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Su X, Wang Z, Wang Z, Cheng M, Du C, Tian Y. A novel indicator to predict the outcome of percutaneous stereotactic radiofrequency rhizotomy for trigeminal neuralgia patients: diffusivity metrics of MR-DTI. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9235. [PMID: 38649718 PMCID: PMC11035693 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59828-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance-diffusion tensor imaging (MR-DTI) has been used in the microvascular decompression and gamma knife radiosurgery in trigeminal neuralgia (TN) patients; however, use of percutaneous stereotactic radiofrequency rhizotomy (PSR) to target an abnormal trigeminal ganglion (ab-TG) is unreported. Fractional anisotropy (FA), mean and radial diffusivity (MD and RD, respectively), and axial diffusivity (AD) of the trigeminal nerve (CNV) were measured in 20 TN patients and 40 healthy control participants immediately post PSR, at 6-months, and at 1 year. Longitudinal alteration of the diffusivity metrics and any correlation with treatment effects, or prognoses, were analyzed. In the TN group, either low FA (value < 0.30) or a decreased range compared to the adjacent FA (dFA) > 17% defined an ab-TG. Two-to-three days post PSR, all 15 patients reported decreased pain scores with increased FA at the ab-TG (P < 0.001), but decreased MD and RD (P < 0.01 each). Treatment remained effective in 10 of 14 patients (71.4%) and 8 of 12 patients (66.7%) at the 6-month and 1-year follow-ups, respectively. In patients with ab-TGs, there was a significant difference in treatment outcomes between patients with low FA values (9 of 10; 90%) and patients with dFA (2 of 5; 40%) (P < 0.05). MR-DTI with diffusivity metrics correlated microstructural CNV abnormalities with PSR outcomes. Of all the diffusivity metrics, FA could be considered a novel objective quantitative indicator of treatment effects and a potential indicator of PSR effectiveness in TN patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Su
- Departments of Neurosurgery, The Third Hospital of Jilin University and China-Japan Union Hospital, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, 130033, Jilin, People's Republic of China
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengming Wang
- Departments of Trauma Center, The Third Hospital of Jilin University and China‑Japan Union Hospital, Changchun, 130033, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijia Wang
- Departments of Radiation, The Third Hospital of Jilin University and China‑Japan Union Hospital, Changchun, 130033, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Cheng
- Departments of Radiation, The Third Hospital of Jilin University and China‑Japan Union Hospital, Changchun, 130033, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Du
- Departments of Neurosurgery, The Third Hospital of Jilin University and China-Japan Union Hospital, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, 130033, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu Tian
- Departments of Neurosurgery, The Third Hospital of Jilin University and China-Japan Union Hospital, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, 130033, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
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Chen Y, Chen L, Ji T, Yu Y, Zhang T, Wang L. The purinergic receptor P2X3 promotes facial pain by activating neurons and cytokines in the trigeminal ganglion. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 130:111801. [PMID: 38442578 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The mechanism underlying allodynia/hyperalgesia caused by dental pulpitis has remained enigmatic. This investigation endeavored to characterize the influence of the purinergic receptor P2X3 on pain caused by experimental pulpitis and the mechanism involved. An experimental model of irreversible pulpitis was produced by the drilling and exposure of the dental pulp of the left upper first and second molars in rats, followed by measuring nociceptive responses in the oral and maxillofacial regions. Subsequently, neuronal activity and the expression of P2X3 and pertinent cytokines in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) were meticulously examined and analyzed. Histological evidence corroborated that significant pulpitis was produced in this model, which led to a distinct escalation in nociceptive responses in rats. The activation of neurons, coupled with the upregulated expression of c-fos, P2X3, p-p38, TNF-α and IL-1β, was identified subsequent to the pulpitis surgery within the TG. The selective inhibition of P2X3 with A-317491 effectively restrained the abnormal allodynia/hyperalgesia following the pulpitis surgery and concurrently inhibited the upregulation of p-p38, TNF-α and IL-1β within the TG. These findings suggest that the P2X3 signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in instigating and perpetuating pain subsequent to the induction of pulpitis in rats, implicating its association with the p38 MAPK signaling pathway and inflammatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangxi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Department of Emergency and General Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Department of Anesthesiology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tuo Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Department of Anesthesiology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Department of Anesthesiology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiejun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Department of Anesthesiology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Department of Anesthesiology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
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Hampl M, Jandova N, Luskova D, Novakova M, Szotkowska T, Cada S, Prochazka J, Kohoutek J, Buchtova M. Early embryogenesis in CHDFIDD mouse model reveals facial clefts and altered cranial neurogenesis. Dis Model Mech 2024:dmm.050261. [PMID: 38511331 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart defects, facial dysmorphism and intellectual development disorder (CHDFIDD) is associated with mutations in CDK13 gene, which encodes a transcription regulating Cyclin-dependent kinase 13 (CDK13). Here, we focused on development of craniofacial structures and analyzed early embryonic stages of CHDFIDD mouse models with hypomorphic mutation in Cdk13 gene, which exhibits cleft lip/palate and knockout of Cdk13 with stronger phenotype including midfacial cleft. Cdk13 was found to be physiologically strongly expressed in the mouse embryonic craniofacial structures, namely in the forebrain, nasal epithelium and maxillary mesenchyme. We also uncovered that Cdk13-deficiency leads to development of hypoplastic branches of the trigeminal nerve including maxillary branch and additionally, we detected significant gene expression changes of molecules involved in neurogenesis (Ache, Dcx, Mef2c, Neurog1, Ntn1, Pou4f1) within the developing palatal shelves. These results, together with changes of gene expression of other key face-specific molecules (Fgf8, Foxd1, Msx1, Meis2 and Shh) at early stages in Cdk13 mutant embryos, demonstrate a key role of CDK13 in regulation of craniofacial morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Hampl
- Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Nela Jandova
- Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Denisa Luskova
- Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Novakova
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Szotkowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Stepan Cada
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Prochazka
- Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Kohoutek
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marcela Buchtova
- Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Liu Y, Liu F, Li Y, Li Y, Feng Y, Zhao J, Zhou C, Li C, Shen J, Zhang Y. LncRNA Anxa10-203 enhances Mc1r mRNA stability to promote neuropathic pain by recruiting DHX30 in the trigeminal ganglion. J Headache Pain 2024; 25:28. [PMID: 38433184 PMCID: PMC10910797 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-024-01733-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trigeminal nerve injury is one of the most serious complications in oral clinics, and the subsequent chronic orofacial pain is a consumptive disease. Increasing evidence demonstrates long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in the pathological process of neuropathic pain. This study aims to explore the function and mechanism of LncRNA Anxa10-203 in the development of orofacial neuropathic pain. METHODS A mouse model of orofacial neuropathic pain was established by chronic constriction injury of the infraorbital nerve (CCI-ION). The Von Frey test was applied to evaluate hypersensitivity of mice. RT-qPCR and/or Western Blot were performed to analyze the expression of Anxa10-203, DHX30, and MC1R. Cellular localization of target genes was verified by immunofluorescence and RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization. RNA pull-down and RNA immunoprecipitation were used to detect the interaction between the target molecules. Electrophysiology was employed to assess the intrinsic excitability of TG neurons (TGNs) in vitro. RESULTS Anxa10-203 was upregulated in the TG of CCI-ION mice, and knockdown of Anxa10-203 relieved neuropathic pain. Structurally, Anxa10-203 was located in the cytoplasm of TGNs. Mechanistically, Mc1r expression was positively correlated with Anxa10-203 and was identified as the functional target of Anxa10-203. Besides, Anxa10-203 recruited RNA binding protein DHX30 and formed the Anxa10-203/DHX30 complex to enhance the stability of Mc1r mRNA, resulting in the upregulation of MC1R, which contributed to the enhancement of the intrinsic activity of TGNs in vitro and orofacial neuropathic pain in vivo. CONCLUSIONS LncRNA Anxa10-203 in the TG played an important role in orofacial neuropathic pain and mediated mechanical allodynia in CCI-ION mice by binding with DHX30 to upregulate MC1R expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- YaJing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Fei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - YiKe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - YueLing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - YuHeng Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - JiaShuo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - ChunJie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - JieFei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - YanYan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Nassiri F, Liang A, Agnoletto GJ, Couldwell WT. Transmaxillary approach for resection of maxillary division trigeminal schwannoma at foramen rotundum. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2024; 166:107. [PMID: 38407650 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-024-05996-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The foramen rotundum and anterior cavernous sinus have traditionally been accessed by transcranial approaches that are limited by the high density of critical neurovascular structures. The transmaxillary approach provides an entirely extradural route to the foramen rotundum and anterior cavernous sinus. METHOD This patient with neurofibromatosis and facial pain with trigeminal schwannoma at the foramen rotundum was successfully treated by transmaxillary resection of the tumor. This approach allowed for a direct extradural access to the pathology, with bony decompression and tumor resection, avoiding transcranial routes. CONCLUSION The transmaxillary approach provides a safe and entirely extradural corridor to access smaller localized skull base lesions at and surrounding the cavernous sinus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshad Nassiri
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, 175 N. Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Allison Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, 175 N. Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Guilherme J Agnoletto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, 175 N. Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - William T Couldwell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, 175 N. Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.
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Tao J, Wang X, Xu J. Expression of CGRP in the Trigeminal Ganglion and Its Effect on the Polarization of Macrophages in Rats with Temporomandibular Arthritis. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2024; 44:22. [PMID: 38363424 PMCID: PMC10873438 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-024-01456-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is synthesized and secreted by trigeminal ganglion neurons, and is a key neuropeptide involved in pain and immune regulation. This study investigates the expression of CGRP in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) and its regulatory role in the polarization of macrophages in rats with temporomandibular arthritis. A rat model of temporomandibular arthritis was established using CFA. Pain behavior was then observed. Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and the TG were collected, and immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence (IF) staining, and RT-qPCR were used to examine the expression of CGRP and macrophage-related factors. To investigate the impact of CGRP on macrophage polarization, both CGRP and its antagonist, CGRP 8-37, were separately administered directly within the TG. Statistical analysis revealed that within 24 h of inducing temporomandibular arthritis using CFA, there was a significant surge in CD86 positive macrophages within the ganglion. These macrophages peaked on the 7th day before beginning their decline. In this context, it's noteworthy that administering CGRP to the trigeminal ganglion can prompt these macrophages to adopt the M2 phenotype. Intriguingly, this study demonstrates that injecting the CGRP receptor antagonist (CGRP 8-37) to the ganglion counteracts this shift towards the M2 phenotype. Supporting these in vivo observations, we found that in vitro, CGRP indeed fosters the M2-type polarization of macrophages. CGRP can facilitate the conversion of macrophages into the M2 phenotype. The phenotypic alterations of macrophages within the TG could be instrumental in initiating and further driving the progression of TMJ disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Tao
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Xu
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China.
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China.
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Antonopoulos SR, Scharnhorst M, Nalley N, Durham PL. Method for cryopreservation of trigeminal ganglion for establishing primary cultures of neurons and glia. J Neurosci Methods 2024; 402:110034. [PMID: 38072069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2023.110034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary neuronal cultures are used to elucidate cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in disease pathology and modulation by pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals, and to identify novel therapeutic targets. However, preparation of primary neuronal cultures from rodent embryos is labor-intensive, and it can be difficult to produce high-quality consistent cultures. To overcome these issues, cryopreservation can be used to obtain standardized, high-quality stocks of neuronal cultures. NEW METHOD In this study, we present a simplified cryopreservation method for rodent primary trigeminal ganglion neurons and glia from Sprague-Dawley neonates, using a 90:10 (v/v) fetal bovine serum/dimethyl sulfoxide cell freezing medium. RESULTS Cryopreserved trigeminal ganglion cells stored for up to one year in liquid nitrogen exhibited similar neuronal and glial cell morphology to fresh cultures and retained high cell viability. Proteins implicated in inflammation and pain signaling were expressed in agreement with the reported subcellular localization. Additionally, both neurons and glial cells exhibited an increase in intracellular calcium levels in response to a depolarizing stimulus. Cryopreserved cells were also transiently transfected with reporter genes. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Our method is simple, does not require special reagents or equipment, will save time and money, increase flexibility in study design, and produce consistent cultures. CONCLUSIONS This method for the preparation and cryopreservation of trigeminal ganglia results in primary cultures of neurons and glia similar in viability and morphology to fresh preparations that could be utilized for biochemical, cellular, and molecular studies, increase reproducibility, and save laboratory resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia R Antonopoulos
- Missouri State University, Jordan Valley Innovation Center/Department of Biology, Springfield, MO 65806, USA
| | - Mikayla Scharnhorst
- Missouri State University, Jordan Valley Innovation Center/Department of Biology, Springfield, MO 65806, USA
| | - Nicole Nalley
- Missouri State University, Jordan Valley Innovation Center/Department of Biology, Springfield, MO 65806, USA
| | - Paul L Durham
- Missouri State University, Jordan Valley Innovation Center/Department of Biology, Springfield, MO 65806, USA.
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Sahin MH, Kanat A, Karadag MK, Akyuz ME, Keles ON, Gundogdu OL, Findik H, Aydin MD, Gel MS, Daltaban IS. Overlooked evidence for transmission deficit of pupillary light reflex can be secondary to trigeminal nerve ganglion degeneration following subarachnoid hemorrhage; preliminary experimental study. Neurol Res 2024; 46:178-186. [PMID: 37757588 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2023.2262243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although the effect of oculomotor and cervical sympathetic networks on pupil diameter is well known; the effect of the trigeminal nerve on pupil diameter has not been investigated yet. This subject was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five of 23 rabbits were used as a control group (GI; n = 5); 0.5 ccs saline solution into cisterna magna injected animals used as SHAM (GII; n = 5); autologous blood injected to produce SAH used as the study group (GIII; n = 13) and followed up three weeks. Light-stimulated pupil diameters were measured with an ocular tomography device before, middle, and at the end of the experiment. Considering the sclera area/pupil area ratio index (PRI) as the pupillary reaction area, we used this equation for the pupil's rush to light. Degenerated neuron densities of trigeminal ganglia and pupil diameters compared with the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS The PRI, degenerated neuron density of trigeminal ganglia (n/mm3) were: (2.034 ± 0.301)/(13 ± 3) in GI; (1.678 ± 0.211)/(46 ± 9) in GII; and (0.941 ± 0.136)/(112 ± 21) in GIII. P-values between groups as: p < 0.005 in GI/GII; p < 0.0001 in GII/GIII and p < 0.00001 in GI/GIII. CONCLUSION Light stimulates the cornea which is innervated by the trigeminal nerves. This experimental study indicates that the pupil remains mydriatic as the cornea is damaged by trigeminal ischemia following SAH and blocks the light flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Hakan Sahin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty of Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Kanat
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty of Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | | | - Mehmet Emin Akyuz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty of Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Osman Nuri Keles
- Department of Histology, Medical Faculty of Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Omer Lutfi Gundogdu
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty of Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Findik
- Department of Opthalmology, Medical Faculty of Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Dumlu Aydin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty of Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Selim Gel
- Kanuni Research and Training Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Trabzon, Turkey
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He Z, Xu C, Guo J, Liu T, Zhang Y, Feng Y. The CSF1-CSF1R pathway in the trigeminal ganglion mediates trigeminal neuralgia via inflammatory responses in mice. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:215. [PMID: 38281257 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09149-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is the most severe type of neuropathic pain. The trigeminal ganglion (TG) is a crucial target for the pathogenesis and treatment of TN. The colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) - colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) pathway regulates lower limb pain development. However, the effect and mechanism of the CSF1-CSF1R pathway in TG on TN are unclear. METHODS Partial transection of the infraorbital nerve (pT-ION) model was used to generate a mouse TN model. Mechanical and cold allodynia were used to measure pain behaviors. Pro-inflammatory factors (IL-6, TNF-a) were used to measure inflammatory responses in TG. PLX3397, an inhibitor of CSF1R, was applied to inhibit the CSF1-CSF1R pathway in TG. This pathway was activated in naïve mice by stereotactic injection of CSF1 into the TG. RESULTS The TN model activated the CSF1-CSF1R pathway in the TG, leading to exacerbated mechanical and cold allodynia. TN activated inflammatory responses in the TG manifested as a significant increase in IL-6 and TNF-a levels. After using PLX3397 to inhibit CSF1R, CSF1R expression in the TG declined significantly. Inhibiting the CSF1-CSF1R pathway in the TG downregulated the expression of IL-6 and TNF-α to reduce allodynia-related behaviors. Finally, mechanical allodynia behaviors were exacerbated in naïve mice after activating the CSF1-CSF1R pathway in the TG. CONCLUSIONS The CSF1-CSF1R pathway in the TG modulates TN by regulating neuroimmune responses. Our findings provide a theoretical basis for the development of treatments for TN in the TG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zile He
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Xizhimen South Street 11, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaqi Guo
- Shanghai Minhang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyu Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Xizhimen South Street 11, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Yunpeng Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Xizhimen South Street 11, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Yi Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Xizhimen South Street 11, Beijing, 100044, China.
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health Commission of China, Peking University, Xueyuan Road 38, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Zhang X, Bai Y, Hou J, Chen W, Cheng K, Zi L, Wang P. Anatomical measurements of trigeminal ganglion: a cadaver study. Anat Sci Int 2024; 99:98-105. [PMID: 37603209 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-023-00740-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
It is difficult to obtain specific information regarding the trigeminal ganglion (TG), especially pediatric TG. The aim of present study was to determine the parameters of the TG and assist in the neuroablative treatment of trigeminal neuralgia (TN). Thirty-seven sides of cadaver heads that had undergone gross anatomical examination were included, with 29 sides of adults and 8 sides of infants. The distance and angles were measured among 12 points, with nine points adjacent to the TG and three points on the foramen ovale (FO). The three points on FO were represented as three different surgical approaches for TN: posterior FO approach (PFO), lateral FO approach (LFO), and anterior FO approach (AFO). A high similarity was found in pediatric TG. No statistical difference was detected in either the distance or the angles between the 12 points. Statistical difference was found in adult heads in some of the distances, which included PFO to point 5 (17.97 ± 3.35 mm in the left and 15.52 ± 2.28 mm in the right; p = 0.03) and LFO to point 5 and point 8. Moreover, the angle for PFO to point 5 showed a statistically significant difference (60.10 ± 14.02 in the left and 46.63 ± 10.48 in the right; p = 0.01). These findings revealed that surgical neuroablation for patients with TN should be performed more carefully when the PFO or LFO approach is adopted, with a precise preoperative evaluation to avoid corneal complications. Two safety radiofrequency rhizotomy points are also presented to deal with two different kinds of TN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yong Bai
- Department of Anatomy, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jianfei Hou
- Department of Anatomy, Tarim University School of Medicine, #705, Hongqiao South RD, Alar, 843300, China
| | - Wenbin Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Tarim University School of Medicine, #705, Hongqiao South RD, Alar, 843300, China
| | - Kailiang Cheng
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Longjin Zi
- Department of Anatomy, Tarim University School of Medicine, #705, Hongqiao South RD, Alar, 843300, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China.
- Department of Anatomy, Tarim University School of Medicine, #705, Hongqiao South RD, Alar, 843300, China.
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11
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Toyama N, Ono T, Ono T, Nakashima T. The interleukin-6 signal regulates orthodontic tooth movement and pain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 684:149068. [PMID: 37866240 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.09.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is accomplished by controlling the mechanical loading onto the bone around the roots of target teeth. The precise orthodontic force induces osteoclastic bone resorption on the compression side and osteoblastic bone formation on the tension side of the alveolar bone. Orthodontic intervention causes inflammation in the periodontal ligament (PDL), which manifests as acute pain. Because inflammation is deeply connected to bone remodeling, it has been indicated that the inflammation after orthodontic intervention affects both the movement of teeth and generation of pain. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the immune regulation of OTM and the related pain are not well elucidated. Here, we found from the search of a public database that the interleukin (IL)-6 family of cytokines are highly expressed in the PDL by mechanical loading. The IL-6 signal was activated in the PDL after orthodontic intervention. The signal promoted OTM by inducing osteoclastic bone resorption. IL-6 was found to increase the number of osteoclasts by suppressing apoptosis and increasing their responsiveness to macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL). Furthermore, IL-6 signal was shown to elicit orthodontic pain by inducing neuroinflammation in the trigeminal ganglion (TG). Taken together, it was demonstrated that the IL-6 signal regulates tooth movement and pain during orthodontic treatment. It was also indicated that local blockade of the IL-6 signal is a promising therapeutic option in orthodontic treatment, targeting both tooth movement and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Toyama
- Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University; 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan; Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University; 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
| | - Takehito Ono
- Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University; 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan.
| | - Takashi Ono
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University; 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan.
| | - Tomoki Nakashima
- Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University; 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan.
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12
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Deng S, Luo J, Lai M, Yang W, Feng W, Ouyang J, Kuang J. Percutaneous balloon compression for trigeminal neuralgia: experience and surgical techniques from a single institution. Acta Neurol Belg 2023; 123:2295-2302. [PMID: 37353706 PMCID: PMC10682111 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-023-02310-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The treatment experience and the technical skill with percutaneous balloon compression (PBC) for treatment of primary trigeminal neuralgia (TN) were summarised in a single institution. METHODS This is a retrospective review including consecutive patients with typical symptoms of uni-lateral primary TN who underwent PBC from June 2020 to September 2021 in our institution. We excluded secondary aetiologies of TN. Patient demographics, surgical techniques and outcomes were reviewed. All included patients were initially managed with carbamazepine before PBC. RESULTS A total of 70 patients were included. The mean length of follow-up was 10.6 months. Sixty-nine (98.6%) were successfully treated, and only one patient failed due to particularly narrow foramen ovale. Amongst successfully treated patients, 68 (97.1%) had immediate pain relief, with one having delayed relief. Sixty-eight patients (97.1%) had immediate facial numbness post-operatively and one (1.4%) presented delayed numbness 7 days after surgery. In the last follow-up, regarding facial numbness, 22 (31.9%) patients had complete resolution, whilst 46 (67.6%) had different degrees of benefit. Forty-nine (71.0%) patients developed masseter muscle weakness with recovery at 3-month follow-up. No anaesthesia dolorosa, keratitis, intracranial infection or death occurred in this study. CONCLUSION PBC for treatment of TN has quick and effective result, and could be safely performed under general anaesthesia without discomfort to the patient. The common postoperative complications are facial numbness and masseter muscle weakness, with most being improved or recovered at follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengze Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China.
| | - Jilai Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, Jinggangshan University, Jian, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Minfang Lai
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Wuyang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Wenping Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jinyou Ouyang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jianguo Kuang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China.
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13
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Liu F, Zhang YH, Zhang YY, Lin J, Liu YJ, Li YL, Fang ZH, Liao HL, Wang H, Shen JF. Phosphorylation of the AMPARs regulated by protein kinase C (PKC) and protein interacting with C-kinase 1 (PICK1) contribute to orofacial neuropathic pain. Brain Res 2023; 1820:148578. [PMID: 37709161 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) has been recognized to play a vital role in the development of neuropathic pain. Recent studies have indicated that protein kinase C (PKC) and protein interacting with C-kinase 1 (PICK1) are involved in the phosphorylation of AMPARs. However, whether PKC and PICK1 were involved in the AMPAR phosphorylation in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) to participate in orofacial neuropathic pain remains enigmatic. A behavioral test was utilized to evaluate the head withdrawal threshold (HWT) after chronic constriction injury of the infraorbital nerve (CCI-ION). The distribution and expression of GluA1, GluA2, PKC, and PICK1 were examined in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) by immunofluorescence, real-time reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting, and co-immunoprecipitation. Intra-ganglionic injections of drugs were performed to investigate the regulation mechanism. The present study demonstrated that CCI-ION-induced mechanical allodynia was maintained over at least 21 days. GluA1 and GluA2 were mainly expressed in the neurons. Trigeminal nerve injury potentiated the phosphorylation of GluA1, GluA2, and PKC in the TG, which was prevented by inhibiting PKC with chelerythrine chloride. Additionally, PICK1 colocalized and interacted with GluA2 in the TG. Following blocking PICK1 with FSC-231, the phosphorylation of GluA2 decreased. Finally, inhibition of PKC and PICK1 both alleviated mechanical allodynia in the whisker pad of CCI-ION mice. In conclusion, activation of PKC and PICK1 contribute to orofacial allodynia by regulating AMPAR phosphorylation in the TG of male mice, which provides potential therapeutic targets for alleviating orofacial neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu-Han Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan-Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya-Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue-Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhong-Han Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong-Lin Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie-Fei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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14
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Misawa-Omori E, Okihara H, Ogawa T, Abe Y, Kato C, Ishidori H, Fujita A, Kokai S, Ono T. Reduced mastication during growth inhibits cognitive function by affecting trigeminal ganglia and modulating Wnt signaling pathway and ARHGAP33 molecular transmission. Neuropeptides 2023; 102:102370. [PMID: 37634443 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2023.102370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Binding of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) to its receptor tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) is essential for the development of the hippocampus, which regulates memory and learning. Decreased masticatory stimulation during growth reportedly increases BDNF expression while decreasing TrkB expression in the hippocampus. Increased BDNF expression is associated with Wnt family member 3A (Wnt3a) expression and decreased expression of Rho GTPase Activating Protein 33 (ARHGAP33), which regulates intracellular transport of TrkB. TrkB expression may be decreased at the cell surface and affects the hippocampus via BDNF/TrkB signaling. Mastication affects cerebral blood flow and the neural cascade that occurs through the trigeminal nerve and hippocampus. In the current study, we hypothesized that decreased masticatory stimulation reduces memory/learning in mice due to altered Wnt3a and ARHGAP33 expression, which are related to memory/learning functions in the hippocampus. To test this hypothesis, we fed mice a powdered diet until 14 weeks of age and analyzed the BDNF and TrkB mRNA expression in the right hippocampus using real-time polymerase chain reaction and Wnt3a and ARHGAP33 levels in the left hippocampus using western blotting. Furthermore, we used staining to assess BDNF and TrkB expression in the hippocampus and the number of nerve cells, the average size of each single cell and the area of intercellular spaces of the trigeminal ganglion (TG). We found that decreased masticatory stimulation affected the expression of BDNF, Wnt3a, ARHGAP33, and TrkB proteins in the hippocampus, as well as memory/learning. The experimental group showed significantly decreased numbers of neurons and increased the area of intercellular spaces in the TG. Our findings suggest that reduced masticatory stimulation during growth induces a decline in memory/learning by modulating molecular transmission mechanisms in the hippocampus and TG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Misawa-Omori
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hidemasa Okihara
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan.
| | - Takuya Ogawa
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yasunori Abe
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Chiho Kato
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Ishidori
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Akiyo Fujita
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kokai
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Takashi Ono
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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15
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Akasaka R, Furukawa A, Hayashi Y, Hitomi S, Koyama R, Oshima E, Tamura M, Yonemoto M, Hojo Y, Takahashi R, Shibuta I, Iwata K, Yonehara Y, Shinoda M. PAR2-dependent phosphorylation of TRPV4 at the trigeminal nerve terminals contributes to tongue cancer pain. J Oral Biosci 2023; 65:356-364. [PMID: 37838226 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2023.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to clarify the interactions between the tongue and primary afferent fibers in tongue cancer pain. METHODS A pharmacological analysis was conducted to evaluate mechanical hypersensitivity of the tongues of rats with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Changes in trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons projecting to the tongue were analyzed using immunohistochemistry and western blotting. RESULTS SCC inoculation of the tongue caused persistent mechanical sensitization and tumor formation. Trypsin expression was significantly upregulated in cancer lesions. Continuous trypsin inhibition or protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) antagonism in the tongue significantly inhibited SCC-induced mechanical sensitization. No changes were observed in PAR2 and transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) levels in the TG or the number of PAR2-and TRPV4-expressing TG neurons after SCC inoculation. In contrast, the relative amount of phosphorylated TRPV4 in the TG was significantly increased after SCC inoculation and abrogated by PAR2 antagonism in the tongue. TRPV4 antagonism in the tongue significantly ameliorated the mechanical sensitization caused by SCC inoculation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that tumor-derived trypsin sensitizes primary afferent fibers by PAR2 stimulation and subsequent TRPV4 phosphorylation, resulting in severe tongue pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuta Akasaka
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery II, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan
| | - Akihiko Furukawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery II, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Hayashi
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan.
| | - Suzuro Hitomi
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan
| | - Ryo Koyama
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery II, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan
| | - Eri Oshima
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan
| | - Miki Tamura
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan
| | - Mamiko Yonemoto
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan
| | - Yasushi Hojo
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan
| | - Ikuko Shibuta
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan
| | - Koichi Iwata
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Yonehara
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery II, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan
| | - Masamichi Shinoda
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan
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16
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Maddahi A, Warfvinge K, Holm A, Edvinsson JCA, Reducha PV, Kazantzi S, Haanes KA, Edvinsson L. Progesterone distribution in the trigeminal system and its role to modulate sensory neurotransmission: influence of sex. J Headache Pain 2023; 24:154. [PMID: 37957603 PMCID: PMC10644471 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-023-01687-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women are disproportionately affected by migraine, representing up to 75% of all migraine cases. This discrepancy has been proposed to be influenced by differences in hormone levels between the sexes. One such hormone is progesterone. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) system is an important factor in migraine pathophysiology and could be influenced by circulating hormones. The purpose of this study was to investigate the distribution of progesterone and its receptor (PR) in the trigeminovascular system, and to examine the role of progesterone to modulate sensory neurotransmission. METHODS Trigeminal ganglion (TG), hypothalamus, dura mater, and the basilar artery from male and female rats were carefully dissected. Expression of progesterone and PR proteins, and mRNA levels from TG and hypothalamus were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and real-time quantitative PCR. CGRP release from TG and dura mater were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, the vasomotor effect of progesterone on male and female basilar artery segments was investigated with myography. RESULTS Progesterone and progesterone receptor -A (PR-A) immunoreactivity were found in TG. Progesterone was located predominantly in cell membranes and in Aδ-fibers, and PR-A was found in neuronal cytoplasm and nucleus, and in satellite glial cells. The number of positive progesterone immunoreactive cells in the TG was higher in female compared to male rats. The PR mRNA was expressed in both hypothalamus and TG; however, the PR expression level was significantly higher in the hypothalamus. Progesterone did not induce a significant change neither in basal level nor upon stimulated release of CGRP from dura mater or TG in male or female rats when compared to the vehicle control. However, pre-treated with 10 µM progesterone weakly enhanced capsaicin induced CGRP release observed in the dura mater of male rats. Similarly, in male basilar arteries, progesterone significantly amplified the dilation in response to capsaicin. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, these results highlight the potential for progesterone to modulate sensory neurotransmission and vascular responses in a complex manner, with effects varying by sex, tissue type, and the nature of the stimulus. Further investigations are needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and physiological implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Maddahi
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Karin Warfvinge
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anja Holm
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for RNA Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jacob C A Edvinsson
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Philip Victor Reducha
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for RNA Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Spyridoula Kazantzi
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for RNA Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Kristian A Haanes
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biology, Section of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Edvinsson
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
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17
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Zhu T, Li H, Chen Y, Jia X, Ma X, Liu X, Feng Y, Ke J. ALPK1 Expressed in IB4-Positive Neurons of Mice Trigeminal Ganglions Promotes MIA-Induced TMJ pain. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:6264-6274. [PMID: 37442857 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03462-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Pain is one of the main reasons for patients with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders seeking medical care. However, there is no effective treatment yet as its mechanism remains unclear. Herein, we found that the injection of monoiodoacetate (MIA) into mice TMJs can induce typical joint pain as early as 3 days, accompanied by an increased percentage of calcitonin gene-related peptide positive (CGRP+) neurons and isolectin B4 positive (IB4+) in the trigeminal ganglions (TGs). Our previous study has discovered that alpha-kinase 1 (ALPK1) may be involved in joint pain. Here, we detected the expression of ALPK1 in neurons of TGs in wild-type (WT) mice, and it was upregulated after intra-TMJ injection of MIA. Meanwhile, the increased percentage of neurons in TGs expressing ALPK1 and CGRP or ALPK1 and IB4 was also demonstrated by the immunofluorescent double staining. Furthermore, after the MIA injection, ALPK1-/- mice exhibited attenuated pain behavior, as well as a remarkably decreased percentage of IB4+ neurons and an unchanged percentage of CGRP+ neurons, as compared with WT mice. In vitro assay showed that the value of calcium intensity was weakened in Dil+ neurons from ALPK1-/- mice of TMJ pain induced by the MIA injection, in relation to those from WT mice, while it was significantly enhanced with the incubation of recombinant human ALPK1 (rhA). Taken together, these results suggest that ALPK1 promotes mice TMJ pain induced by MIA through upregulation of the sensitization of IB4+ neurons in TGs. This study will provide a new potential therapeutic target for the treatment of TMJ pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taomin Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei Province, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma and Temporomandibular Joint Surgery, Hubei-MOST KLOS & KLOBM, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Huimin Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei Province, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma and Temporomandibular Joint Surgery, Hubei-MOST KLOS & KLOBM, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Yuxiang Chen
- GuangDong Women and Children Hospital, Guangdong, 511400, China
| | - Xueke Jia
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei Province, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma and Temporomandibular Joint Surgery, Hubei-MOST KLOS & KLOBM, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Xiaohan Ma
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei Province, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma and Temporomandibular Joint Surgery, Hubei-MOST KLOS & KLOBM, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Xin Liu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei Province, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma and Temporomandibular Joint Surgery, Hubei-MOST KLOS & KLOBM, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Yaping Feng
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei Province, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma and Temporomandibular Joint Surgery, Hubei-MOST KLOS & KLOBM, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Jin Ke
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei Province, China.
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma and Temporomandibular Joint Surgery, Hubei-MOST KLOS & KLOBM, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
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Sponton LS, Archavlis E, Conrad J, Nimer A, Ayyad A, Januschek E, Jussen D, Czabanka M, Schumann S, Kantelhardt SR. Variants of the Anterior Subtemporal Approach to the Gasserian Ganglion and Related Structures: An Anatomical Study With Relevant Implications for Keyhole Surgery. World Neurosurg 2023; 176:e587-e597. [PMID: 37270095 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2023.05.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The advantages and limitations of different craniotomy positions and approach trajectories to the gasserian ganglion (GG) and related structures using an anterior subtemporal approach have not been studied systematically. Knowledge of these features is of importance when planning keyhole anterior subtemporal (kAST) approaches to the GG to optimize access and minimize risks. METHODS Eight formalin-fixed heads were used bilaterally to assess temporal lobe retraction (TLR), trigeminal exposure, and relevant anatomical aspects of extra- and transdural classic anterior subtemporal (CLAST) approaches compared with slightly dorsally and ventrally allocated corridors. RESULTS TLR to the GG and foramen ovale was found to be lower via the CLAST approach (P < 0.001). Using the ventral variant, TLR to access the foramen rotundum was minimized (P < 0.001). The overall TLR was maximal using the dorsal variant (P < 0.001) owing to interposition of the arcuate eminence. An extradural CLAST approach required wide exposure of the greater petrosal nerve (GPN) and middle meningeal artery (MMA) sacrifice. Both maneuvers were spared using a transdural approach. Using CLAST, medial dissection >39 mm can enter the Parkinson triangle, jeopardizing the intracavernous internal carotid artery. The ventral variant enabled access to the anterior portion of the GG and foramen ovale without the need for MMA sacrifice or GPN dissection. CONCLUSIONS The CLAST approach provides high versatility to approach the trigeminal plexus, minimizing TLR. However, an extradural approach jeopardizes the GPN and requires MMA sacrifice. The risk of cavernous sinus violation exists when progressing medially beyond 4 cm. The ventral variant has some advantages to access the ventral structures and avoid MMA and GPN manipulation. In contrast, the usefulness of the dorsal variant is rather limited owing to the greater TLR required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Serrano Sponton
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sana Clinic Offenbach, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main academic Hospitals, Offenbach am Main, Germany.
| | | | - Jens Conrad
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mainz University Medical Centre, Mainz, Germany
| | - Amr Nimer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ali Ayyad
- Department of Neurosurgery, Saarland University Medical Centre, Homburg, Germany
| | - Elke Januschek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sana Clinic Offenbach, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main academic Hospitals, Offenbach am Main, Germany
| | - Daniel Jussen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Frankfurt am Main University Medical Centre, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marcus Czabanka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Frankfurt am Main University Medical Centre, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sven Schumann
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Mainz University Medical Centre, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sven R Kantelhardt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mainz University Medical Centre, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, Vivantes Clinic Berlin-Friedrichshein, Berlin, Germany
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19
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van Gent M, Ouwendijk WJD, Campbell VL, Laing KJ, Verjans GMGM, Koelle DM. Varicella-zoster virus proteome-wide T-cell screening demonstrates low prevalence of virus-specific CD8 T-cells in latently infected human trigeminal ganglia. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:141. [PMID: 37308917 PMCID: PMC10259006 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02820-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trigeminal ganglia (TG) neurons are an important site of lifelong latent varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection. Although VZV-specific T-cells are considered pivotal to control virus reactivation, their protective role at the site of latency remains uncharacterized. METHODS Paired blood and TG specimens were obtained from ten latent VZV-infected adults, of which nine were co-infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Short-term TG-derived T-cell lines (TG-TCL), generated by mitogenic stimulation of TG-derived T-cells, were probed for HSV-1- and VZV-specific T-cells using flow cytometry. We also performed VZV proteome-wide screening of TG-TCL to determine the fine antigenic specificity of VZV reactive T-cells. Finally, the relationship between T-cells and latent HSV-1 and VZV infections in TG was analyzed by reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and in situ analysis for T-cell proteins and latent viral transcripts. RESULTS VZV proteome-wide analysis of ten TG-TCL identified two VZV antigens recognized by CD8 T-cells in two separate subjects. The first was an HSV-1/VZV cross-reactive CD8 T-cell epitope, whereas the second TG harbored CD8 T-cells reactive with VZV specifically and not the homologous peptide in HSV-1. In silico analysis showed that HSV-1/VZV cross reactivity of TG-derived CD8 T-cells reactive with ten previously identified HSV-1 epitopes was unlikely, suggesting that HSV-1/VZV cross-reactive T-cells are not a common feature in dually infected TG. Finally, no association was detected between T-cell infiltration and VZV latency transcript abundance in TG by RT-qPCR or in situ analyses. CONCLUSIONS The low presence of VZV- compared to HSV-1-specific CD8 T-cells in human TG suggests that VZV reactive CD8 T-cells play a limited role in maintaining VZV latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel van Gent
- HerpesLabNL, Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Werner J. D. Ouwendijk
- HerpesLabNL, Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Kerry J. Laing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Georges M. G. M. Verjans
- HerpesLabNL, Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David M. Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Department of Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101 USA
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20
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Liu M, Li X, Wang J, Ji Y, Gu J, Wei Y, Peng L, Tian C, Lv P, Wang P, Liu X, Li W. Identification and validation of Rab11a in Rat orofacial inflammatory pain model induced by CFA. Neurochem Int 2023:105550. [PMID: 37268020 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Orofacial pain (OFP) is a clinically very common and the most troubling condition; however, there is few effective way to relieve OFP. Rab11a, a small molecule guanosine triphosphate enzyme, is one of the Rab member family playing a vital role in intracellular endocytosis and the pain process. Therefore, we investigated the hub genes of rat OFP model induced by Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) via re-analyzing microarray data (GSE111160). We found that Rab11a acted as a key hub gene in the process of OFP. During the validation of Rab11a, the OFP model was established by peripheral injection of CFA, which decreased the head withdrawal threshold (HWT) and head withdrawal lantency (HWL). Rab11a was observed in NeuN of Sp5C instead of GFAP/IBA-1, and double-IF of Rab11a and Fos positive cells were increased on the 7th day after CFA modeling statistically. Rab11a protein expression in TG and Sp5C of CFA group was also significantly increased. Interestingly, injection of Rab11a-targeted short hairpin RNA (Rab11a-shRNA) into Sp5C could reverse the decrease in HWT and HWL and reduce the expression level of Rab11a. Electrophysiological recording further demonstrated that the activity of Sp5C neuron was improved in CFA group, while Rab11a-shRNA considerably decreased the enhancement of Sp5C neuronal activity. Finally, we detected the expression level of p-PI3K, p-AKT, and p-mTOR in Sp5C of rats after injecting the Rab11a-shRNA virus. To our surprise, CFA upregulated the phosphorylation of PI3K, AKT and mTOR in Sp5C, and Rab11a-shRNA downregulated these molecules' expression. Our data suggest that CFA activates the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway through up-regulating Rab11a expression, which can induce OFP hyperalgesia development furtherly. Targeting Rab11a may be a novel treatment strategy for OFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tangdu Hospital of the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Stomatology, The 960th Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital of the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ji
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Junxiang Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yi Wei
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liwei Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital of the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chao Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital of the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peiyuan Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital of the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital of the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Stomatology, The 960th Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Weixin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital of the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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Katagiri A, Tsubota K, Mikuzuki L, Nakamura S, Toyofuku A, Kato T, Bereiter DA, Iwata K. Tear secretion by Diquafosol suppresses the excitability of trigeminal brainstem nuclear complex neurons by reducing excessive P2Y 2 expression in the trigeminal ganglion in dry eye rats. Neurosci Res 2023; 191:66-76. [PMID: 36657726 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The P2Y2 receptor agonist, diquafosol sodium, is commonly used to treat the signs and symptoms of dry eye disease (DE) patients. Although diquafosol improves tear film stability, the neural mechanisms underlying the reduction in ocular pain are not well defined. This study determined if repeated application of diquafosol reduces the sensitization of nociceptive neurons in the lower trigeminal brainstem nuclear complex (TBNC) via peripheral P2Y2 mechanisms in a rat model for DE. Diquafosol was applied to the ocular surface daily for 28 days, starting at day 0 or day 14, after exorbital gland removal. The number of eyeblinks, P2Y2-immunoreactive neurons in the trigeminal ganglion (TG), and correlates of TBNC neural excitability (i.e., cFos protein and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK) expression) were assessed in male rats. Diquafosol increased spontaneous tear volume and reduced the number of ocular surface-evoked eyeblinks in DE rats. Fluorogold-labeled TG neurons that supply the cornea expressed P2Y2. The number of P2Y2-immunoreactive neurons was increased in DE rats and suppressed by diquafosol. Diquafosol also reduced the number of cFos- and pERK-immunoreactive neurons in the TBNC in DE rats. These findings suggest that diquafosol, regardless of late-phase treatment, relieves ocular nociception in DE by reducing peripheral P2Y2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayano Katagiri
- Department of Oral Physiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Tsubota Laboratory, Inc., 34 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0016, Japan.
| | - Lou Mikuzuki
- Division of Geriatric Dentistry, Department of Critical Care Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka-shi, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan.
| | - Shigeru Nakamura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Akira Toyofuku
- Department of Psychosomatic Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) Graduate School, 1-5-45 Yushima Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
| | - Takafumi Kato
- Department of Oral Physiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - David A Bereiter
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Koichi Iwata
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan.
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Maddahi A, Edvinsson L, Warfvinge K. Expression of vasopressin and its receptors in migraine-related regions in CNS and the trigeminal system: influence of sex. J Headache Pain 2022; 23:152. [PMID: 36456902 PMCID: PMC9713967 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-022-01524-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypothalamus is a key region in migraine attacks. In addition, women are disproportionately affected by migraine. The calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) system is an important key player in migraine pathophysiology. CGRP signaling could be a target of hormones that influence migraine. Our aim is to identify the expression of vasopressin and its receptors in the brain and in the trigeminovascular system with focus on the migraine-related regions and, furthermore, to examine the role of sex on the expression of neurohormones in the trigeminal ganglion. METHODS Rat brain and trigeminal ganglia were carefully harvested, and protein and mRNA levels were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR, respectively. RESULTS Vasopressin and its receptors immunoreactivity were found in migraine-related areas within the brain and, in the trigeminal ganglion, predominantly in neuronal cytoplasm. There were no differences in the number of positive immunoreactivity cells expression of CGRP and vasopressin in the trigeminal ganglion between male and female rats. In contrast, the number of RAMP1 (CGRP receptor), oxytocin (molecular relative to vasopressin), oxytocin receptor and vasopressin receptors (V1aR and V1bR) immunoreactive cells were higher in female compared to male rats. Vasopressin and its receptors mRNA were expressed in both hypothalamus and trigeminal ganglion; however, the vasopressin mRNA level was significantly higher in the hypothalamus. CONCLUSIONS A better understanding of potential hormonal influences on migraine mechanisms is needed to improve treatment of female migraineurs. It is intriguing that vasopressin is an output of hypothalamic neurons that influences areas associated with migraine. Therefore, vasopressin and the closely related oxytocin might be important hypothalamic components that contribute to migraine pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Maddahi
- grid.411843.b0000 0004 0623 9987Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lars Edvinsson
- grid.411843.b0000 0004 0623 9987Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden ,grid.475435.4Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Karin Warfvinge
- grid.411843.b0000 0004 0623 9987Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden ,grid.475435.4Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
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23
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Yuasa GH, Costa NLVK, Lopes RV, Baggio DF, Rae GA, Chichorro JG. Role of endothelin in the pathophysiology of migraine: A new view on an old player. Neuropeptides 2022; 96:102286. [PMID: 36108557 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2022.102286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is cumulating evidence that endothelin-1 (ET-1) may play a role in migraine, however controversial findings still impede a conclusion to be drawn. Herein we tested the hypothesis that endothelin ETB receptors are major contributors to migraine-like responses. ET-1, IRL-1620 (selective ETB receptor agonist) or CGRP were injected into the trigeminal ganglion (TG) of female Wistar rats, and the development of periorbital mechanical allodynia was assessed hourly with von Frey hairs. Twenty-four hours later, rats were exposed to an aversive light for 1 h, after which the reactivation of periorbital mechanical allodynia (indicating photic sensitivity) was assessed up to 4 h. Moreover, the effect of systemic Bosentan (ETA/ETB receptors antagonist) or the selective antagonists of ETA (BQ-123) and ETB (BQ-788) receptors injected into the TG were evaluated against CGRP-induced responses. ET-1 and IRL-1620 injection into the TG induced periorbital mechanical allodynia and photic sensitivity. Bosentan attenuated periorbital mechanical allodynia but failed to affect photic sensitivity induced by CGRP. Selective blockade of ETB receptors in the TG fully prevented the development of periorbital mechanical allodynia and photic sensitivity induced by CGRP, but ETA receptor blockade caused only a slight reduction of periorbital mechanical allodynia without affecting photic sensitivity. ETB receptor-operated mechanisms in the TG may contribute to migraine-like responses in female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianna Hissae Yuasa
- Department of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences Sector, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | | | - Raphael Vieira Lopes
- Department of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences Sector, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Darciane Favero Baggio
- Department of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences Sector, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Giles Alexander Rae
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Juliana Geremias Chichorro
- Department of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences Sector, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil.
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Abstract
Excruciating trigeminal neuralgia (TN) management is very difficult and severely affects the patient's quality of life. Earlier studies have shown that the trigeminal ganglion (TG) comprises several receptors and signal molecules that are involved in the process of peripheral sensitization, which influences the development and persistence of neuropathic pain. Targeting TG can modulate this sensitization pathway and mediate the pain-relieving effect. So far,there are few studies in which modulation approaches to TG itself have been suggested so far. "Trigeminal ganglion modulation" and "trigeminal neuralgia" were used as search phrases in the Scopus Index and PubMed databases to discover articles that were pertinent to the topic. In this review, we address the role of the trigeminal ganglion in TN and underlying molecules and neuropeptides implicated in trigeminal pain pathways in processing pathological orofacial pain. We also reviewed different modulation approaches in TG for TN management. Furthermore, we discuss the prospect of targeting trigeminal ganglion to manage such intractable pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina KC
- grid.254229.a0000 0000 9611 0917Program in Neuroscience, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jaisan Islam
- grid.254229.a0000 0000 9611 0917Program in Neuroscience, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Young Seok Park
- grid.254229.a0000 0000 9611 0917Program in Neuroscience, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea ,grid.411725.40000 0004 1794 4809Department of Neurosurgery, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
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25
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Zhang YY, Liu F, Fang ZH, Li YL, Liao HL, Song QX, Zhou C, Shen JF. Differential roles of NMDAR subunits 2A and 2B in mediating peripheral and central sensitization contributing to orofacial neuropathic pain. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 106:129-146. [PMID: 36038077 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The spinal N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), particularly their subtypes NR2A and NR2B, plays pivotal roles in neuropathic and inflammatory pain. However, the roles of NR2A and NR2B in orofacial pain and the exact molecular and cellular mechanisms mediating nervous system sensitization are still poorly understood. Here, we exhaustively assessed the regulatory effect of NMDAR in mediating peripheral and central sensitization in orofacial neuropathic pain. Von-Frey filament tests showed that the inferior alveolar nerve transection (IANX) induced ectopic allodynia behavior in the whisker pad of mice. Interestingly, mechanical allodynia was reversed in mice lacking NR2A and NR2B. IANX also promoted the production of peripheral sensitization-related molecules, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and chemokine upregulation (CC motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), and decreased the inward potassium channel (Kir) 4.1 on glial cells in the trigeminal ganglion, but NR2A conditional knockout (CKO) mice prevented these alterations. In contrast, NR2B CKO only blocked the changes of Kir4.1, IL-1β, and TNF-α and further promoted the production of CCL2. Central sensitization-related c-fos, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1) were promoted and Kir4.1 was reduced in the spinal trigeminal caudate nucleus by IANX. Differential actions of NR2A and NR2B in mediating central sensitization were also observed. Silencing of NR2B was effective in reducing c-fos, GFAP, and Iba-1 but did not affect Kir4.1. In contrast, NR2A CKO only altered Iba-1 and Kir4.1 and further increased c-fos and GFAP. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function approaches provided insight into the differential roles of NR2A and NR2B in mediating peripheral and central nociceptive sensitization induced by IANX, which may be a fundamental basis for advancing knowledge of the neural mechanisms' reaction to nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhong-Han Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue-Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong-Lin Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qin-Xuan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie-Fei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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26
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Unger PPA, Oja AE, Khemai-Mehraban T, Ouwendijk WJD, Hombrink P, Verjans GMGM. T-cells in human trigeminal ganglia express canonical tissue-resident memory T-cell markers. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:249. [PMID: 36203181 PMCID: PMC9535861 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02611-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trigeminal ganglia (TG) neurons are the main site of lifelong latent herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection. T-cells in ganglia contribute to long-term control of latent HSV-1 infection, but it is unclear whether these cells are bona fide tissue-resident memory T-cells (TRM). We optimized the processing of human post-mortem nervous tissue to accurately phenotype T-cells in human TG ex vivo and in situ. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC; 5 blood donors) were incubated with several commercial tissue digestion enzyme preparations to determine off-target effect on simultaneous detection of 15 specific T-cell subset markers by flow cytometry. Next, optimized enzymatic digestion was applied to ex vivo phenotype T-cells in paired PBMC, normal appearing white matter (NAWM) and TG of 8 deceased brain donors obtained < 9 h post-mortem by flow cytometry. Finally, the phenotypic and functional markers, and spatial orientation of T-cells in relation to neuronal somata, were determined in TG tissue sections of five HSV-1-latently infected individuals by multiparametric in situ analysis. Results Collagenase IV digestion of human nervous tissue was most optimal to obtain high numbers of viable T-cells without disrupting marker surface expression. Compared to blood, majority T-cells in paired NAWM and TG were effector memory T-cells expressing the canonical TRM markers CD69, CXCR6 and the immune checkpoint marker PD1, and about half co-expressed CD103. A trend of relatively higher TRM frequencies were detected in TG of latently HSV-1-infected compared to HSV-1 naïve individuals. Subsequent in situ analysis of latently HSV-1-infected TG showed the presence of cytotoxic T-cells (TIA-1+), which occasionally showed features of proliferation (KI-67+) and activation (CD137+), but without signs of degranulation (CD107a+) nor damage (TUNEL+) of TG cells. Whereas majority T-cells expressed PD-1, traits of T-cell senescence (p16INK4a+) were not detected. Conclusions The human TG represents an immunocompetent environment in which both CD4 and CD8 TRM are established and retained. Based on our study insights, we advocate for TRM-targeted vaccine strategies to bolster local HSV-1-specific T-cell immunity, not only at the site of recurrent infection but also at the site of HSV-1 latency. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02611-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter-Paul A Unger
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anna E Oja
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tamana Khemai-Mehraban
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Werner J D Ouwendijk
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pleun Hombrink
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Georges M G M Verjans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Yazaki T, Kuroda H, Kimura M, Ohyama S, Ichinohe T, Shibukawa Y. Direct Mechanical Stimulation Mediates Cell-to-Cell Interactions in Cultured Trigeminal Ganglion Cells. Bull Tokyo Dent Coll 2022; 63:109-117. [PMID: 35965080 DOI: 10.2209/tdcpublication.2021-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Trigeminal neuralgia occurs in the orofacial region, characteristically causing pain that feels like a transient electric shock. Some histopathological studies have reported that trigeminal neuralgia is caused by mechanical compression of the demyelinated trigeminal nerve; the pathophysiological mechanism behind this phenomenon remains to be clarified, however. Cell-cell interactions have also been reported to be involved in the development and modulation of some types of neuropathic pain. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential contribution of cell-cell interactions to trigeminal neuralgia by measuring intracellular free Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]i) in primary cultured trigeminal ganglion (TG) cells. Direct mechanical stimulation of TG cells induced an increase in [Ca2+]i in both neuronal and non-neuronal cells, such as glial cells. Moreover, this increase was stimulus intensity-dependent and non-desensitizing. Direct mechanical stimulation increased [Ca2+]i in neighboring cells as well, and this increase was inhibited by application of carbamazepine. These results indicate that direct mechanical stimulation affects Ca2+ signaling. Trigeminal ganglion cells establish intercellular networks between themselves, suggesting that this is involved in the development and generation of trigeminal neuralgia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiko Yazaki
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Dental College.,Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Tokyo Dental College
| | - Hidetaka Kuroda
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Dental College.,Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Kanagawa Dental University
| | - Maki Kimura
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Dental College
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Xu FF, Kong LC, Cao DL, Ding BX, Wu Q, Ding YC, Wu H, Jiang BC. Decoding gene expression signatures in mice trigeminal ganglion across trigeminal neuropathic pain stages via high-throughput sequencing. Brain Res Bull 2022; 187:122-137. [PMID: 35781031 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Trigeminal neuropathic pain (TNP) arises due to peripheral nerve injury, the mechanisms underlying which are little known. The altered gene expression profile in sensory ganglia is critical for neuropathic pain generation and maintenance. We, therefore, assessed the transcriptome of the trigeminal ganglion (TG) from mice at different periods of pain progression. Trigeminal neuropathic pain was established by partial infraorbital nerve transection (pIONT). High-throughput RNA sequencing was applied to detect the mRNA profiles of TG collected at 3 and 10 days after modeling. Injured TG displayed dramatically altered mRNA expression profiles compared to Sham. Different gene expression profiles were obtained at 3 and 10 days after pIONT. Moreover, 314 genes were significantly upregulated, and 81 were significantly downregulated at both 3 and 10 days post-pIONT. Meanwhile, enrichment analysis of these persistent differentially expressed genes (DEGs) showed that the MAPK pathway was the most significantly enriched pathway for upregulated DEGs, validated by immunostaining. In addition, TG cell populations defined by single-nuclei RNA sequencing displayed cellular localization of DEGs at a single-cell resolution. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) and sub-PPI network analyses constructed networks and identified the top 10 hub genes for DEGs at different time points. The present data provide novel information on the gene expression signatures of TG during the development and maintenance phases of TNP, and the identified hub genes and pathways may serve as potential targets for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Fei Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head, and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Ling-Chi Kong
- Institute of Pain Medicine and Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Jiangsu 226019, China
| | - De-Li Cao
- Institute of Pain Medicine and Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Jiangsu 226019, China
| | - Bi-Xiao Ding
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head, and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head, and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Yuan-Cheng Ding
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head, and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head, and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China.
| | - Bao-Chun Jiang
- Institute of Pain Medicine and Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Jiangsu 226019, China.
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Sayaci EY, Kahilogullari G, Comert A, Morali Guler T, Guner YE, Korkmaz AC, Gungor Y, Cansiz Ersoz C, Okcu Heper A, Savas A. Morphology of the trigeminal ganglion: anatomical structures related to trigeminal radiofrequency rhizotomy. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2022; 164:1551-1566. [PMID: 35235035 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-022-05160-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trigeminal neuralgia is the most common example of craniofacial neuralgia. Its etiology is unknown and is characterized by severe episodes of paroxysmal pain. The trigeminal ganglion and its adjacent anatomical structures have a complex anatomy. The foramen ovale is of great importance during surgical procedures such as percutaneous trigeminal rhizotomy for trigeminal neuralgia. OBJECTIVE We aimed to identify the anatomical structures associated with the trigeminal ganglion and radiofrequency rhizotomy on cadavers and investigate their relationship with the electrodes used during rhizotomy to determine the contribution of the electrode diameter and length to the effectiveness of the lesion formation on the ganglion. METHODS Five fresh-frozen cadaver heads injected with red silicone/latex were used. A percutaneous puncture was made by inserting of a cannula through the foramen ovale to create a pathway for electrodes. The relationships between the electrodes, Meckel's cave, trigeminal ganglion, and neurovascular structures were observed and morphometric measurements were obtained using a digital caliper. RESULTS Trigeminal ganglion, therefore the electrode in its final position, shows proximity with important anatomical structures. The electrode was inserted posteriorly into the foramen ovale in all of the specimens and was located on the retrogasserian fibers. This study revealed that the electrodes targeting the ganglion and passing through the foramen ovale may cause a radiofrequency lesion due to the contact effect of the dura itself pressing on the electrode. Pushing the cannula beyond the petroclival angle may result in puncturing of the dura propria and moving further away from the target area. CONCLUSION The success of radiofrequency rhizotomy is directly related to the area affected by the lesion. Understanding the mechanism of action underlying this procedure will ensure the effectiveness, success, and sustainability of the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Yagiz Sayaci
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, 06230, Turkey.
| | - Gokmen Kahilogullari
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, 06230, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Comert
- Department of Anatomy, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tugba Morali Guler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Karabuk University School of Medicine, Karabuk, Turkey
| | - Yahya Efe Guner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yuksek Ihtisas University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ali Can Korkmaz
- Department of Anatomy, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yigit Gungor
- Department of Anatomy, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Aylin Okcu Heper
- Department of Pathology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ali Savas
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, 06230, Turkey
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Sullivan C, Lee J, Bushey W, Demers D, Dinsdale S, Lowe K, Olmeda J, Meng ID. Evidence for a phenotypic switch in corneal afferents after lacrimal gland excision. Exp Eye Res 2022; 218:109005. [PMID: 35240196 PMCID: PMC9993327 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Dry eye is a common cause of ocular pain. The aim of this study was to investigate corneal innervation, ongoing pain, and alterations in corneal afferent phenotypes in a mouse model of severe aqueous tear deficiency. Chronic dry eye was produced by ipsilateral excision of the extra- and intraorbital lacrimal glands in male and female mice. Tearing was measured using a phenol thread and corneal epithelial damage assessed using fluorescein. Changes in corneal ongoing ocular pain was evaluated by measuring palpebral opening ratio. Corneal axons were visualized using Nav1.8-Cre;tdTomato reporter mice. Immunohistochemistry was performed to characterize somal expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), the capsaicin sensitive transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), and activating transcription factor-3 (ATF-3) in tracer labeled corneal neurons following lacrimal gland excision (LGE). LGE decreased tearing, created severe epithelial damage, and decreased palpebral opening, indicative of chronic ocular irritation, over the 28-day observation period. Corneal axon terminals exhibited an acute decrease in density after LGE, followed by a regenerative process over the course of 28 days that was greater in male animals. Corneal neurons expressing CGRP, TRPV1, and ATF3 increased following injury, corresponding to axonal injury and regeneration processes observed during the same period. CGRP and TRPV1 expression was notably increased in IB4-positive cells following LGE. These results indicate that dry eye-induced damage to corneal afferents can result in alterations in IB4-positive neurons that may enhance neuroprotective mechanisms to create resiliency after chronic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara Sullivan
- Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA; Graduate Studies in Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Jun Lee
- Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA; Department of Complete Denture Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Nihon University, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan
| | - William Bushey
- Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA
| | - Danielle Demers
- Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA
| | - Samantha Dinsdale
- Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA
| | - Katy Lowe
- Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA
| | - Jessica Olmeda
- Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA
| | - Ian D Meng
- Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA; Graduate Studies in Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA.
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Olgun A, Sirinoglu D, Karadag MK, Kaya Z, Mutlu V, Kocak MN, Demirtas R, Aydin MD. Predictive role of trigeminal ganglion ischemia on scalp survival affected by temporal artery diameters: The first experimental study. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2022:S1748-6815(22)00116-4. [PMID: 35331678 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2022.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Scalp arteries are mainly innervated by trigeminal, facial, and vagal nerves. The ischemic neurodegeneration of the trigeminal ganglion can impede scalp circulation via vasospasm-creating effects. This study was designed to investigate whether there is any link between the vasospasm index of deep temporal arteries and ischemic neuron densities of the trigeminal ganglion after subarachnoid hemorrhage. The study subjects included five normal control rabbits, six sham rabbits, and nine rabbits chosen from a formerly established experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage group created by cisternal homologous blood injection (0.75 mL). These rabbits, all male, were followed up for 3 weeks. The trigeminal ganglion and deep temporal artery vasospasm indexes were examined by stereological methods. Ischemic neuron densities of the trigeminal ganglion and vasospasm index values of deep temporal arteries were compared statistically. Postmortem examinations showed important vasospasms of deep temporal arteries, foramen magnum herniations, and neurodegeneration of the trigeminal ganglion. The mean vasospasm index values and degenerated neuron densities of the trigeminal ganglion were determined as 1.03 ± 0.13 and 10 ± 3/mm3 (p > 0.5) in the control group, 1.21 ± 0.18 and 35 ± 9/mm3 in the sham group (p < 0.005 for sham vs. control), and 2.54 ± 0.84 and 698 ± 134/mm3 in the experimental group (p < 0.0005 for sham vs. control and p < 0.00001 for study vs. control). There was an inverse relationship between the vasospasm index values and the degenerated neuronal density of the trigeminal ganglion. The high degenerated neuron density in the trigeminal ganglion had a facilitative effect on temporal artery vasospasm. Trigeminal ganglion neurodegeneration may promote temporal artery vasospasms after subarachnoid hemorrhage, which has not been previously mentioned in the literature.
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Karpinski BA, Maynard TM, Bryan CA, Yitsege G, Horvath A, Lee NH, Moody SA, LaMantia AS. Selective disruption of trigeminal sensory neurogenesis and differentiation in a mouse model of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:dmm047357. [PMID: 33722956 PMCID: PMC8126478 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.047357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (22q11DS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with cranial nerve anomalies and disordered oropharyngeal function, including pediatric dysphagia. Using the LgDel 22q11DS mouse model, we investigated whether sensory neuron differentiation in the trigeminal ganglion (CNgV), which is essential for normal orofacial function, is disrupted. We did not detect changes in cranial placode cell translocation or neural crest migration at early stages of LgDel CNgV development. However, as the ganglion coalesces, proportions of placode-derived LgDel CNgV cells increase relative to neural crest cells. In addition, local aggregation of placode-derived cells increases and aggregation of neural crest-derived cells decreases in LgDel CNgV. This change in cell-cell relationships was accompanied by altered proliferation of placode-derived cells at embryonic day (E)9.5, and premature neurogenesis from neural crest-derived precursors, reflected by an increased frequency of asymmetric neurogenic divisions for neural crest-derived precursors by E10.5. These early differences in LgDel CNgV genesis prefigure changes in sensory neuron differentiation and gene expression by postnatal day 8, when early signs of cranial nerve dysfunction associated with pediatric dysphagia are observed in LgDel mice. Apparently, 22q11 deletion destabilizes CNgV sensory neuron genesis and differentiation by increasing variability in cell-cell interaction, proliferation and sensory neuron differentiation. This early developmental divergence and its consequences may contribute to oropharyngeal dysfunction, including suckling, feeding and swallowing disruptions at birth, and additional orofacial sensory/motor deficits throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly A. Karpinski
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, 20037, USA
| | - Thomas M. Maynard
- The Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24014, USA
| | - Corey A. Bryan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, 20037, USA
| | - Gelila Yitsege
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, 20037, USA
| | - Anelia Horvath
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, 20037, USA
| | - Norman H. Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, 20037, USA
| | - Sally A. Moody
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, 20037, USA
| | - Anthony-Samuel LaMantia
- The Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24014, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
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Mitsiadis TA, Pagella P. The Versatile Roles of Nerve Growth Factor in Neuronal Attraction, Odontoblast Differentiation, and Mineral Deposition in Human Teeth. Adv Exp Med Biol 2021; 1331:65-75. [PMID: 34453293 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-74046-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is an important molecule for the development and differentiation of neuronal and non-neuronal cells. Here we analyze by immunohistochemistry the distribution of NGF in the dental pulp mesenchyme of embryonic and functional human teeth. In the dental pulp of both embryonic and healthy functional teeth, NGF is mainly expressed in the odontoblasts that are responsible for dentine formation, while in functional teeth NGF is also expressed in nerve fibers innervating the dental pulp. In injured teeth, NGF is expressed in the newly formed odontoblastic-like cells, which replace the dying odontoblasts. In these teeth, NGF expression is also upregulated in the intact odontoblasts, suggesting a role for this molecule in dental tissue repair. Similarly, in cultures of human dental pulp cells, NGF expression is strongly upregulated during their differentiation into odontoblasts as well as during the mineralization process. In microfluidic devices, release of NGF from cultured human dental pulp cells induced neuronal growth from trigeminal ganglia toward the NGF secreting cells. These results show that NGF is closely linked to the various functions of odontoblasts, including secretory and neuronal attraction processes.
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Tobori S, Hiyama H, Miyake T, Yano Y, Nagayasu K, Shirakawa H, Nakagawa T, Mori Y, Kaneko S. MrgprB4 in trigeminal neurons expressing TRPA1 modulates unpleasant sensations. J Pharmacol Sci 2021; 146:200-205. [PMID: 34116733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gentle touch such as stroking of the skin produces a pleasant feeling, which is detected by a rare subset of sensory neurons that express Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor B4 (MrgprB4) in mice. We examined small populations of MrgprB4-positive neurons in the trigeminal ganglion and the dorsal root ganglion, and most of these were sensitive to transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) agonist but not TRPV1, TRPM8, or TRPV4 agonists. Deficiency of MrgprB4 did not affect noxious pain or itch behaviors in the hairless plantar and hairy cheek. Although behavior related to acetone-induced cold sensing in the hind paw was not changed, unpleasant sensory behaviors in response to acetone application or sucrose splash to the cheek were significantly enhanced in Mrgprb4-knockout mice as well as in TRPA1-knockout mice. These results suggest that MrgprB4 in the trigeminal neurons produces pleasant sensations in cooperation with TRPA1, rather than noxious or cold sensations. Pleasant sensations may modulate unpleasant sensations on the cheek via MrgprB4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Tobori
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Haruka Hiyama
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takahito Miyake
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuichi Yano
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nagayasu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hisashi Shirakawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Nakagawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin -Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yasuo Mori
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Building A4, Katsura Campus, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shuji Kaneko
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Abstract
Objective: To investigate whether small conductance Ca2+ activatedK+ channels; Trigeminal ganglion; Trigeminal neuralgia. (SK3) exists in normal rats' trigeminal ganglions (TG) and its effect on their pain thresholds.Methods: In total, 110 healthy adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were involved in this study. Ten rats were dissected to collect their liver tissues, TG and DRG. The rest of the rats were randomly assigned to either the experimental group or the control group. The animal model of trigeminal neuralgia (TN) was established by infraorbital nerve ligation. The expression of SK3 channels in their livers, TG and dorsal root ganglions (DRG) were detected. And different doses of SK3 channel activator and inhibitor were administered to the rats in both groups 15 days after the operation; meanwhile, their pain thresholds were also measured.Results: The expression of SK3 channel was found in TG. In the experimental group, the pain threshold was significantly decreased and there was a decreased level of SK3 than that in the control group at 15 days after operation. The administration of SK3 channel agonist (CyPPA) could significantly improve the pain threshold, while, the pain threshold decreased after administration of SK3 channel antagonist (Apamin).Conclusion: The SK3 channel may play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of trigeminal neuralgia, and it may be one of the potential targets for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaomei Zhao
- Department of Pain Management, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Pain Management, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiangbo Liu
- Department of Pain Management, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yong Rao
- Department of Pain Management, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jia Fu
- Department of Pain Management, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lu Hua
- Department of Pain Management, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Cehua Ou
- Department of Pain Management, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
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Koizumi M, Asano S, Furukawa A, Hayashi Y, Hitomi S, Shibuta I, Hayashi K, Kato F, Iwata K, Shinoda M. P2X 3 receptor upregulation in trigeminal ganglion neurons through TNFα production in macrophages contributes to trigeminal neuropathic pain in rats. J Headache Pain 2021; 22:31. [PMID: 33902429 PMCID: PMC8077728 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-021-01244-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trigeminal neuralgia is a characteristic disease that manifests as orofacial phasic or continuous severe pain triggered by innocuous orofacial stimulation; its mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we established a new animal model of trigeminal neuralgia and investigated the role of P2X3 receptor (P2X3R) alteration in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) via tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) signaling in persistent orofacial pain. METHODS Trigeminal nerve root compression (TNC) was performed in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Changes in the mechanical sensitivity of whisker pad skin, amount of TNFα in the TG, and number of P2X3R and TNF receptor-2 (TNFR2)-positive TG neurons were assessed following TNC. The effects of TNFR2 antagonism in TG and subcutaneous P2X3R antagonism on mechanical hypersensitivity following TNC were examined. RESULTS TNC induced unilateral continuous orofacial mechanical allodynia, which was depressed by carbamazepine. The accumulation of macrophages showing amoeboid-like morphological changes and expression of TNFα in the TG was remarkably increased following TNC treatment. The number of P2X3R- and TNFR2-positive TG neurons innervating the orofacial skin was significantly increased following TNC. TNFα was released from activated macrophages that occurred in the TG following TNC, and TNFR2 antagonism in the TG significantly diminished the TNC-induced increase in P2X3R-immunoreactive TG neurons. Moreover, subcutaneous P2X3R antagonism in the whisker pad skin significantly depressed TNC-induced mechanical allodynia. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, it can be concluded that the signaling of TNFα released from activated macrophages in the TG induces the upregulation of P2X3R expression in TG neurons innervating the orofacial region, resulting in orofacial mechanical allodynia following TNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Koizumi
- Department of Dentistry, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayaka Asano
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai Chiyoda-ku, 101-8310, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Furukawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Hayashi
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai Chiyoda-ku, 101-8310, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Suzuro Hitomi
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai Chiyoda-ku, 101-8310, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikuko Shibuta
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai Chiyoda-ku, 101-8310, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Hayashi
- Department of Dentistry, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fusao Kato
- Department of Neuroscience, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Neuroscience of Pain, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Iwata
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai Chiyoda-ku, 101-8310, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masamichi Shinoda
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai Chiyoda-ku, 101-8310, Tokyo, Japan.
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Fu M, Liu F, Zhang YY, Lin J, Huang CL, Li YL, Wang H, Zhou C, Li CJ, Shen JF. The α2δ-1-NMDAR1 interaction in the trigeminal ganglion contributes to orofacial ectopic pain following inferior alveolar nerve injury. Brain Res Bull 2021; 171:162-171. [PMID: 33811955 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Orofacial ectopic pain can often arise following nerve injury. However, the exact mechanism responsible for orofacial ectopic pain induced by trigeminal nerve injury remains unknown. The α2δ-1 and glutamate N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) interactions have been demonstrated to participate in neuropathic pain regulation in the spinal cord. In this study, a rat model of inferior alveolar nerve transection (IANX) was used to investigate the role of α2δ-1-NMDAR1 interaction in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) in regard to the regulation of orofacial ectopic pain. Western blot (WB) analysis indicated that α2δ-1 and NMDAR1 in the TG were substantially higher in IANX rats than they were in sham/naive rats. Additionally, immunofluorescence (IF) results revealed that α2δ-1 and NMDAR1 were co-expressed and distributed within neurons and activated satellite glial cells in the TG. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) results indicated that α2δ-1-NMDAR1 complex levels in the TG were higher in IANX rats than they were in sham rats. Furthermore, the results of behavioral tests demonstrated that intra-TG injection of gabapentin (α2δ-1 inhibitory ligand) or memantine hydrochloride (NMDAR antagonist) reversed the decrease in mechanical head-withdrawal threshold (HWT) in IANX rats. Moreover, inhibition of α2δ-1 by intra-TG administration of gabapentin suppressed the upregulation of the NMDAR1 protein, and the inhibition of NMDAR by intra-TG administration of memantine hydrochloride inhibited the increased expression of α2δ-1 protein induced by IANX. In conclusion, the physical and functional interaction between α2δ-1 and NMDAR1 is critical for the development of orofacial ectopic pain, indicating that α2δ-1, NMDAR1, and the α2δ-1-NMDAR1 complex may represent potential targets for the treatment of orofacial ectopic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan-Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chao-Lan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue-Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chun-Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie-Fei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Won L, Kraig RP. Insulin-like growth factor-1 inhibits nitroglycerin-induced trigeminal activation of oxidative stress, calcitonin gene-related peptide and c-Fos expression. Neurosci Lett 2021; 751:135809. [PMID: 33713748 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Migraineurs experience increased oxidative stress which drives the initiation and maintenance of migraine-related pain in animal models and, by extension, migraine in humans. Oxidative stress augments calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) levels, a mediator of migraine pain. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), a neuroprotective growth factor, reduces susceptibility to spreading depression, a preclinical model of migraine, in cultured brain slices by blocking oxidative stress and neuroinflammation from microglia. Similarly, nasal delivery of IGF-1 inhibits spreading depression in vivo. After recurrent cortical spreading depression, nasal administration of IGF-1 also significantly reduces trigeminal ganglion oxidative stress and CGRP levels as well as trigeminocervical c-Fos activation. Here, we probed for the impact of nasal IGF-1 pretreatment on trigeminal system activation using a second well-established preclinical model of migraine, systemic nitroglycerin injection. Adult male rats were treated with one of three doses of IGF-1 (37.5, 75 or 150 μg) and the optimal dose found in males was subsequently used for treatment of female rats. One day later, animals received an intraperitoneal injection of nitroglycerin. Measurements taken two hours later after nitroglycerin alone showed increased surrogate markers of trigeminal activation - oxidative stress and CGRP in the trigeminal ganglion and c-Fos in the trigeminocervical complex compared to vehicle control. These effects were significantly reduced at all doses of IGF-1 for trigeminal ganglion metrics of oxidative stress and CGRP and only at the lowest dose in both males and females for c-Fos. The latter inverted U-shaped or hormetic response is seen in enzyme-targeting drugs. While the specific mechanisms remain to be explored, our data here supports the ability of IGF-1 to preserve mitochondrial and antioxidant pathway homeostasis as means to prevent nociceptive activation in the trigeminal system produced by an experimental migraine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Won
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Richard P Kraig
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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Bond JD, Xu Z, Zhang H, Zhang M. Meckel's Cave and Somatotopy of the Trigeminal Ganglion. World Neurosurg 2021; 148:178-187. [PMID: 33516868 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.01.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The anatomy and spatial relationships of the dural sac comprising the Meckel cave (MC) and its ensheathed trigeminal ganglion (TG) are exceedingly intricate and complex. There are conflicting accounts in the literature regarding the dural configuration of the MC around the ganglion and the dual embryology of the MC and TG is still unclear. METHODS A combined systematic and narrative literature review was conducted to collate articles addressing MC and TG anatomy, in addition to their embryology, role in tumor spread, somatotopy, and association with trigeminal neuralgia. RESULTS Three key anatomic models by Paturet (1964), Lazorthes (1973), and Lang and Ferner (1983) have been put forward to show the arrangement of the MC around the TG. The TG is formed from both neural crest and placodal cells and drags the enveloping dura caudally to form the MC prolongation during development. Both a mediolateral and dorsoventral somatotopic arrangement of neurons exists in the TG, which corresponds to the 3 nerve divisions, of which V2 and V3 are prone to perineural tumor spread along their course. CONCLUSIONS Sound knowledge concerning the dural arrangement of the MC and the trigeminal divisions will be invaluable in optimally treating cancers in this region, and understanding TG somatotopy will immensely improve treatment of trigeminal neuralgia in terms of specificity, efficacy, and positive patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D Bond
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Zhaoyang Xu
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Han Zhang
- Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Department of Anatomy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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Shibata M, Tang C. Implications of Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channels in Migraine Pathophysiology. Neurosci Bull 2021; 37:103-116. [PMID: 32870468 PMCID: PMC7811976 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-020-00569-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Migraine is a common and debilitating headache disorder. Although its pathogenesis remains elusive, abnormal trigeminal and central nervous system activity is likely to play an important role. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, which transduce noxious stimuli into pain signals, are expressed in trigeminal ganglion neurons and brain regions closely associated with the pathophysiology of migraine. In the trigeminal ganglion, TRP channels co-localize with calcitonin gene-related peptide, a neuropeptide crucially implicated in migraine pathophysiology. Many preclinical and clinical data support the roles of TRP channels in migraine. In particular, activation of TRP cation channel V1 has been shown to regulate calcitonin gene-related peptide release from trigeminal nerves. Intriguingly, several effective anti-migraine therapies, including botulinum neurotoxin type A, affect the functions of TRP cation channels. Here, we discuss currently available data regarding the roles of major TRP cation channels in the pathophysiology of migraine and the therapeutic applicability thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru Shibata
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa General Hospital, Chiba, 272-8513, Japan.
| | - Chunhua Tang
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
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Zhao LX, Jiang M, Bai XQ, Cao DL, Wu XB, Zhang J, Guo JS, Chen TT, Wang J, Wu H, Gao YJ, Zhang ZJ. TLR8 in the Trigeminal Ganglion Contributes to the Maintenance of Trigeminal Neuropathic Pain in Mice. Neurosci Bull 2021; 37:550-62. [PMID: 33355900 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-020-00621-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Trigeminal neuropathic pain (TNP) is a significant health problem but the involved mechanism has not been completely elucidated. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have recently been demonstrated to be expressed in the dorsal root ganglion and involved in chronic pain. Here, we show that TLR8 was persistently increased in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons in model of TNP induced by partial infraorbital nerve ligation (pIONL). In addition, deletion or knockdown of Tlr8 in the TG attenuated pIONL-induced mechanical allodynia, reduced the activation of ERK and p38-MAPK, and decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the TG. Furthermore, intra-TG injection of the TLR8 agonist VTX-2337 induced pain hypersensitivity. VTX-2337 also increased the intracellular Ca2+ concentration, induced the activation of ERK and p38, and increased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the TG. These data indicate that TLR8 contributes to the maintenance of TNP through increasing MAPK-mediated neuroinflammation. Targeting TLR8 signaling may be effective for the treatment of TNP.
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Somaza S, Montilla EM. Novel theory about radiosurgery's action mechanisms on trigeminal ganglion for idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia: Role of the satellite glial cells. Surg Neurol Int 2020; 11:412. [PMID: 33365175 PMCID: PMC7749945 DOI: 10.25259/sni_484_2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are many theories about the cause of trigeminal neuralgia (TN). None of them satisfactorily explains how demyelination alone through the ephaptic mechanism can contribute to the development of the TN crisis. The main characteristic of TN pain is its dynamic nature, which is difficult to explain based only on anatomical findings. With these antecedents, the exact mechanism by which radiosurgery produces pain relief in TN is unknown. METHODS It is based on the trigeminal ganglion (TG) cytoarchitecture and the pathophysiological findings observed after an injury to a trigeminal branch. TG seems to have a predominant role given its cellular structure. The neuronal component in sensory ganglia is generally surrounded by a single layer of satellite glial cells (SGC), which forms a sheath around each body cell. There is increasing evidence that SGCs play a key role in nociception. This depends on their ability to influence the neuronal excitability that occurs in conditions of neuropathic and inflammatory pain; contributing to both the generation and maintenance of pain. RESULTS We have already published the beneficial effects of radiosurgery on the TG for the treatment of idiopathic TN and secondary to vertebrobasilar ectasia. Now, we are investigating the functioning of the TG and how radiosurgery could act on the SGC, deactivating them, and contributing to the decrease or disappearance of the painful condition. CONCLUSION We are postulating a theory on how radiosurgery in TG produces changes in the SGC, with implications in the pathological mechanisms initiated by the alteration caused in the neuron after a nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Somaza
- Department of Neurosurgery, Centro Diagnostico Docente Las Mercedes, Hospital de Clinicas Caracas
| | - Eglee M. Montilla
- Department of Radiation Oncologist Radiation Oncology, Centro Diagnostico Docente Las Mercedes, Caracas, Miranda, Venezuela
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Liu F, Yajima T, Wang M, Shen JF, Ichikawa H, Sato T. Effects of trigeminal nerve injury on the expression of galanin and its receptors in the rat trigeminal ganglion. Neuropeptides 2020; 84:102098. [PMID: 33069139 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2020.102098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the spinal nervous system, the expression of galanin (GAL) and galanin receptors (GALRs) that play important roles in the transmission and modulation of nociceptive information can be affected by nerve injury. However, in the trigeminal nervous system, the effects of trigeminal nerve injury on the expression of GAL are controversy in the previous studies. Besides, little is known about the effects of trigeminal nerve injury on the expression of GALRs. In the present study, the effects of trigeminal nerve injury on the expression of GAL and GALRs in the rat trigeminal ganglion (TG) were investigated by using quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. To identify the nerve-injured and nerve-uninjured TG neurons, activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3, the nerve-injured neuron marker) was stained by immunofluorescence. The levels of GAL mRNA in the rostral half and caudal half of the TG dramatically increased after transection of infraorbital nerve (ION) and inferior alveolar nerve (IAN), respectively. Immunohistochemical labeling of GAL and ATF3 revealed that GAL level was elevated in both injured and adjacent uninjured small and medium-sized TG neurons after ION/IAN transection. In addition, the levels of GAL2R-like immunoreactivity were reduced in both injured and adjacent uninjured TG neurons after ION/IAN transection, while levels of GAL1R and GAL3R-like immunoreactivity remained unchanged. Furthermore, the number of small to medium-sized TG neurons co-expressing GAL- and GAL1R/GAL2R/GAL3R-like immunoreactivity was significantly increased after ION/IAN transection. In line with previous studies in other spinal neuron systems, these results suggest that GAL and GALRs play functional roles in orofacial neuropathic pain and trigeminal nerve regeneration after trigeminal nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo machi, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department II of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, China.
| | - Takehiro Yajima
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo machi, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department II of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, China
| | - Jie-Fei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department II of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, China
| | - Hiroyuki Ichikawa
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo machi, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tadasu Sato
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo machi, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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Zhang H, He SD, Zong DD, Zhang XM, Luo J, Zheng JK. [Effects of electroacupuncture on miR-34a-5p/SIRT1 signaling in the trigeminal ganglion of rats with migraine]. Zhen Ci Yan Jiu 2020; 45:868-74. [PMID: 33269829 DOI: 10.13702/j.1000-0607.200378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of electroacupuncture(EA) on miR-34a-5p, silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog-1 (SIRT1) and nuclear factor-κB subunit p65 (NF-κB p65) in the trigeminal ganglion of rats with migraine, so as to explore the mechanisms of EA underlying prevention of migraine. METHODS Male SD rats were randomly divi-ded into normal, sham operation, model, EA, and EA plus EX527(a SIRT1 inhibitor) groups, with 10 rats in each group. The rat model of migraine was established by electrical stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion. Before modeling, EA was applied at "Waiguan"(TE5) and "Fengchi"(GB20) for 20 min each time, once a day for 5 consecutive days, and intraperitoneal injection of EX527 (5 mg/kg) every day simultaneously. Serum prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The levels of miR-34a-5p, SIRT1 and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) mRNA,and protein expression of SIRT1, IL-1β, NF-κB p65, NF-κB Ac-p65 and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) in trigeminal ganglia were detected by real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot, separately. RESULTS The serum concentrations of PGE2 and CGRP, the expression of miR-34a-5p, IL-1β mRNA and protein, NF-κB p65, NF-κB Ac-p65 and COX2 protein expression in the trigeminal ganglion were remarkably increased (P<0.05), while the SIRT1 mRNA and protein decreased (P<0.05) in the model group in contrast to the normal group. Following EA intervention, the serum PGE2 and CGRP concentrations, miR-34a-5p expression, IL-1β mRNA and protein, NF-κB p65, NF-κB Ac-p65 and COX2 protein expression were significantly down-regulated (P<0.05), and SIRT1 mRNA and protein significantly up-regulated (P<0.05). Compared with the EA group, the serum concentrations of PGE2 and CGRP, IL-1β mRNA and protein, NF-κB p65, NF-κB Ac-p65 and COX2 protein expressions increased (P<0.05), and SIRT1 protein decreased (P<0.05) in the EA plus EX527 group. CONCLUSION In migraine rats, EA can inhibit miR-34a-5p expression in the trigeminal ganglion, increase SIRT1 expression, down-regulate IL-1β/COX2 inflammation signals, reduce PGE2 synthesis, and thus redue CGRP released from the peripheral terminals, which may be one of the mechanisms of EA in preventing migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan Province, China; The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541100, Guangxi Province
| | - Sheng-Dong He
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan Province, China; The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541100, Guangxi Province
| | - Dan-Dan Zong
- The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410038
| | - Xue-Mei Zhang
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jing Luo
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jia-Kun Zheng
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100078
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Warfvinge K, Krause DN, Maddahi A, Edvinsson JCA, Edvinsson L, Haanes KA. Estrogen receptors α, β and GPER in the CNS and trigeminal system - molecular and functional aspects. J Headache Pain 2020; 21:131. [PMID: 33167864 PMCID: PMC7653779 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-020-01197-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migraine occurs 2-3 times more often in females than in males and is in many females associated with the onset of menstruation. The steroid hormone, 17β-estradiol (estrogen, E2), exerts its effects by binding and activating several estrogen receptors (ERs). Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) has a strong position in migraine pathophysiology, and interaction with CGRP has resulted in several successful drugs for acute and prophylactic treatment of migraine, effective in all age groups and in both sexes. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was used for detection and localization of proteins, release of CGRP and PACAP investigated by ELISA and myography/perfusion arteriography was performed on rat and human arterial segments. RESULTS ERα was found throughout the whole brain, and in several migraine related structures. ERβ was mainly found in the hippocampus and the cerebellum. In trigeminal ganglion (TG), ERα was found in the nuclei of neurons; these neurons expressed CGRP or the CGRP receptor in the cytoplasm. G-protein ER (GPER) was observed in the cell membrane and cytoplasm in most TG neurons. We compared TG from males and females, and females expressed more ER receptors. For neuropeptide release, the only observable difference was a baseline CGRP release being higher in the pro-estrous state as compared to estrous state. In the middle cerebral artery (MCA), we observed similar dilatory ER-responses between males and females, except for vasodilatory ERβ which we observed only in female arteries. CONCLUSION These data reveal significant differences in ER receptor expression between male and female rats. This contrasts to CGRP and PACAP release where we did not observe discernable difference between the sexes. Together, this points to a hypothesis where estrogen could have a modulatory role on the trigeminal neuron function in general rather than on the acute CGRP release mechanisms and vasomotor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Warfvinge
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Diana N Krause
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Aida Maddahi
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Jacob C A Edvinsson
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Edvinsson
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark.
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lund University Hospital, S-22185, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Kristian A Haanes
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
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Kanno K, Shimizu K, Shinoda M, Hayashi M, Takeichi O, Iwata K. Role of macrophage-mediated Toll-like receptor 4-interleukin-1R signaling in ectopic tongue pain associated with tooth pulp inflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:312. [PMID: 33081813 PMCID: PMC7576725 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01995-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The existence of referred pain and ectopic paresthesia caused by tooth pulp inflammation may make definitive diagnosis difficult and cause misdiagnosis or mistreatment; thus, elucidation of that molecular mechanism is urgent. In the present study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying ectopic pain, especially tongue hyperalgesia, after tooth pulp inflammation. Methods A rat model with mandibular first molar tooth pulp exposure was employed. Tooth pulp exposure-induced heat and mechanical-evoked tongue hypersensitivity was measured, and immunohistochemical staining for Iba1, a marker of active macrophages, IL-1β, IL-1 type I receptor (IL-1RΙ), and toll-like receptor 4 in the trigeminal ganglion was performed. In addition, we investigated the effects of injections of liposomal clodronate Clophosome-A (LCCA), a selective macrophage depletion agent, lipopolysaccharide from Rhodobacter sphaeroides (LPS-RS, a toll-like receptor 4 antagonist), IL-1β, or heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70, a selective agonist of toll-like receptor 4), to examine changes in tongue hypersensitivity and in the regulation of IL-1RΙ, toll-like receptor 4, and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) biosynthesis. Results At day 1 after tooth pulp exposure, obvious tooth pulp inflammation was observed. Tooth pulp exposure-induced heat and mechanical tongue hypersensitivity was observed from days 1 to 3 after tooth pulp exposure. The production of IL-1β in activated macrophages and toll-like receptor 4 and IL-1RΙ expression were significantly increased in trigeminal ganglion neurons innervating the tongue following tooth pulp exposure. Intra-trigeminal ganglion injection of LCCA significantly suppressed tongue hypersensitivity; however, toll-like receptor 4 and IL-1RΙ expression in trigeminal ganglion neurons innervating the tongue was not significantly altered. Intra-trigeminal ganglion injection of LPS-RS significantly suppressed tongue hypersensitivity and reduced IL-1RΙ expression in the trigeminal ganglion neurons innervating the tongue following tooth pulp exposure. Intra-trigeminal ganglion injection of recombinant Hsp70 significantly promoted tongue hypersensitivity and increased IL-1RI expression in trigeminal ganglion neurons innervating the tongue in naive rats. Furthermore, intra-trigeminal ganglion injection of recombinant IL-1β led to tongue hypersensitivity and enhanced TRPV1 expression in trigeminal ganglion neurons innervating the tongue in naive rats. Conclusions The present findings suggest that the neuron-macrophage interaction mediated by toll-like receptor 4 and IL-1RI activation in trigeminal ganglion neurons affects the pathogenesis of abnormal tongue pain following tooth pulp inflammation via IL-1RI and TRPV1 signaling in the trigeminal ganglion. Further research may contribute to the establishment of new therapeutic and diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Kanno
- Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan
| | - Kohei Shimizu
- Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan. .,Division of Advanced Dental Treatment, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Masamichi Shinoda
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Hayashi
- Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan.,Division of Advanced Dental Treatment, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Takeichi
- Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan.,Division of Advanced Dental Treatment, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Iwata
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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Chen ST, Wu JW. A new era for migraine: The role of calcitonin gene-related peptide in the trigeminovascular system. Prog Brain Res 2020; 255:123-142. [PMID: 33008504 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
There is a huge improvement in our understanding of migraine pathophysiology in the past decades. The activation of the trigeminovascular system has been proved to play a key role in migraine. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and CGRP receptors are widely distributed in the trigeminovascular system. The CGRP is expressed on the C-fibers, and the CGRP receptors are distributed on the A-δ fibers of the trigeminal ganglion and nerves. Further studies found elevated serum CGRP level during migraine attacks, and infusion of CGRP can trigger migraine-like attacks, provide more direct evidence of the link between CGRP and migraine attack. Based on these findings, several treatment options have been designed for migraine treatment, including CGRP receptor antagonists (gepants) and monoclonal antibodies targeting CGRP or CGRP receptors. The clinical trials show both gepants and monoclonal antibodies are effective for migraine treatment. In this section, we describe the roles of the trigeminovascular system in migraine, the discovery of CGRP, and the CGRP signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ting Chen
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jr-Wei Wu
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Zhang Y, Jiang H, Dou S, Zhang B, Qi X, Li J, Zhou Q, Li W, Chen C, Wang Q, Xie L. Comprehensive analysis of differentially expressed microRNAs and mRNAs involved in diabetic corneal neuropathy. Life Sci 2020; 261:118456. [PMID: 32956661 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Corneal nerve fibers are derived from the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal ganglion (TG). Here, by sequencing of microRNAs (miRNAs) and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) from diabetic and normal TG tissues, we aimed to uncover potential miRNAs, mRNAs, and the network of their interactions involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic corneal neuropathy. MAIN METHODS We performed RNA sequencing to systematically screen out differentially expressed miRNAs and mRNAs in TG tissues from diabetic and normal mice. Functional enrichment analyses were performed to illustrate the biological functions of differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs). Following this, miRNA-mRNA regulatory networks were built by means of bioinformatics methods to suggest regulatory role for miRNAs in the pathogenesis of diabetic corneal neuropathy. Finally, the credibility of the sequencing-based results was validated using qRT-PCR. KEY FINDINGS Sequencing analyses disclosed that 68 miRNAs and 114 mRNAs were differentially expressed in diabetic TG tissues compared with normal TG samples. The functional analyses showed that DEmRNAs participated in diabetes-related biological processes. After applying an optimized approach to predict miRNA-mRNA pairs, a miRNA-mRNA interacting network was inferred. Subsequently, the expression and correlation of miR-350-5p and Mup20, miR-592-5p and Angptl7 as well as miR-351-5p and Elovl6 were preliminarily validated. SIGNIFICANCE Our study provides a systematic characterization of miRNA and mRNA expression in the TG during diabetic corneal neuropathy and will contribute to the development of clinical diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for diabetic corneal neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao 266071, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Shengqian Dou
- Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao 266071, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao 266071, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xia Qi
- Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao 266071, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Qingjun Zhou
- Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao 266071, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Weina Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Chen Chen
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao 266071, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Lixin Xie
- Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao 266071, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Islam J, Kc E, Oh BH, Kim S, Hyun SH, Park YS. Optogenetic stimulation of the motor cortex alleviates neuropathic pain in rats of infraorbital nerve injury with/without CGRP knock-down. J Headache Pain 2020; 21:106. [PMID: 32847499 PMCID: PMC7448516 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-020-01174-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have reported that electrical stimulation of the motor cortex is effective in reducing trigeminal neuropathic pain; however, the effects of optical motor cortex stimulation remain unclear. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to investigate whether optical stimulation of the primary motor cortex can modulate chronic neuropathic pain in rats with infraorbital nerve constriction injury. METHODS Animals were randomly divided into a trigeminal neuralgia group, a sham group, and a control group. Trigeminal neuropathic pain was generated via constriction of the infraorbital nerve and animals were treated via selective inhibition of calcitonin gene-related peptide in the trigeminal ganglion. We assessed alterations in behavioral responses in the pre-stimulation, stimulation, and post-stimulation conditions. In vivo extracellular recordings were obtained from the ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus, and viral and α-CGRP expression were investigated in the primary motor cortex and trigeminal ganglion, respectively. RESULTS We found that optogenetic stimulation significantly improved pain behaviors in the trigeminal neuralgia animals and it provided more significant improvement with inhibited α-CGRP state than active α-CGRP state. Electrophysiological recordings revealed decreases in abnormal thalamic firing during the stimulation-on condition. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that optical motor cortex stimulation can alleviate pain behaviors in a rat model of trigeminal neuropathic pain. Transmission of trigeminal pain signals can be modulated via knock-down of α-CGRP and optical motor cortex stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaisan Islam
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Elina Kc
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Byeong Ho Oh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Soochong Kim
- ISCRM, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hwan Hyun
- ISCRM, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Young Seok Park
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, South Korea.
- ISCRM, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chungbuk National University Hospital, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 776, 1 Sunhwanro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju-Si, Chungbuk, 28644, South Korea.
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Legradi A, Dulka K, Jancsó G, Gulya K. Orofacial skin inflammation increases the number of macrophages in the maxillary subregion of the rat trigeminal ganglion in a corticosteroid-reversible manner. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 382:551-61. [PMID: 32696216 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03244-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation of the cutaneous orofacial tissue can lead to a prolonged alteration of neuronal and nonneuronal cellular functions in trigeminal nociceptive pathways. In this study, we investigated the effects of experimentally induced skin inflammation by dithranol (anthralin) on macrophage activation in the rat trigeminal ganglion. Tissue localization and protein expression levels of ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1), a macrophage/microglia-specific marker, and proliferation/mitotic marker antigen identified by the monoclonal antibody Ki67 (Ki67), were quantitatively analyzed using immunohistochemistry and western blots in control, dithranol-treated, dithranol- and corticosteroid-treated, and corticosteroid-treated trigeminal ganglia. Chronic orofacial dithranol treatment elicited a strong pro-inflammatory effect in the ipsilateral trigeminal ganglion. Indeed, daily dithranol treatment of the orofacial skin for 3-5 days increased the number of macrophages and Iba1 protein expression in the maxillary subregion of the ipsilateral ganglion. In the affected ganglia, none of the Iba1-positive cells expressed Ki67. This absence of mitotically active cells suggested that the accumulation of macrophages in the ganglion was not the result of resident microglia proliferation but rather the extravasation of hematogenous monocytes from the periphery. Subsequently, when a 5-day-long anti-inflammatory corticosteroid therapy was employed on the previously dithranol-treated orofacial skin, Iba1 immunoreactivity was substantially reduced in the ipsilateral ganglion. Collectively, our findings indicate that both peripheral inflammation and subsequent anti-inflammatory therapy affect macrophage activity and thus interfere with the functioning of the affected sensory ganglion neurons.
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