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Nussbaum JC, Hussain A, Butera P, Ford AP, Kitt MM, O'Neill EA, Smith S, Vargas G, O'Reilly T, Wynne C, Stoch SA, Iwamoto M. Single- and Multiple-Dose Pharmacokinetics of Gefapixant (MK-7264), a P2X3 Receptor Antagonist, in Healthy Adults. J Clin Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38651193 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.2442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Gefapixant (MK-7264, RO4926219, AF-219) is a first-in-class P2X3 antagonists being developed to treat refractory or unexplained chronic cough. The initial single- and multiple-dose safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of gefapixant at doses ranging from 7.5 to 1800 mg were assessed in four clinical trials. Following single-dose administration of 10-450 mg, the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of gefapixant in plasma and urine demonstrated low inter-subject variability and a dose-proportional exposure. Following administration of multiple doses twice daily, the plasma exposures were dose-proportional at doses ranging from 7.5 to 50 mg and less than dose-proportional at doses ranging from 100 to 1800 mg. The time to mean peak drug concentration ranged from 2 to 3 h post-dose, and steady state was achieved by 7 days after dosing, with an accumulation ratio of approximately 2, comparing data from day 1 to steady state. The mean apparent terminal half-life ranged from 8.2 to 9.6 h. Gefapixant was primarily excreted unmodified in urine. Gefapixant was well tolerated following single-dose administration up to 1800 mg and multiple doses up to 1800 mg twice daily; there were no serious adverse events (AEs) reported. The most common AE reported was dysgeusia. The PK profile supports a twice-daily dosing regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter Butera
- Afferent Pharmaceuticals Inc., San Mateo, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Steven Smith
- Afferent Pharmaceuticals Inc., San Mateo, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Chris Wynne
- Christchurch Clinical Trials Trust, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Chen Y, Chen L, Ji T, Yu Y, Zhang T, Wang L. The purinergic receptor P2X3 promotes facial pain by activating neurons and cytokines in the trigeminal ganglion. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 130:111801. [PMID: 38442578 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The mechanism underlying allodynia/hyperalgesia caused by dental pulpitis has remained enigmatic. This investigation endeavored to characterize the influence of the purinergic receptor P2X3 on pain caused by experimental pulpitis and the mechanism involved. An experimental model of irreversible pulpitis was produced by the drilling and exposure of the dental pulp of the left upper first and second molars in rats, followed by measuring nociceptive responses in the oral and maxillofacial regions. Subsequently, neuronal activity and the expression of P2X3 and pertinent cytokines in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) were meticulously examined and analyzed. Histological evidence corroborated that significant pulpitis was produced in this model, which led to a distinct escalation in nociceptive responses in rats. The activation of neurons, coupled with the upregulated expression of c-fos, P2X3, p-p38, TNF-α and IL-1β, was identified subsequent to the pulpitis surgery within the TG. The selective inhibition of P2X3 with A-317491 effectively restrained the abnormal allodynia/hyperalgesia following the pulpitis surgery and concurrently inhibited the upregulation of p-p38, TNF-α and IL-1β within the TG. These findings suggest that the P2X3 signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in instigating and perpetuating pain subsequent to the induction of pulpitis in rats, implicating its association with the p38 MAPK signaling pathway and inflammatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangxi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Department of Emergency and General Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Department of Anesthesiology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tuo Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Department of Anesthesiology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Department of Anesthesiology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiejun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Department of Anesthesiology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Department of Anesthesiology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
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Avci IE, Teke K, Gocmez SS, Kasap M, Akpinar G, Yaprak Bayrak B, Celebi G, Sarihan M, Utkan T, Ozkurkcugil C. Therapeutic Effects of AF219 on Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome Induced by Cyclophosphamide or Water Avoidance Stress in Rats. Int Urogynecol J 2024; 35:677-688. [PMID: 38376547 DOI: 10.1007/s00192-023-05723-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS To evaluate the effect of AF219, a P2X3 receptor antagonist, in animal models of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) induced by cyclophosphamide (CYP) or water avoidance stress (WAS). METHODS Thirty-two adult female Wistar albino rats were used in each IC/BPS model. Assessment of nociception and anxiety and severity of inflammation in the bladder were assessed by behavioral experiments and histopathological examinations respectively. The contraction responses of the bladder were evaluated in vitro and protein levels of P2X3, P2X7, Trk-A, TRPV1, and TRPA1 were analyzed by Western blot. RESULTS The IC/BPS groups had shorter response times to noxious stimuli, exhibited more anxiety-like behavior, had higher inflammation-based histological scores, and showed greater increased contraction responses to carbachol, adenosine triphosphate, and electrical field stimulation in in vitro bladder strips than controls for both models (p < 0.05). The improvements in behavioral and bladder contraction responses and inflammation scores in the IC/BPS + AF219 groups were similar to control findings (p > 0.05). Exposure to WAS or CYP increased P2X3 expression in the bladder compared with the controls (p < 0.05). Apart from TRPA1, the levels of P2X7, Trk-A, and TRPV1 were also higher in the IC/BPS groups than in the controls (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed between IC/BPS + AF219 and controls regarding P2X3, P2X7, Trk-A, and TRPV1 in the WAS model (p > 0.05). Moreover, P2X3 and P2X7 levels were significantly lower in IC/BPS + AF219 than in the AF219-untreated WAS model (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that P2X3 receptors play a significant role in bladder functional responses, nociception, and also the pathogenesis of IC/BPS. AF219 may be a promising therapeutic strategy for IC/BPS. Comparing AF219 with current IC/BPS treatment agents in future studies may yield valuable insights into its efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Erkut Avci
- Department of Urology, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, 41001, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Kerem Teke
- Department of Urology, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, 41001, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Semil Selcen Gocmez
- Department of Pharmacology, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Murat Kasap
- Department of Medical Biology, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Gurler Akpinar
- Department of Medical Biology, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Busra Yaprak Bayrak
- Department of Pathology, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Gulsen Celebi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Sarihan
- Department of Medical Biology, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Tijen Utkan
- Department of Pharmacology, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Cuneyd Ozkurkcugil
- Department of Urology, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, 41001, Kocaeli, Turkey.
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Yeh TY, Chang MF, Kan YY, Chiang H, Hsieh ST. HSP27 Modulates Neuropathic Pain by Inhibiting P2X3 Degradation. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:707-724. [PMID: 37656312 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03582-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The role of heat shock protein 27 (HSP27), a chaperone, in neuropathic pain after nerve injury has not been systematically surveyed despite its neuroprotective and regeneration-promoting effects. In this study, we found that HSP27 expression in sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) mediated nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain. Neuropathic pain behaviors were alleviated by silencing HSP27 in the DRG of a rat spinal nerve ligation (SNL) model. Local injection of an HSP27-overexpression construct into the DRG of naïve rats elicited neuropathic pain behaviors. HSP27 interacted with a purinergic receptor, P2X3, and their expression patterns corroborated the induction and reversal of neuropathic pain according to two lines of evidence: colocalization immunohistochemically and immunoprecipitation biochemically. In a cell model cotransfected with HSP27 and P2X3, the degradation rate of P2X3 was reduced in the presence of HSP27. Such an alteration was mediated by reducing P2X3 ubiquitination in SNL rats and was reversed after silencing HSP27 in the DRGs of SNL rats. In summary, the interaction of HSP27 with P2X3 provides a new mechanism of injury-induced neuropathic pain that could serve as an alternative therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ti-Yen Yeh
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Fong Chang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yu Kan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | | | - Sung-Tsang Hsieh
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan.
- Center of Precision Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan.
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 10002, Taiwan.
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5
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Chen Y, Hu J, Qi F, Kang Y, Zhang T, Wang L. Acute pulpitis promotes purinergic signaling to induce pain in rats via P38MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway. Mol Pain 2024; 20:17448069241234451. [PMID: 38325814 PMCID: PMC10868473 DOI: 10.1177/17448069241234451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Toothache is one of the most common types of pain, but the mechanisms underlying pulpitis-induced pain remain unknown. The ionotropic purinergic receptor family (P2X) is reported to mediate nociception in the nervous system. This study aims to investigate the involvement of P2X3 in the sensitisation of the trigeminal ganglion (TG) and the inflammation caused by acute pulpitis. An acute tooth inflammation model was established by applying LPS to the pulp of SD rats. We found that the increased expression of P2X3 was induced by acute pulpitis. A selective P2X3 inhibitor (A-317491) reduced pain-like behavior in the maxillofacial region of rats and depressed the activation of neurons in the trigeminal ganglion induced by pulpitis. The upregulated MAPK signaling (p-p38, p-ERK1/2) expression in the ipsilateral TG induced by pulpitis could also be depressed by the application of the P2X3 inhibitor. Furthermore, the expression of markers of inflammatory processes, such as NF-κB, TNF-α and IL-1β, could be induced by acute pulpitis and deduced by the intraperitoneal injection of P2X3 antagonists. Our findings demonstrate that purinergic P2X3 receptor signaling in TG neurons contributes to pulpitis-induced pain in rats and that P2X3 signaling may be a potential therapeutic target for tooth pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangxi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Emergency and General Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Emergency and General Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiqun Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tiejun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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6
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Gao L, Zhao JX, Qin XM, Zhao J. The ethanol extract of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi attenuates complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammatory pain by suppression of P2X3 receptor. J Ethnopharmacol 2023; 317:116762. [PMID: 37301308 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (SBG) is a perennial herb with anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities, which is traditionally used to treat inflammation of respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract, abdominal cramps, bacterial and viral infections. Clinically, it is often used to treat inflammatory-related diseases. Research has shown that the ethanol extract of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (SGE) has anti-inflammatory effect, and its main components baicalin and baicalein have analgesic effects. However, the mechanism of SGE in relieving inflammatory pain has not been deeply studied. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to evaluate the analgesic effect of SGE on complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammatory pain rats, and to investigate whether its effect on relieving inflammatory pain is associated with regulation of P2X3 receptor. MATERIALS AND METHODS The analgesic effects of SGE on CFA-induced inflammatory pain rats were evaluated by measuring mechanical pain threshold, thermal pain threshold, and motor coordination ability. The mechanisms of SGE in relieving inflammatory pain were explored by detecting inflammatory factors levels, NF-κB, COX-2 and P2X3 expression, and were further verified by addition of P2X3 receptor agonist (α, β me-ATP). RESULTS Our results revealed that SGE can notably increase the mechanical pain threshold and thermal pain threshold of CFA-induced inflammatory pain rats, and markedly alleviate the pathological damage in DRG. SGE could suppress the release of inflammatory factors including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and restrain the expression of NF-κB, COX-2 and P2X3. Moreover, α, β me-ATP further exacerbated the inflammatory pain of CFA-induced rats, while SGE could markedly raise the pain thresholds and relieve inflammatory pain. SGE could attenuate the pathological damage, inhibit P2X3 expression, inhibit the elevation of inflammatory factors caused by α, β me-ATP. SGE can also inhibit NF-κB and ERK1/2 activation caused by α, β me-ATP, and inhibit the mRNA expression of P2X3, COX-2, NF-κB, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in DRG of rats induced by CFA coupled with α, β me-ATP. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our research indicated that SGE could alleviate CFA-induced inflammatory pain by suppression of P2X3 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China; The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, China; The Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, China.
| | - Jin-Xia Zhao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China; The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, China; The Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, China
| | - Xue-Mei Qin
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China; The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, China; The Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, UK, London.
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Ishiura Y, Nomura S, Ishii Y, Imai K, Sawai Y, Tamaki T, Shimizu T, Miyashita N, Ito T. Efficacy of Gefapixant, a P2X 3 Antagonist, for Refractory Atopic Cough. Int Med Case Rep J 2023; 16:497-501. [PMID: 37692174 PMCID: PMC10487696 DOI: 10.2147/imcrj.s427098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cough, a frequent symptom encountered in clinical practice, often has a considerable impact on patients' lives. There is an urgent need to investigate more potent antitussive treatments for chronic refractory cough, particularly atopic cough, which is a major cause of chronic refractory cough in Japan. Previous studies have shown that eosinophilic tracheobronchitis with hypersensitivity to sensory nerve C-fibers is the pathophysiology of atopic cough. Gefapixant is a first-in-class P2X3 antagonist that has recently become available for clinical use in patients with refractory coughs. A 64-year-old female non-smoker presented to our hospital with a complaint of chronic intractable cough due to atopic cough. Addition of gefapixant (90 mg/day) to her previous treatment improved her distressing cough, despite the partial efficacy of many other drugs. The findings of this case demonstrate that P2X3 inhibition is a viable therapeutic option for patients with chronic refractory cough caused by atopic cough. This case report offers valuable information regarding currently available treatment options for refractory chronic refractory cough caused by atopic cough. There remains an urgent need to clarify the disease entities presenting with chronic cough that can be effectively treated by inhibiting P2X3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Ishiura
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shosaku Nomura
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuka Ishii
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kai Imai
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sawai
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tamaki
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiki Shimizu
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Miyashita
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ito
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
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Ishiura Y, Nomura S, Ishii Y, Imai K, Sawai Y, Tamaki T, Shimizu T, Miyashita N, Ito T. Efficacy of gefapixant, a P2X 3 antagonist, for lung cancer-related cough: a case report. J Int Med Res 2023; 51:3000605231194890. [PMID: 37641866 PMCID: PMC10467400 DOI: 10.1177/03000605231194890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cough is a frequent symptom accompanied by lung cancer. More potent antitussive treatment for this complex and distressing symptom is required, but anti-cancer chemotherapy cannot fully manage the cough. Inhibition of vagal nerves might control coughing in patients with troublesome lung cancer-related cough and P2X3 inhibitory therapy may be useful for targeting neuronal function. We report the case of a woman in her late 70s who never smoked and had advanced lung cancer. She visited our hospital complaining of serious deterioration of a non-productive cough. She was diagnosed with relapse of lung cancer, but she requested 2-week anti-tussive therapy before second-line chemotherapy. Gefapixant (P2X3 antagonist) add-on at a dose of 90 mg/day (45 mg twice daily as the usual dosage in Japan) improved her cough as indicated by an improvement in the visual analog scale for cough from 70 to 20 mm and in the Japanese version of the Leicester Cough Questionnaire from 8.2 to 16.3, despite a deterioration in lung cancer after 2 weeks. There are no current guidelines for cough accompanied by lung cancer; however, our findings suggest that P2X3 inhibition is a potent therapeutic option for lung cancer-related cough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Ishiura
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shosaku Nomura
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuka Ishii
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kai Imai
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sawai
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tamaki
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiki Shimizu
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Miyashita
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ito
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
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9
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Li L, Wei B, Jia J, Li M, Ren M, Zhang S. P2X3- P2X7 SNPs and gene-gene and gene-environment interactions on pediatric asthma. J Asthma 2023; 60:1438-1445. [PMID: 36469748 DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2022.2155184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the relationship between polymorphisms of P2X3, P2X7 genes and environment interaction with susceptibility of childhood asthma. METHODS We conducted a matched case-control study with 170 cases and 175 healthy controls. The rs10896611, rs2276038, rs3781899 in P2X3 and rs1718119, rs3751143 in P2X7 polymorphisms were genotyped using the technique of an improved multiplex ligation detection reaction. Gene-gene, gene-environment and haplotype-environment interactions were tested using the generalized multi-factor dimensionality reduction method. RESULTS There were no differences between cases and controls in allele or genotype frequencies of P2X3 and P2X7. The C/C, G/C genotypes of rs10896611, and C/C, C/T genotypes of rs2276038 and G/G, G/A genotypes of rs3781899 were associated with asthmatic cough (p > 0.05). The haplotype GCT of P2X3 reduced the risk of asthma (OR = 0.48, p = 0.048), and the haplotypes AGT (OR = 0.45, p = 0.001) and GCC (OR = 2.16, p = 0.002) were associated with asthmatic cough. The haplotype AA of P2X7 increased risk of asthma severity (p < 0.05). The three-locus model indicated a potential haplotype-environment interaction in GCT, ETS, and pet (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The rs10896611, rs2276038 and rs3781899 of P2X3 minor alleles increased the risk of asthmatic cough. Haplotype GCT of P2X3 was a protective factor for asthma, the haplotype AGT was a protective factor and GCC was a risk factor for asthma with cough. In addition, the interactions of haplotype GCT of P2X3, ETS and pet may increase an individual's susceptibility to asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxue Li
- Department of Neonatology, Northern Theater Command General Hospital (formerly General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command), Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Bing Wei
- Department of Neonatology, Northern Theater Command General Hospital (formerly General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command), Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Jia
- Department of Neonatology, Northern Theater Command General Hospital (formerly General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command), Shenyang, P.R. China.,Post-graduate College, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, P.R. China
| | - Mo Li
- Department of Neonatology, Northern Theater Command General Hospital (formerly General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command), Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Mengyang Ren
- Department of Neonatology, Northern Theater Command General Hospital (formerly General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command), Shenyang, P.R. China.,Post-graduate College, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, P.R. China
| | - Shinan Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, Northern Theater Command General Hospital (formerly General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command), Shenyang, P.R. China
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Giniatullin R, Nistri A. Role of ATP in migraine mechanisms: focus on P2X3 receptors. J Headache Pain 2023; 24:1. [PMID: 36597043 PMCID: PMC9809127 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-022-01535-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Migraine is a major health burden worldwide with complex pathophysiology and multifarious underlying mechanisms. One poorly understood issue concerns the early steps in the generation of migraine pain. To elucidate the basic process of migraine pain further, it seems useful to consider key molecular players that may operate synergistically to evoke headache. While the neuropeptide CGRP is an important contributor, we propose that extracellular ATP (that generally plays a powerful nociceptive role) is also a major component of migraine headache, acting in concert with CGRP to stimulate trigeminal nociceptive neurons. The aim of the present focused review is to highlight the role of ATP activating its P2X3 membrane receptors selectively expressed by sensory neurons including their nerve fiber terminals in the meninges. Specifically, we present data on the homeostasis of ATP and related purines in the trigeminovascular system and in the CNS; the basic properties of ATP signalling at peripheral and central nerve terminals; the characteristics of P2X3 and related receptors in trigeminal neurons; the critical speed and persistence of P2X3 receptor activity; their cohabitation at the so-called meningeal neuro-immune synapse; the identity of certain endogenous agents cooperating with ATP to induce neuronal sensitization in the trigeminal sensory system; the role of P2X3 receptors in familial type migraine; the current state of P2X3 receptor antagonists and their pharmacological perspectives in migraine. It is proposed that the unique kinetic properties of P2X3 receptors activated by ATP offer an interesting translational value to stimulate future studies for innovative treatments of migraine pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Giniatullin
- grid.9668.10000 0001 0726 2490A.I Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - A. Nistri
- grid.5970.b0000 0004 1762 9868Department of Neuroscience, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), 34136 Trieste, Italy
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11
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Li ZH, Zhao XD, Li W, Han WJ. [Effect of electroacupuncture on the expressions of TRPV1, P2X3 receptors in bladder of rats with interstitial cystitis]. Zhongguo Zhen Jiu 2022; 42:1263-1268. [PMID: 36397224 DOI: 10.13703/j.0255-2930.20211028-k0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) at "Ciliao" (BL 32) and "Huiyang" (BL 35) on the pain, urodynamic and the expressions of transient receptor poteintial vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and P2X3 receptors in bladder of rats with interstitial bladder (IC), and to explore the possible mechanism on EA for IC. METHODS A total of 24 Wistar female rats were randomly divided into a blank group, a model group and an EA group, 8 rats in each group. In the model group and the EA group, IC model was established by intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide by 150 mg/kg at once. EA was applied at "Ciliao" (BL 32) and "Huiyang" (BL 35) in the EA group for 20 min, with continuous wave, 30 Hz in frequency, once a day for 3 consecutive days. Mechanical pain threshold of bladder and urodynamic indexes (first urination time, bladder effective volume and urination pressure) were observed after model establishment and after intervention, the expressions of TRPV1 and P2X3 receptors in the bladder were detected by Western blot. RESULTS After model establishment, the mechanical pain threshold of bladder was decreased in the model group and the EA group compared with that in the blank group (P<0.01). After intervention, the mechanical pain threshold of bladder in the model group was lower than the blank group (P<0.01), and that in the EA group was higher than the model group (P<0.01). The urodynamic of the rats in the blank group was normal, obvious abnormal contraction during the filling period of bladder was found in the rats of the model group, while no abnormal contraction during the filling period was found in the rats of the EA group. After model establishment, in the model group and the EA group, the first urination time was earlier than the blank group (P<0.01), while bladder effective volume and urination pressure were lower than the blank group (P<0.01). After intervention, in the model group, the first urination time was earlier than the blank group (P<0.01), while bladder effective volume and urination pressure were lower than the blank group (P<0.05); in the EA group, the first urination time was later than the model group (P<0.05), while bladder effective volume and urination pressure were higher than the model group (P<0.05). Compared with the blank group, the protein expressions of TRPV1 and P2X3 receptors in bladder were up-regulated in the model group (P<0.01); compared with the model group, the protein expressions of TRPV1 and P2X3 receptors in bladder were down-regulated in the EA group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION EA can relieve bladder pain and improve urodynamic in IC rats. The mechanism may be related to the down-regulation on the expressions of TRPV1 and P2X3 receptors and the further inhibition on the abnormal input of bladder signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hao Li
- Department of Acupuncture-Moxibustion, Tuina and Traumatology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University Shool of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xue-Dan Zhao
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Longhua Hosiptal, Shanghai University of TCM
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, 4Seventh People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai 200137
| | - Wen-Jun Han
- Department of Andrology, Seventh People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai 200137
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12
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Wang J, Wen W, Gong D, Chen Q, Li P, Liu P, Wang F, Xu S. SZAP exerts analgesic effects on rheumatalgia in CIA rats by suppressing pain hyperalgesia and inhibiting TRPV1 and P2X3. J Ethnopharmacol 2022; 284:114780. [PMID: 34728318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE ShexiangZhuifeng Analgesic Plaster (SZAP) is a traditional Chinese medicine and transdermal formulation composed of many Chinese herbs and active compounds. SZAP was recently approved by the China Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of pain associated with osteoarticular diseases and is preferred by most rheumatoid arthritis patients in China. However, its mechanism has not been elucidated in detail. AIM OF THE STUDY We sought to determine the analgesic effect of SZAP in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rats and explore the underlying mechanisms of pain transmission, such as via the TRPV1 and P2X3 receptors. METHODS After CIA was established, rats were treated with SZAP for 7 days. Paw thickness, arthritis score, and haematoxylin and eosin staining were used to evaluate the effectiveness of SZAP. Paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) and tail-flick latency (TFL) were used to estimate the analgesic effect of SZAP. The levels of PGE2, BK, 5-HT, SP, and CGRP in the serum and synovium were determined using ELISA kits, and ATP in the synovium was measured using HPLC. The expression of TRPV1 and P2X3 in the DRG was detected using western blotting and immunofluorescence. TRPV1 and P2X3 agonists were further used to determine the analgesic effects of SZAP on CIA rats based on PWT and TFL. RESULTS SZAP not only significantly ameliorated arthritis scores and paw thickness by improving the pathological damage of synovial joints, but also remarkably alleviated pain in CIA rats. Further, treatment with SZAP significantly reduced peripheral 5-HT, PGE2 BK, SP, CGRP, and ATP. Additionally, the expression of TRPV1 and P2X3 in the DRG was markedly downregulated by SZAP. Interestingly, the analgesic effect of SZAP was weakened (reduction of PWT and TFL) when TRPV1 and P2X3 were activated by capsaicin or α,β-meATP, respectively. CONCLUSION SZAP ameliorates rheumatalgia by suppressing hyperalgesia and pain transmission through the inhibition of TRPV1 and P2X3 in the DRG of CIA rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, PR China; Institute of Meterial Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, PR China
| | - Wen Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, PR China; Institute of Meterial Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, PR China
| | - Daoyin Gong
- Department of Pathology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, PR China; Institute of Meterial Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, PR China
| | - Ping Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, PR China; Institute of Meterial Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, PR China
| | - Panwang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, PR China; Institute of Meterial Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, PR China
| | - Fushun Wang
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610000, China
| | - Shijun Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, PR China; Institute of Meterial Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, PR China.
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13
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Kurisu R, Saigusa T, Aono Y, Hayashi Y, Hitomi S, Shimada M, Iwata K, Shinoda M. Pannexin 1 role in the trigeminal ganglion in infraorbital nerve injury-induced mechanical allodynia. Oral Dis 2022; 29:1770-1781. [PMID: 35029007 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The detailed pathological mechanism of orofacial neuropathic pain remains unknown. We aimed to examine the pannexin 1 (Panx1) signaling in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) involvement in infraorbital nerve injury (IONI)-induced orofacial neuropathic pain. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mechanical head-withdrawal threshold (MHWT) was measured in IONI-treated rats receiving intra-TG Panx1 inhibitor or metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) antagonist administration and MHWTs in naive rats receiving intra-TG mGluR5 agonist administration post-IONI. Glutamate and Panx1 in the TG were measured post-IONI. Panx1, mGluR5, and glutamine synthetase expression in TG were immunohistochemically identified, and changes in the number of mGluR5-P2X3 -expressed TG neurons were examined. RESULTS MHWT was significantly decreased post-IONI, and this decrease was reversed by Panx1 inhibition or mGluR5 antagonism. mGluR5 agonism induced a decrease in the MHWT. IONI increased extracellular glutamate in TG. Panx1 was expressed in satellite glial cells and TG neurons, and intra-TG mGluR5 antagonism decreased the number of mGluR5 and P2X3 positive TG neurons post-IONI. CONCLUSIONS IONI facilitates glutamate release via Panx1 that activates mGluR5 which was expressed in the nociceptive TG neurons innervating the orofacial region. In turn, P2X3 receptor-expressed TG neurons is enhanced via mGluR5 signaling, resulting in orofacial neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Kurisu
- Dental Anesthesiology and Orofacial Pain Management, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Saigusa
- Department of Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Japan
| | - Yuri Aono
- Department of Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Hayashi
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Suzuro Hitomi
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiko Shimada
- Dental Anesthesiology and Orofacial Pain Management, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Iwata
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masamichi Shinoda
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Seol SH, Chung G. Estrogen-dependent regulation of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and P2X purinoceptor 3 ( P2X3): Implication in burning mouth syndrome. J Dent Sci 2022; 17:8-13. [PMID: 35028015 PMCID: PMC8739235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in the nervous system have gained recent academic interest. While the prominent differences are observed in mood and anxiety disorders, growing number of evidences also suggest sex difference in pain perception. This review focuses on estrogen as the key molecule underlying such difference, because estrogen plays many functions in the nervous system, including modulation of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and P2X purinoceptor 3 (P2X3), two important nociceptive receptors. Estrogen was shown in various studies to up-regulate TRPV1 expression through two distinct pathways, resulting in pro-nociceptive effect. However, estrogen alleviated pain in other studies, by down-regulating nerve growth factor (NGF)-activated pathways and TRPV1. Estrogen may also attenuate nociception by inhibiting P2X3 receptors and ATP-signaling. Understanding the mechanism underlying the pro- and anti-nociceptive effect of estrogen might be crucial to understand pathophysiology of the burning mouth syndrome (BMS), a common chronic orofacial pain disorder in menopausal women. The involvement of TRPV1 is strongly suspected because of burning sensation. Reduced estrogen level of the BMS patient might have caused increased activity of P2X3 receptors. Interestingly, the increased expression of TRPV1 and P2X3 in oral mucosa of BMS patients was reported. The combinational impact of differential modulation of TRPV1/P2X3 during menopause might be an important contributing factor of etiology of BMS. Understanding the estrogen-dependent regulation of nociceptive receptors may provide a valuable insight toward the peripheral mechanism of sex-difference in pain perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Hong Seol
- College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gehoon Chung
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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15
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Rouadi PW, Idriss SA, Bousquet J, Laidlaw TM, Azar CR, Sulaiman AL-Ahmad M, Yáñez A, AL-Nesf MAY, Nsouli TM, Bahna SL, Abou-Jaoude E, Zaitoun FH, Hadi UM, Hellings PW, Scadding GK, Smith PK, Morais-Almeida M, Gómez RM, González Díaz SN, Klimek L, Juvelekian GS, Riachy MA, Canonica GW, Peden D, Wong GW, Sublett J, Bernstein JA, Wang L, Tanno LK, Chikhladze M, Levin M, Chang YS, Martin BL, Caraballo L, Custovic A, Ortega-Martell JA, Jensen-Jarolim E, Ebisawa M, Fiocchi A, Ansotegui IJ. WAO-ARIA consensus on chronic cough - Part 1: Role of TRP channels in neurogenic inflammation of cough neuronal pathways. World Allergy Organ J 2021; 14:100617. [PMID: 34934475 PMCID: PMC8654622 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2021.100617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cough features a complex peripheral and central neuronal network. The function of the chemosensitive and stretch (afferent) cough receptors is well described but partly understood. It is speculated that chronic cough reflects a neurogenic inflammation of the cough reflex, which becomes hypersensitive. This is mediated by neuromediators, cytokines, inflammatory cells, and a differential expression of neuronal (chemo/stretch) receptors, such as transient receptor potential (TRP) and purinergic P2X ion channels; yet the overall interaction of these mediators in neurogenic inflammation of cough pathways remains unclear. OBJECTIVES The World Allergy Organization/Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (WAO/ARIA) Joint Committee on Chronic Cough reviewed the current literature on neuroanatomy and pathophysiology of chronic cough. The role of TRP ion channels in pathogenic mechanisms of the hypersensitive cough reflex was also examined. OUTCOMES Chemoreceptors are better studied in cough neuronal pathways compared to stretch receptors, likely due to their anatomical overabundance in the respiratory tract, but also their distinctive functional properties. Central pathways are important in suppressive mechanisms and behavioral/affective aspects of chronic cough. Current evidence strongly suggests neurogenic inflammation induces a hypersensitive cough reflex marked by increased expression of neuromediators, mast cells, and eosinophils, among others. TRP ion channels, mainly TRP V1/A1, are important in the pathogenesis of chronic cough due to their role in mediating chemosensitivity to various endogenous and exogenous triggers, as well as a crosstalk between neurogenic and inflammatory pathways in cough-associated airways diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip W. Rouadi
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Eye and Ear University Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Samar A. Idriss
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Eye and Ear University Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Audiology and Otoneurological Evaluation, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Jean Bousquet
- Hospital Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Comprehensive Allergy Center, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Macvia France, Montpellier France
- Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Tanya M. Laidlaw
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cecilio R. Azar
- Department of Gastroenterology, American University of Beirut Medical Center (AUBMC), Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Gastroenterology, Middle East Institute of Health (MEIH), Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Gastroenterology, Clemenceau Medical Center (CMC), Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Anahí Yáñez
- INAER - Investigaciones en Alergia y Enfermedades Respiratorias, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maryam Ali Y. AL-Nesf
- Allergy and Immunology Section, Department of Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, P.O. Box 3050, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Sami L. Bahna
- Allergy & Immunology Section, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | | | - Fares H. Zaitoun
- Department of Allergy Otolaryngology, LAU-RIZK Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Usamah M. Hadi
- Clinical Professor Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Peter W. Hellings
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Leuven, Belgium
- University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Leuven, Belgium
- University Hospital Ghent, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Laboratory of Upper Airways Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Peter K. Smith
- Clinical Medicine Griffith University, Southport Qld, 4215, Australia
| | | | | | - Sandra N. González Díaz
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Hospital Universitario and Facultad de Medicina, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Ludger Klimek
- Center for Rhinology and Allergology, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Georges S. Juvelekian
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine at Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Moussa A. Riachy
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Hôtel-Dieu de France University Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Giorgio Walter Canonica
- Humanitas University, Personalized Medicine Asthma & Allergy Clinic-Humanitas Research Hospital-IRCCS-Milano Italy
| | - David Peden
- UNC Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics UNS School of Medicine, USA
| | - Gary W.K. Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - James Sublett
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Allergy and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 9800 Shelbyville Rd, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jonathan A. Bernstein
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Immunology/Allergy Section, Cincinnati
| | - Lianglu Wang
- Department of Allergy, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Diagnosis and Treatment of Allergic Disease, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Beijing 100730, China
| | - Luciana Kase Tanno
- Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Desbrest Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, UMR UA-11, INSERM University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- WHO Collaborating Centre on Scientific Classification Support, Montpellier, France
| | - Manana Chikhladze
- Medical Faculty at Akaki Tsereteli State University, National Institute of Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology, KuTaisi, Tskaltubo, Georgia
| | - Michael Levin
- Division of Paediatric Allergology, Department of Paediatrics, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Yoon-Seok Chang
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Bryan L. Martin
- Department of Otolaryngology, Division of Allergy & Immunology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Luis Caraballo
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena. Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
| | - Adnan Custovic
- National Heart and Lund Institute, Imperial College London, UK
| | | | - Erika Jensen-Jarolim
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University Vienna, Austria
- The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute, Medical University Vienna and Univ, of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Motohiro Ebisawa
- Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology,National Hospital Organization Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Alessandro Fiocchi
- Translational Pediatric Research Area, Allergic Diseases Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Holy See
| | - Ignacio J. Ansotegui
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Hospital Quironsalud Bizkaia, Bilbao, Spain
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Abstract
Airway sensory nerves detect a wide variety of chemical and mechanical stimuli, and relay signals to circuits within the brainstem that regulate breathing, cough, and bronchoconstriction. Recent advances in histological methods, single cell PCR analysis and transgenic mouse models have illuminated a remarkable degree of sensory nerve heterogeneity and have enabled an unprecedented ability to test the functional role of specific neuronal populations in healthy and diseased lungs. This review focuses on how neuronal plasticity contributes to development of two of the most common airway diseases, asthma and chronic cough, and discusses the therapeutic implications of emerging treatments that target airway sensory nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G. Drake
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Madeline Cook
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Allison D. Fryer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - David B. Jacoby
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Gregory D. Scott
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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17
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Mazuqueli Pereira EDSB, Basting RT, Abdalla HB, Garcez AS, Napimoga MH, Clemente-Napimoga JT. Photobiomodulation inhibits inflammation in the temporomandibular joint of rats. J Photochem Photobiol B 2021; 222:112281. [PMID: 34388640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Photobiomodulation (PBM) has been applied as a non-invasive technique for treating temporomandibular joint symptoms, especially on painful condition's relief, however the anti-inflammatory mechanism underlying the effect of PBM remains uncertain. This study aims to evaluate the mechanisms of action of PBM (808 nm) in a carrageenan-induced inflammation on temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of rats. In this study male Wistar rats were pre-treated with irradiation of a low-power diode laser for 15 s on TMJ (infra-red 808 nm, 100 mW, 50 J/cm2 and 1.5 J) 15 min prior an injection in the temporomandibular joint of carrageenan (100 μg/TMJ). 1 h after the TMJ treatments, the rats were terminally anesthetized for joint cavity wash and periarticular tissues collect. Samples analysis demonstrated that PBM inhibit leukocytes chemotaxis in the TMJ and significantly reduces amounts of TNF-α, IL-1β and CINC-1. In addition, Western blotting analysis demonstrated that PBM significantly decreased the protein levels of P2X3 and P2X7 receptors in the periarticular tissues. On the other hand, PBM was able to increase protein level of IL-10 (anti-inflammatory cytokine). In summary, it is possible to suggest that PBM inhibit inflammatory chemotaxis, modulation the balance of the pro- and anti-inflammatory characteristics of inflammatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosanna Tarkany Basting
- São Leopoldo Mandic Institute and Research Center, Laboratory of Neuroimmune Interface of Pain Research - Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Henrique Ballassini Abdalla
- São Leopoldo Mandic Institute and Research Center, Laboratory of Neuroimmune Interface of Pain Research - Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Aguinaldo Silva Garcez
- São Leopoldo Mandic Institute and Research Center, Laboratory of Neuroimmune Interface of Pain Research - Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Henrique Napimoga
- São Leopoldo Mandic Institute and Research Center, Laboratory of Neuroimmune Interface of Pain Research - Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Ding S, Yu Q, Wang J, Zhu L, Li T, Guo X, Zhang X. Activation of ATF3/AP-1 signaling pathway is required for P2X3-induced endometriosis pain. Hum Reprod 2021; 35:1130-1144. [PMID: 32303740 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deaa061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Does P2X ligand-gated ion channel 3 (P2X3) play a role in endometriosis pain? SUMMARY ANSWER Upregulation of P2X3 in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) tissues via the activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3)/activator protein (AP)-1 pathway contributed to endometriosis-associated hyperalgesia, which could be attenuated by the chitosan oligosaccharide stearic acid (CSOSA)/liposomes (LPs)/SP600125 delivery system. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Infiltrating nerve fibers and elevated nociceptors in endometriotic lesions are associated with endometriosis pain. P2X3 has been demonstrated to play an important role in neuropathic pain. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION A rat model of endometriosis was used to investigate the signaling pathways involved in P2X3-induced pain. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Degrees of hyperalgesia, endogenous adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) contents and P2X3 expression levels in endometriotic lesions and DRG tissues were detected in a rat model of endometriosis. The expression levels of ATF3 and P2X3 were measured using qRT-PCR, western blot analysis and immunofluorescence analysis after adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP) exposure in DRG cells. Plasmids encoding ATF3 and its siRNA were used to investigate the role of ATF3 on ADP-induced P2X3 upregulation. The activity of ATF binding to the P2X3 promoter was evaluated by using chromatin immunoprecipitation (CHIP) and luciferase assays. SP600125, an inhibitor of c-JUN N-terminal kinase, was wrapped in CSOSA/LPs delivery system and its inhibitory effects on ADP-induced upregulation of P2X3 in DRG cells and endometriosis-induced hyperalgesia in rats were tested. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE The concentrations of endogenous ATP and expression levels of P2X3 were significantly increased in both endometriotic lesions and DRG tissues in endometriosis rat models and were found to be positively correlated with the severity of hyperalgesia. In DRG cells, P2X3 expression levels were elevated by ADP stimulation, but dramatically inhibited by blocking ATF3 with its siRNA and SP600125. CHIP and luciferase assay showed that ADP increased the binding of ATF3 to the P2X3 promoter, resulting in an increase in P2X3 expression levels. In the CSOSA/LPs/SP600125 delivery system, the drug could be effectively concentrated in endometriotic lesions, and it could alleviate endometriosis-induced hyperalgesia, reduce the size of endometriotic lesions and attenuate upregulated P2X3 expression levels in endometriosis rat models. LARGE SCALE DATA N/A. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Changes in the sensitivity and function of P2X3 caused by endometriosis need to be further investigated. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS This study indicates that ATP and the P2X3 receptor are involved in endometriosis pain, thus providing a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of endometriosis pain by targeting the P2X3 receptor. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was funded by National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2017YFC1001202) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 81974225, 81671429 and 81471433). There are no competing interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Ding
- Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Qin Yu
- Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Jianzhang Wang
- Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Libo Zhu
- Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Tiantian Li
- Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Xinyue Guo
- Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Xinmei Zhang
- Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, P.R. China
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19
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Koizumi M, Asano S, Furukawa A, Hayashi Y, Hitomi S, Shibuta I, Hayashi K, Kato F, Iwata K, Shinoda M. P2X 3 receptor upregulation in trigeminal ganglion neurons through TNFα production in macrophages contributes to trigeminal neuropathic pain in rats. J Headache Pain 2021; 22:31. [PMID: 33902429 PMCID: PMC8077728 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-021-01244-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trigeminal neuralgia is a characteristic disease that manifests as orofacial phasic or continuous severe pain triggered by innocuous orofacial stimulation; its mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we established a new animal model of trigeminal neuralgia and investigated the role of P2X3 receptor (P2X3R) alteration in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) via tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) signaling in persistent orofacial pain. METHODS Trigeminal nerve root compression (TNC) was performed in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Changes in the mechanical sensitivity of whisker pad skin, amount of TNFα in the TG, and number of P2X3R and TNF receptor-2 (TNFR2)-positive TG neurons were assessed following TNC. The effects of TNFR2 antagonism in TG and subcutaneous P2X3R antagonism on mechanical hypersensitivity following TNC were examined. RESULTS TNC induced unilateral continuous orofacial mechanical allodynia, which was depressed by carbamazepine. The accumulation of macrophages showing amoeboid-like morphological changes and expression of TNFα in the TG was remarkably increased following TNC treatment. The number of P2X3R- and TNFR2-positive TG neurons innervating the orofacial skin was significantly increased following TNC. TNFα was released from activated macrophages that occurred in the TG following TNC, and TNFR2 antagonism in the TG significantly diminished the TNC-induced increase in P2X3R-immunoreactive TG neurons. Moreover, subcutaneous P2X3R antagonism in the whisker pad skin significantly depressed TNC-induced mechanical allodynia. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, it can be concluded that the signaling of TNFα released from activated macrophages in the TG induces the upregulation of P2X3R expression in TG neurons innervating the orofacial region, resulting in orofacial mechanical allodynia following TNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Koizumi
- Department of Dentistry, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayaka Asano
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai Chiyoda-ku, 101-8310, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Furukawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Hayashi
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai Chiyoda-ku, 101-8310, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Suzuro Hitomi
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai Chiyoda-ku, 101-8310, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikuko Shibuta
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai Chiyoda-ku, 101-8310, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Hayashi
- Department of Dentistry, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fusao Kato
- Department of Neuroscience, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Neuroscience of Pain, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Iwata
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai Chiyoda-ku, 101-8310, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masamichi Shinoda
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai Chiyoda-ku, 101-8310, Tokyo, Japan.
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20
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Wanasuntronwong A, Punyawattananon V, Rotpenpian N, Meepong R, Srikiatkhachorn A. Nociceptive receptors are expressed differently in trigeminal nociception after lingual nerve injury and unilateral external carotid artery occlusion in rats. Arch Oral Biol 2021; 126:105128. [PMID: 33895544 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the different changes in nociceptive activity between two animal models of trigeminal neuropathic pain: unilateral external carotid artery ischemic reperfusion and lingual nerve crush in rats. DESIGN In this study, changes in nociceptive activity were investigated in unilateral external carotid artery ischemic reperfusion and lingual nerve crush models of trigeminal neuropathic pain in rats. Field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) evoked by capsaicin application on the tongue of rats were recorded in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis. In addition, immunohistochemistry was performed in the trigeminal ganglia and trigeminal nucleus caudalis. RESULTS The fEPSP in unilateral external carotid artery ischemic reperfusion and lingual nerve crush rats was irregular relative to that in sham rats. In particular, the fEPSP spike in lingual nerve crush rats had a higher amplitude and shorter duration than that in sham rats. Unilateral external carotid artery ischemic reperfusion and lingual nerve crush also increased c-fos expression in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis. Upregulation of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 in trigeminal ganglion was observed in unilateral external carotid artery ischemic reperfusion and lingual nerve crush rats, whereas upregulation of purinergic receptor subtype 3 in trigeminal ganglion was observed only in lingual nerve crush rats. CONCLUSIONS Although unilateral external carotid artery ischemic reperfusion and lingual nerve crush similarly increased nociceptive activity at the trigeminal nucleus caudalis, the fEPSPs and expression of nociceptive peripheral afferent neurons were different. Therefore, direct and indirect nerve injuries apparently induced the same nociceptive activity by different signaling responses dependent on nociceptive receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Anan Srikiatkhachorn
- Faculty of Medicine, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand
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21
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Chang CH, Chang YS, Hsieh YL. Transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 depletion mediates mechanical allodynia through cellular signal alterations in small-fiber neuropathy. Pain Rep 2021; 6:e922. [PMID: 34585035 PMCID: PMC8462592 DOI: 10.1097/pr9.0000000000000922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1) is a polymodal nociceptor that monitors noxious thermal sensations. Few studies have addressed the role of TRPV1 in mechanical allodynia in small-fiber neuropathy (SFN) caused by sensory nerve damage. Accordingly, this article reviews the putative mechanisms of TRPV1 depletion that mediates mechanical allodynia in SFN. The intraepidermal nerve fibers (IENFs) degeneration and sensory neuronal injury are the primary characteristics of SFN. Intraepidermal nerve fibers are mainly C-polymodal nociceptors and Aδ-fibers, which mediated allodynic pain after neuronal sensitization. TRPV1 depletion by highly potent neurotoxins induces the upregulation of activating transcription factor 3 and IENFs degeneration which mimics SFN. TRPV1 is predominately expressed by the peptidergic than nonpeptidergic nociceptors, and these neurochemical discrepancies provided the basis of the distinct pathways of thermal analgesia and mechanical allodynia. The depletion of peptidergic nociceptors and their IENFs cause thermal analgesia and sensitized nonpeptidergic nociceptors respond to mechanical allodynia. These distinct pathways of noxious stimuli suggested determined by the neurochemical-dependent neurotrophin cognate receptors such as TrkA and Ret receptors. The neurogenic inflammation after TRPV1 depletion also sensitized Ret receptors which results in mechanical allodynia. The activation of spinal TRPV1(+) neurons may contribute to mechanical allodynia. Also, an imbalance in adenosinergic analgesic signaling in sensory neurons such as the downregulation of prostatic acid phosphatase and adenosine A1 receptors, which colocalized with TRPV1 as a membrane microdomain also correlated with the development of mechanical allodynia. Collectively, TRPV1 depletion-induced mechanical allodynia involves a complicated cascade of cellular signaling alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Hong Chang
- Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Shuang Chang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lin Hsieh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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22
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Guo J, Wang C, Niu X, Zhou F, Li H, Gao W. Effects of resveratrol in the signaling of neuropathic pain involving P2X3 in the dorsal root ganglion of rats. Acta Neurol Belg 2021; 121:365-372. [PMID: 30989502 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-019-01126-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a major public health problem because it has a considerable impact on life quality of patients. Neuropathic pain caused by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory nervous system, which causes unpleasant and abnormal sensation (dysesthesia), an increased response to painful stimuli (hyperalgesia), and pain in response to a stimulus that does not normally provoke pain (allodynia). P2X receptors from dorsal root ganglion (DRG) play a crucial role in facilitating pain transmission at peripheral and spinal sites. Resveratrol (Res) has neuroprotective effects and improves the pathological and behavioral outcomes of various types of nerve injury. The present study examined the effects of Res on neuropathic pain. Neuropathic pain animal model was created by partial sciatic nerve ligation (pSNL) surgery. We found that consecutive intraperitoneal administration of Res for 21 days reduced the mechanical and thermal nociceptive responses induced by pSNL in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, Res administration reversed P2X3 expression and phosphorylation of ERK in DRG neurons after peripheral nerve injury. Our results suggested that Res may ameliorate neuropathic pain by suppressing P2X3 up-regulation and ERK phosphorylation in DRG of neuropathic pain rats. Therefore, we concluded that Res has a significant analgesic effect on alleviating neuropathic pain, and thus may serve as a therapeutic approach for neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, No. 88 Jiankang Road, Weihui, 453100, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chaowei Wang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, 453100, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolu Niu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, 453100, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, No. 88 Jiankang Road, Weihui, 453100, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiling Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, No. 88 Jiankang Road, Weihui, 453100, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Weifang Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, No. 88 Jiankang Road, Weihui, 453100, Henan, People's Republic of China
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Jarvis
- Global Medical Affairs, Abbvie, Inc., 1 N Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.
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24
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Shiers SI, Sankaranarayanan I, Jeevakumar V, Cervantes A, Reese JC, Price TJ. Convergence of peptidergic and non-peptidergic protein markers in the human dorsal root ganglion and spinal dorsal horn. J Comp Neurol 2021; 529:2771-2788. [PMID: 33550628 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral sensory neurons are characterized by their size, molecular profiles, and physiological responses to specific stimuli. In mouse, the peptidergic and non-peptidergic subsets of nociceptors are distinct and innervate different lamina of the spinal dorsal horn. The unique molecular signature and neuroanatomical organization of these neurons supports a labeled line theory for certain types of nociceptive stimuli. However, long-standing evidence supports the polymodal nature of nociceptors in many species. We have recently shown that the peptidergic marker, CGRP, and the non-peptidergic marker, P2X3R, show largely overlapping expression at the mRNA level in human dorsal root ganglion (DRG). Herein, our aim was to assess the protein distribution of nociceptor markers, including their central projections, in the human DRG and spinal cord. Using DRGs obtained from organ donors, we observed that CGRP and P2X3R were co-expressed by approximately 33% of human DRG neurons and TrpV1 was expressed in ~60% of human DRG neurons. In the dorsal spinal cord, CGRP, P2X3R, TrpV1, and Nav1.7 proteins stained the entirety of lamina 1-2, with only P2XR3 showing a gradient of expression. This was confirmed by measuring the size of the substantia gelatinosa using Hematoxylin and Eosin staining of adjacent sections. Our findings are consistent with the known polymodal nature of most primate nociceptors and indicate that the central projection patterns of nociceptors are different between mice and humans. Elucidating how human nociceptors connect to subsets of dorsal horn neurons will be important for understanding the physiological consequences of these species differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie I Shiers
- Center for Advanced Pain Studies, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
| | - Ishwarya Sankaranarayanan
- Center for Advanced Pain Studies, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
| | - Vivek Jeevakumar
- Center for Advanced Pain Studies, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Theodore J Price
- Center for Advanced Pain Studies, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
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25
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Fang J, Du J, Xiang X, Shao X, He X, Jiang Y, Liu B, Liang Y, Fang J. SNI and CFA induce similar changes in TRPV1 and P2X3 expressions in the acute phase but not in the chronic phase of pain. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:983-995. [PMID: 33464388 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-05988-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral inflammation and nerve injury usually accompany each other. However, whether inflammatory and neuropathic pain share similar mechanisms at all stages is unknown. TRPV1 and P2X3 are two major ion channels in dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) and are involved in chronic pain. Here, their function and expression in DRGs at different phases of the two types of pain were investigated. Both the paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) and paw withdrawal latency were decreased in rats injected with complete Freud's adjuvant (CFA). However, only the PWT was decreased in rats with spared nerve injury (SNI). CFA increased the magnitude of the TRPV1-mediated Ca2+ response but not the P2X3-mediated Ca2+ response 14 days after injection. Consistent with this result, the P2X3 expression level in CFA rats was increased only at 3 days after injection. SNI surgery increased the magnitudes of the TRPV1- and P2X3-mediated Ca2+ responses and upregulated both TRPV1 and P2X3 expression in lumbar DRGs. The distributions of TRPV1 and P2X3 in DRGs after modeling were observed, and TRPV1 was found to be highly expressed mainly in the L4-L5 DRGs in CFA rats and in the L5-L6 DRGs in SNI rats. P2X3 was highly expressed in the L4-L6 DRGs in CFA rats 3 days after injection but was only highly expressed in the L4 DRG 14 days after modeling. On the other hand, SNI promoted the P2X3 expression L4-L5 DRGs 3 days after surgery, but only L6 DRG 14 days after modeling. All the results indicate that P2X3 and TPRV1 are involved in inflammatory and neuropathic pain by different expression levels and distributions in the lumbar DRG in the chronic stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Junying Du
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Xuaner Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Xiaomei Shao
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Xiaofeng He
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Yongliang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Boyi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Yi Liang
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Jianqiao Fang
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
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26
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Lu R, Metzner K, Zhou F, Flauaus C, Balzulat A, Engel P, Petersen J, Ehinger R, Bausch A, Ruth P, Lukowski R, Schmidtko A. Functional Coupling of Slack Channels and P2X3 Receptors Contributes to Neuropathic Pain Processing. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E405. [PMID: 33401689 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The sodium-activated potassium channel Slack (KNa1.1, Slo2.2, or Kcnt1) is highly expressed in populations of sensory neurons, where it mediates the sodium-activated potassium current (IKNa) and modulates neuronal activity. Previous studies suggest that Slack is involved in the processing of neuropathic pain. However, mechanisms underlying the regulation of Slack activity in this context are poorly understood. Using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings we found that Slack-mediated IKNa in sensory neurons of mice is reduced after peripheral nerve injury, thereby contributing to neuropathic pain hypersensitivity. Interestingly, Slack is closely associated with ATP-sensitive P2X3 receptors in a population of sensory neurons. In vitro experiments revealed that Slack-mediated IKNa may be bidirectionally modulated in response to P2X3 activation. Moreover, mice lacking Slack show altered nocifensive responses to P2X3 stimulation. Our study identifies P2X3/Slack signaling as a mechanism contributing to hypersensitivity after peripheral nerve injury and proposes a potential novel strategy for treatment of neuropathic pain.
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Du J, Fang J, Xiang X, Yu J, Le X, Liang Y, Jin X, Fang J. Effects of low- and high-frequency electroacupuncture on protein expression and distribution of TRPV1 and P2X3 in rats with peripheral nerve injury. Acupunct Med 2020; 39:478-490. [PMID: 33334124 DOI: 10.1177/0964528420968845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation at different frequencies has a similar effect on spared nerve injury (SNI) as other neuropathic pain models, and how EA at different frequencies causes distinct analgesic effects on neuropathic pain is still not clear. METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham SNI, SNI, 2 Hz, 100 Hz and sham EA groups. Paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) and paw withdrawal latency (PWL) were measured. EA was performed once a day on days 1 to 14 after SNI. The expressions of transient receptor potential cation subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) and peripheral purinergic P2X receptor 3 (P2X3) were determined by western blotting and immunofluorescence. TRPV1 siRNA and P2X3 siRNA were administered by intrathecal injection. TRPV1 or P2X3 agonists were combined with EA. RESULTS There were significant decreases in PWT, but no changes in PWL in the 14 days after SNI. EA using 2- or 100-Hz stimulation similarly increased PWT at every time point. The cytosol protein expression of P2X3 in the L4-L6 dorsal root ganglia (DRG) increased, but the expression of TRPV1 decreased in the SNI model. Both these effects were ameliorated by EA, with 2-Hz stimulation having a stronger effect than 100-Hz stimulation. Blocking either TRPV1 or P2X3 specific siRNAs attenuated the decreased PWT induced by SNI. Administration of either a TRPV1 or P2X3 agonist inhibited EA analgesia. CONCLUSION 2- and 100-Hz EA similarly induced analgesic effects in SNI. This effect was related to up-regulation and down-regulation, respectively, of cytosol protein expression of P2X3 and TRPV1 in L4-L6 DRG, with 2 Hz having a better effect than 100 Hz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junying Du
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junfan Fang
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuaner Xiang
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqin Le
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Liang
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoming Jin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jianqiao Fang
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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Abstract
P2X3 monomeric receptors (P2X3Rs) and P2X2/3 heteromeric receptors (P2X2/3Rs) in primary sensory neurons and microglial P2X4 monomeric receptors (P2X4Rs) in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH) play important roles in neuropathic pain. In particular, P2X4R in the spinal microglia during peripheral nerve injury (PNI), experimental autoimmune neuritis, and herpes models are useful to explore the potential strategies for developing new drugs to treat neuropathic pain. Recently, novel P2X4 antagonists, NP-1815-PX and NC-2600, were developed, which demonstrated potent and specific inhibition against rodent and human P2X4Rs. The phase I study of NC-2600 has been completed, and no serious side effects were reported. The roles played by purinergic receptors in evoking neuropathic pain provide crucial insights into the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhide Inoue
- Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
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Kong Y, Wang Q, Wu DY, Hu J, Zang WS, Li XW, Yang JM, Gao TM. Involvement of P2X2 receptor in the medial prefrontal cortex in ATP modulation of the passive coping response to behavioral challenge. Genes Brain Behav 2020; 19:e12691. [PMID: 32761745 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
P2X2 and P2X3 receptors are widely expressed in both the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system and have been proven to participate in different peripheral sensory functions, but there are few studies on the involvement of P2X2 and P2X3 receptors in animal behaviors. Here we used P2X2 and P2X3 knockout mice to address this issue. P2X2 knockout mice showed normal motor function, exploratory behavior, anxiety-like behaviors, learning and memory behaviors and passive coping response to behavioral challenge. Nevertheless, the effect of ATP infusion in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) on the passive coping response was blocked by P2X2 but not P2X3 receptor deletion. Additionally, no deficits in a wide variety of behavioral tests were observed in P2X3 knockout mice. These findings demonstrate a role of P2X2 receptor in the mPFC in adenosine-5'-triphosphate modulation of the passive coping response to behavioral challenge and show that the P2X2/P2X3 receptor is dispensable for behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ding-Yu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Si Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Ming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tian-Ming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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30
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Dicpinigaitis PV, McGarvey LP, Canning BJ. P2X3-Receptor Antagonists as Potential Antitussives: Summary of Current Clinical Trials in Chronic Cough. Lung 2020; 198:609-16. [PMID: 32661659 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-020-00377-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cough is among the most common complaints for which patients worldwide seek medical attention. In a majority of patients with chronic cough (defined as cough of greater than 8 weeks' duration), successful management results from a thorough evaluation and treatment of underlying causes. In a subgroup of patients, however, cough proves refractory to therapeutic trials aimed at known reversible causes of chronic cough. Such patients are appropriately termed as having refractory chronic cough. At present, safe and effective medications are lacking for this challenging patient population. Currently available therapeutic options are usually ineffective or achieve antitussive effect at the expense of intolerable side effects, typically sedation. Fortunately, the past decade has witnessed great progress in elucidating underlying mechanisms of cough. From that knowledge, aided by the development of validated instruments to measure objective and subjective cough-related end points, numerous antitussive drug development programs have emerged. The most active area of inquiry at present involves antagonists of the purinergic P2X receptors. Indeed, four clinical programs (one in Phase 3 and three in Phase 2) are currently underway investigating antagonists of receptors comprised entirely or partially of the P2X3 subunit as potential antitussive medications. Herein we review the foundation on which P2X receptor antagonists were developed as potential antitussive medications and provide an update on current clinical trials.
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Abstract
Current therapies for the treatment of chronic pain provide inadequate relief for millions of suffering patients, demonstrating the need for better therapies that will treat pain effectively and improve the quality of patient's lives. Better understanding of the mechanisms that mediate chronic pain is critical for developing drugs with improved clinical outcomes. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a key modulator in nociceptive pathways. Release of ATP from injured tissue or sympathetic efferents has sensitizing effects on sensory neurons in the periphery, and presynaptic vesicular release of ATP from the central terminals can increase glutamate release thereby potentiating downstream central sensitization mechanisms, a condition thought to underlie many chronic pain conditions. The purinergic receptors on sensory nerves primarily responsible for ATP signaling are P2X3 and P2X2/3. Selective knockdown experiments, or inhibition with small molecules, demonstrate P2X3-containing receptors are key targets to modulate nociceptive signals. Preclinical studies have identified that P2X3-containing receptors are critical for sensory transduction for bladder function, and clinical studies have shown promise in treatment for bladder pain and pain associated with osteoarthritis. Further clinical characterization of antagonists to P2X3-containing receptors may lead to improved therapies in the treatment of chronic pain.
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Abstract
The special issue “Ion Channels of Nociception” contains 13 articles published by 73 authors from different countries united by the main focusing on the peripheral mechanisms of pain. The content covers the mechanisms of neuropathic, inflammatory, and dental pain as well as pain in migraine and diabetes, nociceptive roles of P2X3, ASIC, Piezo and TRP channels, pain control through GPCRs and pharmacological agents and non-pharmacological treatment with electroacupuncture.
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Sharif B, Ase AR, Ribeiro-da-Silva A, Séguéla P. Differential Coding of Itch and Pain by a Subpopulation of Primary Afferent Neurons. Neuron 2020; 106:940-951.e4. [PMID: 32298640 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Itch and pain are distinct unpleasant sensations that can be triggered from the same receptive fields in the skin, raising the question of how pruriception and nociception are coded and discriminated. Here, we tested the multimodal capacity of peripheral first-order neurons, focusing on the genetically defined subpopulation of mouse C-fibers that express the chloroquine receptor MrgprA3. Using optogenetics, chemogenetics, and pharmacology, we assessed the behavioral effects of their selective stimulation in a wide variety of conditions. We show that metabotropic Gq-linked stimulation of these C-afferents, through activation of native MrgprA3 receptors or DREADDs, evokes stereotypical pruriceptive rather than nocifensive behaviors. In contrast, fast ionotropic stimulation of these same neurons through light-gated cation channels or native ATP-gated P2X3 channels predominantly evokes nocifensive rather than pruriceptive responses. We conclude that C-afferents display intrinsic multimodality, and we provide evidence that optogenetic and chemogenetic interventions on the same neuronal populations can drive distinct behavioral outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behrang Sharif
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada; Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Ariel R Ase
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Alfredo Ribeiro-da-Silva
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada; Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Philippe Séguéla
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada.
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Xiang X, Wang S, Shao F, Fang J, Xu Y, Wang W, Sun H, Liu X, Du J, Fang J. Electroacupuncture Stimulation Alleviates CFA-Induced Inflammatory Pain Via Suppressing P2X3 Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3248. [PMID: 31269659 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory pain is one of the most common complaints that seriously affects patients’ quality of life. Previous studies have demonstrated that the analgesic effect of electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation on inflammatory pain is related to its frequency. In this study, we focused on whether the analgesic effects of EA are related to the period of stimulation. Purinergic receptor P2X3 (P2X3) is involved in the pathological process underlying chronic inflammatory pain and neuropathic pain. We hypothesized that 100 Hz EA stimulation alleviated Freund’s complete adjuvant (CFA) induced inflammatory pain via regulating P2X3 expression in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and/or spinal cord dorsal horn (SCDH). We also assumed that the analgesic effect of EA might be related to the period of stimulation. We found that both short-term (three day) and long-term (14 day) 100 Hz EA stimulation effectively increased the paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) and reversed the elevation of P2X3 in the DRG and SCDH of CFA rats. However, the analgesic effects of 100 Hz EA were not dependent on the period of stimulation. Moreover, P2X3 inhibition or activation may contribute to or attenuate the analgesic effects of 100 Hz EA on CFA-induced inflammatory pain. This result indicated that EA reduced pain hypersensitivity through P2X3 modulation.
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Ginnetti AT, Paone DV, Stauffer SR, Potteiger CM, Shaw AW, Deng J, Mulhearn JJ, Nguyen DN, Segerdell C, Anquandah J, Calamari A, Cheng G, Leitl MD, Liang A, Moore E, Panigel J, Urban M, Wang J, Fillgrove K, Tang C, Cook S, Kane S, Salvatore CA, Graham SL, Burgey CS. Identification of second-generation P2X3 antagonists for treatment of pain. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:1392-1396. [PMID: 29548573 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A second-generation small molecule P2X3 receptor antagonist has been developed. The lead optimization strategy to address shortcomings of the first-generation preclinical lead compound is described herein. These studies were directed towards the identification and amelioration of preclinical hepatobiliary findings, reducing potential for drug-drug interactions, and decreasing the projected human dose of the first-generation lead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony T Ginnetti
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | - Daniel V Paone
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Shaun R Stauffer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Craig M Potteiger
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Anthony W Shaw
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - James Deng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - James J Mulhearn
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Diem N Nguyen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Carolyn Segerdell
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Juliana Anquandah
- Department of Pain Research, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Amy Calamari
- Department of Pain Research, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Gong Cheng
- Department of Pain Research, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Michael D Leitl
- Department of Pain Research, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Annie Liang
- Department of Pain Research, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Eric Moore
- Department of Pain Research, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Jacqueline Panigel
- Department of Pain Research, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Mark Urban
- Department of Pain Research, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Jixin Wang
- Department of Pain Research, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Kerry Fillgrove
- Department of Drug Metabolism, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Cuyue Tang
- Department of Drug Metabolism, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Sean Cook
- Department of Pain Research, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Stefanie Kane
- Department of Pain Research, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | | | - Samuel L Graham
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Christopher S Burgey
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA
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Nowodworska A, van den Maagdenberg AMJM, Nistri A, Fabbretti E. In situ imaging reveals properties of purinergic signalling in trigeminal sensory ganglia in vitro. Purinergic Signal 2017; 13:511-520. [PMID: 28822016 PMCID: PMC5714839 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-017-9576-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is supported by sterile inflammation that induces sensitisation of sensory neurons to ambient stimuli including extracellular ATP acting on purinergic P2X receptors. The development of in vitro methods for drug screening would be useful to investigate cell crosstalk and plasticity mechanisms occurring during neuronal sensitisation and sterile neuroinflammation. Thus, we studied, at single-cell level, membrane pore dilation based on the uptake of a fluorescent probe following sustained ATP-gated P2X receptor function in neurons and non-neuronal cells of trigeminal ganglion cultures from wild-type (WT) and R192Q CaV2.1 knock-in (KI) mice, a model of familial hemiplegic migraine type 1 characterised by neuronal sensitisation and higher release of soluble mediators. In WT cultures, pore responses were mainly evoked by ATP rather than benzoyl-ATP (BzATP) and partly inhibited by the P2X antagonist TNP-ATP. P2X7 receptors were expressed in trigeminal ganglia mainly by non-neuronal cells. In contrast, KI cultures showed higher expression of P2X7 receptors, stronger responses to BzATP, an effect largely prevented by prior administration of CaV2.1 blocker ω-agatoxin IVA, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based silencing of P2X7 receptors or the P2X7 antagonist A-804598. No cell toxicity was detected with the protocols. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a well-known migraine mediator, potentiated BzATP-evoked membrane permeability in WT as well as R192Q KI cultures, demonstrating its modulatory role on trigeminal sensory ganglia. Our results show an advantageous experimental approach to dissect pharmacological properties potentially relevant to chronic pain and suggest that CGRP is a soluble mediator influencing purinergic P2X pore dilation and regulating inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arletta Nowodworska
- Neuroscience Department, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Via Bonomea 265, 34136, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Nistri
- Neuroscience Department, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Via Bonomea 265, 34136, Trieste, Italy
| | - Elsa Fabbretti
- Center for Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, 5000, Nova Gorica, Slovenia.
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, via Giorgieri 5, 34127, Trieste, Italy.
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Xiong W, Tan M, He L, Ou X, Jin Y, Yang G, Huang L, Shen Y, Guan S, Xu C, Li G, Liu S, Xu H, Liang S, Gao Y. Inhibitory effects of tetramethylpyrazine on pain transmission of trigeminal neuralgia in CCI-ION rats. Brain Res Bull 2017; 134:72-78. [PMID: 28710025 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) has anti-inflammatory effects and is used to treat cerebral ischemic injury, but the mechanism of TMP on neural protection is not clear. Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a facial pain syndrome that is characterized by paroxysmal, shock-like pain attacks located in the somatosensory distribution of the trigeminal nerve. P2X3 receptor plays a crucial role in facilitating pain transmission. The present study investigates the effects of TMP on trigeminal neuralgia transmission mediated by P2X3 receptor of the trigeminal ganglia (TG). Chronic constriction injury of the infraorbital branch of the trigeminal nerve (CCI-ION) was used as a trigeminal neuralgia model. On day 15 after surgery, there was a significant decline in the mechanical hyperalgesia threshold in the territory of the ligated infraorbital nerve in the TN group, and an increase in expression of P2X3 receptor in the TG of the TN group compared with the Sham group. After treatment with TMP or A-317491, the mechanical hyperalgesia threshold of TN rats was significantly higher, and expression of P2X3 receptor in the TG noticeably declined compared with the TN group. Phosphorylation of p38 and ERK1/2 in the TN group was stronger than in the Sham group. However, the phosphorylation of p38 and ERK1/2 in the TN+TMP group and TN+A-317491 group was much lower than in the TN group. TMP significantly inhibited the ATP activated currents in HEK293 cells transfected with a P2X3 plasmid. Thus, TMP might have inhibitory effects on trigeminal neuralgia by suppressing the expression of P2X3 receptor in the TG and the phosphorylation of p38 and ERK1/2 in the TG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiong
- Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
| | - Mengxia Tan
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
| | - Lingkun He
- Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Ou
- Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
| | - Youhong Jin
- Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
| | - Guo Yang
- Queen Mary college of grade 2013, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
| | - Liping Huang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
| | - Yulin Shen
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
| | - Shu Guan
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
| | - Changshui Xu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
| | - Guilin Li
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
| | - Shuangmei Liu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
| | - Shangdong Liang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China.
| | - Yun Gao
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China.
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Abstract
Chronic cough is a common and troublesome condition affecting approximately 12% of the general population. It is associated with poor quality of life with psychological, social and physical consequences. Patients typically complain of a dry irritating cough, driven by a strong urge to cough associated with a sensation or irritation located in the throat. Treatment of potential 'causes', ie asthma, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and rhino-sinusitis, may produce a complete or partial response, but the response of some patients to opiates and alpha-2-delta ligand antagonists (gabapentin and pregabalin) supports the concept that this is primarily a neurological disorder, characterised by hyper-responsiveness of the nerves. Novel and highly effective neuronal treatments are in development and offer hope of better symptom control with fewer side effects within a few years. This review focuses on understanding the mechanism of chronic cough, current management approaches and research that may lead to novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Satia
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre. University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Huda Badri
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre. University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Bashar Al-Sheklly
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre. University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Jaclyn Ann Smith
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre. University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Ashley A Woodcock
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre. University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
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Satia I, Badri H, Al-Sheklly B, Smith JA, Woodcock AA. Towards understanding and managing chronic cough. Clin Med (Lond) 2016; 16. [PMID: 27956447 PMCID: PMC6329565 DOI: 10.7861/clinmedicine.16-6s-s92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Chronic cough is a common and troublesome condition affecting approximately 12% of the general population. It is associated with poor quality of life with psychological, social and physical consequences. Patients typically complain of a dry irritating cough, driven by a strong urge to cough associated with a sensation or irritation located in the throat. Treatment of potential 'causes', ie asthma, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and rhino-sinusitis, may produce a complete or partial response, but the response of some patients to opiates and alpha-2-delta ligand antagonists (gabapentin and pregabalin) supports the concept that this is primarily a neurological disorder, characterised by hyper-responsiveness of the nerves. Novel and highly effective neuronal treatments are in development and offer hope of better symptom control with fewer side effects within a few years. This review focuses on understanding the mechanism of chronic cough, current management approaches and research that may lead to novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Satia
- ADivision of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre. University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Huda Badri
- ADivision of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre. University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Bashar Al-Sheklly
- ADivision of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre. University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Jaclyn Ann Smith
- BDivision of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre. University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Ashley A Woodcock
- BDivision of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre. University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK,Address for correspondence: Prof A Woodcock, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester. Level 2, Education and Research Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, Southmoor Road, Manchester M23 9LT, UK.
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Lai H, Yan Q, Cao H, Chen P, Xu Y, Jiang W, Wu Q, Huang P, Tan B. Effect of SQW on the bladder function of mice lacking TRPV1. Altern Ther Health Med 2016; 16:465. [PMID: 27842583 PMCID: PMC5109765 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1420-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Suo Quan Wan (SQW) is an effective traditional Chinese prescription on treated lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), and has been proved have modulation effect on the expression of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) in accordance with the recovery of bladder function of overactive bladder rat. This study further investigated the mechanism of SQW modulated TRPV1 signaling and bladder function using TRPV1 knockout (KO) mice. Methods Study was conducted using wild type and TRPV1 KO mice. The KO animals were grouped into KO group and SQW treated group. We applied in vivo cystometrogram recording techniques to analyze voiding control of the urinary bladder, as well as in vitro organ bath to study bladder distension response to various compounds, which subsequently elicited normal smooth muscle excitation. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis were performed to quantify the expression of TRPV1 and P2X3 in the bladder. ATP released from bladder strips was measured using the luciferin–luciferase ATP bioluminescence assay kit. Results KO preparation inhibited decrease micturition times, while micturition interval and volume were increased. Results of urodynamic record of the TRPV1−/− mice during NS infusion showed reduced bladder pressure and contraction which exhibited decreased response to α, β-me ATP, KCl, and carbachol and no response to CAP. The ATP released by the TRPV1−/− mice from strips of bladder smooth muscles was significantly reduced, along with no TRPV1 expression and reduced expression level of P2X3 in the bladder. SQW could increase ATP release in some degree, while had no effect on TRPV1 and P2X3 expression. SQW could improve bladder pressure slightly, while make no significantly effects on the force response to α,β-meATP, CAP, carbachol in gradient concentration, and KCl, as well as MBC and voiding activities. Conclusions TRPV1 plays an important role in urinary bladder mechanosensitivity. The effective SQW is hard to play its proper role on bladder function of mice without TRPV1. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12906-016-1420-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Shcherbatko A, Foletti D, Poulsen K, Strop P, Zhu G, Hasa-Moreno A, Melton Witt J, Loo C, Krimm S, Pios A, Yu J, Brown C, Lee JK, Stroud R, Rajpal A, Shelton D. Modulation of P2X3 and P2X2/3 Receptors by Monoclonal Antibodies. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:12254-70. [PMID: 27129281 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.722330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purinergic homomeric P2X3 and heteromeric P2X2/3 receptors are ligand-gated cation channels activated by ATP. Both receptors are predominantly expressed in nociceptive sensory neurons, and an increase in extracellular ATP concentration under pathological conditions, such as tissue damage or visceral distension, induces channel opening, membrane depolarization, and initiation of pain signaling. Hence, these receptors are considered important therapeutic targets for pain management, and development of selective antagonists is currently progressing. To advance the search for novel analgesics, we have generated a panel of monoclonal antibodies directed against human P2X3 (hP2X3). We have found that these antibodies produce distinct functional effects, depending on the homomeric or heteromeric composition of the target, its kinetic state, and the duration of antibody exposure. The most potent antibody, 12D4, showed an estimated IC50 of 16 nm on hP2X3 after short term exposure (up to 18 min), binding to the inactivated state of the channel to inhibit activity. By contrast, with the same short term application, 12D4 potentiated the slow inactivating current mediated by the heteromeric hP2X2/3 channel. Extending the duration of exposure to ∼20 h resulted in a profound inhibition of both homomeric hP2X3 and heteromeric hP2X2/3 receptors, an effect mediated by efficient antibody-induced internalization of the channel from the plasma membrane. The therapeutic potential of mAb12D4 was assessed in the formalin, complete Freund's adjuvant, and visceral pain models. The efficacy of 12D4 in the visceral hypersensitivity model indicates that antibodies against P2X3 may have therapeutic potential in visceral pain indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly Shcherbatko
- From the Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080,
| | - Davide Foletti
- From the Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Kris Poulsen
- From the Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Pavel Strop
- From the Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Guoyun Zhu
- From the Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Adela Hasa-Moreno
- From the Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Jody Melton Witt
- From the Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Carole Loo
- From the Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Stellanie Krimm
- From the Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Ariel Pios
- From the Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Jessica Yu
- From the Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Colleen Brown
- From the Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - John K Lee
- the Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, and
| | - Robert Stroud
- the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Arvind Rajpal
- From the Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - David Shelton
- From the Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
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Ferrari LF, Levine JD, Green PG. Mechanisms mediating nitroglycerin-induced delayed-onset hyperalgesia in the rat. Neuroscience 2016; 317:121-9. [PMID: 26779834 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nitroglycerin (glycerol trinitrate, GTN) induces headache in migraineurs, an effect that has been used both diagnostically and in the study of the pathophysiology of this neurovascular pain syndrome. An important feature of this headache is a delay from the administration of GTN to headache onset that, because of GTN's very rapid metabolism, cannot be due to its pharmacokinetic profile. It has recently been suggested that activation of perivascular mast cells, which has been implicated in the pathophysiology of migraine, may contribute to this delay. We reported that hyperalgesia induced by intradermal GTN has a delay to onset of ∼ 30 min in male and ∼ 45 min in female rats. This hyperalgesia was greater in females, was prevented by pretreatment with the anti-migraine drug, sumatriptan, as well as by chronic pretreatment with the mast cell degranulator, compound 48/80. The acute administration of GTN and compound 48/80 both induced hyperalgesia that was prevented by pretreatment with octoxynol-9, which attenuates endothelial function, suggesting that GTN and mast cell-mediated hyperalgesia are endothelial cell-dependent. Furthermore, A-317491, a P2X3 antagonist, which inhibits endothelial cell-dependent hyperalgesia, also prevents GTN and mast cell-mediated hyperalgesia. We conclude that delayed-onset mechanical hyperalgesia induced by GTN is mediated by activation of mast cells, which in turn release mediators that stimulate endothelial cells to release ATP, to act on P2X3, a ligand-gated ion channel, in perivascular nociceptors. A role of the mast and endothelial cell in GTN-induced hyperalgesia suggests potential novel risk factors and targets for the treatment of migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Ferrari
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0440, United States; Division of Neuroscience, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0440, United States
| | - J D Levine
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0440, United States; Department of Dental Science and Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0440, United States; Division of Neuroscience, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0440, United States.
| | - P G Green
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0440, United States; Department of Preventative & Restorative, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0440, United States; Division of Neuroscience, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0440, United States
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Hermes SM, Andresen MC, Aicher SA. Localization of TRPV1 and P2X3 in unmyelinated and myelinated vagal afferents in the rat. J Chem Neuroanat 2015; 72:1-7. [PMID: 26706222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The vagus nerve is dominated by afferent fibers that convey sensory information from the viscera to the brain. Most vagal afferents are unmyelinated, slow-conducting C-fibers, while a smaller portion are myelinated, fast-conducting A-fibers. Vagal afferents terminate in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) in the dorsal brainstem and regulate autonomic and respiratory reflexes, as well as ascending pathways throughout the brain. Vagal afferents form glutamatergic excitatory synapses with postsynaptic NTS neurons that are modulated by a variety of channels. The organization of vagal afferents with regard to fiber type and channels is not well understood. In the present study, we used tract tracing methods to identify distinct populations of vagal afferents to determine if key channels are selectively localized to specific groups of afferent fibers. Vagal afferents were labeled with isolectin B4 (IB4) or cholera toxin B (CTb) to detect unmyelinated and myelinated afferents, respectively. We find that TRPV1 channels are preferentially found in unmyelinated vagal afferents identified with IB4, with almost half of all IB4 fibers showing co-localization with TRPV1. These results agree with prior electrophysiological findings. In contrast, we found that the ATP-sensitive channel P2X3 is found in a subset of both myelinated and unmyelinated vagal afferent fibers. Specifically, 18% of IB4 and 23% of CTb afferents contained P2X3. The majority of CTb-ir vagal afferents contained neither channel. Since neither channel was found in all vagal afferents, there are likely further degrees of heterogeneity in the modulation of vagal afferent sensory input to the NTS beyond fiber type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam M Hermes
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, 3181 Sam Jackson Park Road, Mailcode: L334, Portland, OR 97239-3098, United States
| | - Michael C Andresen
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, 3181 Sam Jackson Park Road, Mailcode: L334, Portland, OR 97239-3098, United States
| | - Sue A Aicher
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, 3181 Sam Jackson Park Road, Mailcode: L334, Portland, OR 97239-3098, United States.
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Abstract
The morphology of the vallate papillae from postmortem human samples was investigated with immunohistochemistry. Microscopically, taste buds were present along the inner wall of the papilla, and in some cases in the outer wall as well. The typical taste cell markers PLCβ2, GNAT3 (gustducin) and the T1R3 receptor stain elongated cells in human taste buds consistent with the Type II cells in rodents. In the human tissue, taste bud cells that stain with Type II cell markers, PLCβ2 and GNAT3, also stain with villin antibody. Two typical immunochemical markers for Type III taste cells in rodents, PGP9.5 and SNAP25, fail to stain any taste bud cells in the human postmortem tissue, although these antibodies do stain numerous nerve fibers throughout the specimen. Car4, another Type III cell marker, reacted with only a few taste cells in our samples. Finally, human vallate papillae have a general network of innervation similar to rodents and antibodies directed against SNAP25, PGP9.5, acetylated tubulin and P2X3 all stain free perigemmal nerve endings as well as intragemmal taste fibers. We conclude that with the exception of certain molecular features of Type III cells, human vallate papillae share the structural, morphological, and molecular features observed in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tizzano
- Rocky Mountain Taste & Smell Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 E. 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA, Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 E. 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA and
| | - Laura Grigereit
- Rocky Mountain Taste & Smell Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 E. 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA, Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 E. 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA and
| | - Nicole Shultz
- Rocky Mountain Taste & Smell Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 E. 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA, Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 E. 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA and
| | - Matthew S Clary
- Rocky Mountain Taste & Smell Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 E. 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Thomas E Finger
- Rocky Mountain Taste & Smell Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 E. 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA, Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 E. 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA and Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Dolly JO, Lawrence GW. Chapter 3: Molecular basis for the therapeutic effectiveness of botulinum neurotoxin type A. Neurourol Urodyn 2015; 33 Suppl 3:S14-20. [PMID: 25042137 DOI: 10.1002/nau.22634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The utility of botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) for treating overactive muscles and endocrine glands is attributable to a unique conflation of properties honed to exploit and inactivate synaptic transmission. Specific, high-affinity coincident binding to gangliosides plus an intraluminal loop of synaptic vesicle protein 2 (SV2) by the heavy chain (HC) of BoNT/A confers selectivity for presynaptic nerve terminals and subsequent uptake by endocytosis. Upon vesicle acidification, the HC forms a channel for transmembrane transfer of the light chain to the cytosol, as observed by single channel recordings. The light chain is a Zn(2+) -dependent endoprotease that cleaves and inactivates SNAP-25, thereby blocking exocytotic release of transmitters, a discovery that revealed the pivotal role of the latter in synaptic vesicle fusion. A di-leucine motif in BoNT/A light chain stabilizes this protease, contributing to its longevity inside nerves. The ubiquity of SV2 and SNAP-25 has prompted re-evaluation of the nerve types susceptible to BoNT/A. In urology, there is emerging evidence that BoNT/A blocks neuropeptide release from afferent nerves, exocytosis of acetylcholine and purines from efferent nerves, and possibly ATP release from the urothelium. Suppression by BoNT/A of the surface expression of nociceptor channels on bladder afferents might also contribute to its improvement of urological sensory symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Oliver Dolly
- International Centre for Neurotherapeutics, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
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Abstract
Pain is unfortunately a quite common symptom for cancer patients. Normally pain starts as an episodic experience at early cancer phases to become chronic in later stages. In order to improve the quality of life of oncological patients, anti-cancer treatments are often accompanied by analgesic therapies. The P2X receptor are adenosine triphosphate (ATP) gated ion channels expressed by several cells including neurons, cancer and immune cells. Purinergic signaling through P2X receptors recently emerged as possible common pathway for cancer onset/growth and pain sensitivity. Indeed, tumor microenvironment is rich in extracellular ATP, which has a role in both tumor development and pain sensation. The study of the different mechanisms by which P2X receptors favor cancer progression and relative pain, represents an interesting challenge to design integrated therapeutic strategies for oncological patients. This review summarizes recent findings linking P2X receptors and ATP to cancer growth, progression and related pain. Special attention has been paid to the role of P2X2, P2X3, P2X4 and P2X7 in the genesis of cancer pain and to the function of P2X7 in tumor growth and metastasis. Therapeutic implications of the administration of different P2X receptor blockers to alleviate cancer-associated pain sensations contemporarily reducing tumor progression are also discussed.
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Weng Z, Wu L, Lu Y, Wang L, Tan L, Dong M, Xin Y. Electroacupuncture diminishes P2X2 and P2X3 purinergic receptor expression in dorsal root ganglia of rats with visceral hypersensitivity. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:802-8. [PMID: 25206727 PMCID: PMC4146084 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Electroacupuncture at Shangjuxu (ST37) and Tianshu (ST25) can improve visceral hypersensitivity in rats. Colorectal distension was used to establish a rat model of chronic visceral hypersensitivity. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect P2X2 and P2X3 receptor expression in dorsal root ganglia from rats with chronic visceral hypersensitivity. Results demonstrated that abdominal withdrawal reflex scores obviously increased following establishment of the model, indicating visceral hypersensitivity. Simultaneously, P2X2 and P2X3 receptor expression increased in dorsal root ganglia. After bilateral electroacupuncture at Shangjuxu and Tianshu, abdominal withdrawal reflex scores and P2X2 and P2X3 receptor expression decreased in rats with visceral hypersensitivity. These results indicated that electroacupuncture treatment improved visceral hypersensitivity in rats with irritable bowel syndrome by reducing P2X2 and P2X3 receptor expression in dorsal root ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Weng
- Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Luyi Wu
- Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuan Lu
- Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lidong Wang
- Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Linying Tan
- Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ming Dong
- Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuhu Xin
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
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Li J, Xing J, Lu J. Nerve Growth Factor, Muscle Afferent Receptors and Autonomic Responsiveness with Femoral Artery Occlusion. J Mod Physiol Res 2014; 1:1-18. [PMID: 25346945 PMCID: PMC4207086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The exercise pressor reflex is a neural control mechanism responsible for the cardiovascular responses to exercise. As exercise is initiated, thin fiber muscle afferent nerves are activated by mechanical and metabolic stimuli arising in the contracting muscles. This leads to reflex increases in arterial blood pressure and heart rate primarily through activation of sympathetic nerve activity (SNA). Studies of humans and animals have indicated that the exercise pressor reflex is exaggerated in a number of cardiovascular diseases. For the last several years, a series of studies have employed a rodent model to examine the mechanisms at receptor and cellular levels by which responses of SNA and blood pressure to static exercise are heightened in peripheral artery disease (PAD), one of the most common cardiovascular disorders. Specifically, femoral artery occlusion is used to study intermittent claudication that is observed in human PAD. Our studies have demonstrated that the receptors on thin fiber muscle afferents including transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1), purinergic P2X3 and acid sensing ion channel subtype 3 (ASIC3) are engaged in augmented autonomic responses this disease. This review will present some of recent results in regard with several receptors in muscle sensory neurons in contribution to augmented autonomic responses in PAD. We will emphasize the role played by nerve growth factor (NGF) in regulating those sensory receptors in the processing of amplified exercise pressor reflex. Also, we will discuss the role played by hypoxia-inducible facor-1α regarding the enhanced autonomic reflex with femoral artery occlusion. The purpose of this review is to focus on a theme namely that PAD accentuates reflexively autonomic responses to exercise and further address regulatory mechanisms leading to abnormal autonomic responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Li
- Heart & Vascular Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jihong Xing
- Heart & Vascular Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jian Lu
- Heart & Vascular Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
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Ford AP, Undem BJ. The therapeutic promise of ATP antagonism at P2X3 receptors in respiratory and urological disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:267. [PMID: 24391544 PMCID: PMC3867694 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A sensory role for ATP was proposed long before general acceptance of its extracellular role. ATP activates and sensitizes signal transmission at multiple sites along the sensory axis, across multiple synapses. P2X and P2Y receptors mediate ATP modulation of sensory pathways and participate in dysregulation, where ATP action directly on primary afferent neurons (PANs), linking receptive field to CNS, has received much attention. Many PANs, especially C-fibers, are activated by ATP, via P2X3-containing trimers. P2X3 knock-out mice and knock-down in rats led to reduced nocifensive activity and visceral reflexes, suggesting that antagonism may offer benefit in sensory disorders. Recently, drug-like P2X3 antagonists, active in a many inflammatory and visceral pain models, have emerged. Significantly, these compounds have no overt CNS action and are inactive versus acute nociception. Selectively targeting ATP sensitization of PANs may lead to therapies that block inappropriate chronic signals at their source, decreasing drivers of peripheral and central wind-up, yet leaving defensive nociceptive and brain functions unperturbed. This article reviews this evidence, focusing on how ATP sensitization of PANs in visceral "hollow" organs primes them to chronic discomfort, irritation and pain (symptoms) as well as exacerbated autonomic reflexes (signs), and how the use of isolated organ-nerve preparations has revealed this mechanism. Urinary and airways systems share many features: dependence on continuous afferent traffic to brainstem centers to coordinate efferent autonomic outflow; loss of descending inhibitory influence in functional and sensory disorders; dependence on ATP in mediating sensory responses to diverse mechanical and chemical stimuli; a mechanistically overlapping array of existing medicines for pathological conditions. These similarities may also play out in terms of future treatment of signs and symptoms, in the potential for benefit of P2X3 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bradley J Undem
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
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Chaban VV, Cho T, Reid CB, Norris KC. Physically disconnected non-diffusible cell-to-cell communication between neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y and DRG primary sensory neurons. Am J Transl Res 2013; 5:69-79. [PMID: 23390567 PMCID: PMC3560476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell-cell communication occurs via a variety of mechanisms, including long distances (hormonal), short distances (paracrine and synaptic) or direct coupling via gap junctions, antigen presentation, or ligand-receptor interactions. We evaluated the possibility of neuro-hormonal independent, non-diffusible, physically disconnected pathways for cell-cell communication using dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. METHODS We assessed intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)]) in primary culture DRG neurons that express ATP-sensitive P2X3, capsaicinsensitive TRPV1 receptors modulated by estradiol. Physically disconnected (dish-in-dish system; inner chamber enclosed) mouse DRG were cultured for 12 hours near: a) media alone (control 1), b) mouse DRG (control 2), c) human neuroblastoma SHSY-5Y cells (cancer intervention), or d) mouse DRG treated with KCl (apoptosis intervention). RESULTS Chemosensitive receptors [Ca(2+)](i) signaling did not differ between control 1 and 2. ATP (10 μM) and capsaicin (100nM) increased [Ca(2+)](i) transients to 425.86 + 49.5 nM, and 399.21 ± 44.5 nM, respectively. 17β-estradiol (100 nM) exposure reduced ATP (171.17 ± 48.9 nM) and capsaicin (175.01±34.8 nM) [Ca(2+)](i) transients. The presence of cancer cells reduced ATP- and capsaicin-induced [Ca(2+)](i) by >50% (p<0.05) and abolished the 17β-estradiol effect. By contrast, apoptotic DRG cells increased initial ATP-induced [Ca(2+)](i), flux four fold and abolished subsequent [Ca(2+)](i), responses to ATP stimulation (p<0.001). Capsaicin (100nM) induced [Ca(2+)](i) responses were totally abolished. CONCLUSION The local presence of apoptotic DRG or human neuroblastoma cells induced differing abnormal ATP and capsaicin-mediated [Ca(2+)](i) fluxes in normal DRG. These findings support physically disconnected, non-diffusible cell-to-cell signaling. Further studies are needed to delineate the mechanism(s) of and model(s) of communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor V Chaban
- Life Sciences Institute, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science Los Angeles, USA ; Department of Medicine, Geffen School of Medicine UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
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