palikhe N, Bosonea AM, Laratta C, Gandhi VD, Nahirney D, Hillaby A, Bowen M, Bhutani M, Mayers I, Cameron L, Vliagoftis H. Stability of peripheral blood immune markers in patients with asthma. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2019; 15:30. [PMID: 31168305 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-019-0343-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Asthma is a complex disease with variable course. Efforts to identify biomarkers to predict asthma severity, the course of disease and response to treatment have not been very successful so far. We have previous suggested that PAR-2 and CRTh2 expression on specific peripheral blood cell subtypes may be biomarkers of asthma severity. We reasoned that parameters that remain stable when asthma symptoms are controlled would be the most appropriate to evaluate for their utility to predict loss of asthma control and/or severity of the disease. Methods Nineteen stable asthmatics were recruited from the University of Alberta Asthma clinic and followed in clinic every 3 months for a total of 4 visits. Patients had spirometry and completed the ACQ questionnaire in every visit. Blood was drawn in every visit and analyzed for a number of immune parameters by flow cytometry. These parameters included PAR-2 and CRTh2 expression on monocyte subgroups and T lymphocytes respectively, as well as numbers of eosinophils, innate lymphoid type-2 cells (ILC2) and dendritic cells. Within person stability of immune and physiological parameters was calculated using the intraclass correlation (ICC) using R version 3.4.0. Results FEV1 (% predicted), FEV1/FVC ratio, ACQ5 and ACQ7 did not differ significantly over the 4 visits, as would be expected for patients with stable asthma. Peripheral blood eosinophil numbers by Kimura stain and by flow cytometry showed ICC scores of 0.44 and 0.52 respectively, indicating moderate stability. The % of ILC2 cells in peripheral blood also showed moderate stability [ICC score of 0.45 (0.14–0.67)]. The stability for all other immune parameters was poor. Conclusion Among the peripheral blood immune parameters we studied, only numbers of eosinophils and ILC2 in peripheral blood were moderately stable over a year in stable asthmatics. Further studies are required to understand the reasons for the variability of the other cell types.
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26
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Nakahara K, Yamasaki K, Nagai T, Fujii M, Akioka T, Takamori H, Terada N, Mukai S, Sato Y, Kamoto T. Expression of protease activating receptor-2 ( PAR-2) is positively correlated with the recurrence of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: an immunohistochemical analysis. Res Rep Urol 2019; 11:97-104. [PMID: 31114765 PMCID: PMC6489562 DOI: 10.2147/rru.s199512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Matriptase, which is a Type II transmembrane serine protease, has the potential to activate several growth factors, including pro-hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). A G protein-coupled transmembrane cell-surface receptor and a protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) are also required for activation by matriptase. Activation of PAR-2 has been reported to induce the progression of various cancers. In a previous study, we evaluated the correlation between upregulation of MET phosphorylation with high matriptase expression and worse prognosis in patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer; however, expression of PAR-2, matriptase and MET in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) has not been evaluated. Materials and methods: We retrospectively analyzed the expression of PAR-2, matriptase and MET using 55 paraffin-embedded specimens obtained from patients with NMIBC by immunohistochemistry. Results: MET was significantly expressed in high-grade urothelial carcinoma (UC) and pathological T1 cancers. High expression of PAR-2 was significantly associated with a worse recurrence rate in NMIBC. In subgroup analysis, the expression of PAR-2 was also correlated with high recurrence rate in low-grade UC. In addition, expression of matriptase tended to correlate with worse recurrence rate in high-grade UC. Conclusion: Increased expression of PAR-2 was significantly correlated with worse recurrence rate in patients with NMIBC. In addition, expression of matriptase also indicated a tendency toward recurrence in high-grade UC, suggesting an important role of matriptase-induced PAR-2 activation in NMIBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kozue Nakahara
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Koji Yamasaki
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nagai
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Masato Fujii
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Takahiro Akioka
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hiroki Takamori
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Naoki Terada
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Mukai
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Sato
- Section of Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kamoto
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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Han Y, Tian L, Ma F, Tesch G, Vesey DA, Gobe GC, Lohman RJ, Morais C, Suen JY, Fairlie DP, Nikolic-Paterson DJ. Pharmacological inhibition of protease-activated receptor-2 reduces crescent formation in rat nephrotoxic serum nephritis. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2019; 46:456-464. [PMID: 30811624 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Glomerular crescent formation is a hallmark of rapidly progressive forms of glomerulonephritis. Thrombosis and macrophage infiltration are features of crescent formation in human and experimental kidney disease. Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) is a G-protein coupled receptor that links coagulation and inflammation. This study investigated whether pharmacological inhibition of PAR-2 can suppress glomerular crescent formation in rat nephrotoxic serum nephritis (NTN). Disease was induced in Wistar Kyoto rats by immunisation with sheep IgG followed by administration of sheep nephrotoxic serum. Rats (n = 8/group) received the PAR-2 antagonist (GB88, 10 mg/kg/p.o.), vehicle or no treatment starting 3 days before nephrotoxic serum injection and continuing until day 14. Vehicle and untreated rats developed thrombosis and macrophage infiltration in the glomerular tuft and Bowman's space in conjunction with prominent crescent formation. Activation of JNK signalling and proliferation in parietal epithelial cells was associated with crescent formation. GB88 treatment significantly reduced crescent formation with a substantial reduction in glomerular thrombosis, reduced macrophage infiltration in Bowman's space, and reduced activation of parietal epithelial cells. However, GB88 did not protect against the development of proteinuria, renal function impairment, inflammation or tubular cell damage in the NTN model. In conclusion, PAR-2 plays a specific role in glomerular crescent formation by promoting glomerular thrombosis, macrophage accumulation in Bowman's space and activation of parietal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Han
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lifang Tian
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an, Shannxi Province, China
| | - Frank Ma
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Greg Tesch
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - David A Vesey
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Glenda C Gobe
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rink-Jan Lohman
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christudas Morais
- Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jacky Y Suen
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David J Nikolic-Paterson
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Trachtman H, Gipson DS, Lemley KV, Troost JP, Faul C, Morrison DJ, Vento SM, Ahn DH, Goldberg JD. Plasma Zonulin Levels in Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome. Front Pediatr 2019; 7:197. [PMID: 31157195 PMCID: PMC6532587 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: We conducted this study to test the hypothesis that plasma zonulin levels are elevated in pediatric patients with nephrotic syndrome compared to healthy controls. Study Design: Plasma zonulin levels were measured by ELISA in 114 children enrolled in the NEPTUNE study. Clinical and laboratory data were retrieved from the NEPTUNE database. Results: The median age of the patients was 10 (IQR = 5 to 14) years, 59 were male, 64 had minimal change disease, 47 focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, median eGFR was 96 (IQR = 80 to 114) ml/min/1.73 m2, and median urine protein:creatinine ratio was 0.5 (IQR = 0.1 to 3.4) (g:g). The plasma zonulin level was 14.2 ± 5.0 vs. 10.2 ± 2.5 ng/ml in healthy adults in a report using the same assay kit, P = 0.0025. These findings were confirmed in an independent cohort of children with nephrotic syndrome compared to healthy age-matched controls, P = 0.01. Zonulin concentrations did not differ in children with minimal change disease vs. focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, frequently relapsing vs. steroid-dependent vs. steroid-resistant clinical course, and were not influenced by the immunosuppressive treatment regimen. There was no relationship between plasma zonulin levels and the absolute or percentage change in proteinuria from enrollment until the time of the zonulin assay. Conclusion: Plasma zonulin levels are elevated in childhood nephrotic syndrome regardless of level of proteinuria or specific treatment. The cause of the high plasma zonulin levels and whether zonulin contributes to glomerular injury requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Trachtman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Debbie S Gipson
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kevin V Lemley
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jonathan P Troost
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Christian Faul
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | | | - Suzanne M Vento
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Dong-Hyun Ahn
- Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Judith D Goldberg
- Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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Zhang Y, Ge T, Xiang P, Mao H, Tang S, Li A, Lin L, Wei Y. Therapeutic effect of protease-activated receptor 2 agonist SLIGRL-NH 2 on loperamide-induced Sprague-Dawley rat constipation model and the related mechanism. Drug Des Devel Ther 2018; 12:2403-2411. [PMID: 30122898 PMCID: PMC6078190 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s160628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the therapeutic effects of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) agonist SLIGRL-NH2 on loperamide-induced Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat constipation animal models. Materials and methods Loperamide was injected subcutaneously to induce constipation twice a day for 3 days. SD rats (n = 30) were randomly divided into five groups: non-constipation group (control, n = 6), constipation group (constipation, n = 6), constipation + SLIGRL-NH2 low-dosage group (SLIGRL-NH2 low, n=6), constipation + SLIGRL-NH2 high-dosage group (SLIGRL-NH2 high, n = 6), and constipation + prucalopride (positive control, n = 6). The SLIGRL-NH2 low group and SLIGRL-NH2 high group were administered with 2.5 μmol/kg and 5 μmol/kg SLIGRL-NH2, respectively, and the prucalopride group received 2 mg/kg prucalopride. The control and constipation group received 1× PBS under the same pattern. SLIGRL-NH2 and prucalopride were orally administrated once daily for 7 days. On the final day of oral administration, food intake, water intake, the number of stool pellets, weight, and fecal water content was calculated; moreover, the colons of rats in different groups were collected and histological features were examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining; furthermore, the expression of anoctamin-1 was determined by Immunohistochemical methods, and the expressions of c-kit and PAR-2 were examined using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot methods; finally, the expressions of neurotransmitter vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and substance P (SP) were examined using enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay methods. Results The feeding and excretion behaviors, intestinal transit ratio, and the histological feature of the colon in the constipated rats were all improved by SLIGRL-NH2 treatment; moreover, SLIGRL-NH2 treatment induced significant increase in the expression of PAR-2 and also increased number of interstitial Cajal cells. Furthermore, SLIGRL-NH2 also decreased the contents of the inhibitory neurotransmitter VIP and increased the expression of the excitatory neurotransmitter SP. High dose of SLIGRL-NH2 has shown similar anti-constipation effects as prucalopride. Conclusion These results suggested that SLIGRL-NH2 can enhance gastrointestinal transit and alleviate in rats with loperamide-induced constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang 222002, China
| | - Tingrui Ge
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang 222002, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang 222002, China
| | - Haibing Mao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang 222002, China
| | - Shumin Tang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang 222002, China
| | - Aimin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang 222002, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yinting Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lianyungang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Lianyungang 222000, China,
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Lianto P, Ogutu FO, Zhang Y, He F, Che H. Inhibitory effects of quail egg on mast cells degranulation by suppressing PAR2-mediated MAPK and NF-kB activation. Food Nutr Res 2018; 62:1084. [PMID: 30083085 PMCID: PMC6060182 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v62.1084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Quail egg (QE) has been reported to possess an anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory activity. We have demonstrated that whole QE was able to attenuate the allergic symptoms in food allergy-induced EoE murine model, but whether QE albumen or QE yolk plays a more important role still remains unclear. Objective In this current study, we investigated the suppressive role of QE in mast cell degranulation and cytokine production of the effect phase response. Method A passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) mouse model was used to confirm the anti-allergic effect of QE. Besides, HMC-1 cell model was used to study its suppressive role in more detail. In this in vitro study, we divided QE into three groups: whole QE, QE albumen, and QE yolk. The effect of QE treatment on mast cell degranulation and intracellular calcium influx was investigated. Moreover, the effect of QE allergy- related mediators, genes, and proteins were also assessed by ELISA, RT-PCR, and western blotting. Results and discussion Our data showed that the extent of mast cell degranulation-mediated ear vascular permeability in IgE-mediated PCA mice treated with whole QE (17 mg/kg) was decreased significantly up to 43.31 ± 0.42% reduction. HMC-1 cell-based immunological assay in vitro indicated that QE, particularly its albumen, acted as a 'mast cell stabilizer'. Under the concentration of 70 μg/mL, QE albumen effectively suppressed the releases of β-hexosaminidase, histamine, and tryptase, as well as Th2 and pro-inflammatory cytokine production; reached 30 up to 50% reduction. Besides, QE albumen was also able to significantly modulate the upregulation of IL-10 up to 58.30 ± 5.9%. Interestingly, our data indicated that QE yolk still had a significant inhibitory effect on modulating Th2 cytokines in its highest concentration (100 μg/mL), while QE albumen showed no inhibitory effect. Western blot analysis showed QE albumen effectively down-regulated the expressions of calcium-related protein (TRPC1, Orai1, STIM1, PLC-γ and IP3R), facilitated the reduction of PAR-2 and induced the reduction of phosphorylation of JNK, IKKα, p50 and p65 protein expressions. Conclusion As confirmed by PCA and HMC-1 cell-based immunology assay, QE albumen and QE yolk may work together through exerting anti-allergy activity and can be used as a potential anti-allergic nutrient in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilia Lianto
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China.,College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China; and
| | - Fredrick O Ogutu
- Food Technology Division of Kenya Industrial Research and Development Institute, South C - Popo Rd., Off Mombasa Rd., PO Box 30650-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Yani Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China; and
| | - Feng He
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China; and
| | - Huilian Che
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China.,College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China; and
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Protease activity of Per a 10 favours Th2 responses by differential regulation of IL-12p70 and IL-23 cytokine subunits. This study aimed to elucidate the underlying mechanism of differential regulation of IL-12p70 and IL-23. METHODS PAR-2 activation was blocked in murine model by administering SAM11 before each sensitization. CD11c+ p-STAT3+ cells were measured in lungs by flow cytometry. BMDCs were pretreated with SAM11 or isotype control or stattic and stimulated with Per a 10. p-STAT3 levels were measured using Western blot. Transcript levels of IL-12p35, IL-12/23p40 and IL-23p19 were measured using RT-PCR. Cytokine levels were analysed using ELISA. RESULTS Protease activity of Per a 10 increased p-STAT3 levels in mouse lungs, which was reduced upon PAR-2 blockage. Percentage of p-STAT3+ CD11c+ cells was higher in Per a 10-administered mice and was reduced upon PAR-2 blockage. IL-12p35 and IL-12p70 levels were higher, and IL-23p19 and IL-23 levels were lower in both SAM11-treated mice and BMDCs indicating a role of PAR-2-mediated signalling. IL-4, TSLP, IL-17A, EPO activity, total cell count and specific IgE and IgG1 levels were lower in SAM11-administered mice. Inhibiting STAT3 activation via stattic also leads to lower levels of IL-23p19 and IL-23 and higher levels of IL-12p35. CONCLUSIONS Per a 10 leads to PAR-2 activation on BMDCs resulting in downstream activation of STAT3 to regulate the balance between IL-12/IL-23 subunits causing a cytokine milieu rich in IL-23 to favour Th2 polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Agrawal
- Allergy and Immunology section; CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology; New Delhi India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); CSIR-IGIB Campus; New Delhi India
| | - N. Arora
- Allergy and Immunology section; CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology; New Delhi India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); CSIR-IGIB Campus; New Delhi India
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Wang J, Wang Z, Zhou T, Chen K, Gu Y, Wu Q, Li G. Effect of PDIA3 gene silence on colonic mast cells and visceral sensitivity of rats with irritable bowel syndrome. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2017; 10:10666-10673. [PMID: 31966410 PMCID: PMC6965798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate the role of PDIA3 in visceral hypersensitivity of rats with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Fourty eight SD rats were randomly divided into four groups (n=12): control group, IBS-empty virus group (IBS-1), IBS-PDIA3 silence group (IBS-2), and IBS-the control group (IBS-3). Visceral hypersensitivity models were established by using acetic acid enema combined with restraint stress, and assayed by abdominal withdrawal reflexes (AWR). Mast cells (MCs) in ileocecal mucosa were counted with toluidine blue staining. Degranulation of MCs was observed under electron microscopy. Serum and mucosal levels of IL-4 and IL-9 were measured with ELISA and QT-PCR. Intestinal tryptase and PAR-2 expression was examined with ELISA and Western blot. The Results showed that PDIA3 plays an important role in the formation of visceral hypersensitivity by increasing systemic and colon mucosal expressions of IL-4 and IL-9, activating mast cells and upregulating PAR-2 expression of target organs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tianqi Zhou
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Medical College of Yangzhou UniversityChina
| | - Kun Chen
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Medical College of Yangzhou UniversityChina
| | - Yamei Gu
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Medical College of Yangzhou UniversityChina
| | - Qianqian Wu
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Medical College of Yangzhou UniversityChina
| | - Guocai Li
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Medical College of Yangzhou UniversityChina
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Villari A, Giurdanella G, Bucolo C, Drago F, Salomone S. Apixaban Enhances Vasodilatation Mediated by Protease-Activated Receptor 2 in Isolated Rat Arteries. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:480. [PMID: 28769809 PMCID: PMC5513931 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Apixaban (APX) is a direct inhibitor of factor X (FXa) approved for prophylaxis and treatment of deep venous thrombosis and atrial fibrillation. Because FXa activates protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) in endothelium and vascular smooth muscle, inhibition of FXa by APX may affect vasomotor function. The effect of APX was assessed in vitro, by wire myography, in rat mesenteric resistance arteries (MRAs) and basilar arteries challenged with vasoconstrictors [phenylephrine (PE); 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)], vasodilators [acetylcholine (ACh); sodium nitroprusside (SNP)] or with the PAR-2 peptide agonist SLIGRL. APX (10 μM) reduced the vasoconstriction to PE and 5-HT while did not change the vasodilatation to ACh or SNP. SLIGRL induced concentration-dependent vasodilation in pre-constricted arteries, that was reduced by incubation with the NO inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) and abolished by endothelium removal. APX enhanced vasodilation to SLIGRL either in the presence or in the absence of L-NNA, but was ineffective in endothelium-denuded vessels. In preparations from heparin-treated rats (to inhibit FXa) APX did not change the vasodilation to SLIGRL. FXa enzymatic activity, detected in mesentery homogenates from controls, was inhibited by APX, whereas APX-sensitive enzymatic activity was undetectable in homogenates from heparin-treated rats. Immunoblot analysis showed that incubation of MRA or aorta with APX increased the abundance of PAR-2, an effect not seen in MRA from heparin-treated rats or in endothelium-denuded aortas. In conclusion, inhibition of FXa by APX increases vasodilatation mediated by PAR-2. APX may act by inhibiting PAR-2 desensitization induced by endogenous FXa. This effect could be useful in the context of endothelial dysfunction associated to cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Villari
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of CataniaCatania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Giurdanella
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of CataniaCatania, Italy
| | - Claudio Bucolo
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of CataniaCatania, Italy
| | - Filippo Drago
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of CataniaCatania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Salomone
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of CataniaCatania, Italy
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Abstract
Background/Aims Previous studies have revealed that mast cells (MCs) may activate the protease-activated receptors and release of neuropeptides involved in the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The levels of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) and tryptase can contribute to understanding the pathogenesis of IBS. Methods Colonoscopic biopsies were performed of 38 subjects (20 with IBS-diarrhea [IBS-D], eight with IBS-constipation [IBS-C], and 10 healthy volunteers). The mRNA and protein levels of tryptase and PAR-2 were assessed by real-time PCR and Western blot. The levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), substance P (SP), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) were measured by immunohistochemistry, and MCs were counted by toluidine blue staining. Results Significant increases in the mRNA expression of tryptase (p<0.05, IBS-D, IBS-C vs control) and PAR-2 (p<0.05, IBS-D, IBS-C vs control) and in the tryptase protein level (p<0.05, IBS-D, IBS-C vs control) were detected in IBS. Elevations of MCs, CGRP, VIP and SP (p<0.05, IBS-D vs control) were observed for IBS-D only. Conclusions Tryptase levels may upregulate the function of PAR-2, resulting in the release of neuropeptide and they were correlated with clinical symptoms associated with IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jing Liang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Guo Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - He-Sheng Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lie-Xin Liang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Dan Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Fa-Can Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
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Ammendola M, Sacco R, Vescio G, Zuccalà V, Luposella M, Patruno R, Zizzo N, Gadaleta C, Marech I, Ruggieri R, Kocak IF, Ozgurtas T, Gadaleta CD, Sammarco G, Ranieri G. Tryptase mast cell density, protease-activated receptor-2 microvascular density, and classical microvascular density evaluation in gastric cancer patients undergoing surgery: possible translational relevance. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2017; 10:353-360. [PMID: 28491140 PMCID: PMC5405880 DOI: 10.1177/1756283x16673981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells (MCs) can stimulate angiogenesis, releasing several proangiogenic cytokines stored in their cytoplasm. In particular, MCs can release tryptase, a potent in vivo and in vitro proangiogenic factor via protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) activation and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation. Nevertheless, no data are available concerning the relationship among tryptase MC density (TMCD), endothelial cells (ECs) positive to PAR-2 microvascular density (PAR-2-MVD) and classical MVD (C-MVD) in gastric cancer (GC) angiogenesis. METHODS In this study, we analyzed the correlation of TMCD, PAR-2-MVD, C-MVD with each other and with the main clinicopathological features in GC patients who underwent surgery. A series of 77 GC patients with stage T2-3N2-3M0 (classified by the American Joint Committee on Cancer for Gastric Cancer, 7th edition) were selected and then underwent surgery. RESULTS Tumour tissue samples were evaluated by mean of immunohistochemistry and image analysis methods in terms of numbers of TMCD, PAR-2-MVD and C-MVD. A significant correlation between the TMCD, PAR-2-MVD and C-MVD groups with each other was found by Pearson t-test analysis (r ranged from 0.64 to 0.76; p value ranged from 0.02 to 0.03). There was no other significant correlation between the above parameters and clinicopathological features. CONCLUSIONS Our in vivo preliminary data suggest that TMCD and PAR-2-MVD may play a role in GC angiogenesis and they could be further evaluated as a target of antiangiogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosario Sacco
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Clinical Surgery Unit, University of Catanzaro ‘Magna Graecia’ Medical School, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Vescio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Clinical Surgery Unit, University of Catanzaro ‘Magna Graecia’ Medical School, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Valeria Zuccalà
- Health Science Department, Pathology Unit, University of Catanzaro ‘Magna Graecia’ Medical School, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Luposella
- Cardiovascular Disease Unit, ‘San Giovanni di Dio’ Hospital, Crotone, Italy
| | - Rosa Patruno
- Chair of Pathology, University ‘Aldo Moro’ Veterinary Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Zizzo
- Chair of Pathology, University ‘Aldo Moro’ Veterinary Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Claudia Gadaleta
- Chair of Pathology, University ‘Aldo Moro’ Veterinary Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Ilaria Marech
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre, ‘Giovanni Paolo II’, Bari, Italy
| | - Roberta Ruggieri
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre, ‘Giovanni Paolo II’, Bari, Italy
| | - Ibrahim Furkan Kocak
- Department of Biochemistry, Gulhane Military Medical Academy Etlik, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Taner Ozgurtas
- Department of Biochemistry, Gulhane Military Medical Academy Etlik, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cosmo Damiano Gadaleta
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre, ‘Giovanni Paolo II’, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sammarco
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Clinical Surgery Unit, University of Catanzaro ‘Magna Graecia’ Medical School, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Girolamo Ranieri
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre, ‘Giovanni Paolo II’, Bari, Italy
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Ren HX, Zhang FC, Luo HS, Zhang G, Liang LX. Role of mast cell-miR-490-5p in irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:93-102. [PMID: 28104984 PMCID: PMC5221290 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i1.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine the functional role of miR-490-5p in mast cell proliferation and apoptosis, and in the mast cell tryptase/PAR-2 signal pathway.
METHODS The 3rd generation of lentivirus vector systems containing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) (Ruisai Inc., Shanghai, China), which acts as a reporter gene was used to construct the mmu-miR-490-5p lentivirus expression vector pEGFP-antagomiR-490-5p, and the lentivirus vector pEGFP-negative was used as a negative control. The stably transfected mast cell line p815 was then constructed. GFP positive cells were successfully transfected cells. We determined the expression of miR-490-5p in p815 mast cells before and after transfection using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). In addition, after transduction with the lentivirus vectors, the role of miR-490-5p in mast cell proliferation and apoptosis was investigated using the CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The mRNA levels of tryptase and PAR-2 were detected by qRT-PCR and the protein levels were detected by Western blot.
RESULTS The inhibition of miR-490-5p expression promoted apoptosis and inhibited proliferation of p815 mast cells. The mRNA levels of tryptase and PAR-2 were significantly increased after transfection compared with the control group, tryptase (P = 0.721, normal vs null; P = 0.001, siRNA vs normal; P = 0.002, siRNA vs null) and PAR-2 (P = 0.027, siRNA vs null; P = 0.353, normal vs null; P = 0.105, siRNA vs normal). The protein levels of tryptase and PAR2 were slightly higher in the siRNA group than those in the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05).
CONCLUSION miR-490-5p plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome by affecting mast cell proliferation and apoptosis; with down-regulation of miR-490-5p, the mRNA level of mast cell tryptase and PAR-2 increased, and the protein level increased, but the difference was not statistically significant.
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Abstract
Although many studies have demonstrated that components of the hemostatic system may be involved in signaling leading to cancer progression, the potential mechanisms by which they contribute to cancer dissemination are not yet precisely understood. Among known coagulant factors, tissue factor (TF) and thrombin play a pivotal role in cancer invasion. They may be generated in the tumor microenvironment independently of blood coagulation and can induce cell signaling through activation of protease-activated receptors (PARs). PARs are transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are activated by a unique proteolytic mechanism. They play important roles in vascular physiology, neural tube closure, hemostasis, and inflammation. All of these agents (TF, thrombin, PARs—mainly PAR-1 and PAR-2) are thought to promote cancer invasion and metastasis at least in part by facilitating tumor cell migration, angiogenesis, and interactions with host vascular cells, including platelets, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells lining blood vessels. Here, we discuss the role of PARs and their activators in cancer progression, focusing on TF- and thrombin-mediated actions. Therapeutic options tailored specifically to inhibit PAR-induced signaling in cancer patients are presented as well.
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Hirai C, Sugimura M, Makino S, Takeda S. Chymotrypsin Enhances Soluble Fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 1 Production Through Protease-Activated Receptor 2 in Placenta-Derived Immortalized Human Trophoblast Cells. Reprod Sci 2016; 23:1542-1550. [PMID: 27140908 DOI: 10.1177/1933719116646203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The production of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFLT1) by exogenous chymotrypsin in trophoblast cells through protease-activated receptor (PAR) 2 was investigated to identify the role of a chymotrypsin-like serine protease in preeclampsia (PE) pathogenesis. We evaluated the expression of chymotrypsin, FLT1, and sFLT1 in monolayers of immortalized human trophoblast cells derived from placenta (TCL-1 cells). To investigate whether chymotrypsin enhances the production and release of sFLT1 through PAR-2, we examined changes in sFLT1 protein levels in conditioned medium by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and sFLT1 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels by real-time polymerase chain reaction in TCL-1 cells treated with exogenous chymotrypsin in the presence or absence of a PAR-2 antagonist or a chymotrypsin inhibitor (TPCK). We also examined changes in PAR-2 expression in TCL-1 cells treated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α in the presence or absence of a polyclonal anti-TNF-α antibody. Western blot analysis showed that TCL-1 trophoblast cells expressed chymotrypsin, FLT1, and sFLT1. Compared with the control cells, the sFLT1 level in the conditioned medium and sFLT1 mRNA level in cells were both significantly enhanced when treated with a PAR-2 agonist or chymotrypsin for 6 hours. In contrast, the sFLT1 level in the medium and sFLT1 mRNA level in cells treated with a PAR-2 agonist or chymotrypsin were suppressed in the presence of a PAR-2 antagonist or a chymotrypsin inhibitor. The PAR-2 expression was upregulated by TNF-α, which was suppressed in the presence of TNF-α antibodies. These results indicate that chymotrypsin-like serine protease enhances sFLT1 production through PAR-2 in trophoblast cells and thus plays an important additional role in PE pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Hirai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoi Sugimura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Hamamatsu University, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Shintaro Makino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Takeda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
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Nikolic-Paterson DJ. Cathepsin S-Dependent Protease-Activated Receptor-2 Activation: A New Mechanism of Endothelial Dysfunction. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 27:1577-9. [PMID: 26590253 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015101162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David J Nikolic-Paterson
- Department of Nephrology and Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Son GY, Son A, Yang YM, Park W, Chang I, Lee JH, Shin DM. Airborne allergens induce protease activated receptor-2-mediated production of inflammatory cytokines in human gingival epithelium. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 61:138-43. [PMID: 26561723 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In reaching the airways inhaled allergens pass through and contact with the oral mucosa. Although they are often responsible for initiating asthmatic attacks, it is unknown whether airborne allergens can also trigger chronic inflammation of gingival epithelial cells leading to chronic periodontitis. In this study, we investigated the inflammatory responses of human gingival epithelial cells (HGECs) to airborne allergens, particularly German cockroach extract (GCE) with a focus on calcium signaling. DESIGN HGECs isolated from healthy donors were stimulated with GCE. Intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]i) was measured with Fura-2-acetoxymethyl ester (Fura-2/AM) staining. Expression of inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-8, IL-1β, IL-6, and NOD-like receptor family, pyridine domain-containing (NLRP) 3 was analyzed using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS GCE promoted increase in the [Ca(2+)]i in a dose-dependent manner. Depletion of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca(2+) by the ER Ca(2+) ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin (Tg) but not the depletion of extracellular Ca(2+) abolished the GCE-induced increase in [Ca(2+)]i. Treatment of phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor (U73122) or 1,4,5-trisinositolphosphate (IP3) receptor inhibitor (2-APB) also prevented GCE-induced increase in [Ca(2+)]i. Protease activated receptor (PAR)-2 activation mainly mediated the GCE-induced increase in [Ca(2+)]i and enhanced the expression of IL-8, NLRP3, IL-1β, and IL-6 in HGECs. CONCLUSIONS GCE activates PAR-2, which can induce PLC/IP3-dependent Ca(2+) signaling pathway, ultimately triggering inflammation via the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and NLRP 3 in HGECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ga-Yeon Son
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea; BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Aran Son
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Mi Yang
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonse Park
- Department of Advanced General Dentistry, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Inik Chang
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Lee
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Min Shin
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea; BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Kumamoto J, Tsutsumi M, Goto M, Nagayama M, Denda M. Japanese Cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) pollen allergen induces elevation of intracellular calcium in human keratinocytes and impairs epidermal barrier function of human skin ex vivo. Arch Dermatol Res 2015; 308:49-54. [PMID: 26498292 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-015-1602-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cry j1 is the major peptide allergen of Japanese cedar (Sugi), Cryptomeria japonica. Since some allergens disrupt epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis, we hypothesized that Cry j1 might have a similar effect. Intracellular calcium level in cultured human keratinocytes was measured with a ratiometric fluorescent probe, Fura-2 AM. Application of Cry j1 significantly increased the intracellular calcium level of keratinocytes, and this increase was inhibited by trypsin inhibitor or a protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) antagonist. We found that Cry j1 itself did not show protease activity, but application of Cry j1 to cultured keratinocytes induced a rapid (within 30 s) and transient increase of protease activity in the medium. This transient increase was blocked by trypsin inhibitor or PAR-2 antagonist. The effect of Cry j1 on transepidermal water loss (TEWL) of cultured human skin was measured in the presence and absence of a trypsin inhibitor and PAR-2 antagonist. Cry j1 significantly impaired the barrier function of human skin ex vivo, and this action was blocked by co-application of trypsin inhibitor or PAR-2 antagonist. Our results suggested that interaction of Cry j1 with epidermal keratinocytes leads to the activation of PAR-2, which induces elevation of intracellular calcium and disruption of barrier function. Blocking the interaction of Cry j1 with epidermal keratinocytes might ameliorate allergic reaction and prevent disruption of epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Kumamoto
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Kawaguchi, Japan.,Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Moe Tsutsumi
- Shiseido Research Center, Yokohama, 2-2-1, Hayabuchi, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama, 224-8558, Japan
| | - Makiko Goto
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Kawaguchi, Japan.,Shiseido Research Center, Yokohama, 2-2-1, Hayabuchi, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama, 224-8558, Japan
| | - Masaharu Nagayama
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Kawaguchi, Japan.,Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Denda
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Kawaguchi, Japan. .,Shiseido Research Center, Yokohama, 2-2-1, Hayabuchi, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama, 224-8558, Japan.
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Hennessey JC, Stuyvers BD, McGuire JJ. Small caliber arterial endothelial cells calcium signals elicited by PAR2 are preserved from endothelial dysfunction. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2015; 3:e00112. [PMID: 25729579 PMCID: PMC4324686 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell (EC)-dependent vasodilation by proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is preserved in small caliber arteries in disease states where vasodilation by muscarinic receptors is decreased. In this study, we identified and characterized the PAR2-mediated intracellular calcium (Ca2+)-release mechanisms in EC from small caliber arteries in healthy and diseased states. Mesenteric arterial EC were isolated from PAR2 wild-type (WT) and null mice, after saline (controls) or angiotensin II (AngII) infusion, for imaging intracellular calcium and characterizing the calcium-release system by immunofluorescence. EC Ca2+ signals comprised two forms of Ca2+-release events that had distinct spatial-temporal properties and occurred near either the plasmalemma (peripheral) or center of EC. In healthy EC, PAR2-dependent increases in the densities and firing rates of both forms of Ca2+-release were abolished by inositol 1,4,5- trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) inhibitor, but partially reduced by transient potential vanilloid channels inhibitor ruthenium red (RR). Acetylcholine (ACh)-induced less overall Ca2+-release than PAR2 activation, but enhanced selectively the incidence of central events. PAR2-dependent Ca2+-activity, inhibitors sensitivities, IP3R, small- and intermediate-conductance Ca2+-activated potassium channels expressions were unchanged in EC from AngII WT. However, the same cells exhibited decreases in ACh-induced Ca2+-release, RR sensitivity, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression, indicating AngII-induced dysfunction was differentiated by receptor, Ca2+-release, and downstream targets of EC activation. We conclude that PAR2 and muscarinic receptors selectively elicit two elementary Ca2+ signals in single EC. PAR2-selective IP3R-dependent peripheral Ca2+-release mechanisms are identical between healthy and diseased states. Further study of PAR2-selective Ca2+-release for eliciting pathological and/or normal EC functions is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Hennessey
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Bruno D Stuyvers
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - John J McGuire
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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Driesbaugh KH, Buzza MS, Martin EW, Conway GD, Kao JPY, Antalis TM. Proteolytic activation of the protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2 by the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored serine protease testisin. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:3529-41. [PMID: 25519908 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.628560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are a family of seven-transmembrane, G-protein-coupled receptors that are activated by multiple serine proteases through specific N-terminal proteolytic cleavage and the unmasking of a tethered ligand. The majority of PAR-activating proteases described to date are soluble proteases that are active during injury, coagulation, and inflammation. Less investigation, however, has focused on the potential for membrane-anchored serine proteases to regulate PAR activation. Testisin is a unique trypsin-like serine protease that is tethered to the extracellular membrane of cells through a glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. Here, we show that the N-terminal domain of PAR-2 is a substrate for testisin and that proteolytic cleavage of PAR-2 by recombinant testisin activates downstream signaling pathways, including intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. When testisin and PAR-2 are co-expressed in HeLa cells, GPI-anchored testisin specifically releases the PAR-2 tethered ligand. Conversely, knockdown of endogenous testisin in NCI/ADR-Res ovarian tumor cells reduces PAR-2 N-terminal proteolytic cleavage. The cleavage of PAR-2 by testisin induces activation of the intracellular serum-response element and NFκB signaling pathways and the induction of IL-8 and IL-6 cytokine gene expression. Furthermore, the activation of PAR-2 by testisin results in the loss and internalization of PAR-2 from the cell surface. This study reveals a new biological substrate for testisin and is the first demonstration of the activation of a PAR by a serine protease GPI-linked to the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn H Driesbaugh
- From the Department of Physiology, Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, and
| | - Marguerite S Buzza
- From the Department of Physiology, Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, and
| | - Erik W Martin
- From the Department of Physiology, Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, and
| | - Gregory D Conway
- From the Department of Physiology, Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, and
| | - Joseph P Y Kao
- From the Department of Physiology, Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Toni M Antalis
- From the Department of Physiology, Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, and
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Kim JY, Kim YJ, Lim BJ, Sohn HJ, Shin D, Oh SH. Increased expression of cathelicidin by direct activation of protease-activated receptor 2: possible implications on the pathogenesis of rosacea. Yonsei Med J 2014; 55:1648-55. [PMID: 25323904 PMCID: PMC4205707 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2014.55.6.1648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent findings of increased cathelicidin protein and its proteolytic fragments in rosacea suggest a pathogenic role for cathelicidin in this disease. The relationship between cathelicidin and protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) is therefore of interest, as PAR-2, expressed principally in keratinocytes, regulates pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in the skin. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between expression of PAR-2 and cathelicidin in rosacea and to test the effect of direct PAR-2 activation on cathelicidin expression in keratinocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples from 40 patients with clinicopathologic diagnosis of rosacea and facial skin tissue samples from 20 patients with no specific findings or milium without inflammation were retrieved. Intensities of immunohistochemical staining for PAR-2 and cathelicidin were compared between normal and rosacea-affected skin tissues. Additionally, correlations between PAR-2 and cathelicidin staining intensities within rosacea patients were analyzed. In cultured keratinocytes, changes in PAR-2, cathelicidin, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA and protein were analyzed after treatment with PAR-2 activating peptide (AP). RESULTS Cathelicidin expression was significantly higher in rosacea skin tissues than in normal tissues (p<0.001), while PAR-2 expression was not significantly higher in rosacea tissues than in normal skin tissues. A positive correlation between PAR-2 and cathelicidin within rosacea samples was observed (R=0.330, p=0.037). After treatment of PAR-2 AP, both mRNA and protein levels for PAR-2, cathelicidin, and VEGF significantly increased in cultured keratinocytes, compared with PAR-2 control peptide treatment. CONCLUSION PAR-2 may participate in the pathogenesis of rosacea through activation of cathelicidin LL-37, a mediator of innate immune responses in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Jee Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Beom Jin Lim
- Department of Pathology, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo Jung Sohn
- Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dongyun Shin
- Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Ho Oh
- Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Kale SL, Arora N. Per a 10 activates human derived epithelial cell line in a protease dependent manner via PAR-2. Immunobiology 2014; 220:525-32. [PMID: 25468564 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protease activity of Per a 10 has been shown to modulate dendritic cells toward Th-2 polarization and to induce airway inflammation. OBJECTIVE To elucidate the role of serine protease activity of Per a 10 in inducing biochemical responses in epithelial cells. METHODS Per a 10 was inactivated by heat treatment (ΔPer a 10) or AEBSF (iPer a 10). A549 cells were exposed to either enzymatically active/inactive Per a 10. The supernatant was analyzed for the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by ELISA. Ca(2+) mobilization was analyzed by flow cytometry. A PAR-2 derived synthetic peptide 28GTNRSSKGRSLIGKVDGTSHVTGKGVTC54 was incubated with Per a 10 and the resultant cleaved products were analyzed by LC-MS. PAR-2 activation was inhibited by PAR-2 cleavage inhibiting antibody. RESULTS ΔPer a 10 was completely inactivated whereas iPer a 10 showed some residual activity. nPer a 10 having protease activity increased the secretion of IL-6, IL-8 and GMCSF from A549 in a dose and time dependent manner whereas iPer a 10 has reduced cytokine secretion. ΔPer a 10 and rPer a 10 were unable to activate the cells. nPer a 10 mobilized intracellular Ca(2+). nPer a 10 cleaved the PAR-2 derived peptide between arginine and serine residues (36R-S37) to expose PAR-2 ligand SLIGKV, as determined by LC-MS. Incubating with anti-PAR-2 cleavage antibody showed diminished cytokine secretion when treated with nPer a 10. CONCLUSION Serine protease activity of Per a 10 activates A549 cells to secrete proinflammatory cytokines by PAR-2 activation and Ca(2+)mobilization and can be exploited therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar L Kale
- Allergy and Immunology Section, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi University Campus, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India; Department of Biotechnology, University of Pune, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Naveen Arora
- Allergy and Immunology Section, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi University Campus, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India.
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Shi K, Queiroz KCS, Roelofs JJTH, van Noesel CJM, Richel DJ, Spek CA. Protease-activated receptor 2 suppresses lymphangiogenesis and subsequent lymph node metastasis in a murine pancreatic cancer model. J Pathol 2014; 234:398-409. [DOI: 10.1002/path.4411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Shi
- Centre for Experimental and Molecular Medicine; Academic Medical Centre; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Karla CS Queiroz
- Centre for Experimental and Molecular Medicine; Academic Medical Centre; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Joris JTH Roelofs
- Department of Pathology; Academic Medical Centre; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | | | - Dirk J Richel
- Department of Medical Oncology; Academic Medical Centre; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - C Arnold Spek
- Centre for Experimental and Molecular Medicine; Academic Medical Centre; Amsterdam The Netherlands
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Matos NA, Silva JF, Damasceno KA, Cassali GD, Lemos VS, Duarte IDG, Klein A. Proteinase-activated receptor 2 blockade impairs CCL11- or allergen-induced eosinophil recruitment in experimental pleurisy. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 740:627-33. [PMID: 24972241 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Although proteinase-activated receptor (PAR)-2 has been implicated in inflammatory diseases, its role in regulating eosinophil recruitment in response to chemoattractants remains unclear. Here, we investigated the role of PAR-2 and PAR-2-activating Mast Cell (MC) tryptase on chemokine C-C motif ligand (CCL)11- and antigen-induced eosinophil recruitment to the pleural cavity of BALB/c mice. The PAR-2-activating peptide H-Ser-Leu-Ile-Gly-Arg-Leu-NH2 (SLIGRL-NH2) induced eosinophil recruitment whereas PAR-2 blockade inhibited ovalbumin (OVA)- or CCL11-induced eosinophil recruitment. Moreover, OVA and CCL11 induced PAR-2 expression in pleural leukocytes, and the MC tryptase inhibitor APC 366 ([N-(1-hydroxy-2-napthoyl)-l-arginyl-l-prolinamide hydrochloride]) abolished CCL11-induced eosinophil recruitment. These results suggest a pro inflammatory effect of PAR-2 and support a role for MC tryptase mediating eosinophil migration via PAR-2 signaling. Taken together, our results suggest that PAR-2 activation through endogenous MC tryptase activity could be required, at least partially, to mediate CCL11-induced eosinophil migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália A Matos
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627 Pampulha, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Josiane F Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Karine A Damasceno
- Department of General Pathology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Geovanni D Cassali
- Department of General Pathology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Virginia S Lemos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Igor D G Duarte
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627 Pampulha, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - André Klein
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627 Pampulha, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Malfettone A, Silvestris N, Saponaro C, Ranieri G, Russo A, Caruso S, Popescu O, Simone G, Paradiso A, Mangia A. High density of tryptase-positive mast cells in human colorectal cancer: a poor prognostic factor related to protease-activated receptor 2 expression. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 17:1025-37. [PMID: 23991686 PMCID: PMC3780541 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptase(+) mast cells (MCs), abundant in the invasive front of tumours, contribute to tissue remodelling. Indeed, protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) activation by MC-tryptase is considered an oncogenic event in colorectal cancer (CRC). Recently, we have suggested NHERF1 as a potential new marker in CRC. In this study, we aimed to determine the distribution of tryptase(+) MCs and PAR-2 and to examine the relationship between PAR-2 and NHERF1, investigating their reputed usefulness as tumour markers. We studied a cohort of 115 CRC specimens including primary cancer (C) and adjacent normal mucosa (NM) by immunohistochemical double staining, analyzing the protein expression of MC-tryptase, PAR-2 and cytoplasmic NHERF1. MC density was higher in NM than in C. Tumours with high TNM stage and poor grade showed the highest MC density. A higher PAR-2 immunoreactivity characterized tumours most infiltrated by MCs compared with samples with low MC density. Furthermore, PAR-2 overexpression was associated with advanced TNM stage, poor grade and lymphovascular invasion (LVI). A positive correlation existed between tryptase(+) MC density and PAR-2 expression. Cytoplasmic NHERF1 was higher in C than in NM and overexpressing tumours resulted associated with nodal and distant metastases, poor grade and LVI. PAR-2 correlated with cytoplasmic NHERF1 and the PAR-2(+)/cytoplasmic NHERF1(+) expression immunophenotype identified tumours associated with unfavourable prognosis and aggressive clinical parameters. Our data indicate that the high density of tryptase(+) MCs at invasive margins of tumours was associated with advanced stages of CRC and was strongly correlated with PAR-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Malfettone
- Functional Biomorphology Laboratory, National Cancer Research Centre, Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
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Cevikbas F, Wang X, Akiyama T, Kempkes C, Savinko T, Antal A, Kukova G, Buhl T, Ikoma A, Buddenkotte J, Soumelis V, Feld M, Alenius H, Dillon SR, Carstens E, Homey B, Basbaum A, Steinhoff M. A sensory neuron-expressed IL-31 receptor mediates T helper cell-dependent itch: Involvement of TRPV1 and TRPA1. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 133:448-60. [PMID: 24373353 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 471] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the cytokine IL-31 has been implicated in inflammatory and lymphoma-associated itch, the cellular basis for its pruritic action is yet unclear. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether immune cell-derived IL-31 directly stimulates sensory neurons and to identify the molecular basis of IL-31-induced itch. METHODS We used immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time PCR to determine IL-31 expression levels in mice and human subjects. Immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, quantitative real-time PCR, in vivo pharmacology, Western blotting, single-cell calcium imaging, and electrophysiology were used to examine the distribution, functionality, and cellular basis of the neuronal IL-31 receptor α in mice and human subjects. RESULTS Among all immune and resident skin cells examined, IL-31 was predominantly produced by TH2 and, to a significantly lesser extent, mature dendritic cells. Cutaneous and intrathecal injections of IL-31 evoked intense itch, and its concentrations increased significantly in murine atopy-like dermatitis skin. Both human and mouse dorsal root ganglia neurons express IL-31RA, largely in neurons that coexpress transient receptor potential cation channel vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1). IL-31-induced itch was significantly reduced in TRPV1-deficient and transient receptor channel potential cation channel ankyrin subtype 1 (TRPA1)-deficient mice but not in c-kit or proteinase-activated receptor 2 mice. In cultured primary sensory neurons IL-31 triggered Ca(2+) release and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation, inhibition of which blocked IL-31 signaling in vitro and reduced IL-31-induced scratching in vivo. CONCLUSION IL-31RA is a functional receptor expressed by a small subpopulation of IL-31RA(+)/TRPV1(+)/TRPA1(+) neurons and is a critical neuroimmune link between TH2 cells and sensory nerves for the generation of T cell-mediated itch. Thus targeting neuronal IL-31RA might be effective in the management of TH2-mediated itch, including atopic dermatitis and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferda Cevikbas
- Departments of Dermatology and Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Xidao Wang
- Department of Anatomy and the W.M. Keck Foundation Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Tasuku Akiyama
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Calif
| | - Cordula Kempkes
- Departments of Dermatology and Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Terhi Savinko
- Unit of Toxicology, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Attila Antal
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gabriela Kukova
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Timo Buhl
- Departments of Dermatology and Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Akihiko Ikoma
- Departments of Dermatology and Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Joerg Buddenkotte
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Münster, Muenster, Germany
| | | | - Micha Feld
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Harri Alenius
- Unit of Toxicology, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stacey R Dillon
- ZymoGenetics (a Bristol-Myers Squibb Company), Seattle, Wash
| | - Earl Carstens
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Calif
| | - Bernhard Homey
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Allan Basbaum
- Department of Anatomy and the W.M. Keck Foundation Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif.
| | - Martin Steinhoff
- Departments of Dermatology and Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Kalayarasan S, Sriram N, Soumyakrishnan S, Sudhandiran G. Diallylsulfide attenuates excessive collagen production and apoptosis in a rat model of bleomycin induced pulmonary fibrosis through the involvement of protease activated receptor-2. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 271:184-95. [PMID: 23656969 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) can be a devastating lung disease. It is primarily caused by inflammation leading to severe damage of the alveolar epithelial cells. The pathophysiology of PF is not yet been clearly defined, but studying lung parenchymal injury by involving reactive oxygen species (ROS) through the activation of protease activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) may provide promising results. PAR-2 is a G-protein coupled receptor is known to play an important role in the development of PF. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory role of diallylsulfide (DAS) against ROS mediated activation of PAR-2 and collagen production accompanied by epithelial cell apoptosis. Bleomycin induced ROS levels may prompt to induce the expression of PAR-2 as well as extracellular matrix proteins (ECM), such as MMP 2 and 9, collagen specific proteins HSP-47, α-SMA, and cytokines IL-6, and IL-8RA. Importantly DAS treatment effectively decreased the expression of all these proteins. The inhibitory effect of DAS on profibrotic molecules is mediated by blocking the ROS level. To identify apoptotic signaling as a mediator of PF induction, we performed apoptotic protein expression, DNA fragmentation analysis and ultrastructural details of the lung tissue were performed. DAS treatment restored all these changes to near normalcy. In conclusion, treatment of PF bearing rats with DAS results in amelioration of the ROS production, PAR-2 activation, ECM production, collagen synthesis and alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis during bleomycin induction. We attained the first evidence that treatment of DAS decreases the ROS levels and may provide a potential therapeutic effect attenuating bleomycin induced PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasan Kalayarasan
- University of Madras, Department of Biochemistry, Cell Biology Laboratory, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India.
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