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Reid TB, Godornes C, Campbell VL, Laing KJ, Tantalo LC, Gomez A, Pholsena TN, Lieberman NAP, Krause TM, Cegielski VI, Culver LA, Nguyen N, Tong DQ, Hawley KL, Greninger AL, Giacani L, Cameron CE, Dombrowski JC, Wald A, Koelle DM. Treponema pallidum periplasmic and membrane proteins are recognized by circulating and skin CD4+ T cells. bioRxiv 2024:2024.02.27.581790. [PMID: 38464313 PMCID: PMC10925203 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.27.581790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Background Histologic and serologic studies suggest the induction of local and systemic Treponema pallidum ( Tp )-specific CD4+ T cell responses to Tp infection. We hypothesized that Tp -specific CD4+ T cells are detectable in blood and in the skin rash of secondary syphilis and persist in both compartments after treatment. Methods PBMC collected from 67 participants were screened by IFNγ ELISPOT response to Tp sonicate. Tp -reactive T cell lines from blood and skin were probed for responses to 88 recombinant Tp antigens. Peptide epitopes and HLA class II restriction were defined for selected antigens. Results We detected CD4+ T cell responses to Tp sonicate ex vivo. Using Tp -reactive T cell lines we observed recognition of 14 discrete proteins, 13 of which localize to bacterial membranes or the periplasmic space. After therapy, Tp -specific T cells persisted for at least 6 months in skin and 10 years in blood. Conclusions Tp infection elicits an antigen-specific CD4+ T cell response in blood and skin. Tp -specific CD4+ T cells persist as memory in both compartments long after curative therapy. The Tp antigenic targets we identified may be high priority vaccine candidates.
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2
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Babu TM, Shen X, McClelland RS, Wang Z, Selke S, Wilkens C, Hauge KA, McClurkan CL, Goecker E, Laing KJ, Koelle DM, Greninger AL, Nussenzweig MC, Montefiori DC, Corey L, Wald A. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Omicron Subvariant Neutralization Following a Primary Vaccine Series of NVX-CoV2373 and BNT162b2 Monovalent Booster Vaccine. Open Forum Infect Dis 2024; 11:ofad673. [PMID: 38379566 PMCID: PMC10878050 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the immunologic response to a novel vaccine regimen that included 2 doses of NVX-CoV2373 (Novavax) followed by 1 dose of BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) monovalent booster vaccine. A durable neutralizing antibody response to Omicron BA.4/BA.5 and BA.1 variants was observed at month 6 after the booster, while immune escape was noted for the XBB.1.5 variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara M Babu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - R Scott McClelland
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Washington, Seattle, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Zijun Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stacy Selke
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Chloe Wilkens
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kirsten A Hauge
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Christopher L McClurkan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Erin Goecker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kerry J Laing
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Washington, Seattle, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alexander L Greninger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anna Wald
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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3
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Ford ES, Li A, Laing KJ, Dong L, Diem K, Jing L, Basu K, Ott M, Tartaglia J, Gurunathan S, Reid JL, Ecsedi M, Chapuis AG, Huang ML, Magaret AS, Johnston C, Zhu J, Koelle DM, Corey L. Expansion of the HSV-2-specific T cell repertoire in skin after immunotherapeutic HSV-2 vaccine. medRxiv 2024:2022.02.04.22270210. [PMID: 38352384 PMCID: PMC10863019 DOI: 10.1101/2022.02.04.22270210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The skin at the site of HSV-2 reactivation is enriched for HSV-2-specific T cells. To evaluate whether an immunotherapeutic vaccine could elicit skin-based memory T cells, we studied skin biopsies and HSV-2-reactive CD4+ T cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by T cell receptor β (TRB) sequencing before and after vaccination with a replication-incompetent whole virus HSV-2 vaccine candidate (HSV529). The representation of HSV-2-reactive CD4+ TRB sequences from PBMCs in the skin TRB repertoire increased after the first vaccine dose. We found sustained expansion after vaccination of unique, skin-based T-cell clonotypes that were not detected in HSV-2-reactive CD4+ T cells isolated from PBMCs. In one participant a switch in immunodominance occurred with the emergence of a T cell receptor (TCR) αβ pair after vaccination that was not detected in blood. This TCRαβ was shown to be HSV-2-reactive by expression of a synthetic TCR in a Jurkat-based NR4A1 reporter system. The skin in areas of HSV-2 reactivation possesses an oligoclonal TRB repertoire that is distinct from the circulation. Defining the influence of therapeutic vaccination on the HSV-2-specific TRB repertoire requires tissue-based evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Ford
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle WA
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Alvason Li
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle WA
| | - Kerry J Laing
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Lichun Dong
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Kurt Diem
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Lichen Jing
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Krithi Basu
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Mariliis Ott
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | | | | | - Jack L Reid
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle WA
| | - Matyas Ecsedi
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle WA
| | - Aude G Chapuis
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle WA
| | - Meei-Li Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Amalia S Magaret
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle WA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Christine Johnston
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle WA
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Jia Zhu
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle WA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - David M Koelle
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle WA
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle WA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle WA
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle WA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle WA
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle WA
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4
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Ford ES, Mayer-Blackwell K, Jing L, Laing KJ, Sholukh AM, St Germain R, Bossard EL, Xie H, Pulliam TH, Jani S, Selke S, Burrow CJ, McClurkan CL, Wald A, Greninger AL, Holbrook MR, Eaton B, Eudy E, Murphy M, Postnikova E, Robins HS, Elyanow R, Gittelman RM, Ecsedi M, Wilcox E, Chapuis AG, Fiore-Gartland A, Koelle DM. Repeated mRNA vaccination sequentially boosts SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8 + T cells in persons with previous COVID-19. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:166-177. [PMID: 38057617 PMCID: PMC10981451 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01692-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) hybrid immunity is more protective than vaccination or previous infection alone. To investigate the kinetics of spike-reactive T (TS) cells from SARS-CoV-2 infection through messenger RNA vaccination in persons with hybrid immunity, we identified the T cell receptor (TCR) sequences of thousands of index TS cells and tracked their frequency in bulk TCRβ repertoires sampled longitudinally from the peripheral blood of persons who had recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Vaccinations led to large expansions in memory TS cell clonotypes, most of which were CD8+ T cells, while also eliciting diverse TS cell clonotypes not observed before vaccination. TCR sequence similarity clustering identified public CD8+ and CD4+ TCR motifs associated with spike (S) specificity. Synthesis of longitudinal bulk ex vivo single-chain TCRβ repertoires and paired-chain TCRɑβ sequences from droplet sequencing of TS cells provides a roadmap for the rapid assessment of T cell responses to vaccines and emerging pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Ford
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Lichen Jing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kerry J Laing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anton M Sholukh
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Russell St Germain
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Emily L Bossard
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hong Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas H Pulliam
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Saumya Jani
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stacy Selke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Anna Wald
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alexander L Greninger
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael R Holbrook
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Brett Eaton
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth Eudy
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Michael Murphy
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Elena Postnikova
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Rachel M Gittelman
- Adaptive Biotechnologies, Seattle, WA, USA
- Guardant Health, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Matyas Ecsedi
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Takeda Oncology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Elise Wilcox
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aude G Chapuis
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew Fiore-Gartland
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
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5
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Laing KJ, Ford ES, Johnson MJ, Levin MJ, Koelle DM, Weinberg A. Recruitment of naive CD4+ T cells by the recombinant zoster vaccine correlates with persistent immunity. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e172634. [PMID: 37788096 PMCID: PMC10688978 DOI: 10.1172/jci172634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes zoster (HZ) is a substantial problem for people with decreased cell-mediated immunity, including older adults. The first vaccine approved for HZ prevention, the zoster vaccine live (ZVL), which provided limited and short-lived protection, has been supplanted by the superior recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV), which provides robust and durable protection. To understand the mechanisms underlying the differential immunologic characteristics of the 2 vaccines, we used T cell receptor β chain sequencing and peptide-MHC class II tetramer staining to analyze recombinant glycoprotein E-specific (gE-specific) CD4+ T cell clonotypes in RZV and ZVL recipients. Compared with ZVL, RZV expanded more gE-specific CD4+ clonotypes, with greater breadth and higher frequency of public clonotypes. RZV recruited a higher proportion of clonotypes from naive than from memory cells, while ZVL recruited equally from memory and naive compartments. Compared with memory-derived, naive-derived clonotypes were more likely to last 5 or more years after immunization. Moreover, the frequency of tetramer+ persistent clones correlated with the frequency of tetramer+ naive CD4+ prevaccination T cells. We conclude that the ability of RZV to recruit naive CD4+ T cells into the response may contribute to the durability of its effect. The abundance, breadth, and frequency of public clonotypes may further add to its protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry J. Laing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Emily S. Ford
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Myron J. Levin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - David M. Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Translational Medicine, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Adriana Weinberg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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6
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Ujjani C, Gooley TA, Spurgeon SE, Stephens DM, Lai C, Broome CM, O’Brien S, Zhu H, Laing KJ, Winter AM, Pongas G, Greninger AL, Koelle DM, Siddiqi T, Davids MS, Rogers KA, Danilov AV, Sperling A, Tu B, Sorensen T, Launchbury K, Burrow CJ, Quezada G, Hill JA, Shadman M, Thompson PA. Diminished humoral and cellular responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood Adv 2023; 7:4728-4737. [PMID: 36516082 PMCID: PMC9906469 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022009164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated low rates of seroconversion to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). In this national collaboration of 11 cancer centers in the United States, we aimed to further characterize and understand vaccine-induced immune responses, including T-cell responses, and the impact of CLL therapeutics (#NCT04852822). Eligible patients were enrolled in 2 cohorts (1) at the time of initial vaccination and (2) at the time of booster vaccination. The serologic response rates (anti-S) from 210 patients in the initial vaccination cohort and 117 in the booster vaccination cohort were 56% (95% confidence interval [CI], 50-63) and 68% (95% CI, 60-77), respectively. Compared with patients not on therapy, those receiving B-cell-directed therapy were less likely to seroconvert (odds ratio [OR], 0.27; 95% CI, 0.15-0.49). Persistence of response was observed at 6 months; anti-S titers increased with the administration of booster vaccinations. In the initial vaccination cohort, positive correlations were observed between the quantitative serologic response and CD4 T-cell response for the Wuhan variant and, to a lesser degree, for the Omicron variant (Spearman P = 0.45 Wuhan; P = 0.25 Omicron). In the booster vaccination cohort, positive correlations were observed between serologic responses and CD4 T-cell responses for both variants (P = 0.58 Wuhan; P = 0.57 Omicron) and to a lesser degree for CD8 T-cell responses (P = 0.33 Wuhan; P = 0.22 Omicron). Although no deaths from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been reported after booster vaccinations, patients should use caution as newer variants emerge and escape vaccine-induced immunity. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT04852822.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitra Ujjani
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | | | | | - Catherine Lai
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Catherine M. Broome
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC
| | - Susan O’Brien
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Haiying Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Kerry J. Laing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Georgios Pongas
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Alexander L Greninger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - David M. Koelle
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | | | | | - Kerry A. Rogers
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | | | | | - Brian Tu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | | | | | | | - Joshua A. Hill
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Mazyar Shadman
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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7
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van Gent M, Ouwendijk WJD, Campbell VL, Laing KJ, Verjans GMGM, Koelle DM. Varicella-zoster virus proteome-wide T-cell screening demonstrates low prevalence of virus-specific CD8 T-cells in latently infected human trigeminal ganglia. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:141. [PMID: 37308917 PMCID: PMC10259006 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02820-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trigeminal ganglia (TG) neurons are an important site of lifelong latent varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection. Although VZV-specific T-cells are considered pivotal to control virus reactivation, their protective role at the site of latency remains uncharacterized. METHODS Paired blood and TG specimens were obtained from ten latent VZV-infected adults, of which nine were co-infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Short-term TG-derived T-cell lines (TG-TCL), generated by mitogenic stimulation of TG-derived T-cells, were probed for HSV-1- and VZV-specific T-cells using flow cytometry. We also performed VZV proteome-wide screening of TG-TCL to determine the fine antigenic specificity of VZV reactive T-cells. Finally, the relationship between T-cells and latent HSV-1 and VZV infections in TG was analyzed by reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and in situ analysis for T-cell proteins and latent viral transcripts. RESULTS VZV proteome-wide analysis of ten TG-TCL identified two VZV antigens recognized by CD8 T-cells in two separate subjects. The first was an HSV-1/VZV cross-reactive CD8 T-cell epitope, whereas the second TG harbored CD8 T-cells reactive with VZV specifically and not the homologous peptide in HSV-1. In silico analysis showed that HSV-1/VZV cross reactivity of TG-derived CD8 T-cells reactive with ten previously identified HSV-1 epitopes was unlikely, suggesting that HSV-1/VZV cross-reactive T-cells are not a common feature in dually infected TG. Finally, no association was detected between T-cell infiltration and VZV latency transcript abundance in TG by RT-qPCR or in situ analyses. CONCLUSIONS The low presence of VZV- compared to HSV-1-specific CD8 T-cells in human TG suggests that VZV reactive CD8 T-cells play a limited role in maintaining VZV latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel van Gent
- HerpesLabNL, Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Werner J. D. Ouwendijk
- HerpesLabNL, Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Kerry J. Laing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Georges M. G. M. Verjans
- HerpesLabNL, Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David M. Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Department of Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101 USA
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8
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Babu TM, Scott McClelland R, Johnston C, Selke S, Singh D, Moreno J, Taub J, Pertik M, Varon D, Pholsena T, Murphy B, Drummond M, McClellan L, Braun A, Seymour M, Hauge K, McClurkan CL, Wilkens C, Goecker E, Laing KJ, Koelle DM, Greninger AL, Wald A. 1948. Evaluation of a heterologous booster vaccine regimen: Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA booster vaccine following priming with Novavax NVX-CoV2373. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac492.1575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
In the United States, booster vaccines for persons 18 years and older were approved under Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) in September 2021. Waning immunity following SARS-CoV-2 primary vaccination series led to recommendations for booster vaccination. Emerging data suggest that providing boosters different from the primary series (heterologous vaccination) may provide a broader immune response than boosting with the same vaccine (homologous vaccination). CDC recommended the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 30-μg mRNA booster vaccine to clinical trial participants >6 months post study vaccines if not planned for boosting within the study.
Methods
We conducted an observational study of persons who received 2 doses of Novavax protein-based NVX-CoV2373 vaccine 21 days apart, in a Phase 3 clinical trial, and subsequently received a Pfizer BNT162b2 booster vaccine under EUA. Serologic assays, including the Roche anti-nucleocapsid (N) IgG and anti-Spike (S) IgG, were performed on blood collected pre-booster (D0) and on days 18 (D18) and 34 (D34) post-booster vaccine. The anti-S IgG geometric means (GMTs) were calculated over study time points. Wilcoxon signed rank test was performed to compare anti-S IgG response between D0 and D18 and D0 and D34.
Results
Of 26 participants enrolled, 16 (57%) were women; the median age was 47 years (range 29-67). Roche anti-N antibodies were negative at all visits. Time from second NVX-CoV2373 vaccine to Pfizer BNT162b2 booster was a median of 10.4 months in 54% of participants and 7 months in 46% of participants. Anti-S IgG GMTs were 222 BAU/ml D0, 24,723 BAU/ml D18, and 24,584 BAU/ml D34 (p< 0.0001 for comparisons of D0 with D18 & D34). Overall, participants tolerated the booster vaccine without significant adverse events. Cell mediated immunity and D614G pseudovirus neutralizing antibody assays are in progress. Figure 1.Anti-S IgG titers pre and post-booster vaccine
16 participants included with all 3-time study time points for comparison.
Conclusion
Two doses of NVX-CoV2373 vaccine followed by the Pfizer BNT162b2 booster vaccine resulted in ∼100-fold increase in anti-S IgG against SARS-CoV-2. No participant had evidence of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection by anti-N IgG. Two doses of NVX-CoV2373 vaccine followed by one dose of Pfizer BNT162b2 vaccine is an effective and well-tolerated regimen for boosting anti-S IgG against SARS-CoV-2.
Disclosures
Christine Johnston, MD, MPH, AbbVie: Advisor/Consultant|Gilead: Grant/Research Support|GSK: Advisor/Consultant Kerry J. Laing, PhD, Curevo Vaccine: Advisor/Consultant|MaxHealth Biotechnology: Advisor/Consultant|Sanofi Pasteur: Grant/Research Support David M. Koelle, MD, Curevo Vaccines: Advisor/Consultant|MaxHealth LLC: Advisor/Consultant|Oxford Immunotec: gift of reagents|Sanofi: Grant/Research Support|Sensei: Grant/Research Support Alexander L. Greninger, MD, PhD, Abbott: Contract Testing|Cepheid: Contract Testing|Gilead: Grant/Research Support|Gilead: Contract Testing|Hologic: Contract Testing|Merck: Grant/Research Support|Novavax: Contract Testing|Pfizer: Contract Testing Anna Wald, MD, MPH, Aicuris: Advisor/Consultant|Auritec: Advisor/Consultant|Crozet: Advisor/Consultant|DXNow: Advisor/Consultant|GSK: Grant/Research Support|Merck: Advisor/Consultant|sanofi: Grant/Research Support|VIR: Advisor/Consultant|X-Vax: Advisor/Consultant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara M Babu
- University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | | | | | - Stacy Selke
- University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | | | | | - Jina Taub
- University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Dana Varon
- University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anna Wald
- University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
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9
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Koelle DM, Dong L, Jing L, Laing KJ, Zhu J, Jin L, Selke S, Wald A, Varon D, Huang ML, Johnston C, Corey L, Posavad CM. HSV-2-Specific Human Female Reproductive Tract Tissue Resident Memory T Cells Recognize Diverse HSV Antigens. Front Immunol 2022; 13:867962. [PMID: 35432373 PMCID: PMC9009524 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.867962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific TRM persist and protect against skin or female reproductive tract (FRT) HSV infection. As the pathogenesis of HSV differs between humans and model organisms, we focus on humans with well-characterized recurrent genital HSV-2 infection. Human CD8+ TRM persisting at sites of healed human HSV-2 lesions have an activated phenotype but it is unclear if TRM can be cultivated in vitro. We recovered HSV-specific TRM from genital skin and ectocervix biopsies, obtained after recovery from recurrent genital HSV-2, using ex vivo activation by viral antigen. Up to several percent of local T cells were HSV-reactive ex vivo. CD4 and CD8 T cell lines were up to 50% HSV-2-specific after sorting-based enrichment. CD8 TRM displayed HLA-restricted reactivity to specific HSV-2 peptides with high functional avidities. Reactivity to defined peptides persisted locally over several month and was quite subject-specific. CD4 TRM derived from biopsies, and from an extended set of cervical cytobrush specimens, also recognized diverse HSV-2 antigens and peptides. Overall we found that HSV-2-specific TRM are abundant in the FRT between episodes of recurrent genital herpes and maintain competency for expansion. Mucosal sites are accessible for clinical monitoring during immune interventions such as therapeutic vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lichun Dong
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lichen Jing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kerry J Laing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jia Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lei Jin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Stacy Selke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Anna Wald
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Dana Varon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Meei-Li Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Christine Johnston
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Christine M Posavad
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
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10
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Jing L, Wu X, Krist MP, Hsiang TY, Campbell VL, McClurkan CL, Favors SM, Hemingway LA, Godornes C, Tong DQ, Selke S, LeClair AC, Pyo CW, Geraghty DE, Laing KJ, Wald A, Gale M, Koelle DM. T cell response to intact SARS-CoV-2 includes coronavirus cross-reactive and variant-specific components. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e158126. [PMID: 35133988 PMCID: PMC8986086 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.158126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 provokes a robust T cell response. Peptide-based studies exclude antigen processing and presentation biology, which may influence T cell detection studies. To focus on responses to whole virus and complex antigens, we used intact SARS-CoV-2 and full-length proteins with DCs to activate CD8 and CD4 T cells from convalescent people. T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing showed partial repertoire preservation after expansion. Resultant CD8 T cells recognize SARS-CoV-2-infected respiratory tract cells, and CD4 T cells detect inactivated whole viral antigen. Specificity scans with proteome-covering protein/peptide arrays show that CD8 T cells are oligospecific per subject and that CD4 T cell breadth is higher. Some CD4 T cell lines enriched using SARS-CoV-2 cross-recognize whole seasonal coronavirus (sCoV) antigens, with protein, peptide, and HLA restriction validation. Conversely, recognition of some epitopes is eliminated for SARS-CoV-2 variants, including spike (S) epitopes in the Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta variant lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stacy Selke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Chu-Woo Pyo
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Daniel E. Geraghty
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Anna Wald
- Department of Medicine
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, and
- Center for Innate Immunity of Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, and
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David M. Koelle
- Department of Medicine
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
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11
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Jing L, Wu X, Krist MP, Hsiang TY, Campbell VL, McClurkan CL, Favors SM, Hemingway LA, Godornes C, Tong DQ, Selke S, LeClair AC, Pyo CW, Geraghty DE, Laing KJ, Wald A, Gale M, Koelle DM. T cell response to intact SARS-CoV-2 includes coronavirus cross-reactive and variant-specific components. medRxiv 2022:2022.01.23.22269497. [PMID: 35118477 PMCID: PMC8811910 DOI: 10.1101/2022.01.23.22269497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 provokes a brisk T cell response. Peptide-based studies exclude antigen processing and presentation biology and may influence T cell detection studies. To focus on responses to whole virus and complex antigens, we used intact SARS-CoV-2 and full-length proteins with DC to activate CD8 and CD4 T cells from convalescent persons. T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing showed partial repertoire preservation after expansion. Resultant CD8 T cells recognize SARS-CoV-2-infected respiratory cells, and CD4 T cells detect inactivated whole viral antigen. Specificity scans with proteome-covering protein/peptide arrays show that CD8 T cells are oligospecific per subject and that CD4 T cell breadth is higher. Some CD4 T cell lines enriched using SARS-CoV-2 cross-recognize whole seasonal coronavirus (sCoV) antigens, with protein, peptide, and HLA restriction validation. Conversely, recognition of some epitopes is eliminated for SARS-CoV-2 variants, including spike (S) epitopes in the alpha, beta, gamma, and delta variant lineages.
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12
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Peng T, Phasouk K, Bossard E, Klock A, Jin L, Laing KJ, Johnston C, Williams NA, Czartoski JL, Varon D, Long AN, Bielas JH, Snyder TM, Robins H, Koelle DM, McElrath MJ, Wald A, Corey L, Zhu J. Distinct populations of antigen-specific tissue-resident CD8+ T cells in human cervix mucosa. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e149950. [PMID: 34156975 PMCID: PMC8410090 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.149950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ectocervix is part of the lower female reproductive tract (FRT), which is susceptible to sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Comprehensive knowledge of the phenotypes and T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire of tissue-resident memory T cells (TRMs) in the human FRT is lacking. We took single-cell RNA-Seq approaches to simultaneously define gene expression and TCR clonotypes of the human ectocervix. There were significantly more CD8+ than CD4+ T cells. Unsupervised clustering and trajectory analysis identified distinct populations of CD8+ T cells with IFNGhiGZMBloCD69hiCD103lo or IFNGloGZMBhiCD69medCD103hi phenotypes. Little overlap was seen between their TCR repertoires. Immunofluorescence staining showed that CD103+CD8+ TRMs were preferentially localized in the epithelium, whereas CD69+CD8+ TRMs were distributed evenly in the epithelium and stroma. Ex vivo assays indicated that up to 14% of cervical CD8+ TRM clonotypes were HSV-2 reactive in HSV-2-seropositive persons, reflecting physiologically relevant localization. Our studies identified subgroups of CD8+ TRMs in the human ectocervix that exhibited distinct expression of antiviral defense and tissue residency markers, anatomic locations, and TCR repertoires that target anatomically relevant viral antigens. Optimization of the location, number, and function of FRT TRMs is an important approach for improving host defenses to STIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Peng
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and
| | - Khamsone Phasouk
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Emily Bossard
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alexis Klock
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and
| | - Lei Jin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kerry J Laing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Christine Johnston
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Noel A Williams
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Julie L Czartoski
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dana Varon
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Annalyssa N Long
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jason H Bielas
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | - David M Koelle
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anna Wald
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jia Zhu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and
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13
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Campbell VL, Nguyen L, Snoey E, McClurkan CL, Laing KJ, Dong L, Sette A, Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Altmann DM, Boyton RJ, Roby JA, Gale M, Stone M, Busch MP, Norris PJ, Koelle DM. Proteome-Wide Zika Virus CD4 T Cell Epitope and HLA Restriction Determination. Immunohorizons 2020; 4:444-453. [PMID: 32753403 PMCID: PMC7839664 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2000068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne pathogen that caused an epidemic in 2015-2016. ZIKV-specific T cell responses are functional in animal infection models, and helper CD4 T cells promote avid Abs in the vaccine context. The small volumes of blood available from field research limit the determination of T cell epitopes for complex microbes such as ZIKV. The goal of this project was efficient determination of human ZIKV CD4 T cell epitopes at the whole proteome scale, including validation of reactivity to whole pathogen, using small blood samples from convalescent time points when T cell response magnitude may have waned. Polyclonal enrichment of candidate ZIKV-specific CD4 T cells used cell-associated virus, documenting that T cells in downstream peptide analyses also recognize whole virus after Ag processing. Sequential query of bulk ZIKV-reactive CD4 T cells with pooled/single ZIKV peptides and molecularly defined APC allowed precision epitope and HLA restriction assignments across the ZIKV proteome and enabled discovery of numerous novel ZIKV CD4 T cell epitopes. The research workflow is useful for the study of emerging infectious diseases with a very limited human blood sample availability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - LeAnn Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elise Snoey
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Kerry J. Laing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lichun Dong
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA,Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Danny M. Altmann
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemary J. Boyton
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Justin A. Roby
- Center for Innate Immunity of Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Center for Innate Immunity of Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mars Stone
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael P. Busch
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Phillip J. Norris
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - David M. Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA,Corresponding author: David Koelle MD, 750 Republican Street, Room E651, Seattle, WA, 981109, phone 206 616 1940, fax 206 616 4898,
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14
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Chandra J, Woo WP, Dutton JL, Xu Y, Li B, Kinrade S, Druce J, Finlayson N, Griffin P, Laing KJ, Koelle DM, Frazer IH. Immune responses to a HSV-2 polynucleotide immunotherapy COR-1 in HSV-2 positive subjects: A randomized double blinded phase I/IIa trial. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226320. [PMID: 31846475 PMCID: PMC6917347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Genital herpes simplex infection affects more than 500 million people worldwide. We have previously shown that COR-1, a therapeutic HSV-2 polynucleotide vaccine candidate, is safe and well tolerated in healthy subjects. Objective Here, we present a single center double-blind placebo-controlled, randomized phase I/IIa trial of COR-1 in HSV-2 positive subjects in which we assessed safety and tolerability as primary endpoints, and immunogenicity and therapeutic efficacy as exploratory endpoints. Methods Forty-four HSV-2+ subjects confirmed by positive serology or pathology, and positive qPCR during baseline shedding, with a recurrent genital HSV-2 history of at least 12 months including three to nine reported lesions in 12 months prior to screening, aged 18 to 50 years females and males with given written informed consent, were randomized into two groups. Three immunizations at 4-week intervals and one booster immunization at 6 months, each of 1 mg COR-1 DNA or placebo, were administered intradermally as two injections of 500 μg each to either one forearm or both forearms. Results No serious adverse events, life-threatening events or deaths occurred throughout the study. As expected, HSV-2 infected subjects displayed gD2-specific antibody titers prior to immunization. COR-1 was associated with a reduction in viral shedding after booster administration compared with baseline. Conclusions This study confirms the previously demonstrated safety of COR-1 in humans and indicates a potential for use of COR-1 as a therapy to reduce viral shedding in HSV-2 infected subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janin Chandra
- Admedus Vaccines Pty Ltd (formerly Coridon Pty Ltd), Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- University of Queensland, Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wai-Ping Woo
- Admedus Vaccines Pty Ltd (formerly Coridon Pty Ltd), Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- University of Queensland, Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Julie L. Dutton
- Admedus Vaccines Pty Ltd (formerly Coridon Pty Ltd), Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- University of Queensland, Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yan Xu
- Admedus Vaccines Pty Ltd (formerly Coridon Pty Ltd), Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- University of Queensland, Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bo Li
- Admedus Vaccines Pty Ltd (formerly Coridon Pty Ltd), Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- University of Queensland, Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sally Kinrade
- Medicines Development Limited, Southbank, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julian Druce
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Neil Finlayson
- Admedus Vaccines Pty Ltd (formerly Coridon Pty Ltd), Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul Griffin
- Q-Pharm Pty Ltd, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Mater Hospital and Mater Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- QIMR Berghofer, Clinical Tropical Medicine Lab, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kerry J. Laing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David M. Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ian H. Frazer
- Admedus Vaccines Pty Ltd (formerly Coridon Pty Ltd), Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- University of Queensland, Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
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15
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Longino NV, Yang J, Iyer JG, Ibrani D, Chow IT, Laing KJ, Campbell VL, Paulson KG, Kulikauskas RM, Church CD, James EA, Nghiem P, Kwok WW, Koelle DM. Human CD4 + T Cells Specific for Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Localize to Merkel Cell Carcinomas and Target a Required Oncogenic Domain. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:1727-1739. [PMID: 31405946 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-19-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Although CD4+ T cells likely play key roles in antitumor immune responses, most immuno-oncology studies have been limited to CD8+ T-cell responses due to multiple technical barriers and a lack of shared antigens across patients. Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive skin cancer caused by Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) oncoproteins in 80% of cases. Because MCPyV oncoproteins are shared across most patients with MCC, it is unusually feasible to identify, characterize, and potentially augment tumor-specific CD4+ T cells. Here, we report the identification of CD4+ T-cell responses against six MCPyV epitopes, one of which included a conserved, essential viral oncogenic domain that binds/disables the cellular retinoblastoma (Rb) tumor suppressor. We found that this epitope (WEDLT209-228) could be presented by three population-prevalent HLA class II alleles, making it a relevant target in 64% of virus-positive MCC patients. Cellular staining with a WEDLT209-228-HLA-DRB1*0401 tetramer indicated that specific CD4+ T cells were detectable in 78% (14 of 18) of evaluable MCC patients, were 250-fold enriched within MCC tumors relative to peripheral blood, and had diverse T-cell receptor sequences. We also identified a modification of this domain that still allowed recognition by these CD4+ T cells but disabled binding to the Rb tumor suppressor, a key step in the detoxification of a possible therapeutic vaccine. The use of these new tools for deeper study of MCPyV-specific CD4+ T cells may provide broader insight into cancer-specific CD4+ T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie V Longino
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Junbao Yang
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jayasri G Iyer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Dafina Ibrani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - I-Ting Chow
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kerry J Laing
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Victoria L Campbell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kelly G Paulson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Rima M Kulikauskas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Candice D Church
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Eddie A James
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington
| | - Paul Nghiem
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. .,Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - William W Kwok
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington
| | - David M Koelle
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
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16
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Dropulic LK, Oestreich MC, Pietz HL, Laing KJ, Hunsberger S, Lumbard K, Garabedian D, Turk SP, Chen A, Hornung RL, Seshadri C, Smith MT, Hosken NA, Phogat S, Chang LJ, Koelle DM, Wang K, Cohen JI. A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 1 Study of a Replication-Defective Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Type 2 Vaccine, HSV529, in Adults With or Without HSV Infection. J Infect Dis 2019; 220:990-1000. [PMID: 31058977 PMCID: PMC6688060 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV2) causes genital herpes in >400 million persons worldwide. METHODS We conducted a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of a replication-defective HSV2 vaccine, HSV529. Twenty adults were enrolled in each of 3 serogroups of individuals: those negative for both HSV1 and HSV2 (HSV1-/HSV2-), those positive or negative for HSV1 and positive for HSV2 (HSV1±/HSV2+), and those positive for HSV1 and negative for HSV2 (HSV1+/HSV2-). Sixty participants received vaccine or placebo at 0, 1, and 6 months. The primary end point was the frequency of solicited local and systemic reactions to vaccination. RESULTS Eighty-nine percent of vaccinees experienced mild-to-moderate solicited injection site reactions, compared with 47% of placebo recipients (95% confidence interval [CI], 12.9%-67.6%; P = .006). Sixty-four percent of vaccinees experienced systemic reactions, compared with 53% of placebo recipients (95% CI, -17.9% to 40.2%; P = .44). Seventy-eight percent of HSV1-/HSV2- vaccine recipients had a ≥4-fold increase in neutralizing antibody titer after 3 doses of vaccine, whereas none of the participants in the other serogroups had such responses. HSV2-specific CD4+ T-cell responses were detected in 36%, 46%, and 27% of HSV1-/HSV2-, HSV1±/HSV2+, and HSV1+/HSV2- participants, respectively, 1 month after the third dose of vaccine, and CD8+ T-cell responses were detected in 14%, 8%, and 18% of participants, respectively. CONCLUSIONS HSV529 vaccine was safe and elicited neutralizing antibody and modest CD4+ T-cell responses in HSV-seronegative vaccinees. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT01915212.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesia K Dropulic
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda
| | - Makinna C Oestreich
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda
| | - Harlan L Pietz
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda
| | - Kerry J Laing
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington
| | | | - Keith Lumbard
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Doreen Garabedian
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Siu Ping Turk
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda
| | - Aiying Chen
- Global Biostatistics and Programming, Pennsylvania
| | - Ronald L Hornung
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Chetan Seshadri
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington
| | - Malisa T Smith
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington
| | - Nancy A Hosken
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington
| | - Sanjay Phogat
- New Vaccines Portfolio Strategy and Execution, Pennsylvania
| | - Lee-Jah Chang
- Global Clinical Sciences, Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, Pennsylvania
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington
- Department of Global Health, School of Medicine, University of Washington
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Washington
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kening Wang
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda
| | - Jeffrey I Cohen
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda
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17
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Ramchandani MS, Jing L, Russell RM, Tran T, Laing KJ, Magaret AS, Selke S, Cheng A, Huang ML, Xie H, Strachan E, Greninger AL, Roychoudhury P, Jerome KR, Wald A, Koelle DM. Viral Genetics Modulate Orolabial Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Shedding in Humans. J Infect Dis 2019; 219:1058-1066. [PMID: 30383234 PMCID: PMC6420167 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orolabial herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection has a wide spectrum of severity in immunocompetent persons. To study the role of viral genotype and host immunity, we characterized oral HSV-1 shedding rates and host cellular response, and genotyped viral strains, in monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins. METHODS A total of 29 MZ and 22 DZ HSV-1-seropositive twin pairs were evaluated for oral HSV-1 shedding for 60 days. HSV-1 strains from twins were genotyped as identical or different. CD4+ T-cell responses to HSV-1 proteins were studied. RESULTS The median per person oral HSV shedding rate was 9% of days that a swab was obtained (mean, 10.2% of days). A positive correlation between shedding rates was observed within all twin pairs, and in the MZ and DZ twins. In twin subsets with sufficient HSV-1 DNA to genotype, 15 had the same strain and 14 had different strains. Viral shedding rates were correlated for those with the same but not different strains. The median number of HSV-1 open reading frames recognized per person was 16. The agreement in the CD4+ T-cell response to specific HSV-1 open reading frames was greater between MZ twins than between unrelated persons (P = .002). CONCLUSION Viral strain characteristics likely contribute to oral HSV-1 shedding rates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lichen Jing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ronnie M Russell
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Tran Tran
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kerry J Laing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Amalia S Magaret
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Stacy Selke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Anqi Cheng
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Meei-Li Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Hong Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Eric Strachan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Alex L Greninger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Pavitra Roychoudhury
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Keith R Jerome
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Anna Wald
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
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Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes clinically significant illness during acute and recurrent infection accompanied by robust innate and acquired immune responses. Innate immune cells in skin and ganglion secrete type I interferon (IFN-I) and proinflammatory cytokines to control VZV. Varicella-zoster virus subverts pattern recognition receptor sensing to modulate antigen presentation and IFN-I production. During primary infection, VZV hijacks T cells to disseminate to the skin and establishes latency in ganglia. Durable T- and B-cell memory formed within a few weeks of infection is boosted by reactivation or re-exposure. Antigen-specific T cells are recruited and potentially retained in VZV-infected skin to counteract reactivation. In latently VZV-infected ganglia, however, virus-specific T cells have not been recovered, suggesting that local innate immune responses control VZV latency. Antibodies prevent primary VZV infection, whereas T cells are fundamental to resolving disease, limiting severity, and preventing reactivation. In this study, we review current knowledge on the interactions between VZV and the human immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry J Laing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | | | - David M Koelle
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Georges M G M Verjans
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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19
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Bender Ignacio RA, Ramchandani MS, Laing KJ, Johnston CM, Koelle DM. T Cell Immunity to Varicella-Zoster Virus in the Setting of Advanced HIV and Multiple Varicella-Zoster Virus Recurrences. Viral Immunol 2016; 30:77-80. [PMID: 27870601 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2016.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A woman presented with at least four manifestations of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection, including central nervous system vasculitis, during her first 2 years of HIV infection. We evaluated her CD4 T cell responses to VZV given the infrequency with which multiple recurrences of VZV occurred, especially following immune reconstitution on antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Bender Ignacio
- 1 Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington.,2 Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle, Washington
| | - Meena S Ramchandani
- 1 Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | - Kerry J Laing
- 1 Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | - Christine M Johnston
- 1 Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington.,2 Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle, Washington
| | - David M Koelle
- 1 Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington.,2 Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle, Washington.,3 Benaroya Research Institute , Seattle, Washington
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20
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Jing L, Laing KJ, Dong L, Russell RM, Barlow RS, Haas JG, Ramchandani MS, Johnston C, Buus S, Redwood AJ, White KD, Mallal SA, Phillips EJ, Posavad CM, Wald A, Koelle DM. Extensive CD4 and CD8 T Cell Cross-Reactivity between Alphaherpesviruses. J Immunol 2016; 196:2205-2218. [PMID: 26810224 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily includes HSV types 1 and 2 and the sequence-divergent pathogen varicella zoster virus (VZV). T cells, controlled by TCR and HLA molecules that tolerate limited epitope amino acid variation, might cross-react between these microbes. We show that memory PBMC expansion with either HSV or VZV enriches for CD4 T cell lines that recognize the other agent at the whole-virus, protein, and peptide levels, consistent with bidirectional cross-reactivity. HSV-specific CD4 T cells recovered from HSV-seronegative persons can be explained, in part, by such VZV cross-reactivity. HSV-1-reactive CD8 T cells also cross-react with VZV-infected cells, full-length VZV proteins, and VZV peptides, as well as kill VZV-infected dermal fibroblasts. Mono- and cross-reactive CD8 T cells use distinct TCRB CDR3 sequences. Cross-reactivity to VZV is reconstituted by cloning and expressing TCRA/TCRB receptors from T cells that are initially isolated using HSV reagents. Overall, we define 13 novel CD4 and CD8 HSV-VZV cross-reactive epitopes and strongly imply additional cross-reactive peptide sets. Viral proteins can harbor both CD4 and CD8 HSV/VZV cross-reactive epitopes. Quantitative estimates of HSV/VZV cross-reactivity for both CD4 and CD8 T cells vary from 10 to 50%. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that host herpesvirus immune history may influence the pathogenesis and clinical outcome of subsequent infections or vaccinations for related pathogens and that cross-reactive epitopes and TCRs may be useful for multi-alphaherpesvirus vaccine design and adoptive cellular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichen Jing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Kerry J Laing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Lichun Dong
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | | | - Russell S Barlow
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Juergen G Haas
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Munich, Germany.,Division of Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Soren Buus
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alec J Redwood
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Katie D White
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, USA
| | - Simon A Mallal
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Phillips
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, USA
| | - Christine M Posavad
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Anna Wald
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.,Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, USA
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21
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Laing KJ, Russell RM, Dong L, Schmid DS, Stern M, Magaret A, Haas JG, Johnston C, Wald A, Koelle DM. Zoster Vaccination Increases the Breadth of CD4+ T Cells Responsive to Varicella Zoster Virus. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:1022-31. [PMID: 25784732 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The live, attenuated varicella vaccine strain (vOka) is the only licensed therapeutic vaccine. Boost of varicella zoster virus (VZV)-specific cellular immunity is a likely mechanism of action. We examined memory CD4(+) T-cell responses to each VZV protein at baseline and after zoster vaccination. METHODS Serial blood samples were collected from 12 subjects vaccinated with Zostavax and immunogenicity confirmed by ex vivo VZV-specific T-cell and antibody assays. CD4(+) T-cell lines enriched for VZV specificity were generated and probed for proliferative responses to every VZV protein and selected peptide sets. RESULTS Zoster vaccination increased the median magnitude (2.3-fold) and breadth (4.2-fold) of VZV-specific CD4(+) T cells one month post-vaccination. Both measures declined by 6 months. The most prevalent responses at baseline included VZV open reading frames (ORFs) 68, 4, 37, and 63. After vaccination, responses to ORFs 40, 67, 9, 59, 12, 62, and 18 were also prevalent. The immunogenicity of ORF9 and ORF18 were confirmed using peptides, defining a large number of discrete CD4 T-cell epitopes. CONCLUSIONS The breadth and magnitude of the VZV-specific CD4(+) T-cell response increase after zoster vaccination. In addition to glycoprotein E (ORF68), we identified antigenic ORFs that may be useful components of subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry J Laing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | | | - Lichun Dong
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - D Scott Schmid
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Amalia Magaret
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jürgen G Haas
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Johnston
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Anna Wald
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle Department of Laboratory Medicine Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington Department of Epidemiology
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle Department of Laboratory Medicine Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington Department of Global Health, University of Washington Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
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22
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Ouwendijk WJD, Laing KJ, Verjans GMGM, Koelle DM. T-cell immunity to human alphaherpesviruses. Curr Opin Virol 2013; 3:452-60. [PMID: 23664660 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Human alphaherpesviruses (αHHV) - herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), HSV-2, and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) - infect mucosal epithelial cells, establish a lifelong latent infection of sensory neurons, and reactivate intermittingly to cause recrudescent disease. Although chronic αHHV infections co-exist with brisk T-cell responses, T-cell immune suppression is associated with worsened recurrent infection. Induction of αHHV-specific T-cell immunity is complex and results in poly-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses in peripheral blood. Specific T-cells are localized to ganglia during the chronic phase of HSV infection and to several infected areas during recurrences, and persist long after viral clearance. These recent advances hold promise in the design of new vaccine candidates.
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23
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Jing L, Haas J, Chong TM, Bruckner JJ, Dann GC, Dong L, Marshak JO, McClurkan CL, Yamamoto TN, Bailer SM, Laing KJ, Wald A, Verjans GM, Koelle DM. Cross-presentation and genome-wide screening reveal candidate T cells antigens for a herpes simplex virus type 1 vaccine. J Clin Invest 2012. [DOI: 10.1172/jci65722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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24
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Jing L, Haas J, Chong TM, Bruckner JJ, Dann GC, Dong L, Marshak JO, McClurkan CL, Yamamoto TN, Bailer SM, Laing KJ, Wald A, Verjans GMGM, Koelle DM. Cross-presentation and genome-wide screening reveal candidate T cells antigens for a herpes simplex virus type 1 vaccine. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:654-73. [PMID: 22214845 DOI: 10.1172/jci60556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) not only causes painful recurrent oral-labial infections, it can also cause permanent brain damage and blindness. There is currently no HSV-1 vaccine. An effective vaccine must stimulate coordinated T cell responses, but the large size of the genome and the low frequency of HSV-1-specific T cells have hampered the search for the most effective T cell antigens for inclusion in a candidate vaccine. We have now developed what we believe to be novel methods to efficiently generate a genome-wide map of the responsiveness of HSV-1-specific T cells, and demonstrate the applicability of these methods to a second complex microbe, vaccinia virus. We used cross-presentation and CD137 activation-based FACS to enrich for polyclonal CD8+ T effector T cells. The HSV-1 proteome was prepared in a flexible format for analyzing both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells from study participants. Scans with participant-specific panels of artificial APCs identified an oligospecific response in each individual. Parallel CD137-based CD4+ T cell research showed discrete oligospecific recognition of HSV-1 antigens. Unexpectedly, the two HSV-1 proteins not previously considered as vaccine candidates elicited both CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses in most HSV-1-infected individuals. In this era of microbial genomics, our methods - also demonstrated in principle for vaccinia virus for both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells - should be broadly applicable to the selection of T cell antigens for inclusion in candidate vaccines for many pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichen Jing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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25
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Laing KJ, Dong L, Sidney J, Sette A, Koelle DM. Immunology in the Clinic Review Series; focus on host responses: T cell responses to herpes simplex viruses. Clin Exp Immunol 2012; 167:47-58. [PMID: 22132884 PMCID: PMC3248086 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04502.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes virus infections are chronic and co-exist with acquired immune responses that generally prevent severe damage to the host, while allowing periodic shedding of virus and maintenance of its transmission in the community. Herpes simplex viruses type 1 and 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2) are typical in this regard and are representative of the viral subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, which has a tropism for neuronal and epithelial cells. This review will emphasize recent progress in decoding the physiologically important CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cell responses to HSV in humans. The expanding data set is discussed in the context of the search for an effective HSV vaccine as therapy for existing infections and to prevent new infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Laing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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26
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Laing KJ, Hansen JD. Fish T cells: recent advances through genomics. Dev Comp Immunol 2011; 35:1282-1295. [PMID: 21414347 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This brief review is intended to provide a concise overview of the current literature concerning T cells, advances in identifying distinct T cell functional subsets, and in distinguishing effector cells from memory cells. We compare and contrast a wealth of recent progress made in T cell immunology of teleost, elasmobranch, and agnathan fish, to knowledge derived from mammalian T cell studies. From genome studies, fish clearly have most components associated with T cell function and we can speculate on the presence of putative T cell subsets, and the ability to detect their differentiation to form memory cells. Some recombinant proteins for T cell associated cytokines and antibodies for T cell surface receptors have been generated that will facilitate studying the functional roles of teleost T cells during immune responses. Although there is still a long way to go, major advances have occurred in recent years for investigating T cell responses, thus phenotypic and functional characterization is on the near horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry J Laing
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer, Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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27
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Hansen JD, Vojtech LN, Laing KJ. Sensing disease and danger: a survey of vertebrate PRRs and their origins. Dev Comp Immunol 2011; 35:886-897. [PMID: 21241729 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A key facet of the innate immune response lays in its ability to recognize and respond to invading microorganisms and cellular disturbances. Through the use of germ-line encoded PRRs, the innate immune system is capable of detecting invariant pathogen motifs termed pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) that are distinct from host encoded proteins or products released from dying cells, which are known as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). PAMPs and DAMPs include both protein and nucleic acids for the detection and response to pathogens and metabolic "danger" signals. This is by far one of the most active areas of research as recent studies have shown retinoic acid inducible gene 1 (RIG1)-like receptors (RLRs), the nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat containing proteins (NLRs) and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the recently described AIM-like receptors (ALRs) are responsible for initiating interferon production or the assembly and activation of the inflammasome, ultimately resulting in the release of bioactive IL-1 family members. Overall, the vertebrate PRR recognition machinery consists of seven domains (e.g., Death, NACHT, CARD, TIR, LRR, PYD, helicase), most of which can be traced to the very origins of the deuterostomes. This review is intended to provide an overview of the basic components that are used by vertebrates to detect and respond to pathogens, with an emphasis on these receptors in fish as well as a brief note on their likely origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Hansen
- US Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, WA 98115, United States.
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Elahi S, Dinges WL, Lejarcegui N, Laing KJ, Collier AC, Koelle DM, McElrath MJ, Horton H. Protective HIV-specific CD8+ T cells evade Treg cell suppression. Nat Med 2011; 17:989-95. [PMID: 21765403 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Specific human leukocyte antigens (HLAs), notably HLA-B*27 and HLA-B*57 allele groups, have long been associated with control of HIV-1. Although the majority of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells lose proliferative capacity during chronic infection, T cells restricted by HLA-B*27 or HLA-B*57 allele groups do not. Here we show that CD8(+) T cells restricted by 'protective' HLA allele groups are not suppressed by T(reg) cells, whereas, within the same individual, T cells restricted by 'nonprotective' alleles are highly suppressed ex vivo. This differential sensitivity of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells to T(reg) cell-mediated suppression correlates with their expression of the inhibitory receptor T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain 3 (Tim-3) after stimulation with their cognate epitopes. Furthermore, we show that HLA-B*27- and HLA-B*57-restricted effectors also evade T(reg) cell-mediated suppression by directly killing T(reg) cells they encounter in a granzyme B (GzmB)-dependent manner. This study uncovers a previously unknown explanation for why HLA-B*27 and HLA-B*57 allele groups are associated with delayed HIV-1 disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shokrollah Elahi
- Viral Vaccine Program, Seattle Biomedical Research Institute (Seattle Biomed), Seattle, Washington, USA
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Hansen JD, Farrugia TJ, Woodson J, Laing KJ. Description of an elasmobranch TCR coreceptor: CD8α from Rhinobatos productus. Dev Comp Immunol 2011; 35:452-460. [PMID: 21110999 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cell-mediated immunity plays an essential role for the control and eradication of intracellular pathogens. To learn more about the evolutionary origins of the first signal (Signal 1) for T-cell activation, we cloned CD8α from an elasmobranch, Rhinobatos productus. Similar to full-length CD8α cDNAs from other vertebrates, Rhpr-CD8α (1800bp) encodes a 219 amino acid open reading frame composed of a signal peptide, an extracellular IgSF V domain and a stalk/hinge region followed by a well-conserved transmembrane domain and cytoplasmic tail. Overall, the mature Rhpr-CD8α protein (201 aa) displays ∼ 30% amino acid identity with mammalian CD8α including absolute conservation of cysteine residues involved in the IgSf V domain fold and dimerization of CD8αα and CD8αβ. One prominent feature is the absence of the LCK association motif (CXC) that is needed for achieving signal 1 in tetrapods. Both elasmobranch and teleost CD8α protein sequences possess a similar but distinctly different motif (CXH) in the cytoplasmic tail. The overall genomic structure of CD8α has been conserved during the course of vertebrate evolution both for the number of exons and phase of splicing. Finally, quantitative RTPCR demonstrated that elasmobranch CD8α is expressed in lymphoid-rich tissues similar to CD8 in other vertebrates. The results from this study indicate the existence of CD8 prior to the emergence of the gnathostomes (>450 MYA) while providing evidence that the canonical LCK association motif in mammals is likely a derived characteristic of tetrapod CD8α, suggesting potential differences for T-cell education and activation in the various gnathostomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Hansen
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, WA 98115, USA.
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Purcell MK, Laing KJ, Woodson JC, Thorgaard GH, Hansen JD. Characterization of the interferon genes in homozygous rainbow trout reveals two novel genes, alternate splicing and differential regulation of duplicated genes. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2009; 26:293-304. [PMID: 19070666 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2008.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The genes encoding the type I and type II interferons (IFNs) have previously been identified in rainbow trout and their proteins partially characterized. These previous studies reported a single type II IFN (rtIFN-gamma) and three rainbow trout type I IFN genes that are classified into either group I (rtIFN1, rtIFN2) or group II (rtIFN3). In this present study, we report the identification of a novel IFN-gamma gene (rtIFN-gamma2) and a novel type I group II IFN (rtIFN4) in homozygous rainbow trout and predict that additional IFN genes or pseudogenes exist in the rainbow trout genome. Additionally, we provide evidence that short and long forms of rtIFN1 are actively and differentially transcribed in homozygous trout, and likely arose due to alternate splicing of the first exon. Quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) assays were developed to systematically profile all of the rainbow trout IFN transcripts, with high specificity at an individual gene level, in naïve fish and after stimulation with virus or viral-related molecules. Cloned PCR products were used to ensure the specificity of the qRT-PCR assays and as absolute standards to assess transcript abundance of each gene. All IFN genes were modulated in response to Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), a DNA vaccine based on the IHNV glycoprotein, and poly I:C. The most inducible of the type I IFN genes, by all stimuli tested, were rtIFN3 and the short transcript form of rtIFN1. Gene expression of rtIFN-gamma1 and rtIFN-gamma2 was highly up-regulated by IHNV infection and DNA vaccination but rtIFN-gamma2 was induced to a greater magnitude. The specificity of the qRT-PCR assays reported here will be useful for future studies aimed at identifying which cells produce IFNs at early time points after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen K Purcell
- US Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, 6505 NE 65th St., Seattle, WA 98034, USA.
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Laing KJ, Purcell MK, Winton JR, Hansen JD. A genomic view of the NOD-like receptor family in teleost fish: identification of a novel NLR subfamily in zebrafish. BMC Evol Biol 2008; 8:42. [PMID: 18254971 PMCID: PMC2268669 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-8-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2007] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large multigene family of NOD-like receptor (NLR) molecules have been described in mammals and implicated in immunity and apoptosis. Little information, however, exists concerning this gene family in non-mammalian taxa. This current study, therefore, provides an in-depth investigation of this gene family in lower vertebrates including extensive phylogenetic comparison of zebrafish NLRs with orthologs in tetrapods, and analysis of their tissue-specific expression. RESULTS Three distinct NLR subfamilies were identified by mining genome databases of various non-mammalian vertebrates; the first subfamily (NLR-A) resembles mammalian NODs, the second (NLR-B) resembles mammalian NALPs, while the third (NLR-C) appears to be unique to teleost fish. In zebrafish, NLR-A and NLR-B subfamilies contain five and six genes respectively. The third subfamily is large, containing several hundred NLR-C genes, many of which are predicted to encode a C-terminal B30.2 domain. This subfamily most likely evolved from a NOD3-like molecule. Gene predictions for zebrafish NLRs were verified using sequence derived from ESTs or direct sequencing of cDNA. Reverse-transcriptase (RT)-PCR analysis confirmed expression of representative genes from each subfamily in selected tissues. CONCLUSION Our findings confirm the presence of multiple NLR gene orthologs, which form a large multigene family in teleostei. Although the functional significance of the three major NLR subfamilies is unclear, we speculate that conservation and abundance of NLR molecules in all teleostei genomes, reflects an essential role in cellular control, apoptosis or immunity throughout bony fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry J Laing
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
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Laing KJ, Dutton S, Hansen JD. Molecular and biochemical analysis of rainbow trout LCK suggests a conserved mechanism for T-cell signaling in gnathostomes. Mol Immunol 2007; 44:2737-48. [PMID: 17178421 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2006] [Revised: 11/16/2006] [Accepted: 11/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Two genes were identified in rainbow trout that display high sequence identity to vertebrate Lck. Both of the trout Lck transcripts are associated with lymphoid tissues and were found to be highly expressed in IgM-negative lymphocytes. In vitro analysis of trout lymphocytes indicates that trout Lck mRNA is up-regulated by T-cell mitogens, supporting an evolutionarily conserved function for Lck in the signaling pathways of T-lymphocytes. Here, we describe the generation and characterization of a specific monoclonal antibody raised against the N-terminal domains of recombinant trout Lck that can recognize Lck protein(s) from trout thymocyte lysates that are similar in size ( approximately 57kDa) to mammalian Lck. This antibody also reacted with permeabilized lymphocytes during FACS analysis, indicating its potential usage for cellular analyses of trout lymphocytes, thus representing an important tool for investigations of salmonid T-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry J Laing
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Laing KJ, Zou JJ, Purcell MK, Phillips R, Secombes CJ, Hansen JD. Evolution of the CD4 family: teleost fish possess two divergent forms of CD4 in addition to lymphocyte activation gene-3. J Immunol 2006; 177:3939-51. [PMID: 16951357 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.6.3939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The T cell coreceptor CD4 is a transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the Ig superfamily and is essential for cell-mediated immunity. Two different genes were identified in rainbow trout that resemble mammalian CD4. One (trout CD4) encodes four extracellular Ig domains reminiscent of mammalian CD4, whereas the other (CD4REL) codes for two Ig domains. Structural motifs within the amino acid sequences suggest that the two Ig domains of CD4REL duplicated to generate the four-domain molecule of CD4 and the related gene, lymphocyte activation gene-3. Here we present evidence that both of these molecules in trout are homologous to mammalian CD4 and that teleosts encode an additional CD4 family member, lymphocyte activation gene-3, which is a marker for activated T cells. The syntenic relationships of similar genes in other teleost and non-fish genomes provide evidence for the likely evolution of CD4-related molecules in vertebrates, with CD4REL likely representing the primordial form in fish. Expression of both CD4 genes is highest in the thymus and spleen, and mRNA expression of these genes is limited to surface IgM- lymphocytes. consistent with a role for T cell functionality. Finally, the intracellular regions of both CD4 and CD4REL possess the canonical CXC motif involved in the interaction of CD4 with p56LCK, implying that similar mechanisms for CD4+ T cell activation are present in all vertebrates. Our results therefore raise new questions about T cell development and functionality in lower vertebrates that cannot be answered by current mammalian models and, thus, is of fundamental importance for understanding the evolution of cell-mediated immunity in gnathosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry J Laing
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195, USA
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Abstract
Several thousand EST sequences were recently made available in the EMBL sequence database from the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. BLAST based searches were utilised to identify sequences resembling mammalian CC chemokines within these ESTs. Fifteen new and unique CC chemokine-like sequences were identified for trout, bringing the total of known CC chemokine sequences in trout to 18 when including those already published. Some of these trout chemokines appeared highly related (in pairs) suggesting recent duplication events or tight evolutionary constraints. Phylogenetically, the trout chemokine sequences grouped with both inducible and constitutive mammalian CC chemokine subtypes, suggesting early divergence of these functional groups. Expression analyses on gill and head kidney show constitutive expression of many of these trout CC chemokines in these lymphoid-rich tissues. However, induction of some of the chemokines structurally related to 'inducible' CC chemokines was observed in a trout macrophage-like cell line (RTS-11) in response to stimulation with recombinant TNFalpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry J Laing
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, Zoology Building, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK.
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Abstract
Chemokines are small proteins that control cellular migration. An extensive family of these molecules has been described in mammals containing nearly 50 members. Within this family are four groups, each defined by the different spacing of two N-terminal cysteines, which form disulphide bonds with two other cysteine residues to create the tertiary structure characteristic of chemokines. Recent evidence shows the chemokine family is not unique to mammals, with several members also identified in birds, amphibians and fish, including a primitive vertebrate, the lamprey. Although there is less evidence to define the roles of chemokines in these lower vertebrates, structural similarities allow some predictions to their function, against which further studies are being made. Additionally, some microorganisms (particularly viruses) appear to have copied genes for chemokines, presumably to confuse the immune system of their host. This review aims to bring together the current information concerning identified chemokines throughout vertebrates and microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry J Laing
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK.
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Laing KJ, Bols N, Secombes CJ. A CXC chemokine sequence isolated from the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss resembles the closely related interferon-gamma-inducible chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11. Eur Cytokine Netw 2002; 13:462-73. [PMID: 12517732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
A sequence encoding a CXC - type chemokine from rainbow trout was found to most resemble members of the CXCL9/CXCL10/CXCL11 sub-family. In mammals, all 3 chemokines are regulated by IFN-gamma and are chemotactic for activated T lymphocytes. The trout chemokine (gammaIP1), with a message of 787 nucleotides, contains 100 amino acids in a typical non-ELR CXC chemokine arrangement. A second sequence (gammaIP2), with 6 nucleotide differences in the coding region when compared to the first, was also identified although it is not known whether this is a second functional gene or a second allele. The gene is separated onto 4 exons, and the introns intervene in conserved positions according to the mammalian equivalents. The sequence encoded by the second exon shares the highest amino acid identity (37%) with CXCL10, with lower values of identity to other CXC chemokines (17-31%). Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis groups the trout chemokine with mammalian CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 peptides. Constitutive expression of gammaIP is seen in trout gill and low level expression in spleen, head kidney and liver. In RTS-11 cells, gammaIP expression can be induced with poly I:C, but not by LPS, suggesting virus-mediated regulation of gammaIP. Intraperitoneal injection of recombinant trout TNF-alpha caused elevation in gammaIP mRNA levels in trout head kidney.
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Laing KJ, Zou JJ, Wang T, Bols N, Hirono I, Aoki T, Secombes CJ. Identification and analysis of an interleukin 8-like molecule in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Dev Comp Immunol 2002; 26:433-444. [PMID: 11906723 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(01)00092-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An interleukin 8 (IL-8) homologue has been identified in the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. The transcript contains an open reading frame of 294 nucleotides that translates into a 97 amino acid putative peptide, with 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTR) of 171 and 453 nucleotides, respectively. As with previously sequenced lamprey and flounder genes, the trout amino acid sequence lacks the typical ELR motif upstream of the first pair of cysteines, where DLR is present. The trout IL-8 gene contains four exons divided by three short introns of 341, 247 and 292bp, and occupies 1824bp of genomic DNA. RT-PCR reveals a low level constitutive expression of the IL-8 homologue in many tissues, including spleen, heart, liver, head kidney and gill. Expression was not detectable in the brain. Whilst no apparent affect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on IL-8 expression was observed in vivo, stimulation of a trout macrophage cell line (RTS-11) with either LPS or poly I:C did result in clear up-regulation of IL-8 expression, detectable by RT-PCR and Northern blot analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry J Laing
- Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, Scotland AB24 2TZ, UK
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Secombes
- Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, UK
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Secombes
- Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK.
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40
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Laing KJ, Holland J, Bonilla S, Cunningham C, Secombes CJ. Cloning and sequencing of caspase 6 in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, and analysis of its expression under conditions known to induce apoptosis. Dev Comp Immunol 2001; 25:303-312. [PMID: 11246070 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(00)00061-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The rainbow trout caspase 6 gene has been cloned and sequenced. The open reading frame consisted of 906bp, which translated into a protein of 302 amino acids, containing the caspase active site pentapeptide (QACRG) and the caspase family signature (HADADCFVCVFLSHG). Amino acids involved in catalysis and those known to form the P1 carbohydrate binding pocket were conserved. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed a tight grouping with other known caspase 6 genes. Conserved aspartic acid residues at positions 33, 191 and 202 suggested that this molecule is produced as a proenzyme that is subsequently cleaved to release active subunits, with the region between Asp-191 and Ala-203 acting as a linker that is cleaved out. RT-PCR analysis revealed that the trout caspase 6 gene was expressed in brain, blood, gill, liver, head kidney and spleen. Addition of LPS or cortisol to head kidney leucocyte cultures had no effect upon caspase 6 expression. However, addition of LPS after preincubation with cortisol increased expression relative to control cultures. Incubation with RU486 abrogated this effect, confirming it was mediated via glucocorticoid receptors. Lastly, a confinement stress in vivo increased caspase 6 expression. The data are discussed with respect to the immunoregulatory role of apoptosis in fish immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Laing
- Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
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Laing KJ, Wang T, Zou J, Holland J, Hong S, Bols N, Hirono I, Aoki T, Secombes CJ. Cloning and expression analysis of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Eur J Biochem 2001; 268:1315-22. [PMID: 11231283 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.01996.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) gene for tumor necrosis factor (TNF) has been cloned and sequenced. The cDNA contains an open reading frame of 738 nucleotides that translate into a 246 amino-acid putative peptide, with a 5' untranslated region (UTR) of 140 bp and a 3' UTR of 506 bp. Two potential N-linked glycosylation sites exist in the translation. The genomic sequence measures 2007 bp and contains three introns that intercept four coding exons. Expression studies using RT-PCR have shown that the trout TNF gene is constitutively expressed in the gill and kidney of unstimulated fish. Trout TNF expression could be up-regulated by stimulation of isolated head kidney leucocytes with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Similarly, stimulation of a trout macrophage cell line (RTS11) with LPS resulted in an increased transcript level, as did incubation with recombinant trout interleukin (IL)-1 beta. The optimal timing for induction of TNF expression in trout macrophages was determined using recombinant trout IL-1 beta, where a clear induction was apparent by 2 h and peaked at 4 h. Evidence that this TNF gene is equivalent to mammalian TNF-alpha is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Laing
- Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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Laing KJ, Cunningham C, Secombes CJ. Genes for three different isoforms of transforming growth factor-beta are present in plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) DNA. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2000; 10:261-271. [PMID: 10938738 DOI: 10.1006/fsim.1999.0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Although transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) genes have been described in several species of fish, whether an individual fish possesses more than one member of this multigene family has yet to be established. During this study, three DNA fragments were isolated from the plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) by homology cloning. Sequence analysis revealed that each fragment closely resembled a distinct member of the TGF-beta family. Each putative plaice TGF-beta clustered individually with a different TGF-beta subgroup during phylogenetic analysis suggesting that these may be the plaice homologues of vertebrate TGF-beta 1/4/5, -beta 2 or -beta 3. The first direct evidence for the presence of multiple TGF-beta genes in a single fish species is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Laing
- Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, U.K
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Abstract
A partial nucleotide sequence of transforming growth factor-beta3 (TGF-beta3) has been isolated from the Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and European eel (Anguilla anguilla), confirming a ubiquitous presence in the ray-finned (Actinopterygian) bony fish. The bony fish TGF-beta3 is highly conserved, with some 83-84% nucleotide identity (coding region) and 90-95% predicted amino acid identity to known homeotherm TGF-beta3's. Far lower homologies are apparent with other known TGF-beta isoforms in fish (e.g. 64-66% and 81-82% amino acid identity to trout TGF-beta 1/5 and carp TGF-beta2 respectively). Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the fish TGF-beta3's clustered with the known homeotherm TGF-beta3's. The relatively tight clustering of TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 and TGF-beta3 was in contrast to the TGF-beta5's, which are clearly a more heterogenous group.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Laing
- Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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Laing KJ, Hardie LJ, Aartsen W, Grabowski PS, Secombes CJ. Expression of an inducible nitric oxide synthase gene in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Dev Comp Immunol 1999; 23:71-85. [PMID: 10220070 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(98)00036-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Using oligonucleotide primers based on mammalian nitric oxide synthases (NOS), expression of an inducible NOS (iNOS) gene was detected in head kidney and gill tissue of bacterially-challenged rainbow trout. Three overlapping fragments were amplified by RT-PCR and used to construct a contiguous sequence of 1410bp, with high nucleotide homology to iNOS in birds (61%) and mammals (57-59%). The nucleotide sequence translated in one reading frame to produce a partial peptide containing 470 amino acids, with 69-71% amino acid homology with mammalian iNOS, 81% homology with chicken iNOS and 85% homology with a partial (492bp) goldfish iNOS sequence. In vitro stimulation of head kidney macrophages with LPS also induced expression of the trout iNOS RNA, with optimal expression seen using 20-50 microg/ml LPS at 2h to 6h post-stimulation. The evolutionary and functional significance of the trout iNOS sequence are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Laing
- Department of Zoology and Medicine & Therapeutics, University of Aberdeen, UK
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45
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Hardie LJ, Laing KJ, Daniels GD, Grabowski PS, Cunningham C, Secombes CJ. Isolation of the first piscine transforming growth factor beta gene: analysis reveals tissue specific expression and a potential regulatory sequence in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Cytokine 1998; 10:555-63. [PMID: 9722928 DOI: 10.1006/cyto.1997.0334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The nucleotide sequence of a rainbow trout transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) peptide is presented, which translates into a 382 amino acid precursor molecule containing a 20 amino acid leader and a mature peptide of 112 amino acids. The mature peptide has nine conserved cysteines and a conserved proline (position 36) and glycine (position 46), all characteristics of TGF-beta superfamily molecules. Within the precursor region are three glycosylation sites, two in common with known TGF-beta s, an integrin binding site (RGD) and the tetrabasic peptide cleavage site (RKKR). The full 3' untranslated region (UTR) consists of 542 nucleotides with a polyadenylation signal 16 nucleotides upstream of the poly(A) tail. The 5' UTR contains an open reading frame with the potential to encode an eleven amino acid peptide, which may have significance for regulation of TGF-beta translation. A wide tissue distribution of TGF-beta message was detected by RT-PCR; in blood leukocytes, kidney macrophages, brain, gill, and spleen tissue but not liver. A phylogenetic tree reveals the trout TGF-beta sequence is most related to xenopus TGF-beta 5, with these sequences and that of chicken TGF-beta 4 grouping with mammalian TGF-beta 1 s. The impact of the trout sequence on current theories of TGF-beta isotype evolution is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Hardie
- Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, UK
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46
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Laing KJ, Grabowski PS, Belosevic M, Secombes CJ. A partial sequence for nitric oxide synthase from a goldfish (Carassius auratus) macrophage cell line. Immunol Cell Biol 1996; 74:374-9. [PMID: 8872189 DOI: 10.1038/icb.1996.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA was detected in a recently developed goldfish macrophage cell line by RT-PCR, using degenerate primers designed against conserved nucleotide motifs within the different mammalian isoforms of NOS. Increased expression of iNOS poststimulation with LPS was found, and suggests that it is a functional enzyme in goldfish macrophages, supporting the view that iNOS regulation is pretranslational. The nucleotide sequence translated in one reading frame with no stop codons to produce a partial peptide containing 164 amino acids, with highest homology (85%) to a recently identified rainbow trout iNOS sequence. The peptide translation also gave an insight into the conservation of binding motifs, since two cofactor binding sites were present in the amplified PCR product (FMN and calmodulin). In addition, a 42 aa motif present in the region just upstream of the FMN binding motif of mammalian endothelial and neuronal NOS isoforms was absent in the translation, in agreement with every published sequence for iNOS. Finally, the translation was used to construct an unrooted phylogenetic tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Laing
- Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, UK
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Rotondo D, Earl CR, Laing KJ, Kaimakamis D. Inhibition of cytokine-stimulated thymic lymphocyte proliferation by fatty acids: the role of eicosanoids. Biochim Biophys Acta 1994; 1223:185-94. [PMID: 8086487 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(94)90225-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The effect of individual fatty acids on the proliferation of thymic lymphocytes in response to interleukin-1 (IL-1) was investigated. Proliferation was estimated by measuring [3H]thymidine incorporation into the acid insoluble fraction of the thymocytes. A concentration-dependent inhibition (in the range 1-100 microM) in the IL-1-stimulated proliferation was observed with the C20 fatty acids dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA), arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). A less pronounced concentration-dependent inhibitory response was observed with the C18 fatty acids linoleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid and gamma-linolenic acid. Palmitic acid and oleic did not have any effect on either basal or IL-1-stimulated proliferation at concentrations up to 100 microM. The potencies of each fatty acid for this effect at a concentration of 100 microM were: arachidonic acid > EPA > or = DGLA > linoleic acid. DGLA, arachidonic acid and EPA also attenuated IL-2-stimulated proliferation. The inhibitory action of these fatty acids was not mediated by conversion to prostaglandins or other eicosanoids as the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, ketoprofen and NDGA did not alter their action. Incubation of thymocytes with radiolabelled DGLA and EPA followed by reverse-phase HPLC analysis revealed that DGLA is predominantly converted to a more polar metabolite which is not PGE1 whereas EPA does not appear to be converted to any other detectable metabolite. The data indicate that the inhibitory actions of fatty acids on cell proliferation do not occur as a result of conversion to other metabolites but may be direct effects. The inhibition of cytokine-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation by unsaturated fatty acids would imply that they may attenuate cell-mediated immune reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rotondo
- Department of Immunology, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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