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Dropulic LK, Oestreich MC, Pietz HL, Laing KJ, Hunsberger S, Lumbard K, Garabedian D, Turk SP, Chen A, Hornung RL, Seshadri C, Smith MT, Hosken NA, Phogat S, Chang LJ, Koelle DM, Wang K, Cohen JI. A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 1 Study of a Replication-Defective Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Type 2 Vaccine, HSV529, in Adults With or Without HSV Infection. J Infect Dis 2019; 220:990-1000. [PMID: 31058977 PMCID: PMC6688060 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV2) causes genital herpes in >400 million persons worldwide. METHODS We conducted a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of a replication-defective HSV2 vaccine, HSV529. Twenty adults were enrolled in each of 3 serogroups of individuals: those negative for both HSV1 and HSV2 (HSV1-/HSV2-), those positive or negative for HSV1 and positive for HSV2 (HSV1±/HSV2+), and those positive for HSV1 and negative for HSV2 (HSV1+/HSV2-). Sixty participants received vaccine or placebo at 0, 1, and 6 months. The primary end point was the frequency of solicited local and systemic reactions to vaccination. RESULTS Eighty-nine percent of vaccinees experienced mild-to-moderate solicited injection site reactions, compared with 47% of placebo recipients (95% confidence interval [CI], 12.9%-67.6%; P = .006). Sixty-four percent of vaccinees experienced systemic reactions, compared with 53% of placebo recipients (95% CI, -17.9% to 40.2%; P = .44). Seventy-eight percent of HSV1-/HSV2- vaccine recipients had a ≥4-fold increase in neutralizing antibody titer after 3 doses of vaccine, whereas none of the participants in the other serogroups had such responses. HSV2-specific CD4+ T-cell responses were detected in 36%, 46%, and 27% of HSV1-/HSV2-, HSV1±/HSV2+, and HSV1+/HSV2- participants, respectively, 1 month after the third dose of vaccine, and CD8+ T-cell responses were detected in 14%, 8%, and 18% of participants, respectively. CONCLUSIONS HSV529 vaccine was safe and elicited neutralizing antibody and modest CD4+ T-cell responses in HSV-seronegative vaccinees. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT01915212.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesia K Dropulic
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda
| | - Makinna C Oestreich
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda
| | - Harlan L Pietz
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda
| | - Kerry J Laing
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington
| | | | - Keith Lumbard
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Doreen Garabedian
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Siu Ping Turk
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda
| | - Aiying Chen
- Global Biostatistics and Programming, Pennsylvania
| | - Ronald L Hornung
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Chetan Seshadri
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington
| | - Malisa T Smith
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington
| | - Nancy A Hosken
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington
| | - Sanjay Phogat
- New Vaccines Portfolio Strategy and Execution, Pennsylvania
| | - Lee-Jah Chang
- Global Clinical Sciences, Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, Pennsylvania
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington
- Department of Global Health, School of Medicine, University of Washington
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Washington
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kening Wang
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda
| | - Jeffrey I Cohen
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda
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2
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Lal M, Jarrahian C, Zhu C, Hosken NA, McClurkan CL, Koelle DM, Saxon E, Roehrig A, Zehrung D, Chen D. Stability of live attenuated rotavirus vaccine with selected preservatives and primary containers. Vaccine 2016; 34:2483-9. [PMID: 27085171 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus infection, which can be prevented by vaccination, is responsible for a high burden of acute gastroenteritis disease in children, especially in low-income countries. An appropriate formulation, packaging, and delivery device for oral rotavirus vaccine has the potential to reduce the manufacturing cost of the vaccine and the logistical impact associated with introduction of a new vaccine, simplify the vaccination procedure, and ensure that the vaccine is safely and accurately delivered to children. Single-dose prefilled presentations can be easy to use; however, they are typically more expensive, can be a bottleneck during production, and occupy a greater volume per dose vis-à-vis supply chain storage and medical waste disposal, which is a challenge in low-resource settings. Multi-dose presentations used thus far have other issues, including increased wastage of vaccine and the need for separate delivery devices. In this study, the goals were to evaluate both the technical feasibility of using preservatives to develop a liquid multi-dose formulation and the primary packaging alternatives for orally delivered, liquid rotavirus vaccines. The feasibility evaluation included evaluation of commonly used preservatives for compatibility with rotavirus vaccines and stability testing of rotavirus vaccine in various primary containers, including Lameplast's plastic tubes, BD's oral dispenser version of Uniject™ (Uniject DP), rommelag's blow-fill-seal containers, and MEDInstill's multi-dose vial and pouch. These presentations were compared to a standard glass vial. The results showed that none of the preservatives tested were compatible with a live attenuated rotavirus vaccine because they had a detrimental effect on the viability of the virus. In the presence of preservatives, vaccine virus titers declined to undetectable levels within 1 month. The vaccine formulation without preservatives maintained a stability profile over 12 months in all primary containers that was similar to its profile in standard glass vials. This study demonstrates that there are multiple options for the primary container for rotavirus vaccines intended for oral delivery. Selection of an optimal primary container should take into consideration additional factors, including stability as well as cold chain volume, usability, cost, and manufacturing feasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nancy A Hosken
- PATH, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
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3
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White JA, Blum JS, Hosken NA, Marshak JO, Duncan L, Zhu C, Norton EB, Clements JD, Koelle DM, Chen D, Weldon WC, Steven Oberste M, Lal M. Serum and mucosal antibody responses to inactivated polio vaccine after sublingual immunization using a thermoresponsive gel delivery system. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 10:3611-21. [PMID: 25483682 PMCID: PMC4514067 DOI: 10.4161/hv.32253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Administering vaccines directly to mucosal surfaces can induce both serum and mucosal immune responses. Mucosal responses may prevent establishment of initial infection at the port of entry and subsequent dissemination to other sites. The sublingual route is attractive for mucosal vaccination, but both a safe, potent adjuvant and a novel formulation are needed to achieve an adequate immune response. We report the use of a thermoresponsive gel (TRG) combined with a double mutant of a bacterial heat-labile toxin (dmLT) for sublingual immunization with a trivalent inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) in mice. This TRG delivery system, which changes from aqueous solution to viscous gel upon contact with the mucosa at body temperature, helps to retain the formulation at the site of delivery and has functional adjuvant activity from the inclusion of dmLT. IPV was administered to mice either sublingually in the TRG delivery system or intramuscularly in phosphate-buffered saline. We measured poliovirus type-specific serum neutralizing antibodies as well as polio-specific serum Ig and IgA antibodies in serum, saliva, and fecal samples using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Mice receiving sublingual vaccination via the TRG delivery system produced both mucosal and serum antibodies, including IgA. Intramuscularly immunized animals produced only serum neutralizing and binding Ig but no detectable IgA. This study provides proof of concept for sublingual immunization using the TRG delivery system, comprising a thermoresponsive gel and dmLT adjuvant.
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Key Words
- CT, cholera toxin
- DPBS, Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline
- DU, D-antigen units
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- IM, intramuscular
- IPV, inactivated poliovirus vaccine
- IgA, immunoglobulin A
- IgG, immunoglobulin G
- OPV, oral poliovirus vaccine
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- RT, room temperature
- SL, sublingual
- SSI, Staten Serum Institute
- TMB, tetramethylbenzidine
- TRG, thermoresponsive gel
- adjuvants
- dmLT
- dmLT, double mutant heat-labile toxin
- mucosal immune response
- poliovirus
- sublingual immunization
- thermoresponsive gel
- vaccine delivery
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nancy A Hosken
- Department of Medicine; University of Washington; Seattle, WA USA
| | - Joshua O Marshak
- Department of Medicine; University of Washington; Seattle, WA USA
| | | | | | - Elizabeth B Norton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Tulane University School of Medicine; New Orleans, LA USA
| | - John D Clements
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Tulane University School of Medicine; New Orleans, LA USA
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine; University of Washington; Seattle, WA USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; University of Washington; Seattle, WA USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Institute; Seattle, WA USA
- Department of Global Health; University of Washington; Seattle, WA USA
| | | | - William C Weldon
- Division of Viral Diseases; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Atlanta, GA USA
| | - M Steven Oberste
- Division of Viral Diseases; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Atlanta, GA USA
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Sylwester AW, Mitchell BL, Edgar JB, Taormina C, Pelte C, Ruchti F, Sleath PR, Grabstein KH, Hosken NA, Kern F, Nelson JA, Picker LJ. Broadly targeted human cytomegalovirus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells dominate the memory compartments of exposed subjects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 202:673-85. [PMID: 16147978 PMCID: PMC2212883 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20050882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1023] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections of immunocompetent hosts are characterized by a dynamic, life-long interaction in which host immune responses, particularly of T cells, restrain viral replication and prevent disease but do not eliminate the virus or preclude transmission. Because HCMV is among the largest and most complex of known viruses, the T cell resources committed to maintaining this balance have never been characterized completely. Here, using cytokine flow cytometry and 13,687 overlapping 15mer peptides comprising 213 HCMV open reading frames (ORFs), we found that 151 HCMV ORFs were immunogenic for CD4(+) and/or CD8(+) T cells, and that ORF immunogenicity was influenced only modestly by ORF expression kinetics and function. We further documented that total HCMV-specific T cell responses in seropositive subjects were enormous, comprising on average approximately 10% of both the CD4(+) and CD8(+) memory compartments in blood, whereas cross-reactive recognition of HCMV proteins in seronegative individuals was limited to CD8(+) T cells and was rare. These data provide the first glimpse of the total human T cell response to a complex infectious agent and will provide insight into the rules governing immunodominance and cross-reactivity in complex viral infections of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Sylwester
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, 97006, USA
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Abstract
A therapeutic vaccine for genital herpes is clearly needed. Vaccines recently developed for HSV-2 in humans have been aimed at eliciting CD4+ T cell responses and neutralizing antibody responses to two HSV-2 glycoproteins (gB and gD). These vaccines have had no therapeutic effect against HSV-2 in human clinical trials. To enable development of an efficacious vaccine, Corixa Corporation has made a major effort to identify novel antigens that can be recognized by human HSV-2-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. Corixa Corporation's proprietary adjuvants and delivery systems, when combined with appropriate antigens, may allow the development of an effective therapeutic vaccine for HSV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy A Hosken
- Corixa Corporation, 1900 9th Avenue, Suite 1100, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
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6
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Koelle DM, Liu Z, McClurkan CL, Cevallos RC, Vieira J, Hosken NA, Meseda CA, Snow DC, Wald A, Corey L. Immunodominance among herpes simplex virus-specific CD8 T cells expressing a tissue-specific homing receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:12899-904. [PMID: 14566059 PMCID: PMC240716 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2131705100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of immunodominance within microbe-specific CD8 T cell responses has been challenging. We used a previously undescribed approach to create unbiased panels of CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones specific for herpes simplex virus type 2, a pathogen with a complex genome encoding at least 85 polypeptides. Circulating herpes simplex virus type 2-specific cells were enriched and cloned after sorting for expression of the skin homing-associated receptor, cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen, bypassing restimulation with antigen. The specificity of the resultant cytotoxic clones was determined. Clonal frequencies were compared with each other and with the total number of cytotoxic clones. For each subject within the homing receptor-positive compartment, the CD8 cytotoxic response was dominated by T cells specific for only a few peptides. Previously undescribed antigens and epitopes in viral tegument, capsid, or scaffold proteins were immunodominant in some subjects. Clone enumeration analyses were confirmed in some subjects with dominance studies by using herpes simplex mutants, vaccinia recombinants, and/or enzyme-linked immune spots. We conclude that among circulating cells expressing a homing-associated receptor, during chronic herpes type 2 infection, the CD8 T cell response becomes quite focused despite the presence of many potential antigenic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Koelle
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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7
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Hosken NA, Shibuya K, Heath AW, Murphy KM, O'Garra A. The effect of antigen dose on CD4+ T helper cell phenotype development in a T cell receptor-alpha beta-transgenic model. J Exp Med 1995; 182:1579-84. [PMID: 7595228 PMCID: PMC2192218 DOI: 10.1084/jem.182.5.1579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 601] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The dose of foreign antigen can influence whether a cell-mediated or humoral class of immune response is elicited, and this may be largely accounted for by the development of CD4+ T helper cells (Th) producing distinct sets of cytokines. The ability of antigen dose to direct the development of a Th1 or Th2 phenotype from naive CD4+ T cells, however, has not been demonstrated. In this report, we show that the antigen dose used in primary cultures could directly affect Th phenotype development from naive DO11.10 TCR-alpha beta-transgenic CD4+ T cells when dendritic cells or activated B cells were used as the antigen-presenting cells. Consistent with our previous findings, midrange peptide doses (0.3-0.6 microM) directed the development of Th0/Th1-like cells, which produced moderate amounts of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma). As the peptide dose was increased, development of Th1-like cells producing increased amounts of IFN-gamma was initially observed. At very high (> 10 microM) and very low (< 0.05 microM) doses of antigenic peptide, however, a dramatic switch to development of Th2-like cells that produced increasing amounts of interleukin 4 (IL-4) and diminishing levels of IFN-gamma was observed. This was true even when highly purified naive, high buoyant density CD4+ LECAM-1hi T cells were used, ruling out a possible contribution from contaminating "memory" phenotype CD4+ T cells. Neutralizing anti-IL-4 antibodies completely inhibited the development of this Th2-like phenotype at both high and low antigen doses, demonstrating a requirement for endogenous IL-4. Our findings suggest that the antigen dose may affect the levels of endogenous cytokines such as IL-4 in primary cultures, resulting in the development of distinct Th cell phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Hosken
- Department of Immunology, DNAX Research Institute, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
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8
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Openshaw P, Murphy EE, Hosken NA, Maino V, Davis K, Murphy K, O'Garra A. Heterogeneity of intracellular cytokine synthesis at the single-cell level in polarized T helper 1 and T helper 2 populations. J Exp Med 1995; 182:1357-67. [PMID: 7595206 PMCID: PMC2192216 DOI: 10.1084/jem.182.5.1357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 443] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T helper (Th) cells can be classified into different types based on their cytokine profile. Cells with these polarized patterns of cytokine production have been termed Th1 and Th2, and can be distinguished functionally by the production of IFN-gamma and IL-4, respectively. These phenotypes are crucial in determining the type of immune response that develops after antigen priming. There are no surface markers that define them, and cytokine immunoassay or mRNA analysis both have limitations for characterization of single cells. Using immunofluorescent detection of intracellular IFN-gamma and IL-4, we have studied the emergence of Th1 and Th2 cells in response to antigen exposure and the patterns of cytokine synthesis in established T cell clones. IFN-gamma production by Th1 clones was detectable in almost all cells by 4 h, and it continued in most cells for > 24 h. IL-4 production in Th2 cells peaked at 4 h, but declined rapidly. In Th0 cells containing both cytokines, fewer cells produced IFN-gamma, which did not appear until IL-4 synthesis declined. Cocultivation of clones showed no such cross-regulation. Antigen stimulation of transgenic T cells expressing an ovalbumin-specific T cell receptor generated Th2 cells, probably as a result of endogenous IL-4 production. Addition of IL-12 and/or anti-IL-4 caused Th1 cells to develop, while some Th0 cells were seen when IL-12 alone was added. These results show that stimulation in the presence of polarizing stimuli results in cells producing either IFN-gamma or IL-4, but that coproduction can occur in rare cells under defined conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Openshaw
- DNAX Research Institute, Palo Alto, California 94304-1104, USA
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9
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Macatonia SE, Hosken NA, Litton M, Vieira P, Hsieh CS, Culpepper JA, Wysocka M, Trinchieri G, Murphy KM, O'Garra A. Dendritic cells produce IL-12 and direct the development of Th1 cells from naive CD4+ T cells. The Journal of Immunology 1995. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.154.10.5071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Dendritic cells are APCs that are unique in their potency to stimulate proliferation of primary Ag-specific responses in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we demonstrate that dendritic cells can produce IL-12, a dominant cytokine involved in the development of IFN-gamma-producing T cells. This finding resulted from our observations that dendritic cell-induced Th1 development from total CD4+ T cells upon neutralization of endogenous levels of IL-4 was IL-12-dependent. Furthermore, we demonstrate that dendritic cells can induce the development of Th1 cells from Ag-specific naive LECAM-1bright CD4+ T cells obtained from alpha beta-TCR transgenic mice, provided that CD4+ LECAM-1dull T cells, which produce significant levels of IL-4, are not present in the primary cultures. Production of IL-12 by dendritic cells was confirmed by positive immunofluoresence staining with Abs specific for the inducible IL-12 p40 subunit. This suggests that in addition to inducing proliferation and clonal expansion of naive T cells, dendritic cells, by their production of IL-12, play a direct role in the development of IFN-gamma-producing cells that are important for cell-mediated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Macatonia
- Department of Immunology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Inc., Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA
| | - N A Hosken
- Department of Immunology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Inc., Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA
| | - M Litton
- Department of Immunology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Inc., Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA
| | - P Vieira
- Department of Immunology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Inc., Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA
| | - C S Hsieh
- Department of Immunology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Inc., Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA
| | - J A Culpepper
- Department of Immunology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Inc., Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA
| | - M Wysocka
- Department of Immunology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Inc., Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA
| | - G Trinchieri
- Department of Immunology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Inc., Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA
| | - K M Murphy
- Department of Immunology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Inc., Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA
| | - A O'Garra
- Department of Immunology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Inc., Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA
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10
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Macatonia SE, Hosken NA, Litton M, Vieira P, Hsieh CS, Culpepper JA, Wysocka M, Trinchieri G, Murphy KM, O'Garra A. Dendritic cells produce IL-12 and direct the development of Th1 cells from naive CD4+ T cells. J Immunol 1995; 154:5071-9. [PMID: 7730613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells are APCs that are unique in their potency to stimulate proliferation of primary Ag-specific responses in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we demonstrate that dendritic cells can produce IL-12, a dominant cytokine involved in the development of IFN-gamma-producing T cells. This finding resulted from our observations that dendritic cell-induced Th1 development from total CD4+ T cells upon neutralization of endogenous levels of IL-4 was IL-12-dependent. Furthermore, we demonstrate that dendritic cells can induce the development of Th1 cells from Ag-specific naive LECAM-1bright CD4+ T cells obtained from alpha beta-TCR transgenic mice, provided that CD4+ LECAM-1dull T cells, which produce significant levels of IL-4, are not present in the primary cultures. Production of IL-12 by dendritic cells was confirmed by positive immunofluoresence staining with Abs specific for the inducible IL-12 p40 subunit. This suggests that in addition to inducing proliferation and clonal expansion of naive T cells, dendritic cells, by their production of IL-12, play a direct role in the development of IFN-gamma-producing cells that are important for cell-mediated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Macatonia
- Department of Immunology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Inc., Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA
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11
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Abstract
The RMA-S cell line was derived from the Raucher virus-induced murine cell line RBL-5 by ethylmethane sulfonate mutagenesis and anti-H-2 antibody plus complement selection (Ljunggren, H.-G., and K. Karre. 1985. J. Exp. Med. 162:1745). RMA-S is defective in the ability to present endogenously synthesized antigens to class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) (Townsend, A., C. Ohlen, J. Bastin, H.-G. Ljunggren, L. Foster, and K. Karre. 1989. Nature [Lond.]. 340:443; Ohlen, C., J. Bastin, H.-G. Ljunggren, L. Foster, E. Wolpert, G. Klein, A. R. M. Townsend, and K. Karre. 1990. J. Immunol. 145:52). This defect has been attributed to the inability of RMA-S to deliver antigenic peptides derived from antigens in the cytosol into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where they can associate with class I MHC molecules (Townsend, A., C. Ohlen, J. Bastin, H.-G. Ljunggren, L. Foster, and K. Karre. 1989. Nature [Lond.]. 340:443). We show that RMA-S can present at least one endogenous antigen, vesicular stomatitis virus nucleoprotein (VSV-N), to class I MHC-restricted CTL. RMA-S presents VSV-N to CTL both when infected with VSV or transfected with the VSV nucleoprotein gene. The natural antigenic VSV nucleoprotein peptides purified from either RMA or RMA-S are indistinguishable when analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. We also show that the genetic defect responsible for the RMA-S phenotype maps to the murine chromosome 17. This chromosome encodes the murine class I MHC genes as well as two genes, HAM-1 and -2, with homology to the adenosine triphosphate-dependent transporter superfamily (Monaco, J. J., S. Cho, and M. Attaya. 1990. Science [Wash. DC]. 250:1723). These results suggest that the system that delivers antigenic peptides from the cytosol to the ER in RMA-S may still be present and retain partial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Hosken
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
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12
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Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) recognize class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules associated with antigenic peptides derived from endogenously synthesized proteins. Binding to such peptides is a requirement for class I assembly in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). A mutant human cell line, T2, assembles and transports to its surface some, but not all, class I MHC molecules. The class I molecules expressed on the surface of T2 do not present peptides derived from cytosolic antigens, although they can present exogenously added peptides to CTL. The transported class I molecules may interact weakly with an unknown retaining factor in the ER such that they can assemble despite the relative shortage of peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Hosken
- Department of Immunology, Research Institute of Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA 92037
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13
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Hosken NA, Bevan MJ, Carbone FR. Class I-restricted presentation occurs without internalization or processing of exogenous antigenic peptides. J Immunol 1989; 142:1079-83. [PMID: 2492575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that glutaraldehyde-fixed cells can present fragmented, but not native, Ag to class II-restricted T cells. This presumably occurs via direct binding of peptides to class II molecules at the cell surface. More recently, it has been shown that viable target cells can present peptides and endogenous, but not exogenous, protein Ag in association with class I MHC molecules to CTL. We have derived CTL specific for a chicken OVA peptide (OVA258-276) recognized in association with H-2Kb. These CTL recognize target cells that endogenously synthesize OVA and cells "loaded" with native OVA but fail to recognize target cells in the presence of exogenous native OVA. Thus, OVA must be intracellularly located to be processed and presented for CTL recognition. It remains unclear, however, whether exogenous peptides require internalization and further processing by target cells or are able to associate directly with class I molecules at the cell surface for CTL recognition. We provide evidence that glutaraldehyde-fixed cells can present synthetic peptides to H-2Kb- and H-2Db-restricted CTL and that such presentation does not require internalization or processing. The peptides used range in size from 16 to 48 amino acids in length. In contrast, glutaraldehyde-fixed cells are incapable of presenting Ag to CTL specific for influenza nucleoprotein and OVA if the cells are fixed within 1 h of viral influenza infection or loading with OVA. Thus, CTL recognition of antigenic peptides appears to occur via direct binding of peptides to class I molecules at the cell surface and does not require any intracellular processing events.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Hosken
- Department of Immunology, Research Institute of Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, California 92037
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Hosken NA, Bevan MJ, Carbone FR. Class I-restricted presentation occurs without internalization or processing of exogenous antigenic peptides. The Journal of Immunology 1989. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.142.4.1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that glutaraldehyde-fixed cells can present fragmented, but not native, Ag to class II-restricted T cells. This presumably occurs via direct binding of peptides to class II molecules at the cell surface. More recently, it has been shown that viable target cells can present peptides and endogenous, but not exogenous, protein Ag in association with class I MHC molecules to CTL. We have derived CTL specific for a chicken OVA peptide (OVA258-276) recognized in association with H-2Kb. These CTL recognize target cells that endogenously synthesize OVA and cells "loaded" with native OVA but fail to recognize target cells in the presence of exogenous native OVA. Thus, OVA must be intracellularly located to be processed and presented for CTL recognition. It remains unclear, however, whether exogenous peptides require internalization and further processing by target cells or are able to associate directly with class I molecules at the cell surface for CTL recognition. We provide evidence that glutaraldehyde-fixed cells can present synthetic peptides to H-2Kb- and H-2Db-restricted CTL and that such presentation does not require internalization or processing. The peptides used range in size from 16 to 48 amino acids in length. In contrast, glutaraldehyde-fixed cells are incapable of presenting Ag to CTL specific for influenza nucleoprotein and OVA if the cells are fixed within 1 h of viral influenza infection or loading with OVA. Thus, CTL recognition of antigenic peptides appears to occur via direct binding of peptides to class I molecules at the cell surface and does not require any intracellular processing events.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Hosken
- Department of Immunology, Research Institute of Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - M J Bevan
- Department of Immunology, Research Institute of Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - F R Carbone
- Department of Immunology, Research Institute of Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, California 92037
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Carbone FR, Hosken NA, Moore MW, Bevan MJ. Class I MHC-restricted cytotoxic responses to soluble protein antigen. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 1989; 54 Pt 1:551-5. [PMID: 2700945 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.1989.054.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F R Carbone
- Department of Immunology, Research Institute of Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, California 92037
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