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Jiang B, Zhang Z, Xu J, Jin H, Li Y. Cloning and structural analysis of complement component 3d in wild birds provides insight into its functional evolution. Dev Comp Immunol 2021; 117:103979. [PMID: 33338517 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Complement component 3 d (C3d) is the final cleavage product of the complement component C3 and serves as a crucial role in link innate and adaptive immunity, and increase B-cell sensitivity to an antigen by 1000-10000 fold. The crystal structure of human C3d revealed there are two distinct surfaces, a convex surface containing the thioester-constituting residues that mediate covalent binding to the target antigen, and a concave surface with an acidic pocket responsible for interaction with CR2. In this study, we cloned and sequenced cDNA fragment encoding C3d region from 15 wild bird species. Then, the C3d sequences from wild birds, chicken and mammals were aligned to construct phylogenetic trees. Phylogenetic tree displayed two main branches, indicating mammals and birds, but the bird C3d branch was divided into two main parts, with five wild birds (Ardeola bacchus, Zoothera, Bubo, Crossoptilon mantchuricum and Caprimulgus europaeus) clustering much closer to mammals. In addition, the C3d proteins of Ardeola bacchus, Bubo, Crossoptilon mantchuricum and Caprimulgus europaeus contained a Glu163 residue at the position at which Lys163 was found in other birds. However, Glu163 have the same charge polarity as Asp163, which is the key amino acid residue comprising the acidic pocket combined with CR2 found at this position in mammals, and Zoothera also possessed Asp163 at this position. Structure modeling analyses also verified that the C3ds of these five wild bird species exhibited the amino acid sequence and structure comprising the typical acidic pocket found in mammals that is required for combination with B cell surface receptors, which contribute electrostatic forces to interact with CR2. Our investigations indicate that some bird C3ds may already have the ability to bind with CR2 by electrostatic force, like mammals. As Ardeola bacchus, Zoothera, Bubo, Crossoptilon mantchuricum and Caprimulgus europaeus have more typical C3d concave acid pockets and thus a stronger ability to bind CR2, we speculate that these five wild birds may have a solider immunity against pathogens. Our phylogenetic and structural analyses of bird C3ds provide insights on the evolutionary divergence in the function of immune factors of avian and mammalian.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jiang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, PR China
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, PR China
| | - Jian Xu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, PR China
| | - Huan Jin
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, PR China
| | - Yongqing Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, PR China.
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2
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Wang Y, Wang M, Shan A, Feng X. Avian host defense cathelicidins: structure, expression, biological functions, and potential therapeutic applications. Poult Sci 2020; 99:6434-6445. [PMID: 33248558 PMCID: PMC7704953 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Host defense peptides (HDP) are multifunctional effectors of the innate immune system, which has antimicrobial and pleiotropic immunomodulatory functions. Although there is a very sophisticated superposition of adaptive immune systems in vertebrates, this system is still essential. As an important family of HDP, cathelicidins are also known for their broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against bacteria, fungi, and enveloped viruses. It has been found in humans and other species, including cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, chickens, rabbits, and some kind of fish. Among them, cathelicidins in birds were described for the first time in 2005. This review focuses on the structure, biological activities, expression, and regulation of avian cathelicidin, especially main effects of host defense cathelicidin on potential therapeutic applications. According to the results obtained both in vitro and in vivo, good perspectives have been opened for cathelicidin. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to better characterize the mechanisms of action underlying the beneficial effects of cathelicidin as novel therapeutic alternatives to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Anshan Shan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingjun Feng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China.
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Lin JH, Lo CM, Chuang SH, Chiang CH, Wang SD, Lin TY, Liao JW, Hung DZ. Collocation of avian and mammal antibodies to develop a rapid and sensitive diagnostic tool for Russell's Vipers Snakebite. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008701. [PMID: 32956365 PMCID: PMC7529284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Russell's vipers (RVs) envenoming is an important public health issue in South-East Asia. Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, systemic bleeding, hemolysis, and acute renal injury are obvious problems that develop in most cases, and neuromuscular junction blocks are an additional problem caused by western RV snakebite. The complex presentations usually are an obstacle to early diagnosis and antivenom administration. Here, we tried to produce highly specific antibodies in goose yolks for use in a paper-based microfluidic diagnostic kit, immunochromatographic test of viper (ICT-Viper), to distinguish RVs from other vipers and even cobra snakebite in Asia. We used indirect ELISA to monitor specific goose IgY production and western blotting to illustrate the interaction of avian or mammal antibody with venom proteins. The ICT-Viper was tested not only in prepared samples but also in stored patient serum to demonstrate its preliminary efficacy. The results revealed that specific anti-Daboia russelii IgY could be raised in goose eggs effectively without inducing adverse effects. When it was collocated with horse anti-Daboia siamensis antibody, which broadly reacted with most of the venom proteins of both types of Russell's viper, the false cross-reactivity was reduced, and the test showed good performance. The limit of detection was reduced to 10 ng/ml in vitro, and the test showed good detection ability in clinical snake envenoming case samples. The ICT-Viper performed well and could be combined with a cobra venom detection kit (ICT-Cobra) to create a multiple detection strip (ICT-VC), which broadens its applications while maintaining its detection ability for snake envenomation identification. Nonetheless, the use of the ICT-Viper in the South-East Asia region is pending additional laboratory and field investigations and regional collaboration. We believe that the development of this practical diagnostic tool marks the beginning of positive efforts to face the global snakebite issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Hua Lin
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Division of Toxicology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Che-Min Lo
- Division of Toxicology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ssu-Han Chuang
- Changhua Animal Propagation Station, Livestock Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Hung Chiang
- Changhua Animal Propagation Station, Livestock Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Der Wang
- Changhua Animal Propagation Station, Livestock Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Yi Lin
- Changhua Animal Propagation Station, Livestock Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Wang Liao
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Dong-Zong Hung
- Division of Toxicology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Abstract
Influenza virus infection triggers host innate immune response by stimulating various pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Activation of these PRRs leads to the activation of a plethora of signaling pathways, resulting in the production of interferon (IFN) and proinflammatory cytokines, followed by the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), the recruitment of innate immune cells, or the activation of programmed cell death. All these antiviral approaches collectively restrict viral replication inside the host. However, influenza virus also engages in multiple mechanisms to subvert the innate immune responses. In this review, we discuss the role of PRRs such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), NOD-, LRR-, pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3), and Z-DNA binding protein 1 (ZBP1) in sensing and restricting influenza viral infection. Further, we also discuss the mechanisms influenza virus utilizes, especially the role of viral non-structure proteins NS1, PB1-F2, and PA-X, to evade the host innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Malik
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada;
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Yan Zhou
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada;
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
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5
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Zmrhal V, Slama P. Current knowledge about interactions between avian dendritic cells and poultry pathogens. Dev Comp Immunol 2020; 104:103565. [PMID: 31830703 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In poultry production conditions today, birds are surrounded by viral, bacterial, and parasitic agents. DCs are the main antigen-presenting cells located in tissues of the body, and their role involves recognizing antigen structures, engulfing and processing them, and subsequently presenting antigen peptides on their surface by major histocompatibility complex, where T cells and B cells are stimulated and can begin appropriate cellular and antibody immune response. This unique function indicates that these cells can be used in producing vaccines, but first it is necessary to culture DCs in vitro to identify the principles of their interactions with pathogens. The following review summarizes our current knowledge about avian dendritic cells and their interactions with pathogens. It provides a basis for future studies of these unique cells and their use in vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Zmrhal
- Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Slama
- Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Vallverdú-Coll N, Mateo R, Mougeot F, Ortiz-Santaliestra ME. Immunotoxic effects of lead on birds. Sci Total Environ 2019; 689:505-515. [PMID: 31279197 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The ingestion of lead (Pb) shot pellets is a well-known cause of avian mortality, but exposure of birds to Pb may have other sublethal effects that can affect population sustainability. One of these effects is the alteration of the immunological status. Pb can affect most components of the avian immune system and imbalance the relationship among them. Pb exposure typically alters the ratio between Th1- and Th2-type responses mounted by different classes of T-lymphocytes, causing the depression of the Th1 responses that are associated with cell-mediated immunity. Immunodepressing effects of Pb on birds are observed at blood levels above 50 μg dL-1, but developing birds show immunodepressing effects at much lower concentrations (> 10 μg dL-1). Impacts of Pb on the avian immune system also relate to reduced resistance to infection. We review immunotoxic effects of Pb on birds affected by shot ingestion as well as by other sources of exposure to this element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Vallverdú-Coll
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC) CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Rafael Mateo
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC) CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - François Mougeot
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC) CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Manuel E Ortiz-Santaliestra
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC) CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain.
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O'Connor EA, Westerdahl H, Burri R, Edwards SV. Avian MHC Evolution in the Era of Genomics: Phase 1.0. Cells 2019; 8:E1152. [PMID: 31561531 PMCID: PMC6829271 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Birds are a wonderfully diverse and accessible clade with an exceptional range of ecologies and behaviors, making the study of the avian major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of great interest. In the last 20 years, particularly with the advent of high-throughput sequencing, the avian MHC has been explored in great depth in several dimensions: its ability to explain ecological patterns in nature, such as mating preferences; its correlation with parasite resistance; and its structural evolution across the avian tree of life. Here, we review the latest pulse of avian MHC studies spurred by high-throughput sequencing. Despite high-throughput approaches to MHC studies, substantial areas remain in need of improvement with regard to our understanding of MHC structure, diversity, and evolution. Recent studies of the avian MHC have nonetheless revealed intriguing connections between MHC structure and life history traits, and highlight the advantages of long-term ecological studies for understanding the patterns of MHC variation in the wild. Given the exceptional diversity of birds, their accessibility, and the ease of sequencing their genomes, studies of avian MHC promise to improve our understanding of the many dimensions and consequences of MHC variation in nature. However, significant improvements in assembling complete MHC regions with long-read sequencing will be required for truly transformative studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Reto Burri
- Department of Population Ecology, Institute of Ecology & Evolution, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07737 Jena, Germany.
| | - Scott V Edwards
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Nukui Y, Yamana T, Masuo M, Tateishi T, Kishino M, Tateishi U, Tomita M, Hasegawa T, Aritsu T, Miyazaki Y. Serum CXCL9 and CCL17 as biomarkers of declining pulmonary function in chronic bird-related hypersensitivity pneumonitis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220462. [PMID: 31369605 PMCID: PMC6675044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical course of chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) with fibrosis is similar to that of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Current research is expected to identify biomarkers effective in predicting the deterioration of lung function in a clinical setting. Our group analyzed the relationships between the following parameters in chronic bird-related HP: patient characteristics, serum markers, lung function, HRCT findings, BALF profiles, and the worsening of lung function. We also analyzed serum levels of CXCL9, CCL17, and Krebs von den Lungen 6 (KL-6) as serum markers. Patients showing declines in vital capacity (VC) of over 5% at 6 months after first admission were categorized as the “decline group”; the others were categorized as the “stable group.” The serum level of CCL17 and the percentage of BALF macrophages were significantly higher in the decline group compared to the stable group. Serum levels of CXCL9 and CCL17 were significant variables in a multivariate logistic regression analysis of factors associated with VC decline. Patients with a chemokine profile combining lower serum CXCL9 and higher serum CCL17 exhibited significantly larger VC decline in a cluster analysis. Higher serum CCL17 and lower serum CXCL9 were important predictors of worsening lung function in patients with chronic bird-related HP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Nukui
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamana
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Masuo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoya Tateishi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Kishino
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ukihide Tateishi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Tomita
- Department of Clinical Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Yasunari Miyazaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Becker DJ, Czirják GÁ, Rynda-Apple A, Plowright RK. Handling Stress and Sample Storage Are Associated with Weaker Complement-Mediated Bactericidal Ability in Birds but Not Bats. Physiol Biochem Zool 2019; 92:37-48. [PMID: 30481115 DOI: 10.1086/701069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Variation in immune defense influences infectious disease dynamics within and among species. Understanding how variation in immunity drives pathogen transmission among species is especially important for animals that are reservoir hosts for zoonotic pathogens. Bats, in particular, have a propensity to host serious viral zoonoses without developing clinical disease themselves. The immunological adaptations that allow bats to host viruses without disease may be related to their adaptations for flight (e.g., in metabolism and mediation of oxidative stress). A number of analyses report greater richness of zoonotic pathogens in bats than in other taxa, such as birds (i.e., mostly volant vertebrates) and rodents (i.e., nonvolant small mammals), but immunological comparisons between bats and these other taxa are rare. To examine interspecific differences in bacterial killing ability (BKA), a functional measure of overall constitutive innate immunity, we use a phylogenetic meta-analysis to compare how BKA responds to the acute stress of capture and to storage time of frozen samples across the orders Aves and Chiroptera. After adjusting for host phylogeny, sample size, and total microbe colony-forming units, we find preliminary evidence that the constitutive innate immune defense of bats may be more resilient to handling stress and storage time than that of birds. This pattern was also similar when we analyzed the proportion of nonnegative and positive effect sizes per species, using phylogenetic comparative methods. We discuss potential physiological and evolutionary mechanisms by which complement proteins may differ between species orders and suggest future avenues for comparative field studies of immunity between sympatric bats, birds, and rodents in particular.
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Abstract
Consistent patterns of positive selection in functionally similar genes can suggest a common selective pressure across a group of species. We use alignments of orthologous protein-coding genes from 39 species of birds to estimate parameters related to positive selection for 11,000 genes conserved across birds. We show that functional pathways related to the immune system, recombination, lipid metabolism, and phototransduction are enriched for positively selected genes. By comparing our results with mammalian data, we find a significant enrichment for positively selected genes shared between taxa, and that these shared selected genes are enriched for viral immune pathways. Using pathogen-challenge transcriptome data, we show that genes up-regulated in response to pathogens are also enriched for positively selected genes. Together, our results suggest that pathogens, particularly viruses, consistently target the same genes across divergent clades, and that these genes are hotspots of host-pathogen conflict over deep evolutionary time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison J Shultz
- Informatics GroupHarvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary BiologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
- Museum of Comparative ZoologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
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11
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Amanat F, Meade P, Strohmeier S, Krammer F. Cross-reactive antibodies binding to H4 hemagglutinin protect against a lethal H4N6 influenza virus challenge in the mouse model. Emerg Microbes Infect 2019; 8:155-168. [PMID: 30866770 PMCID: PMC6455122 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2018.1564369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Influenza viruses of the H4 subtype are widespread in wild birds, circulate in domestic poultry, readily infect mammals, and tolerate the insertion of a polybasic cleavage site. In addition, serological evidence suggests that humans working with poultry are exposed to these viruses. While H4 viruses are not of immediate pandemic concern, there is a lack of knowledge regarding their antigenicity. In order to study viruses of the H4 subtype, we generated and characterized a panel of antibodies that bind a wide variety of H4 hemagglutinins from avian and swine isolates of both the Eurasian and North American lineage. We further characterized these antibodies using novel recombinant H4N6 viruses that were found to be lethal in DBA/2J mice. Non-neutralizing antibodies, which had activity in an antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity reporter assay in vitro, protected mice against challenge in vivo, highlighting the importance of effector functions. Our data suggest a high degree of antigenic conservation of the H4 hemagglutinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Amanat
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Philip Meade
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shirin Strohmeier
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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12
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Budischak SA, Cressler CE. Fueling Defense: Effects of Resources on the Ecology and Evolution of Tolerance to Parasite Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2453. [PMID: 30429848 PMCID: PMC6220035 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Resource availability is a key environmental constraint affecting the ecology and evolution of species. Resources have strong effects on disease resistance, but they can also affect the other main parasite defense strategy, tolerance. A small but growing number of animal studies are beginning to investigate the effects of resources on tolerance phenotypes. Here, we review how resources affect tolerance strategies across animal taxa ranging from fruit flies to frogs to mice. Surprisingly, resources (quality and quantity) can increase or reduce tolerance, dependent upon the particular host-parasite system. To explore this seeming contradiction, we recast predictions of models of sterility tolerance and mortality tolerance in a resource-dependent context. Doing so reveals that resources can have very different epidemiological and evolutionary effects, depending on what aspects of the tolerance phenotype are affected. Thus, it is critical to consider both sterility and mortality in future empirical studies of how behavioral and environmental resource availability affect tolerance to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Budischak
- W. M. Keck Science Department of Claremont McKenna, Pitzer, and Scripps Colleges, Claremont, CA, United States
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Clayton E. Cressler
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, United States
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Liu G, Hu X, Kessler AE, Gong M, Wang Y, Li H, Dong Y, Yang Y, Li L. Snow cover and snowfall impact corticosterone and immunoglobulin a levels in a threatened steppe bird. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 261:174-178. [PMID: 29462600 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Birds use both the corticosterone stress response and immune system to meet physiological challenges during exposure to adverse climatic conditions. To assess the stress level and immune response of the Asian Great Bustard during conditions of severe winter weather, we measured fecal corticosterone (CORT) and Immunoglobulin A (IgA) before and after snowfall in a low snow cover year (2014) and a high snow cover year (2015). A total of 239 fecal samples were gathered from individuals in Tumuji Nature Reserve, located in eastern Inner Mongolia, China. We observed high CORT levels that rose further after snowfall both in high and low snow cover years. IgA levels increased significantly after snowfall in the low snow cover year, but decreased after snowfall in the high snow cover year. These results suggest that overwintering Asian Great Bustards are subjected to climatic stress during severe winter weather, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and immune system react to this challenge. Extreme levels of stress, such as snowfall in already prolonged and high snow cover conditions may decrease immune function. Supplemental feeding should be considered under severe winter weather conditions for this endangered subspecies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Wetland Research Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Wetland Services and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Xiaolong Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, 330022, China
| | | | - Minghao Gong
- Wetland Research Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Wetland Services and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Yihua Wang
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Huixin Li
- Wetland Research Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Wetland Services and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Yuqiu Dong
- Xingan Meng Meteorological Bureau, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 137500, China
| | - Yuhui Yang
- Xingan Meng Meteorological Bureau, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 137500, China
| | - Linhai Li
- State Forestry Planning and Design Institute of Forest Products Industry, State Forestry Administration, Beijing 100013, China.
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Pusch EA, Navara KJ. Behavioral phenotype relates to physiological differences in immunological and stress responsiveness in reactive and proactive birds. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 261:81-88. [PMID: 29410134 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It has now been demonstrated in many species that individuals display substantial variation in coping styles, generally separating into two major behavioral phenotypes that appear to be linked to the degree of physiological stress responsiveness. Laying hens are perfect examples of these dichotomous phenotypes; white laying hens are reactive, flighty, and exhibit large hormonal and behavioral responses to both acute and chronic stress, while brown laying hens are proactive, exploratory, and exhibit low hormonal and behavioral responses to stress. Given the linkages between stress physiology and many other body systems, we hypothesized that behavioral phenotype would correspond to additional physiological responses beyond the stress response, in this case, immunological responses. Because corticosterone is widely known to be immunosuppressive, we predicted that the reactive white hens would show more dampened immune responses than the proactive brown hens due to their exposure to higher levels of corticosterone throughout life. To assess immune function in white and brown hens, we compared febrile responses, corticosterone elevations, feed consumption, and egg production that occurred in response an injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or saline, inflammatory responses to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) injection in the toe web, innate phagocytic activity in whole blood, and antibody responses to an injection of Sheep Red Blood Cells (SRBCs). Contrary to our predictions, white hens had significantly greater swelling of the toe web in response to PHA and showed a greater inhibition of feeding and reproductive output in response to LPS. These results indicated that reactive individuals are more reactive in both stress and immunological responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Pusch
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kristen J Navara
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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15
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Abstract
The muscid genus Philornis comprises approximately 50 described species of flies, nearly all of which are obligate parasites of nestling birds. Philornis species are native to the Neotropics and widely distributed from Florida to Argentina. Most research on this group has focused on P. downsi, which was introduced to the Galápagos Islands in the late twentieth century. Although Philornis parasitism kills nestlings in several native host species, nowhere do the effects seem more severe than in P. downsi in the Galápagos. Here, we review studies of native and introduced Philornis in an attempt to identify factors that may influence virulence and consider implications for the conservation of hosts in the Galápagos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina M McNew
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0840, USA;
| | - Dale H Clayton
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0840, USA;
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Vermeulen A, Eens M, Van Dongen S, Müller W. Does baseline innate immunity change with age? A multi-year study in great tits. Exp Gerontol 2017; 92:67-73. [PMID: 28315788 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Throughout their life animals progressively accumulate mostly detrimental changes in cells, tissues and their functions, causing a decrease in individual performance and ultimately an increased risk of death. The latter may be amplified if it also leads to a deterioration of the immune system which forms the most important protection against the permanent threat of pathogens and infectious diseases. Here, we investigated how four baseline innate immune parameters (natural antibodies, complement activity, concentrations of haptoglobin and concentrations of nitric oxide) changed with age in free-living great tits (Parus major). We applied both cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches as birds were sampled for up to three years of their lives. Three out of the four selected innate immune parameters were affected by age. However, the shape of the response curves differed strongly among the innate immune parameters. Natural antibody levels increased during early life until mid-age to decrease thereafter when birds aged. Complement activity was highest in young birds, while levels slightly decreased with increasing age. Haptoglobin levels on the other hand, showed a linear, but highly variable increase with age, while nitric oxide concentrations were unaffected by age. The observed differences among the four studied innate immune traits not only indicate the importance of considering several immune traits at the same time, but also highlight the complexity of innate immunity. Unraveling the functional significance of the observed changes in innate immunity is thus a challenging next step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Vermeulen
- Department of Biology, Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Marcel Eens
- Department of Biology, Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Stefan Van Dongen
- Department of Biology, Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Wendt Müller
- Department of Biology, Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.
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Nonaka MI, Terado T, Kimura H, Nonaka M. Evolutionary analysis of two complement C4 genes: Ancient duplication and conservation during jawed vertebrate evolution. Dev Comp Immunol 2017; 68:1-11. [PMID: 27840295 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The complement C4 is a thioester-containing protein, and a histidine (H) residue catalyzes the cleavage of the thioester to allow covalent binding to carbohydrates on target cells. Some mammalian and teleost species possess an additional isotype where the catalytic H is replaced by an aspartic acid (D), which binds preferentially to proteins. We found the two C4 isotypes in many other jawed vertebrates, including sharks and birds/reptiles. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that C4 gene duplication occurred in the early days of the jawed vertebrate evolution. The D-type C4 of bony fish except for mammals formed a cluster, termed D-lineage. The D-lineage genes were located in a syntenic region outside MHC, and evolved conservatively. Mammals lost the D-lineage before speciation, but D-type C4 was regenerated by recent gene duplication in some mammalian species or groups. Dual C4 molecules with different substrate specificities would have contributed to development of the antibody-dependent classical pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi I Nonaka
- Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Tokio Terado
- Department of Molecular Genetics in Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Department of Molecular Genetics in Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Masaru Nonaka
- Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Dalton DL, Vermaak E, Smit-Robinson HA, Kotze A. Lack of diversity at innate immunity Toll-like receptor genes in the Critically Endangered White-winged Flufftail (Sarothrura ayresi). Sci Rep 2016; 6:36757. [PMID: 27827442 PMCID: PMC5101489 DOI: 10.1038/srep36757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The White-winged Flufftail (Sarothrura ayresi) population is listed as globally Critically Endangered. White-winged Flufftails are only known to occur, with any regularity, in the high-altitude wetlands of South Africa and Ethiopia. Threats to the species include the limited number of suitable breeding sites in Ethiopia and severe habitat degradation and loss both in Ethiopia and South Africa. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are increasingly being studied in a variety of taxa as a broader approach to determine functional genetic diversity. In this study, we confirm low genetic diversity in the innate immune regions of the White-winged Flufftail similar to that observed in other bird species that have undergone population bottlenecks. Low TLR diversity in White-winged Flufftail indicates that this species is more likely to be threatened by changes to the environment that would potentially expose the species to new diseases. Thus, conservation efforts should be directed towards maintaining pristine habitat for White-winged Flufftail in its current distribution range. To date, no studies on immunogenetic variation in White-winged Flufftail have been conducted and to our knowledge, this is the first study of TLR genetic diversity in a critically endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desire L. Dalton
- National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, P.O. Box 754, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
- Genetics Department, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - Elaine Vermaak
- National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, P.O. Box 754, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Hanneline A. Smit-Robinson
- BirdLife South Africa, Private Bag X5000 Parklands 2121, Gauteng, South Africa
- Applied Behavioural Ecological & Ecosystem Research Unit (ABEERU), UNISA, Private Bag X6, Florida, 1717, South Africa
| | - Antoinette Kotze
- National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, P.O. Box 754, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
- Genetics Department, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
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Sheikh SI, Pitts J, Ryan-Wenger NA, McCoy KS, Hayes D. Racial differences in pet ownership in families of children with asthma. World J Pediatr 2016; 12:343-346. [PMID: 27351569 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-016-0027-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to household domestic animals such as cats and dogs in early life may have some role in pathogenesis of asthma. Racial differences exist in the prevalence of asthma. We hypothesized that there may also be racial differences in pet ownership in families with asthma. METHODS A cross sectional study was conducted from June 2011 to December 2014 on 823 of 850 (97%) families of children with asthma for pet ownership. Comparisons among racial groups were done using chi square analysis and one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS The mean age of the cohort was 6.9±4.4 years. A total of 540 (65.62%) patients were Caucasian, 195 (23.7%) African American, 42 (5.1%) hispanics, and 26 (3.2%) biracial with one Caucasian parent. Pets in the home were reported by 470 (58.5%) households. Significantly fewer African American and hispanic families had pets in the home (26.9% and 44.7%) than biracial and Caucasian families (72% and 69.9%, P<0.001). Likewise, significantly more biracial and Caucasian families were noted to have dogs (52% and 54.4%) or cats (25.4% and 40%) or both cats and dogs (28% and 18%) than African Americans families (20.3%, P<0.001; 7.1%, P<0.001) and (4.6%, P<0.001), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Among families with asthmatic children, pet ownership is significantly more likely in Caucasian families compared with African-American and Hispanic families, thus there is a racial diversity in pet ownership among families of children with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid I Sheikh
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
- Section of Pulmonary Medicine, Section of Allergy/Immunology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
- Department of Nursing Research, Section of Allergy/Immunology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
| | - Judy Pitts
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Section of Pulmonary Medicine, Section of Allergy/Immunology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Nancy A Ryan-Wenger
- Department of Nursing Research, Section of Allergy/Immunology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Karen S McCoy
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Section of Pulmonary Medicine, Section of Allergy/Immunology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Don Hayes
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Section of Pulmonary Medicine, Section of Allergy/Immunology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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20
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Lu J, Wu P, Zhang X, Feng L, Dong B, Chu X, Liu X, Peng D, Liu Y, Ma H, Hou J, Tang Y. Immunopotentiators Improve the Efficacy of Oil-Emulsion-Inactivated Avian Influenza Vaccine in Chickens, Ducks and Geese. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156573. [PMID: 27232188 PMCID: PMC4883754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Combination of CVCVA5 adjuvant and commercial avian influenza (AI) vaccine has been previously demonstrated to provide good protection against different AI viruses in chickens. In this study, we further investigated the protective immunity of CVCVA5-adjuvanted oil-emulsion inactivated AI vaccine in chickens, ducks and geese. Compared to the commercial H5 inactivated vaccine, the H5-CVCVA5 vaccine induced significantly higher titers of hemaglutinin inhibitory antibodies in three lines of broiler chickens and ducks, elongated the antibody persistence periods in geese, elevated the levels of cross serum neutralization antibody against different clade and subclade H5 AI viruses in chicken embryos. High levels of mucosal antibody were detected in chickens injected with the H5 or H9-CVCA5 vaccine. Furthermore, cellular immune response was markedly improved in terms of increasing the serum levels of cytokine interferon-γ and interleukine 4, promoting proliferation of splenocytes and upregulating cytotoxicity activity in both H5- and H9-CVCVA5 vaccinated chickens. Together, these results provide evidence that AI vaccines supplemented with CVCVA5 adjuvant is a promising approach for overcoming the limitation of vaccine strain specificity of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihu Lu
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Peipei Wu
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xuehua Zhang
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Lei Feng
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Bin Dong
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xuan Chu
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Daxin Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
- * E-mail: (DP); (JH); (YT)
| | - Yuan Liu
- Program of Cellular Biology and Immunology, Department of Biology, Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Huailiang Ma
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jibo Hou
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- * E-mail: (DP); (JH); (YT)
| | - Yinghua Tang
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- * E-mail: (DP); (JH); (YT)
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21
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López-Rull I, Hornero-Méndez D, Frías Ó, Blanco G. Age-Related Relationships between Innate Immunity and Plasma Carotenoids in an Obligate Avian Scavenger. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141759. [PMID: 26544885 PMCID: PMC4636298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Variation in immunity is influenced by allocation trade-offs that are expected to change between age-classes as a result of the different environmental and physiological conditions that individuals encounter over their lifetime. One such trade-off occurs with carotenoids, which must be acquired with food and are involved in a variety of physiological functions. Nonetheless, relationships between immunity and carotenoids in species where these micronutrients are scarce due to diet are poorly studied. Among birds, vultures show the lowest concentrations of plasma carotenoids due to a diet based on carrion. Here, we investigated variations in the relationships between innate immunity (hemagglutination by natural antibodies and hemolysis by complement proteins), pathogen infection and plasma carotenoids in nestling and adult griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus) in the wild. Nestlings showed lower hemolysis, higher total carotenoid concentration and higher pathogen infection than adults. Hemolysis was negatively related to carotenoid concentration only in nestlings. A differential carotenoid allocation to immunity due to the incomplete development of the immune system of nestlings compared with adults is suggested linked to, or regardless of, potential differences in parasite infection, which requires experimental testing. We also found that individuals with more severe pathogen infections showed lower hemagglutination than those with a lower intensity infection irrespective of their age and carotenoid level. These results are consistent with the idea that intraspecific relationships between innate immunity and carotenoids may change across ontogeny, even in species lacking carotenoid-based coloration. Thus, even low concentrations of plasma carotenoids due to a scavenger diet can be essential to the development and activation of the immune system in growing birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel López-Rull
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, Madrid, España
- * E-mail:
| | - Dámaso Hornero-Méndez
- Departamento de Biotecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de la Grasa-CSIC, Sevilla, España
| | - Óscar Frías
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, Madrid, España
| | - Guillermo Blanco
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, Madrid, España
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Ross KA, Huntimer LM, Vela Ramirez JE, Adams JR, Carpenter SL, Kohut ML, Bronich T, Webby R, Legge KL, Mallapragadal SK, Wannemuehler MJ, Narasimhan B. Vaccine technologies against avian influenza: current approaches and new directions. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2015; 10:2261-94. [PMID: 25992457 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2014.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The potential epidemiological human pandemic resulting from highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 has been studied extensively since the identification of the virus in the Guangdong province of China. The majority of research has focused on the unique and severe histopathological lesions induced by the virus. The severe pathological presentation of these infections has also prompted interest in identifying preventive and therapeutic approaches against HPAI. The potential severity of a HPAI pandemic and the efforts to identify effective intervention strategies have led to many novel discoveries in vaccine and antiviral development that are critically examined in this review.
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23
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Cram DL, Blount JD, York JE, Young AJ. Immune response in a wild bird is predicted by oxidative status, but does not cause oxidative stress. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122421. [PMID: 25815888 PMCID: PMC4376632 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system provides vital protection against pathogens, but extensive evidence suggests that mounting immune responses can entail survival and fecundity costs. The physiological mechanisms that underpin these costs remain poorly understood, despite their potentially important role in shaping life-histories. Recent studies involving laboratory models highlight the possibility that oxidative stress could mediate these costs, as immune-activation can increase the production of reactive oxygen species leading to oxidative stress. However, this hypothesis has rarely been tested in free-ranging wild populations, where natural oxidative statuses and compensatory strategies may moderate immune responses and their impacts on oxidative status. Furthermore, the possibility that individuals scale their immune responses according to their oxidative status, conceivably to mitigate such costs, remains virtually unexplored. Here, we experimentally investigate the effects of a phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) immune-challenge on oxidative status in wild male and female white-browed sparrow weavers, Plocepasser mahali. We also establish whether baseline oxidative status prior to challenge predicts the scale of the immune responses. Contrary to previous work on captive animals, our findings suggest that PHA-induced immune-activation does not elicit oxidative stress. Compared with controls (n = 25 birds), PHA-injected birds (n = 27 birds) showed no evidence of a differential change in markers of oxidative damage or enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant protection 24 hours after challenge. We did, however, find that the activity of a key antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase, SOD) prior to immune-activation predicted the scale of the resulting swelling: birds with stronger initial SOD activity subsequently produced smaller swellings. Our findings (i) suggest that wild birds can mount immune responses without suffering from systemic oxidative stress, and (ii) lend support to biomedical evidence that baseline oxidative status can impact the scale of immune responses; a possibility not yet recognised in ecological studies of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic L. Cram
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Cornwall, United Kingdom
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan D. Blount
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Cornwall, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer E. York
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Cornwall, United Kingdom
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Andrew J. Young
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Cornwall, United Kingdom
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24
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Lopez-Antia A, Ortiz-Santaliestra ME, Mougeot F, Mateo R. Imidacloprid-treated seed ingestion has lethal effect on adult partridges and reduces both breeding investment and offspring immunity. Environ Res 2015; 136:97-107. [PMID: 25460626 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The ingestion of imidacloprid treated seeds by farmland birds may result in exposure to toxic amounts of this insecticide. Here we report on the effects that the exposure to the recommended application rate and to 20% of that rate may produce on birds feeding on treated seeds. Experimental exposure to imidacloprid treated seeds was performed on red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa) (n=15 pairs per treatment group: control, 20% or 100% of the recommended application rate) during two periods that corresponded to the autumn (duration of exposure: 25 days) and late winter (10 days) cereal sowing times in Spanish farmlands. We studied effects on the survival, body condition, oxidative stress biomarkers, plasma biochemistry, carotenoid-based coloration, T-cell mediated immune response and reproduction of exposed adult partridges, and on the survival and T-cell immune response of their chicks. The high dose (recommended application rate) killed all partridges, with mortality occurring faster in females than in males. The low dose (20% the recommended application rate) had no effect on mortality, but reduced levels of plasma biochemistry parameters (glucose, magnesium and lactate dehydrogenase), increased blood superoxide dismutase activity, produced changes in carotenoid-based integument coloration, reduced the clutch size, delayed the first egg lay date, increased egg yolk vitamins and carotenoids and depressed T-cell immune response of chicks. Moreover, the analysis of the livers of dead partridges revealed an accumulation of imidacloprid during exposure time. Despite the moratorium on the use of neonicotinoids in the European Union, birds may still be at high risk of poisoning by these pesticides through direct sources of exposure to coated seeds in autumn and winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lopez-Antia
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC) CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Manuel E Ortiz-Santaliestra
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC) CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau, Germany
| | - François Mougeot
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (EEZA) CSIC, Ctra. de Sacramento s/n La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Rafael Mateo
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC) CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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25
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Suhara K, Miyazaki Y, Okamoto T, Yasui M, Tsuchiya K, Inase N. Utility of immunological tests for bird-related hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Respir Investig 2015; 53:13-21. [PMID: 25542599 DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reaction of specific antibodies and sensitized lymphocytes to antigens is important in hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP). However, there are no known studies evaluating the utility of the lymphocyte proliferation test (LPT) or specific antibodies to avian antigens in diagnosing bird-related HP. In this study, we examined the sensitivity and specificity of these two tests. METHODS Patients with acute bird-related HP (n=10), chronic bird-related HP (n=35), acute summer-type HP (n=14), and other interstitial pneumonia (IP) (n=76) were evaluated. The optimal cutoff values were determined by receiver operating curve (ROC) analyses of specific antibodies in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and by conducting the LPT on mononuclear cells in peripheral blood and BALF. RESULTS The sensitivity and specificity of the antibodies were 80-100% and 92-100% in acute bird-related HP, and 26-79% and 73-93% in chronic bird-related HP, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the LPT were 50-100% and 100% in acute bird-related HP, and 46% and 91% in chronic bird-related HP, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Specific antibodies and the LPT are quite useful for diagnosing acute bird-related HP. The presence of specific antibodies in BALF and the results of LPT with peripheral blood mononuclear cells are particularly useful for diagnosing chronic bird-related HP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kozo Suhara
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Yasunari Miyazaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.
| | - Tsukasa Okamoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Makito Yasui
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Kimitake Tsuchiya
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Naohiko Inase
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
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Gilbert M, Koel BF, Bestebroer TM, Lewis NS, Smith DJ, Fouchier RAM. Serological evidence for non-lethal exposures of Mongolian wild birds to highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113569. [PMID: 25502318 PMCID: PMC4266605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) in wild birds is logistically demanding due to the very low rates of virus detection. Serological approaches may be more cost effective as they require smaller sample sizes to identify exposed populations. We hypothesized that antigenic differences between classical Eurasian H5 subtype viruses (which have low pathogenicity in chickens) and H5N1 viruses of the Goose/Guangdong/96 H5 lineage (which are HPAIV) may be used to differentiate populations where HPAIVs have been circulating, from those where they have not. To test this we performed hemagglutination inhibition assays to compare the reactivity of serum samples from wild birds in Mongolia (where HPAIV has been circulating, n = 1,832) and Europe (where HPAIV has been rare or absent, n = 497) to a panel of reference viruses including classical Eurasian H5 (of low pathogenicity), and five HPAIV H5N1 antigens of the Asian lineage A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96. Antibody titres were detected against at least one of the test antigens for 182 Mongolian serum samples (total seroprevalence of 0.10, n = 1,832, 95% adjusted Wald confidence limits of 0.09–0.11) and 25 of the European sera tested (total seroprevalence of 0.05, n = 497, 95% adjusted Wald confidence limits of 0.03–0.07). A bias in antibody titres to HPAIV antigens was found in the Mongolian sample set (22/182) that was absent in the European sera (0/25). Although the interpretation of serological data from wild birds is complicated by the possibility of exposure to multiple strains, and variability in the timing of exposure, these findings suggest that a proportion of the Mongolian population had survived exposure to HPAIV, and that serological assays may enhance the targeting of traditional HPAIV surveillance toward populations where isolation of HPAIV is more likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gilbert
- Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Blvd, Bronx, NY, 10460, United States of America
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Björn F. Koel
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo M. Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicola S. Lewis
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
| | - Derek J. Smith
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
| | - Ron A. M. Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Wikramaratna PS, Pybus OG, Gupta S. Contact between bird species of different lifespans can promote the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza strains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:10767-72. [PMID: 24958867 PMCID: PMC4115569 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1401849111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of highly pathogenic strains of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) cause considerable economic losses to the poultry industry and also pose a threat to human life. The possibility that one of these strains will evolve to become transmissible between humans, sparking a major influenza pandemic, is a matter of great concern. Most studies so far have focused on assessing these odds from the perspective of the intrinsic mutability of AIV rather than the ecological constraints to invasion faced by the virus population. Here we present an alternative multihost model for the evolution of AIV in which the mode and tempo of mutation play a limited role, with the emergence of strains being determined instead principally by the prevailing profile of population-level immunity. We show that (i) many of the observed differences in influenza virus dynamics among species can be captured by our model by simply varying host lifespan and (ii) increased contact between species of different lifespans can promote the emergence of potentially more virulent strains that were hitherto suppressed in one of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Wikramaratna
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom; andInstitute of Evolutionary Biology, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver G Pybus
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom; and
| | - Sunetra Gupta
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom; and
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Weber
- National Jewish Health, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado.
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29
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Duvvuri VR, Duvvuri B, Alice C, Wu GE, Gubbay JB, Wu J. Preexisting CD4+ T-cell immunity in human population to avian influenza H7N9 virus: whole proteome-wide immunoinformatics analyses. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91273. [PMID: 24609014 PMCID: PMC3946744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2013, a novel avian influenza H7N9 virus was identified in human in China. The antigenically distinct H7N9 surface glycoproteins raised concerns about lack of cross-protective neutralizing antibodies. Epitope-specific preexisting T-cell immunity was one of the protective mechanisms in pandemic 2009 H1N1 even in the absence of cross-protective antibodies. Hence, the assessment of preexisting CD4+ T-cell immunity to conserved epitopes shared between H7N9 and human influenza A viruses (IAV) is critical. A comparative whole proteome-wide immunoinformatics analysis was performed to predict the CD4+ T-cell epitopes that are commonly conserved within the proteome of H7N9 in reference to IAV subtypes (H1N1, H2N2, and H3N2). The CD4+ T-cell epitopes that are commonly conserved (∼556) were further screened against the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) to validate their immunogenic potential. This analysis revealed that 45.5% (253 of 556) epitopes are experimentally proven to induce CD4+ T-cell memory responses. In addition, we also found that 23.3% of CD4+ T-cell epitopes have ≥90% of sequence homology with experimentally defined CD8+ T-cell epitopes. We also conducted the population coverage analysis across different ethnicities using commonly conserved CD4+ T-cell epitopes and corresponding HLA-DRB1 alleles. Interestingly, the indigenous populations from Canada, United States, Mexico and Australia exhibited low coverage (28.65% to 45.62%) when compared with other ethnicities (57.77% to 94.84%). In summary, the present analysis demonstrate an evidence on the likely presence of preexisting T-cell immunity in human population and also shed light to understand the potential risk of H7N9 virus among indigenous populations, given their high susceptibility during previous pandemic influenza events. This information is crucial for public health policy, in targeting priority groups for immunization programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata R. Duvvuri
- Centre for Disease Modelling, York Institute of Health Research, Toronto, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Bhargavi Duvvuri
- Centre for Disease Modelling, York Institute of Health Research, Toronto, Canada
| | - Christilda Alice
- Centre for Disease Modelling, York Institute of Health Research, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Jonathan B. Gubbay
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jianhong Wu
- Centre for Disease Modelling, York Institute of Health Research, Toronto, Canada
- York University, Toronto, Canada
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30
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Sitaras I, Kalthoff D, Beer M, Peeters B, de Jong MCM. Immune escape mutants of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 selected using polyclonal sera: identification of key amino acids in the HA protein. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84628. [PMID: 24586231 PMCID: PMC3934824 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolution of Avian Influenza (AI) viruses--especially of the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 subtype--is a major issue for the poultry industry. HPAI H5N1 epidemics are associated with huge economic losses and are sometimes connected to human morbidity and mortality. Vaccination (either as a preventive measure or as a means to control outbreaks) is an approach that splits the scientific community, due to the risk of it being a potential driving force in HPAI evolution through the selection of mutants able to escape vaccination-induced immunity. It is therefore essential to study how mutations are selected due to immune pressure. To this effect, we performed an in vitro selection of mutants from HPAI A/turkey/Turkey/1/05 (H5N1), using immune pressure from homologous polyclonal sera. After 42 rounds of selection, we identified 5 amino acid substitutions in the Haemagglutinin (HA) protein, most of which were located in areas of antigenic importance and suspected to be prone to selection pressure. We report that most of the mutations took place early in the selection process. Finally, our antigenic cartography studies showed that the antigenic distance between the selected isolates and their parent strain increased with passage number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Sitaras
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen University and Research Centre, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Donata Kalthoff
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ben Peeters
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen University and Research Centre, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Mart C. M. de Jong
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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31
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Brown VL, Drake JM, Barton HD, Stallknecht DE, Brown JD, Rohani P. Neutrality, cross-immunity and subtype dominance in avian influenza viruses. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88817. [PMID: 24586401 PMCID: PMC3934864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are considered a threat for their potential to seed human influenza pandemics. Despite their acknowledged importance, there are significant unknowns regarding AIV transmission dynamics in their natural hosts, wild birds. Of particular interest is the difference in subtype dynamics between human and bird populations-in human populations, typically only two or three subtypes cocirculate, while avian populations are capable of simultaneously hosting a multitude of subtypes. One species in particular-ruddy turnstones (Arenaria interpres)--has been found to harbour a very wide range of AIV subtypes, which could make them a key player in the spread of new subtypes in wild bird populations. Very little is known about the mechanisms that drive subtype dynamics in this species, and here we address this gap in our knowledge. Taking advantage of two independent sources of data collected from ruddy turnstones in Delaware Bay, USA, we examine patterns of subtype diversity and dominance at this site. We compare these patterns to those produced by a stochastic, multi-strain transmission model to investigate possible mechanisms that are parsimonious with the observed subtype dynamics. We find, in agreement with earlier experimental work, that subtype differences are unnecessary to replicate the observed dynamics, and that neutrality alone is sufficient. We also evaluate the role of subtype cross-immunity and find that it is not necessary to generate patterns consistent with observations. This work offers new insights into the mechanisms behind subtype diversity and dominance in a species that has the potential to be a key player in AIV dynamics in wild bird populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki L. Brown
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Center for the Study of Complex Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - John M. Drake
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Heather D. Barton
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - David E. Stallknecht
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Justin D. Brown
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Pejman Rohani
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Center for the Study of Complex Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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32
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Wang Z, Zhou X, Lin Q, Fang W, Chen X. Characterization, polymorphism and selection of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) DAB genes in vulnerable Chinese egret (Egretta eulophotes). PLoS One 2013; 8:e74185. [PMID: 24019955 PMCID: PMC3760844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is an excellent molecular marker for the studies of evolutionary ecology and conservation genetics because it is a family of highly polymorphic genes that play a key role in vertebrate immune response. In this study, the functional genes of MHC Class II B (DAB) were isolated for the first time in a vulnerable species, the Chinese egret (Egrettaeulophotes). Using a full length DNA and cDNA produced by PCR and RACE methods, four potential MHC DAB loci were characterized in the genome of this egret and all four were expressed in liver and blood. At least four copies of the MHC gene complex were similar to two copies of the minimal essential MHC complex of chicken, but are less complex than the multiple copies expressed in passerine species. In MHC polymorphism, 19 alleles of exon 2 were isolated from 48 individuals using PCR. No stop codons or frameshift mutations were found in any of the coding regions. The signatures of positive selection detected in potential peptide-binding regions by Bayesian analysis, suggesting that all of these genes were functional. These data will provide the fundamental basis for further studies to elucidate the mechanisms and significance of MHC molecular adaptation in vulnerable Chinese egret and other ardeids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coast and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coast and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coast and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingxian Lin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coast and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coast and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenzhen Fang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coast and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coast and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (WF); (XC)
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coast and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coast and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (WF); (XC)
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Abstract
Antigenic characterization based on serological data, such as Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) assay, is one of the routine procedures for influenza vaccine strain selection. In many cases, it would be impossible to measure all pairwise antigenic correlations between testing antigens and reference antisera in each individual experiment. Thus, we have to combine and integrate the HI tables from a number of individual experiments. Measurements from different experiments may be inconsistent due to different experimental conditions. Consequently we will observe a matrix with missing data and possibly inconsistent measurements. In this paper, we develop a new mathematical model, which we refer to as Joint Matrix Completion and Filtering, for HI data integration. In this approach, we simultaneously handle the incompleteness and uncertainty of observations by assuming that the underlying merged HI data matrix has low rank, as well as carefully modeling different levels of noises in each individual table. An efficient blockwise coordinate descent procedure is developed for optimization. The performance of our approach is validated on synthetic and real influenza datasets. The proposed joint matrix completion and filtering model can be adapted as a general model for biological data integration, targeting data noises and missing values within and across experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Tong Yuan
- School of Information and Control, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Statistics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Tong Zhang
- Department of Statistics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Xiu-Feng Wan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, United States of America
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34
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Magadán-Mompó S, Sánchez-Espinel C, Gambón-Deza F. IgH loci of American alligator and saltwater crocodile shed light on IgA evolution. Immunogenetics 2013; 65:531-41. [PMID: 23558556 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-013-0692-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin loci of two representatives of the order Crocodylia were studied from full genome sequences. Both Alligator mississippiensis and Crocodylus porosus have 13 genes for the heavy chain constant regions of immunoglobulins. The IGHC locus contains genes encoding four immunoglobulins M (IgM), one immunoglobulin D (IgD), three immunoglobulins A (IgA), three immunoglobulins Y (IgY), and two immunoglobulins D2 (IgD2). IgA and IgD2 genes were found in reverse transcriptional orientation compared to the other Ig genes. The IGHD gene contains 11 exons, four of which containing stop codons or sequence alterations. As described in other reptiles, the IgD2 is a chimeric Ig with IgA- and IgD-related domains. This work clarifies the origin of bird IgA and its evolutionary relationship with amphibian immunoglobulin X (IgX) as well as their links with mammalian IgA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Magadán-Mompó
- Oceanographic Center of Vigo, Spanish Institute of Oceanography-IEO, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
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Grasman KA, Echols KR, May TM, Peterman PH, Gale RW, Orazio CE. Immunological and reproductive health assessment in herring gulls and black-crowned night herons in the Hudson-Raritan Estuary. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013; 32:548-561. [PMID: 23212976 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown inexplicable declines in breeding waterbirds within western New York/New Jersey Harbor between 1996 and 2002 and elevated polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) eggs. The present study assessed associations between immune function, prefledgling survival, and selected organochlorine compounds and metals in herring gulls (Larus argentatus) and black-crowned night herons (Nycticorax nycticorax) in lower New York Harbor during 2003. In pipping gull embryos, lymphoid cells were counted in the thymus and bursa of Fabricius (sites of T and B lymphocyte maturation, respectively). The phytohemagglutinin (PHA) skin response assessed T cell function in gull and heron chicks. Lymphocyte proliferation was measured in vitro in adult and prefledgling gulls. Reference data came from the Great Lakes and Bay of Fundy. Survival of prefledgling gulls was poor, with only 0.68 and 0.5 chicks per nest surviving to three and four weeks after hatch, respectively. Developing lymphoid cells were reduced 51% in the thymus and 42% in the bursa of gull embryos from New York Harbor. In vitro lymphocyte assays demonstrated reduced spontaneous proliferation, reduced T cell mitogen-induced proliferation, and increased B cell mitogen-induced proliferation in gull chicks from New York Harbor. The PHA skin response was suppressed 70 to 80% in gull and heron chicks. Strong negative correlations (r = -0.95 to -0.98) between the PHA response and dioxins and PCBs in gull livers was strong evidence suggesting that these chemicals contribute significantly to immunosuppression in New York Harbor waterbirds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Grasman
- Department of Biology, Calvin College, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA.
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36
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Follin E, Karlsson M, Lundegaard C, Nielsen M, Wallin S, Paulsson K, Westerdahl H. In silico peptide-binding predictions of passerine MHC class I reveal similarities across distantly related species, suggesting convergence on the level of protein function. Immunogenetics 2013; 65:299-311. [PMID: 23358931 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-012-0676-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes are the most polymorphic genes found in the vertebrate genome, and they encode proteins that play an essential role in the adaptive immune response. Many songbirds (passerines) have been shown to have a large number of transcribed MHC class I genes compared to most mammals. To elucidate the reason for this large number of genes, we compared 14 MHC class I alleles (α1-α3 domains), from great reed warbler, house sparrow and tree sparrow, via phylogenetic analysis, homology modelling and in silico peptide-binding predictions to investigate their functional and genetic relationships. We found more pronounced clustering of the MHC class I allomorphs (allele specific proteins) in regards to their function (peptide-binding specificities) compared to their genetic relationships (amino acid sequences), indicating that the high number of alleles is of functional significance. The MHC class I allomorphs from house sparrow and tree sparrow, species that diverged 10 million years ago (MYA), had overlapping peptide-binding specificities, and these similarities across species were also confirmed in phylogenetic analyses based on amino acid sequences. Notably, there were also overlapping peptide-binding specificities in the allomorphs from house sparrow and great reed warbler, although these species diverged 30 MYA. This overlap was not found in a tree based on amino acid sequences. Our interpretation is that convergent evolution on the level of the protein function, possibly driven by selection from shared pathogens, has resulted in allomorphs with similar peptide-binding repertoires, although trans-species evolution in combination with gene conversion cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elna Follin
- Immunology Section, BMC-D14, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.
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Sun Y, Wei Z, Li N, Zhao Y. A comparative overview of immunoglobulin genes and the generation of their diversity in tetrapods. Dev Comp Immunol 2013; 39:103-109. [PMID: 22366185 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In the past several decades, immunoglobulin (Ig) genes have been extensively characterized in many tetrapod species. This review focuses on the expressed Ig isotypes and the diversity of Ig genes in mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. With regard to heavy chains, five Ig isotypes - IgM, IgD, IgG, IgA, and IgE - have been reported in mammals. Among these isotypes, IgM, IgD, and IgA (or its analog, IgX) are also found in non-mammalian tetrapods. Birds, reptiles, and amphibians express IgY, which is considered the precursor of IgG and IgE. Some species have developed unique isotypes of Ig, such as IgO in the platypus, IgF in Xenopus, and IgY (ΔFc) in ducks and turtles. The κ and λ light chains are both utilized in tetrapods, but the usage frequencies of κ and λ chains differ greatly among species. The diversity of Ig genes depends on several factors, including the germline repertoire and recombinatorial and post-recombinatorial diversity, and different species have evolved distinct mechanisms to generate antibody diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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38
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Couch RB, Decker WK, Utama B, Atmar RL, Niño D, Feng JQ, Halpert MM, Air GM. Evaluations for in vitro correlates of immunogenicity of inactivated influenza a H5, H7 and H9 vaccines in humans. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50830. [PMID: 23239987 PMCID: PMC3519816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Serum antibody responses in humans to inactivated influenza A (H5N1), (H9N2) and A (H7) vaccines have been varied but frequently low, particularly for subunit vaccines without adjuvant despite hemagglutinin (HA) concentrations expected to induce good responses. Design To help understand the low responses to subunit vaccines, we evaluated influenza A (H5N1), (H9N2), (H7N7) vaccines and 2009 pandemic (H1N1) vaccines for antigen uptake, processing and presentation by dendritic cells to T cells, conformation of vaccine HA in antibody binding assays and gel analyses, HA titers with different red blood cells, and vaccine morphology in electron micrographs (EM). Results Antigen uptake, processing and presentation of H5, H7, H9 and H1 vaccine preparations evaluated in humans appeared normal. No differences were detected in antibody interactions with vaccine and matched virus; although H7 trimer was not detected in western blots, no abnormalities in the conformation of the HA antigens were identified. The lowest HA titers for the vaccines were <1∶4 for the H7 vaccine and 1∶661 for an H9 vaccine; these vaccines induced the fewest antibody responses. A (H1N1) vaccines were the most immunogenic in humans; intact virus and virus pieces were prominent in EM. A good immunogenic A (H9N2) vaccine contained primarily particles of viral membrane with external HA and NA. A (H5N1) vaccines intermediate in immunogenicity were mostly indistinct structural units with stellates; the least immunogenic A (H7N7) vaccine contained mostly small 5 to 20 nm structures. Summary Antigen uptake, processing and presentation to human T cells and conformation of the HA appeared normal for each inactivated influenza A vaccine. Low HA titer was associated with low immunogenicity and presence of particles or split virus pieces was associated with higher immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Couch
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Concern for a pandemic caused by a newly emerged avian influenza A virus has led to clinical trials with candidate vaccines as preparation for such an event. Most trials have involved vaccines for influenza A (H5N1), A (H7N7) or A (H9N2). OBJECTIVE To evaluate dosage-related safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated influenza A (H7N7) vaccine in humans. DESIGN One hundred twenty-five healthy young adults were randomized to receive two doses intramuscularly of placebo or 7.5, 15, 45 or 90 µg of HA of an inactivated subunit influenza A (H7N7) vaccine (25 per group), four weeks apart. Reactogenicity was evaluated closely for one week and for any adverse effect for six months after each dose. Serum hemagglutination-inhibiting and neutralizing antibody responses were determined four weeks after each dose and at six months. RESULTS Reactogenicity evaluations indicated the vaccinations were well tolerated. Only one subject developed a ≥4-fold serum hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) antibody response and a final titer of ≥1:40 four weeks after dose two and only five subjects developed a neutralizing antibody rise and a final titer of ≥1:40 in tests performed at a central laboratory. Four of the five were given the 45 or 90 µg HA dosage. A more sensitive HAI assay at the study site revealed a dose-response with increasing HA dosage but only 36% in the 90 µg HA group developed a ≥4-fold rise in antibody in this test and only one of these achieved a titer of ≥1:32. CONCLUSION This inactivated subunit influenza A (H7N7) vaccine was safe but poorly immunogenic in humans. TRIALS REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00546585.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Couch
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America.
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40
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Rockman S, Camuglia S, Vandenberg K, Ong C, Baker MA, Nation RL, Li J, Velkov T. Reverse engineering the antigenic architecture of the haemagglutinin from influenza H5N1 clade 1 and 2.2 viruses with fine epitope mapping using monoclonal antibodies. Mol Immunol 2012; 53:435-42. [PMID: 23127859 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The induction of neutralising antibodies to the viral surface glycoprotein, haemagglutinin (HA) is considered the cornerstone of current seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccines. Mapping of neutralising epitopes using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) helps define mechanisms of antigenic drift, neutralising escape and facilitates pre-pandemic vaccine design. In the present study we reverse engineered the antigenic structure of the HAs of two highly pathogenic H5N1 vaccine strains representative of currently circulating clade 1 and 2.2 H5N1 viruses. The HA sequence of the A/Vietnam/1194/04 clade 1 virus was progressively mutated into the HA sequence of the clade 2.2 virus, A/Bar-headed Goose/Qinghai/1A/05. Fine mapping of clade-specific neutralising epitopes was performed by examining the cross-reactivity of mAbs raised against the native HA of each parent virus. The reactivity across all clade specific mAbs centred around a constellation of mutations at positions 140, 145, 171 and 172, all of which are proximal to the receptor binding site on the membrane distal globular head of the HA. Overlapping cross-reactivity of these antigenic sites suggests that these amino acid positions relate to the antigenic evolution of the H5 clade 1 and 2.2 viruses. This finding may prove useful for the design of vaccines with broader neutralising cross-reactivity against the different H5 HA sublineages currently in circulation. These findings provide important information about the amino acid changes involved in the cross-clade evolution of H5N1 viruses and their potential for human to human transmission; and facilitates a greater understanding of the pandemic potential of H5N1 isolates.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Birds/immunology
- Birds/virology
- Cross Reactions
- Epitope Mapping
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Epitopes/genetics
- Epitopes/immunology
- Genetic Engineering
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- Neuraminidase/chemistry
- Neuraminidase/genetics
- Neuraminidase/immunology
- Neutralization Tests
- Reverse Genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Rockman
- CSL Limited Poplar Road, Parkville, 3052 Victoria, Australia.
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41
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Simons MJP, Cohen AA, Verhulst S. What does carotenoid-dependent coloration tell? Plasma carotenoid level signals immunocompetence and oxidative stress state in birds-A meta-analysis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43088. [PMID: 22905205 PMCID: PMC3419220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms maintaining honesty of sexual signals are far from resolved, limiting our understanding of sexual selection and potential important parts of physiology. Carotenoid pigmented visual signals are among the most extensively studied sexual displays, but evidence regarding hypotheses on how carotenoids ensure signal honesty is mixed. Using a phylogenetically controlled meta-analysis of 357 effect sizes across 88 different species of birds, we tested two prominent hypotheses in the field: that carotenoid-dependent coloration signals i) immunocompetence and/or ii) oxidative stress state. Separate meta-analyses were performed for the relationships of trait coloration and circulating carotenoid level with different measures of immunocompetence and oxidative stress state. For immunocompetence we find that carotenoid levels (r = 0.20) and trait color intensity (r = 0.17) are significantly positively related to PHA response. Additionally we find that carotenoids are significantly positively related to antioxidant capacity (r = 0.10), but not significantly related to oxidative damage (r = -0.02). Thus our analyses provide support for both hypotheses, in that at least for some aspects of immunity and oxidative stress state the predicted correlations were found. Furthermore, we tested for differences in effect size between experimental and observational studies; a larger effect in observational studies would indicate that co-variation might not be causal. However, we detected no significant difference, suggesting that the relationships we found are causal. The overall effect sizes we report are modest and we discuss potential factors contributing to this, including differences between species. We suggest complementary mechanisms maintaining honesty rather than the involvement of carotenoids in immune function and oxidative stress and suggest experiments on how to test these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirre J P Simons
- Behavioural Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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42
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Abstract
Long-distance migratory birds are often considered extreme athletes, possessing a range of traits that approach the physiological limits of vertebrate design. In addition, their movements must be carefully timed to ensure that they obtain resources of sufficient quantity and quality to satisfy their high-energy needs. Migratory birds may therefore be particularly vulnerable to global change processes that are projected to alter the quality and quantity of resource availability. Because long-distance flight requires high and sustained aerobic capacity, even minor decreases in vitality can have large negative consequences for migrants. In the light of this, we assess how current global change processes may affect the ability of birds to meet the physiological demands of migration, and suggest areas where avian physiologists may help to identify potential hazards. Predicting the consequences of global change scenarios on migrant species requires (i) reconciliation of empirical and theoretical studies of avian flight physiology; (ii) an understanding of the effects of food quality, toxicants and disease on migrant performance; and (iii) mechanistic models that integrate abiotic and biotic factors to predict migratory behaviour. Critically, a multi-dimensional concept of vitality would greatly facilitate evaluation of the impact of various global change processes on the population dynamics of migratory birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Klaassen
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia.
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43
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Garnier R, Ramos R, Staszewski V, Militão T, Lobato E, González-Solís J, Boulinier T. Maternal antibody persistence: a neglected life-history trait with implications from albatross conservation to comparative immunology. Proc Biol Sci 2012; 279:2033-41. [PMID: 22189405 PMCID: PMC3311891 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2011.2277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of different life-history strategies has been suggested as a major force constraining physiological mechanisms such as immunity. In some long-lived oviparous species, a prolonged persistence of maternal antibodies in offspring could thus be expected in order to protect them over their long growth period. Here, using an intergenerational vaccination design, we show that specific maternal antibodies can display an estimated half-life of 25 days post-hatching in the nestlings of a long-lived bird. This temporal persistence is much longer than previously known for birds and it suggests specific properties in the regulation of IgY immunoglobulin catabolism in such a species. We also show that maternal antibodies in the considered procellariiform species are functional as late as 20 days of age. Using a modelling approach, we highlight that the potential impact of such effects on population viability could be important, notably when using vaccination for conservation. These results have broad implications, from comparative immunology to evolutionary eco-epidemiology and conservation biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Garnier
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS-UMR 5175, Montpellier, France
| | - R. Ramos
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS-UMR 5175, Montpellier, France
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio) and Dept. Biologia Animal, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - V. Staszewski
- Centre for Immunity Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - T. Militão
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio) and Dept. Biologia Animal, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E. Lobato
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS-UMR 5175, Montpellier, France
| | - J. González-Solís
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio) and Dept. Biologia Animal, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - T. Boulinier
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS-UMR 5175, Montpellier, France
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Hegemann A, Matson KD, Versteegh MA, Tieleman BI. Wild skylarks seasonally modulate energy budgets but maintain energetically costly inflammatory immune responses throughout the annual cycle. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36358. [PMID: 22570706 PMCID: PMC3343055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A central hypothesis of ecological immunology is that immune defences are traded off against competing physiological and behavioural processes. During energetically demanding periods, birds are predicted to switch from expensive inflammatory responses to less costly immune responses. Acute phase responses (APRs) are a particularly costly form of immune defence, and, hence, seasonal modulations in APRs are expected. Yet, hypotheses about APR modulation remain untested in free-living organisms throughout a complete annual cycle. We studied seasonal modulations in the APRs and in the energy budgets of skylarks Alauda arvensis, a partial migrant bird from temperate zones that experiences substantial ecological changes during its annual cycle. We characterized throughout the annual cycle changes in their energy budgets by measuring basal metabolic rate (BMR) and body mass. We quantified APRs by measuring the effects of a lipopolysaccharide injection on metabolic rate, body mass, body temperature, and concentrations of glucose and ketone. Body mass and BMR were lowest during breeding, highest during winter and intermediate during spring migration, moult and autumn migration. Despite this variation in energy budgets, the magnitude of the APR, as measured by all variables, was similar in all annual cycle stages. Thus, while we find evidence that some annual cycle stages are relatively more energetically constrained, we find no support for the hypothesis that during these annual cycle stages birds compromise an immune defence that is itself energetically costly. We suggest that the ability to mount an APR may be so essential to survival in every annual cycle stage that skylarks do not trade off this costly form of defence with other annual cycle demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Hegemann
- Animal Ecology Group, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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45
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Sun E, Zhao J, Liu N, Yang T, Xu Q, Qin Y, Bu Z, Yang Y, Lunt RA, Wang L, Wu D. Comprehensive mapping of common immunodominant epitopes in the West Nile virus nonstructural protein 1 recognized by avian antibody responses. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31434. [PMID: 22347477 PMCID: PMC3276514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that primarily infects birds but occasionally infects humans and horses. Certain species of birds, including crows, house sparrows, geese, blue jays and ravens, are considered highly susceptible hosts to WNV. The nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) of WNV can elicit protective immune responses, including NS1-reactive antibodies, during infection of animals. The antigenicity of NS1 suggests that NS1-reactive antibodies could provide a basis for serological diagnostic reagents. To further define serological reagents for diagnostic use, the antigenic sites in NS1 that are targeted by host immune responses need to be identified and the potential diagnostic value of individual antigenic sites also needs to be defined. The present study describes comprehensive mapping of common immunodominant linear B-cell epitopes in the WNV NS1 using avian WNV NS1 antisera. We screened antisera from chickens, ducks and geese immunized with purified NS1 for reactivity against 35 partially overlapping peptides covering the entire WNV NS1. This study identified twelve, nine and six peptide epitopes recognized by chicken, duck and goose antibody responses, respectively. Three epitopes (NS1-3, 14 and 24) were recognized by antibodies elicited by immunization in all three avian species tested. We also found that NS1-3 and 24 were WNV-specific epitopes, whereas the NS1-14 epitope was conserved among the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) serocomplex viruses based on the reactivity of avian WNV NS1 antisera against polypeptides derived from the NS1 sequences of viruses of the JEV serocomplex. Further analysis showed that the three common polypeptide epitopes were not recognized by antibodies in Avian Influenza Virus (AIV), Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV), Duck Plague Virus (DPV) and Goose Parvovirus (GPV) antisera. The knowledge and reagents generated in this study have potential applications in differential diagnostic approaches and subunit vaccines development for WNV and other viruses of the JEV serocomplex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Encheng Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Nihong Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyuan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongli Qin
- The Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigao Bu
- The Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinhui Yang
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ross A. Lunt
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Livestock Industries, Geelong, Australia
| | - Linfa Wang
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Livestock Industries, Geelong, Australia
| | - Donglai Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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46
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Abstract
The intestinal microbiota have now been shown to largely affect host health through various functional roles in terms of nutrition, immunity, and other physiological systems. However, the majority of these studies have been carried out in mammalian hosts, which differ in their physiological traits from other taxa. For example, birds possess several unique life history traits, such as hatching from eggs, which may alter the interactions with and transmission of intestinal microbes compared to most mammals. This review covers the diversity of microbial taxa hosted by birds. It also discusses how avian microbial communities strongly influence nutrition, immune function, and processing of toxins in avian hosts, in manners similar to and different from mammalian systems. Finally, areas demanding further research are identified, along with descriptions of existing techniques that could be employed to answer these questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Kohl
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 S. 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
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47
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Chargé R, Sorci G, Hingrat Y, Lacroix F, Saint Jalme M. Immune-mediated change in the expression of a sexual trait predicts offspring survival in the wild. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25305. [PMID: 21984912 PMCID: PMC3184954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The “good genes” theory of sexual selection postulates that females choose mates that will improve their offspring's fitness through the inheritance of paternal genes. In spite of the attention that this hypothesis has given rise to, the empirical evidence remains sparse, mostly because of the difficulties of controlling for the many environmental factors that may covary with both the paternal phenotype and offspring fitness. Here, we tested the hypothesis that offspring sired by males of a preferred phenotype should have better survival in an endangered bird, the houbara bustard (Chlamydotis undulata undulata). Methodology/Principal Findings We tested if natural and experimentally-induced variation in courtship display (following an inflammatory challenge) predicts the survival of offspring. Chicks were produced by artificial insemination of females, ensuring that any effect on survival could only arise from the transfer of paternal genes. One hundred and twenty offspring were equipped with radio transmitters, and their survival monitored in the wild for a year. This allowed assessment of the potential benefits of paternal genes in a natural setting, where birds experience the whole range of environmental hazards. Although natural variation in sire courtship display did not predict offspring survival, sires that withstood the inflammatory insult and maintained their courtship activity sired offspring with the best survival upon release. Conclusions This finding is relevant both to enlighten the debate on “good genes” sexual selection and the management of supportive breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Chargé
- Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Conservation des Espèces, Restauration et Suivi des Populations, Paris, France
- Emirates Center for Wildlife Propagation, Province de Boulemane, Missour, Morocco
| | - Gabriele Sorci
- Université de Bourgogne, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Dijon, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Yves Hingrat
- Emirates Center for Wildlife Propagation, Province de Boulemane, Missour, Morocco
| | - Frédéric Lacroix
- Emirates Center for Wildlife Propagation, Province de Boulemane, Missour, Morocco
| | - Michel Saint Jalme
- Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Conservation des Espèces, Restauration et Suivi des Populations, Paris, France
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Inase N, Unoura K, Miyazaki Y, Yasui M, Yoshizawa Y. [Measurement of bird specific antibody in bird-related hypersensitivity pneumonitis]. Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi 2011; 49:717-722. [PMID: 22117306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Since the avian antigen is one of the important causative antigens in hypersensitivity pneumonitis, measurement of bird-specific antibody should be readily available. We measured IgG and IgA antibodies against pigeons and budgerigars by the ImmunoCap system in bird-related hypersensitivity pneumonitis (BRHP) to evaluate their diagnostic utility. In acute BRHP, antibodies markedly increased and showed high sensitivity and specificity ranging from 75-100% based on the cut-off values determined by ROC analysis. In chronic BRHP, antibody reactivity slightly increased, showing a sensitivity of 27-73% and specificity of 45-100%. Pigeon antibodies evaluated by the ImmunoCap system showed a good correlation with anti-pigeon dropping extract antibodies measured by ELISA. In conclusion, measurement of antibodies against pigeons and budgerigars are helpful for the diagnosis of BRHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiko Inase
- Department of Integrated Pulmonology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
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49
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Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to identify potential ligands and develop a novel diagnostic test to highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus (HPAI), subtype H5N1 viruses using phage display technology. The H5N1 viruses were used as an immobilized target in a biopanning process using a 12-mer phage display random peptide library. After five rounds of panning, three phages expressing peptides HAWDPIPARDPF, AAWHLIVALAPN or ATSHLHVRLPSK had a specific binding activity to H5N1 viruses were isolated. Putative binding motifs to H5N1 viruses were identified by DNA sequencing. In terms of the minimum quantity of viruses, the phage-based ELISA was better than antiserum-based ELISA and a manual, semi-quantitative endpoint RT-PCR for detecting H5N1 viruses. More importantly, the selected phages bearing the specific peptides to H5N1 viruses were capable of differentiating this virus from other avian viruses in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Guangxing Li
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Chengfeng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Ren
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- * E-mail:
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50
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Abstract
Mounting an immune response against pathogens incurs costs to organisms by its effects on important life-history traits, such as reproductive investment and survival. As shown recently, immune activation produces large amounts of reactive species and is suggested to induce oxidative stress. Sperm are highly susceptible to oxidative stress, which can negatively impact sperm function and ultimately male fertilizing efficiency. Here we address the question as to whether mounting an immune response affects sperm quality through the damaging effects of oxidative stress. It has been demonstrated recently in birds that carotenoid-based ornaments can be reliable signals of a male's ability to protect sperm from oxidative damage. In a full-factorial design, we immune-challenged great tit males while simultaneously increasing their vitamin E availability, and assessed the effect on sperm quality and oxidative damage. We conducted this experiment in a natural population and tested the males' response to the experimental treatment in relation to their carotenoid-based breast coloration, a condition-dependent trait. Immune activation induced a steeper decline in sperm swimming velocity, thus highlighting the potential costs of an induced immune response on sperm competitive ability and fertilizing efficiency. We found sperm oxidative damage to be negatively correlated with sperm swimming velocity. However, blood resistance to a free-radical attack (a measure of somatic antioxidant capacity) as well as plasma and sperm levels of oxidative damage (lipid peroxidation) remained unaffected, thus suggesting that the observed effect did not arise through oxidative stress. Towards the end of their breeding cycle, swimming velocity of sperm of more intensely colored males was higher, which has important implications for the evolution of mate choice and multiple mating in females because females may accrue both direct and indirect benefits by mating with males having better quality sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Losdat
- Evolutionary Ecology Lab, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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