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Ouyang X, Reihill JA, Douglas LEJ, Martin SL. Airborne indoor allergen serine proteases and their contribution to sensitisation and activation of innate immunity in allergic airway disease. Eur Respir Rev 2024; 33:230126. [PMID: 38657996 PMCID: PMC11040391 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0126-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Common airborne allergens (pollen, animal dander and those from fungi and insects) are the main triggers of type I allergic disorder in the respiratory system and are associated with allergic rhinitis, allergic asthma, as well as immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. These allergens promote IgE crosslinking, vasodilation, infiltration of inflammatory cells, mucosal barrier dysfunction, extracellular matrix deposition and smooth muscle spasm, which collectively cause remodelling of the airways. Fungus and insect (house dust mite and cockroaches) indoor allergens are particularly rich in proteases. Indeed, more than 40 different types of aeroallergen proteases, which have both IgE-neutralising and tissue-destructive activities, have been documented in the Allergen Nomenclature database. Of all the inhaled protease allergens, 85% are classed as serine protease activities and include trypsin-like, chymotrypsin-like and collagenolytic serine proteases. In this article, we review and compare the allergenicity and proteolytic effect of allergen serine proteases as listed in the Allergen Nomenclature and MEROPS databases and highlight their contribution to allergic sensitisation, disruption of the epithelial barrier and activation of innate immunity in allergic airways disease. The utility of small-molecule inhibitors of allergen serine proteases as a potential treatment strategy for allergic airways disease will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Ouyang
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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2
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Dunne OM, Martin SL, Sergeant GP, McAuley DF, O'Kane CM, Button B, McGarvey LP, Lundy FT. TRPV2 modulates mechanically Induced ATP Release from Human bronchial epithelial cells. Respir Res 2024; 25:188. [PMID: 38678280 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-024-02807-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Repetitive bouts of coughing expose the large airways to significant cycles of shear stress. This leads to the release of alarmins and the tussive agent adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which may be modulated by the activity of ion channels present in the human airway. This study aimed to investigate the role of the transient receptor potential subfamily vanilloid member 2 (TRPV2) channel in mechanically induced ATP release from primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBECs).PBECs were obtained from individuals undergoing bronchoscopy. They were cultured in vitro and exposed to mechanical stress in the form of compressive and fluid shear stress (CFSS) or fluid shear stress (FSS) alone at various intensities. ATP release was measured using a luciferin-luciferase assay. Functional TRPV2 protein expression in human PBECs was investigated by confocal calcium imaging. The role of TRPV2 inhibition on FSS-induced ATP release was investigated using the TRPV2 inhibitor tranilast or siRNA knockdown of TRPV2. TRPV2 protein expression in human lung tissue was also determined by immunohistochemistry.ATP release was significantly increased in PBECs subjected to CFSS compared with control (unstimulated) PBECs (N = 3, ***P < 0.001). PBECs expressed functional TRPV2 channels. TRPV2 protein was also detected in fixed human lung tissue. ATP release from FFS stimulated PBECs was decreased by the TRPV2 inhibitor tranilast (N = 3, **P < 0.01) (vehicle: 159 ± 17.49 nM, tranilast: 25.08 ± 5.1 nM) or by TRPV2 siRNA knockdown (N = 3, *P < 0.05) (vehicle: 197 ± 24.52 nM, siRNA: 119 ± 26.85 nM).In conclusion, TRPV2 is expressed in the human airway and modulates ATP release from mechanically stimulated PBECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orla M Dunne
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | | | - Gerard P Sergeant
- Smooth Muscle Research Centre, Dundalk Institute of Technology, Co. Louth, Dundalk, Ireland
| | - Daniel F McAuley
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Cecilia M O'Kane
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Brian Button
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lorcan P McGarvey
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Fionnuala T Lundy
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
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3
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Ouyang X, Reihill JA, Douglas LEJ, Dunne OM, Sergeant GP, Martin SL. House dust mite allergens induce Ca 2+ signalling and alarmin responses in asthma airway epithelial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167079. [PMID: 38367901 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Type 2 inflammation in asthma develops with exposure to stimuli to include inhaled allergens from house dust mites (HDM). Features include mucus hypersecretion and the formation of pro-secretory ion transport characterised by elevated basal Cl- current. Studies using human sinonasal epithelial cells treated with HDM extract report a higher protease activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) agonist-induced calcium mobilisation that may be related to airway sensitisation by allergen-associated proteases. Herein, this study aimed to investigate the effect of HDM on Ca2+ signalling and inflammatory responses in asthmatic airway epithelial cells. Primary bronchial epithelial cells (hPBECs) from asthma donors cultured at air-liquid interface were used to assess electrophysiological, Ca2+ signalling and inflammatory responses. Differences were observed regarding Ca2+ signalling in response to PAR-2 agonist 2-Furoyl-LIGRLO-amide (2-FLI), and equivalent short-circuit current (Ieq) in response to trypsin and 2-FLI, in ALI-asthma and healthy hPBECs. HDM treatment led to increased levels of intracellular cations (Ca2+, Na+) and significantly reduced the 2-FLI-induced change of Ieq in asthma cells. Apical HDM-induced Ca2+ mobilisation was found to mainly involve the activation of PAR-2 and PAR-4-associated store-operated Ca2+ influx and TRPV1. In contrast, PAR-2, PAR-4 antagonists and TRPV1 antagonist only showed slight impact on basolateral HDM-induced Ca2+ mobilisation. HDM trypsin-like serine proteases were the main components leading to non-amiloride sensitive Ieq and also increased interleukin-33 (IL-33) and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) from asthma hPBECs. These studies add further insight into the complex mechanisms associated with HDM-induced alterations in cell signalling and their relevance to pathological changes within asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Ouyang
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | | | | | - Orla M Dunne
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Gerard P Sergeant
- Smooth Muscle Research Centre, Dundalk Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Dundalk, Co. Louth, Ireland
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Douglas LEJ, Reihill JA, Montgomery BM, Martin SL. Furin as a therapeutic target in cystic fibrosis airways disease. Eur Respir Rev 2023; 32:32/168/220256. [PMID: 37137509 PMCID: PMC10155048 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0256-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical management of cystic fibrosis (CF) has been greatly improved by the development of small molecule modulators of the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). These drugs help to address some of the basic genetic defects of CFTR; however, no suitable CFTR modulators exist for 10% of people with CF (PWCF). An alternative, mutation-agnostic therapeutic approach is therefore still required. In CF airways, elevated levels of the proprotein convertase furin contribute to the dysregulation of key processes that drive disease pathogenesis. Furin plays a critical role in the proteolytic activation of the epithelial sodium channel; hyperactivity of which causes airways dehydration and loss of effective mucociliary clearance. Furin is also responsible for the processing of transforming growth factor-β, which is increased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from PWCF and is associated with neutrophilic inflammation and reduced pulmonary function. Pathogenic substrates of furin include Pseudomonas exotoxin A, a major toxic product associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection and the spike glycoprotein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the causative pathogen for coronavirus disease 2019. In this review we discuss the importance of furin substrates in the progression of CF airways disease and highlight selective furin inhibition as a therapeutic strategy to provide clinical benefit to all PWCF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa E J Douglas
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - James A Reihill
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | | | - S Lorraine Martin
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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5
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Dwivedi R, Drumm BT, Griffin CS, Dudem S, Bradley E, Alkawadri T, Martin SL, Sergeant GP, Hollywood MA, Thornbury KD. Excitatory cholinergic responses in mouse primary bronchial smooth muscle require both Ca 2+ entry via l-type Ca 2+ channels and store operated Ca 2+ entry via Orai channels. Cell Calcium 2023; 112:102721. [PMID: 37023533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2023.102721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Malfunctions in airway smooth muscle Ca2+-signalling leads to airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ca2+-release from intracellular stores is important in mediating agonist-induced contractions, but the role of influx via l-type Ca2+ channels is controversial. We re-examined roles of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ store, refilling of this store via store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) and l-type Ca2+ channel pathways on carbachol (CCh, 0.1-10 µM)-induced contractions of mouse bronchial rings and intracellular Ca2+ signals of mouse bronchial myocytes. In tension experiments, the ryanodine receptor (RyR) blocker dantrolene (100 µM) reduced CCh-responses at all concentrations, with greater effects on sustained rather than initial components of contraction. 2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB, 100 μM), in the presence of dantrolene, abolished CCh-responses, suggesting the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ store is essential for contraction. The SOCE blocker GSK-7975A (10 µM) reduced CCh-contractions, with greater effects at higher (e.g. 3 and 10 µM) CCh concentrations. Nifedipine (1 µM), abolished remaining contractions in GSK-7975A (10 µM). A similar pattern was observed on intracellular Ca2+-responses to 0.3 µM CCh, where GSK-7975A (10 µM) substantially reduced Ca2+ transients induced by CCh, and nifedipine (1 µM) abolished remaining responses. When nifedipine (1 µM) was applied alone it had less effect, reducing tension responses at all CCh concentrations by 25% - 50%, with greater effects at lower (e.g. 0.1 and 0.3 µM) CCh concentrations. When nifedipine (1 µM) was examined on the intracellular Ca2+-response to 0.3 µM CCh, it only modestly reduced Ca2+ signals, while GSK-7975A (10 µM) abolished remaining responses. In conclusion, Ca2+-influx from both SOCE and l-type Ca2+ channels contribute to excitatory cholinergic responses in mouse bronchi. The contribution of l-type Ca2+ channels was especially pronounced at lower doses of CCh, or when SOCE was blocked. This suggests l-type Ca2+ channels might be a potential target for bronchoconstriction under certain circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dwivedi
- Smooth Muscle Research Centre, Dundalk Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Dundalk, Co. Louth, A91 K584, Ireland
| | - B T Drumm
- Smooth Muscle Research Centre, Dundalk Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Dundalk, Co. Louth, A91 K584, Ireland
| | - C S Griffin
- Smooth Muscle Research Centre, Dundalk Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Dundalk, Co. Louth, A91 K584, Ireland
| | - S Dudem
- Smooth Muscle Research Centre, Dundalk Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Dundalk, Co. Louth, A91 K584, Ireland
| | - E Bradley
- Smooth Muscle Research Centre, Dundalk Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Dundalk, Co. Louth, A91 K584, Ireland
| | - T Alkawadri
- Smooth Muscle Research Centre, Dundalk Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Dundalk, Co. Louth, A91 K584, Ireland
| | - S L Martin
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - G P Sergeant
- Smooth Muscle Research Centre, Dundalk Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Dundalk, Co. Louth, A91 K584, Ireland
| | - M A Hollywood
- Smooth Muscle Research Centre, Dundalk Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Dundalk, Co. Louth, A91 K584, Ireland
| | - K D Thornbury
- Smooth Muscle Research Centre, Dundalk Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Dundalk, Co. Louth, A91 K584, Ireland.
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6
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Dwivedi R, Drumm BT, Alkawadri T, Martin SL, Sergeant GP, Hollywood MA, Thornbury KD. The TMEM16A blockers benzbromarone and MONNA cause intracellular Ca2+-release in mouse bronchial smooth muscle cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 947:175677. [PMID: 36967079 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
We investigated effects of TMEM16A blockers benzbromarone, MONNA, CaCCinhA01 and Ani9 on isometric contractions in mouse bronchial rings and on intracellular calcium in isolated bronchial myocytes. Separate concentrations of carbachol (0.1-10 μM) were applied for 10 min periods to bronchial rings, producing concentration-dependent contractions that were well maintained throughout each application period. Benzbromarone (1 μM) markedly reduced the contractions with a more pronounced effect on their sustained component (at 10 min) compared to their initial component (at 2 min). Iberiotoxin (0.3 μM) enhanced the contractions, but they were still blocked by benzbromarone. MONNA (3 μM) and CaCCinhA01 (10 μM) had similar effects to benzbromarone, but were less potent. In contrast, Ani9 (10 μM) had no effect on carbachol-induced contractions. Confocal imaging revealed that benzbromarone (0.3 μM), MONNA (1 μM) and CaCCinhA01 (10 μM) increased intracellular calcium in isolated myocytes loaded with Fluo-4AM. In contrast, Ani9 (10 μM) had no effect on intracellular calcium. Benzbromarone and MONNA also increased calcium in calcium-free extracellular solution, but failed to do so when intracellular stores were discharged with caffeine (10 mM). Caffeine was unable to cause further discharge of the store when applied in the presence of benzbromarone. Ryanodine (100 μM) blocked the ability of benzbromarone (0.3 μM) to increase calcium, while tetracaine (100 μM) reversibly reduced the rise in calcium induced by benzbromarone. We conclude that benzbromarone and MONNA caused intracellular calcium release, probably by opening ryanodine receptors. Their ability to block carbachol contractions was likely due to this off-target effect.
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7
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Ferguson TEG, Reihill JA, Martin SL, Walker B. Novel inhibitors and activity-based probes targeting serine proteases. Front Chem 2022; 10:1006618. [PMID: 36247662 PMCID: PMC9555310 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1006618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine proteases play varied and manifold roles in important biological, physiological, and pathological processes. These include viral, bacterial, and parasitic infection, allergic sensitization, tumor invasion, and metastasis. The use of activity-based profiling has been foundational in pinpointing the precise roles of serine proteases across this myriad of processes. A broad range of serine protease-targeted activity-based probe (ABP) chemotypes have been developed and we have recently introduced biotinylated and "clickable" peptides containing P1 N-alkyl glycine arginine N-hydroxy succinimidyl (NHS) carbamates as ABPs for detection/profiling of trypsin-like serine proteases. This present study provides synthetic details for the preparation of additional examples of this ABP chemotype, which function as potent irreversible inhibitors of their respective target serine protease. We describe their use for the activity-based profiling of a broad range of serine proteases including trypsin, the trypsin-like protease plasmin, chymotrypsin, cathepsin G, and neutrophil elastase (NE), including the profiling of the latter protease in clinical samples obtained from patients with cystic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Brian Walker
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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8
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Ferguson TEG, Reihill JA, Martin SL, Walker B. Novel Inhibitors and Activity-Based Probes Targeting Trypsin-Like Serine Proteases. Front Chem 2022; 10:782608. [PMID: 35529696 PMCID: PMC9068901 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.782608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The trypsin-like proteases (TLPs) play widespread and diverse roles, in a host of physiological and pathological processes including clot dissolution, extracellular matrix remodelling, infection, angiogenesis, wound healing and tumour invasion/metastasis. Moreover, these enzymes are involved in the disruption of normal lung function in a range of respiratory diseases including allergic asthma where several allergenic proteases have been identified. Here, we report the synthesis of a series of peptide derivatives containing an N-alkyl glycine analogue of arginine, bearing differing electrophilic leaving groups (carbamate and triazole urea), and demonstrate their function as potent, irreversible inhibitors of trypsin and TLPs, to include activities from cockroach extract. As such, these inhibitors are suitable for use as activity probes (APs) in activity-based profiling (ABP) applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E G Ferguson
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - James A Reihill
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - S Lorraine Martin
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Walker
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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9
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Morgan LM, Martin SL, Mullins ND, Hollywood MA, Thornbury KD, Sergeant GP. Modulation of carbachol-induced Ca2+ oscillations in airway smooth muscle cells by PGE2. Cell Calcium 2022; 103:102547. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2022.102547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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10
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Douglas LEJ, Reihill JA, Ho MWY, Axten JM, Campobasso N, Schneck JL, Rendina AR, Wilcoxen KM, Martin SL. A highly selective, cell-permeable furin inhibitor BOS-318 rescues key features of cystic fibrosis airway disease. Cell Chem Biol 2022; 29:947-957.e8. [PMID: 35202587 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In cystic fibrosis (CF), excessive furin activity plays a critical role in the activation of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), dysregulation of which contributes to airway dehydration, ineffective mucociliary clearance (MCC), and mucus obstruction. Here, we report a highly selective, cell-permeable furin inhibitor, BOS-318, that derives selectivity by eliciting the formation of a new, unexpected binding pocket independent of the active site catalytic triad. Using human ex vivo models, BOS-318 showed significant suppression of ENaC, which led to enhanced airway hydration and an ∼30-fold increase in MCC rate. Furin inhibition also protected ENaC from subsequent activation by neutrophil elastase, a soluble protease dominant in CF airways. Additional therapeutic benefits include protection against epithelial cell death induced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A. Our findings demonstrate the utility of selective furin inhibition as a mutation-agnostic approach that can correct features of CF airway pathophysiology in a manner expected to deliver therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa E J Douglas
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - James A Reihill
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Melisa W Y Ho
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Axten
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Nino Campobasso
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Jessica L Schneck
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Alan R Rendina
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | | | - S Lorraine Martin
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK.
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11
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Short B, Delaney C, McKloud E, Brown JL, Kean R, Litherland GJ, Williams C, Martin SL, MacKay WG, Ramage G. Investigating the Transcriptome of Candida albicans in a Dual-Species Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Model. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:791523. [PMID: 34888261 PMCID: PMC8650683 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.791523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogen found throughout multiple body sites and is frequently co-isolated from infections of the respiratory tract and oral cavity with Staphylococcus aureus. Herein we present the first report of the effects that S. aureus elicits on the C. albicans transcriptome. Dual-species biofilms containing S. aureus and C. albicans mutants defective in ALS3 or ECE1 were optimised and characterised, followed by transcriptional profiling of C. albicans by RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq). Altered phenotypes in C. albicans mutants revealed specific interaction profiles between fungus and bacteria. The major adhesion and virulence proteins Als3 and Ece1, respectively, were found to have substantial effects on the Candida transcriptome in early and mature biofilms. Despite this, deletion of ECE1 did not adversely affect biofilm formation or the ability of S. aureus to interact with C. albicans hyphae. Upregulated genes in dual-species biofilms corresponded to multiple gene ontology terms, including those attributed to virulence, biofilm formation and protein binding such as ACE2 and multiple heat-shock protein genes. This shows that S. aureus pushes C. albicans towards a more virulent genotype, helping us to understand the driving forces behind the increased severity of C. albicans-S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryn Short
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom.,School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Glasgow Biofilms Research Network, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Delaney
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Glasgow Biofilms Research Network, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Emily McKloud
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Glasgow Biofilms Research Network, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jason L Brown
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Glasgow Biofilms Research Network, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan Kean
- Glasgow Biofilms Research Network, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Gary J Litherland
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Williams
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Glasgow Biofilms Research Network, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - S Lorraine Martin
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Ireland
| | - William G MacKay
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom.,Glasgow Biofilms Research Network, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon Ramage
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Glasgow Biofilms Research Network, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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12
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Carroll EL, Bailo M, Reihill JA, Crilly A, Lockhart JC, Litherland GJ, Lundy FT, McGarvey LP, Hollywood MA, Martin SL. Trypsin-Like Proteases and Their Role in Muco-Obstructive Lung Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5817. [PMID: 34072295 PMCID: PMC8199346 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypsin-like proteases (TLPs) belong to a family of serine enzymes with primary substrate specificities for the basic residues, lysine and arginine, in the P1 position. Whilst initially perceived as soluble enzymes that are extracellularly secreted, a number of novel TLPs that are anchored in the cell membrane have since been discovered. Muco-obstructive lung diseases (MucOLDs) are characterised by the accumulation of hyper-concentrated mucus in the small airways, leading to persistent inflammation, infection and dysregulated protease activity. Although neutrophilic serine proteases, particularly neutrophil elastase, have been implicated in the propagation of inflammation and local tissue destruction, it is likely that the serine TLPs also contribute to various disease-relevant processes given the roles that a number of these enzymes play in the activation of both the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2). More recently, significant attention has focused on the activation of viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 by host TLPs. The purpose of this review was to highlight key TLPs linked to the activation of ENaC and PAR2 and their association with airway dehydration and inflammatory signalling pathways, respectively. The role of TLPs in viral infectivity will also be discussed in the context of the inhibition of TLP activities and the potential of these proteases as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L. Carroll
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (E.L.C.); (J.A.R.)
| | - Mariarca Bailo
- Institute for Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK; (M.B.); (A.C.); (J.C.L.); (G.J.L.)
| | - James A. Reihill
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (E.L.C.); (J.A.R.)
| | - Anne Crilly
- Institute for Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK; (M.B.); (A.C.); (J.C.L.); (G.J.L.)
| | - John C. Lockhart
- Institute for Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK; (M.B.); (A.C.); (J.C.L.); (G.J.L.)
| | - Gary J. Litherland
- Institute for Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK; (M.B.); (A.C.); (J.C.L.); (G.J.L.)
| | - Fionnuala T. Lundy
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (F.T.L.); (L.P.M.)
| | - Lorcan P. McGarvey
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (F.T.L.); (L.P.M.)
| | - Mark A. Hollywood
- Smooth Muscle Research Centre, Dundalk Institute of Technology, A91 HRK2 Dundalk, Ireland;
| | - S. Lorraine Martin
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (E.L.C.); (J.A.R.)
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Reihill JA, Douglas LEJ, Martin SL. Modulation of Ion Transport to Restore Airway Hydration in Cystic Fibrosis. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12030453. [PMID: 33810137 PMCID: PMC8004921 DOI: 10.3390/genes12030453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a life-limiting genetic disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in the gene which codes for the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) Cl- channel. Loss of Cl- secretion across the apical membrane of airway lining epithelial cells results in dehydration of the airway surface liquid (ASL) layer which impairs mucociliary clearance (MCC), and as a consequence promotes bacterial infection and inflammation of the airways. Interventions that restore airway hydration are known to improve MCC. Here we review the ion channels present at the luminal surface of airway epithelial cells that may be targeted to improve airway hydration and MCC in CF airways.
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Short B, Carson S, Devlin AC, Reihill JA, Crilly A, MacKay W, Ramage G, Williams C, Lundy FT, McGarvey LP, Thornbury KD, Martin SL. Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae chronic colonization in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 47:192-205. [PMID: 33455514 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2020.1863330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Haemophilus influenzae is the most common cause of bacterial infection in the lungs of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients and contributes to episodes of acute exacerbation which are associated with increased hospitalization and mortality. Due to the ability of H. influenzae to adhere to host epithelial cells, initial colonization of the lower airways can progress to a persistent infection and biofilm formation. This is characterized by changes in bacterial behaviour such as reduced cellular metabolism and the production of an obstructive extracellular matrix (ECM). Herein we discuss the multiple mechanisms by which H. influenzae contributes to the pathogenesis of COPD. In particular, mechanisms that facilitate bacterial adherence to host airway epithelial cells, biofilm formation, and microbial persistence through immune system evasion and antibiotic tolerance will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryn Short
- University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Carson
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Anna-Claire Devlin
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - James A Reihill
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Crilly
- University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom
| | - William MacKay
- University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon Ramage
- Glasgow Biofilm Research Group, Oral Sciences, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Williams
- University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom
| | - Fionnuala T Lundy
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Lorcan P McGarvey
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Keith D Thornbury
- Smooth Muscle Research Group, Dundalk Institute of Technology, Dundalk, Ireland
| | - S Lorraine Martin
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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Driessen AK, Devlin AC, Lundy FT, Martin SL, Sergeant GP, Mazzone SB, McGarvey LP. Perspectives on neuroinflammation contributing to chronic cough. Eur Respir J 2020; 56:13993003.00758-2020. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00758-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic cough can be a troublesome clinical problem. Current thinking is that increased activity and/or enhanced sensitivity of the peripheral and central neural pathways mediates chronic cough via processes similar to those associated with the development of chronic pain. While inflammation is widely thought to be involved in the development of chronic cough, the true mechanisms causing altered neural activity and sensitisation remain largely unknown. In this back-to-basics perspective article we explore evidence that inflammation in chronic cough may, at least in part, involve neuroinflammation orchestrated by glial cells of the nervous system. We summarise the extensive evidence for the role of both peripheral and central glial cells in chronic pain, and hypothesise that the commonalities between pain and cough pathogenesis and clinical presentation warrant investigations into the neuroinflammatory mechanisms that contribute to chronic cough. We open the debate that glial cells may represent an underappreciated therapeutic target for controlling troublesome cough in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lorraine Martin
- School of PharmacyQueen's University BelfastBelfast, Northern Ireland
| | - James A Reihill
- School of PharmacyQueen's University BelfastBelfast, Northern Ireland
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Reihill JA, Ouyang X, Yang Z, Douglas LEJ, Zhou M, Chen T, Martin SL. A Novel Serine Protease Inhibitor PE-BBI Ameliorates Cockroach Extract-Mediated Airway Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040515. [PMID: 32231120 PMCID: PMC7226075 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial barrier dysfunction, characteristic of allergic airway disease may be, at least in part, due to the action of allergen-associated protease activities. Cockroach allergy is a major global health issue, with cockroaches containing considerable serine trypsin-like protease (TLP) activity. The present study sought to evaluate two novel protease inhibitors (PE-BBI and pLR-HL), recently isolated from amphibian skin secretions, for their potential to neutralise cockroach TLP activity and to determine any protective effect on cockroach-induced airway epithelial barrier disruption. Inhibitor potencies against the cockroach-associated activities were determined using a fluorogenic peptide substrate-based activity assay. 16HBE14o- cells (16HBE; a bronchial epithelial cell line) were treated with cockroach extract (CRE) in the presence or absence of the compounds in order to assess cell viability (RealTime Glo luminescent assay) and epithelial barrier disruption (transepithelial resistance and paracellular dextran flux). PE-BBI potently and selectively inhibited CRE TLP activity (pIC50 -8), but not host (16HBE) cell surface activity, which conferred protection of 16HBE cells from CRE-induced cell damage and barrier disruption. Novel protease inhibitor strategies such as PE-BBI may be useful for the treatment of allergic airway disease caused by cockroach proteases.
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Douglas LE, Reihill JA, Ho MW, Axten JM, Martin SL. Furin Inhibition as a Mechanism to Reduce Aberrant ENaC‐Mediated Sodium Transport and Rehydrate the Airways in Cystic Fibrosis Lung Disease. FASEB J 2019. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.802.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - James A. Reihill
- School of PharmacyQueen's University BelfastBelfastUnited Kingdom
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Carroll EL, Douglas LE, Reihill JA, Zhou M, Chen T, McGarvey LP, Lundy FT, Hollywood MA, Lockhart JC, Martin SL. Inhibition of ENaC Activity by Novel Peptide Trypsin‐Like Inhibitors Derived from Amphibian Skin Secretions. FASEB J 2019. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.127.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma L. Carroll
- School of PharmacyQueen's University BelfastBelfastUnited Kingdom
| | | | - James A. Reihill
- School of PharmacyQueen's University BelfastBelfastUnited Kingdom
| | - Mei Zhou
- School of PharmacyQueen's University BelfastBelfastUnited Kingdom
| | - Tianbao Chen
- School of PharmacyQueen's University BelfastBelfastUnited Kingdom
| | | | | | - Mark A. Hollywood
- Smooth Muscle Research CentreDundalk Institute of TechnologyDundalkIreland
| | - John C. Lockhart
- Institute of Biomedical & Environmental Health ResearchUniversity of the West of ScotlandScotlandUnited Kingdom
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Kelly GA, Douglas LE, Maye JR, Reihill JA, McGarvey LP, Lundy FT, Litherland G, Martin SL. The Secretory Profile of Inflammatory Mediators is Altered in Differentiated Primary COPD Samples at Air Liquid Interface Compared to Healthy Equivalents. FASEB J 2019. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.127.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gillian A. Kelly
- School of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University BelfastBelfastUnited Kingdom
| | - Lisa E.J. Douglas
- School of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University BelfastBelfastUnited Kingdom
| | - Jessica R. Maye
- School of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University BelfastBelfastUnited Kingdom
| | - James A. Reihill
- School of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University BelfastBelfastUnited Kingdom
| | - Lorcan P. McGarvey
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University BelfastBelfastUnited Kingdom
| | - Fionnuala T. Lundy
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University BelfastBelfastUnited Kingdom
| | - Gary Litherland
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, Health and Life Science, University of the West of ScotlandScotlandUnited Kingdom
| | - S. Lorraine Martin
- School of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University BelfastBelfastUnited Kingdom
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21
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Chalmers JD, Moffitt KL, Suarez-Cuartin G, Sibila O, Finch S, Furrie E, Dicker A, Wrobel K, Elborn JS, Walker B, Martin SL, Marshall SE, Huang JTJ, Fardon TC. Neutrophil Elastase Activity Is Associated with Exacerbations and Lung Function Decline in Bronchiectasis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 195:1384-1393. [PMID: 27911604 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201605-1027oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Sputum neutrophil elastase and serum desmosine, which is a linked marker of endogenous elastin degradation, are possible biomarkers of disease severity and progression in bronchiectasis. This study aimed to determine the association of elastase activity and desmosine with exacerbations and lung function decline in bronchiectasis. METHODS This was a single-center prospective cohort study using the TAYBRIDGE (Tayside Bronchiectasis Registry Integrating Datasets, Genomics, and Enrolment into Clinical Trials) registry in Dundee, UK. A total of 433 patients with high-resolution computed tomography-confirmed bronchiectasis provided blood samples for desmosine measurement, and 381 provided sputum for baseline elastase activity measurements using an activity-based immunosassay and fluorometric substrate assay. Candidate biomarkers were tested for their relationship with cross-sectional markers of disease severity, and with future exacerbations, mortality and lung function decline over 3 years. MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS Elastase activity in sputum was associated with the bronchiectasis severity index (r = 0.49; P < 0.0001) and was also correlated with the Medical Research Council dyspnea score (r = 0.34; P < 0.0001), FEV1% predicted (r = -0.33; P < 0.0001), and the radiological extent of bronchiectasis (r = 0.29; P < 0.0001). During a 3-year follow-up, elevated sputum elastase activity was associated with a higher frequency of exacerbations (P < 0.0001) but was not independently associated with mortality. Sputum elastase activity was independently associated with FEV1 decline (β coefficient, -0.139; P = 0.001). Elastase showed good discrimination for severe exacerbations with an area under the curve of 0.75 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.72-0.79) and all-cause mortality (area under the curve, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.67-0.73). Sputum elastase activity increased at exacerbations (P = 0.001) and was responsive to treatment with antibiotics. Desmosine was correlated with sputum elastase (r = 0.42; P < 0.0001) and was associated with risk of severe exacerbations (hazard ratio 2.7; 95% CI, 1.42-5.29; P = 0.003) but not lung function decline. CONCLUSIONS Sputum neutrophil elastase activity is a biomarker of disease severity and future risk in adults with bronchiectasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Chalmers
- 1 Scottish Centre for Respiratory Research and.,2 School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly L Moffitt
- 3 Biomolecular Sciences Research Group, School of Pharmacy, and
| | | | - Oriol Sibila
- 4 Respiratory Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - Simon Finch
- 1 Scottish Centre for Respiratory Research and
| | - Elizabeth Furrie
- 2 School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Dicker
- 1 Scottish Centre for Respiratory Research and.,2 School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Karolina Wrobel
- 2 School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - J Stuart Elborn
- 6 Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom.,5 National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College and Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Walker
- 3 Biomolecular Sciences Research Group, School of Pharmacy, and
| | | | - Sara E Marshall
- 2 School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey T-J Huang
- 2 School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Reihill JA, Walker B, Hamilton RA, Ferguson TEG, Elborn JS, Stutts MJ, Harvey BJ, Saint-Criq V, Hendrick SM, Martin SL. Inhibition of Protease-Epithelial Sodium Channel Signaling Improves Mucociliary Function in Cystic Fibrosis Airways. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 194:701-10. [PMID: 27014936 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201511-2216oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE In cystic fibrosis (CF) a reduction in airway surface liquid (ASL) height compromises mucociliary clearance, favoring mucus plugging and chronic bacterial infection. Inhibitors of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) have therapeutic potential in CF airways to reduce hyperstimulated sodium and fluid absorption to levels that can restore airway hydration. OBJECTIVES To determine whether a novel compound (QUB-TL1) designed to inhibit protease/ENaC signaling in CF airways restores ASL volume and mucociliary function. METHODS Protease activity was measured using fluorogenic activity assays. Differentiated primary airway epithelial cell cultures (F508del homozygotes) were used to determined ENaC activity (Ussing chamber recordings), ASL height (confocal microscopy), and mucociliary function (by tracking the surface flow of apically applied microbeads). Cell toxicity was measured using a lactate dehydrogenase assay. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS QUB-TL1 inhibits extracellularly located channel activating proteases (CAPs), including prostasin, matriptase, and furin, the activities of which are observed at excessive levels at the apical surface of CF airway epithelial cells. QUB-TL1-mediated CAP inhibition results in diminished ENaC-mediated Na(+) absorption in CF airway epithelial cells caused by internalization of a prominent pool of cleaved (active) ENaCγ from the cell surface. Importantly, diminished ENaC activity correlates with improved airway hydration status and mucociliary clearance. We further demonstrate QUB-TL1-mediated furin inhibition, which is in contrast to other serine protease inhibitors (camostat mesylate and aprotinin), affords protection against neutrophil elastase-mediated ENaC activation and Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A-induced cell death. CONCLUSIONS QUB-TL1 corrects aberrant CAP activities, providing a mechanism to delay or prevent the development of CF lung disease in a manner independent of CF transmembrane conductance regulator mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Reihill
- 1 Biomolecular Sciences Research Group, School of Pharmacy, and
| | - Brian Walker
- 1 Biomolecular Sciences Research Group, School of Pharmacy, and
| | | | | | - J Stuart Elborn
- 2 School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - M Jackson Stutts
- 3 Marsico Lung Institute and Cystic Fibrosis Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and
| | - Brian J Harvey
- 4 Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, RCSI-ERC Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Vinciane Saint-Criq
- 4 Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, RCSI-ERC Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Siobhan M Hendrick
- 4 Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, RCSI-ERC Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Reihill JA, Moffitt KL, Jones AM, Elborn JS, Martin SL. P91 Trypsin-like protease activity predicts disease severity and patient mortality in adults with cystic fibrosis. Thorax 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-209333.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Reihill JA, Moreland M, Jarvis GE, McDowell A, Einarsson GG, Elborn JS, Martin SL. Bacterial proteases and haemostasis dysregulation in the CF lung. J Cyst Fibros 2016; 16:49-57. [PMID: 27839953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogenic bacteria which chronically colonise the cystic fibrosis (CF) lung produce a number of virulence determinants, including distinct proteolytic activities. The potential role bacterial proteases play on haemostatic dysregulation within the CF lung is, however, poorly defined, despite haemoptysis being a common complication in CF. METHODS The potential impact of known CF pathogens (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cepacia complex spp.) on haemostasis was examined for their ability to degrade fibrinogen and dysregulate fibrin clot formation and platelet aggregation. RESULTS Results demonstrate that key CF pathogens growing as a biofilm on mucin exhibit considerable fibrinogenolytic activity, resulting in fibrinogen breakdown, impaired clot formation, and modulation of platelet aggregation. Human neutrophil elastase may also contribute to fibrinogen breakdown and dysregulated clot formation at high concentration. CONCLUSION Bacterial-derived proteases may play an important role in the dysregulation of airway haemostasis, and potentially contribute to episodes of haemoptysis within the CF lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Reihill
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Moreland
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin E Jarvis
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom; Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Selwyn College, University of Cambridge, CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew McDowell
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom; Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, C-TRIC Building, Altnagelvin Area Hospital, University of Ulster, Londonderry, BT47 6SB, United Kingdom
| | - Gisli G Einarsson
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - J Stuart Elborn
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - S Lorraine Martin
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom.
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25
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Ferguson TEG, Reihill JA, Walker B, Hamilton RA, Martin SL. A Selective Irreversible Inhibitor of Furin Does Not Prevent Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Exotoxin A-Induced Airway Epithelial Cytotoxicity. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159868. [PMID: 27459298 PMCID: PMC4961418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many bacterial and viral pathogens (or their toxins), including Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A, require processing by host pro-protein convertases such as furin to cause disease. We report the development of a novel irreversible inhibitor of furin (QUB-F1) consisting of a diphenyl phosphonate electrophilic warhead coupled with a substrate-like peptide (RVKR), that also includes a biotin tag, to facilitate activity-based profiling/visualisation. QUB-F1 displays greater selectivity for furin, in comparison to a widely used exemplar compound (furin I) which has a chloromethylketone warhead coupled to RVKR, when tested against the serine trypsin-like proteases (trypsin, prostasin and matriptase), factor Xa and the cysteine protease cathepsin B. We demonstrate QUB-F1 does not prevent P. aeruginosa exotoxin A-induced airway epithelial cell toxicity; in contrast to furin I, despite inhibiting cell surface furin-like activity to a similar degree. This finding indicates additional proteases, which are sensitive to the more broad-spectrum furin I compound, may be involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E. G. Ferguson
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - James A. Reihill
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Walker
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A. Hamilton
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - S. Lorraine Martin
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Moffitt KL, Martin SL, Chalmers J, Walker B. P102 Development of a Novel Assay for the Detection of Active Neutrophil Elastase in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Thorax 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-207770.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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27
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Elsawy MA, Tikhonova IG, Martin SL, Walker B. Smac-derived Aza-peptide As an Aminopeptidase-resistant XIAP BIR3 Antagonist. Protein Pept Lett 2015:PPL-EPUB-68218. [PMID: 26095377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The peptidic nature of anti-IAPs N-terminus Smac-derived peptides precludes their utilization as potential therapeutic anticancer agents. Recent advances in the development of novel Smac-derived peptidomimetics and non-peptidic molecules with improved anti-IAPs activity and resistance to proteolytic cleavage have been reported and led to a number of candidates that are currently in clinical trials including LCL-161, SM-406/AT-406, GDC-0512/GDC-0917, and birinapant. As an attempt to improve the proteolytic stability of Smac peptides, we developed the Aza-peptide AzaAla-Val-Pro-Phe-Tyr-NH2 (2). Unlike unmodified peptide Ala-Val-Pro-Phe-Tyr-NH2 (1), analogue (2) exhibited resistance towards proteolytic cleavage by two aminopeptidases; LAP and DPP-IV, while retaining its IAP inhibitory activity. This was due to the altered planar geometry of the P1 residue side chain. Our findings showed that using aza-isosteres of bioactive peptide sequences imbue the residue with imperviousness to proteolysis; underscoring a potential approach for developing a new generation of Smac-derived Aza-peptidomimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Elsawy
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK.
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Martin SL, Hardy TM, Tollefsbol TO. Medicinal chemistry of the epigenetic diet and caloric restriction. Curr Med Chem 2014; 20:4050-9. [PMID: 23895687 DOI: 10.2174/09298673113209990189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The pronounced effects of the epigenetic diet (ED) and caloric restriction (CR) have on epigenetic gene regulation have been documented in many pre-clinical and clinical studies. Understanding epigenetics is of high importance because of the concept that external factors such as nutrition and diet may possess the ability to alter gene expression without modifying the DNA sequence. The ED introduces bioactive medicinal chemistry compounds such as sulforaphane (SFN), curcumin (CCM), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and resveratrol (RSV) that are thought to aid in extending the human lifespan. CR, although similar to ED in the target of longevity, mildly reduces the total daily calorie intake while concurrently providing all beneficial nutrients. Both CR and ED may act as epigenetic modifiers to slow the aging process through histone modification, DNA methylation, and by modulating microRNA expression. CR and ED have been proposed as two important mechanisms that modulate and potentially slow the progression of age-related diseases such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, obesity, Alzheimer's and osteoporosis to name a few. While many investigators have examined CR and ED as separate entities, this review will primarily focus on both as they relate to age-related diseases, their epigenetic effects and their medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Martin
- CH175, 1300 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294-1170 USA.
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Moffitt KL, Martin SL, Jones AM, Webb AK, Cardwell C, Tunney MM, Elborn JS. Inflammatory and immunological biomarkers are not related to survival in adults with Cystic Fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 2013; 13:63-8. [PMID: 23860440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa pulmonary infection is associated with a decline in lung function and reduced survival in people with Cystic Fibrosis (CF). Damaging inflammatory and immunological mediators released in the lungs can be used as markers of chronic infection, inflammation and lung tissue damage. METHODS Clinical samples were collected from CF patients and healthy controls. Serum IgG and IgA anti-Pseudomonas antibodies, sputum IL-8 and TNFα, plasma IL-6 and urine TNFr1 were measured by ELISA. Sputum neutrophil elastase (NE), cathepsin S and cathepsin B were measured by spectrophotometric and fluorogenic assays. The relationship between IgG and IgA, inflammatory mediators and long-term survival was determined. RESULTS IgG and IL-6 positively correlated with mortality. However, multivariate analysis demonstrated that after adjusting for FEV(1), IgG was not independently related to mortality. A relationship was observed between IgG and IL-6, TNFα, TNFr1 and between IgA and IL8, cathepsin S and cathepsin B. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that biomarkers of inflammation are not independent predictors of survival in people with CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Moffitt
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - S L Martin
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - A M Jones
- Manchester Adult CF Centre, South Manchester University Hospitals NHS Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - A K Webb
- Manchester Adult CF Centre, South Manchester University Hospitals NHS Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - C Cardwell
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - M M Tunney
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - J S Elborn
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom.
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Martin SL. Commentary on 'Intimate partner violence during pregnancy and associated mental health symptoms among pregnant women in Tanzania: a cross-sectional study'. BJOG 2013; 120:947. [PMID: 23914356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S L Martin
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Dunlevy FK, Martin SL, de Courcey F, Elborn JS, Ennis M. Anti-inflammatory effects of DX-890, a human neutrophil elastase inhibitor. J Cyst Fibros 2012; 11:300-4. [PMID: 22418019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutrophil elastase (NE)-mediated inflammation contributes to lung damage in cystic fibrosis (CF). We investigated if DX-890, a small-protein NE inhibitor, could reduce neutrophil trans-epithelial migration and reduce activity released from neutrophils and NE-induced cytokine expression in airway epithelial cells. METHODS Activated blood neutrophils (CF and healthy) treated ±DX-890 were assayed for NE activity. Transmigration of calcein-labeled neutrophils was studied using a 16HBE14o(-) epithelial monolayer. IL-8 release from primary nasal epithelial monolayers (CF and healthy) was measured after treatment ±DX-890 and NE or CF sputum. RESULTS DX-890 reduced NE activity from neutrophils (CF and healthy) and reduced neutrophil transmigration. DX-890 pre-treatment reduced IL-8 release from epithelial cells of healthy or CF subjects after stimulation with NE and CF sputum sol. All improvements with DX-890 were statistically significant (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS DX-890 reduces NE-mediated transmigration and inflammation. NE inhibition could be useful in managing neutrophilic airway inflammation in CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona K Dunlevy
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
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Scott AE, Milward M, Linden GJ, Matthews JB, Carlile MJ, Lundy FT, Naeeni MA, Lorraine Martin S, Walker B, Kinane D, Brock GR, Chapple ILC. Mapping biological to clinical phenotypes during the development (21 days) and resolution (21 days) of experimental gingivitis. J Clin Periodontol 2011; 39:123-31. [PMID: 22150525 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2011.01825.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM To characterize and map temporal changes in the biological and clinical phenotype during a 21-day experimental gingivitis study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimental gingivitis was induced over 21 days in healthy human volunteers (n = 56), after which normal brushing was resumed (resolution phase). Gingival and plaque indices were assessed. Gingival crevicular fluid was collected from four paired test and contra-lateral control sites in each volunteer during induction (Days 0, 7, 14 and 21) and resolution (Days 28 and 42) of experimental gingivitis. Fluid volumes were measured and a single analyte was quantified from each site-specific, 30s sample. Data were evaluated by analysis of repeated measurements and paired sample tests. RESULTS Clinical indices and gingival crevicular fluid volumes at test sites increased from Day 0, peaking at Day 21 (test/control differences all p < 0.0001) and decreased back to control levels by Day 28. Levels of four inflammatory markers showed similar patterns, with significant differences between test and control apparent at Day 7 (substance P, cathepsin G, interleukin-1β, elastase: all p < 0.03) and peaking at Day 21 (all p < 0.002). Levels of α-1-antitrypsin showed no pattern. CONCLUSIONS Levels of substance P, cathepsin G, interleukin-1β and neutrophil elastase act as objective biomarkers of gingival inflammation induction and resolution that typically precede phenotypical changes.
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Murphy DJ, Walker B, Greer B, Harriott P, Martin SL. A modified Tat peptide for selective intracellular delivery of macromolecules. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 63:611-8. [PMID: 21492162 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01265.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Tat peptide has been widely used for the intracellular delivery of macromolecules. The aim of this study was to modify the peptide to enable regulation of cellular uptake through a dependency on activation by proteases present in the local environment. METHODS The native Tat peptide sequence was altered to inhibit the initial interaction of the peptide with the cell membrane through the addition of the consensus sequence for urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA). uPA expression was characterised and semi-quantitatively rated in three cell lines (U251mg, MDA-MB-231 and HeLa). The modified peptide was incubated with both recombinant enzyme and with cells varying in uPA activity. Cellular uptake of the modified Tat peptide line was compared with that of the native peptide and rated according to uPA activity measured in each cell line. KEY FINDINGS uPA activity was observed to be high in U251mg and MDA-MB-231 and low in HeLa. In MDA-MB-231 and HeLa, uptake of the modified peptide correlated with the level of uPA expression detected (93 and 52%, respectively). In U251mg, however, the uptake of the modified peptide was much less (19% observed reduction) than the native peptide despite a high level of uPA activity detected. CONCLUSIONS Proteolytic activation represents an interesting strategy for the targeted delivery of macromolecules using peptide-based carriers and holds significant potential for further exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diarmaid J Murphy
- School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The role of proteases in the regulation of apoptosis is becoming increasingly apparent. Whilst many of these proteases are already characterised, some have yet to be identified. Traditionally caspases held the traditional role as the prime mediators of apoptosis; however, attention is now turning towards the contribution made by serine proteases. KEY FINDINGS As unregulated apoptosis is implicated in various disease states, the emergence of this proteolytic family as apoptotic regulators offers novel and alterative opportunities for therapeutic targets. SUMMARY This review presents a brief introduction and overview of proteases in general with particular attention given to those involved in apoptotic processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Moffitt
- Biomolecular Sciences Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT97BL, Northern Ireland, UK.
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Murphy DJ, Walker B, Ryan CA, Martin SL. The inhibitor profiling of the caspase family of proteases using substrate-derived peptide glyoxals. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 402:483-8. [PMID: 20955686 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of substrate-based α-keto-β-aldehyde (glyoxal) sequences have been synthesised and evaluated as inhibitors of the caspase family of cysteine proteases. A number of potent inhibitor sequences have been identified. For example, a palmitic acid containing sequence pal-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp-glyoxal was demonstrated to be an extremely effective inhibitor of caspase-1, inhibiting not only the action of the protease against synthetic fluorogenic substrates (K(i)=0.3 nM) but also blocking its processing of pro-interleukin-1beta (pro-IL-1β). In addition, the peptide Ac-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-glyoxal, which is based on the consensus cleavage sequence for caspase-3, is a potent inhibitor of this protease (K(i)=0.26 nM) yet only functions as a comparatively modest inhibitor of caspase-1 (K(i)=451 nM). Potent inhibitor sequences were also identified for caspases-6 and -8. However, the degree of discrimination between the family members is limited. The ability of Ac-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-glyoxal to block caspase-3 like activity in whole cells and to delay the development of apoptosis was assessed. When tested against caspase-3 like activity in cell lysates, Ac-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-glyoxal displayed effective inhibition similar to that observed against recombinant caspase-3. Treatment of whole cells with this potent caspase-3 inhibitor was however, not sufficient to significantly stall the development of apoptosis in-vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diarmaid J Murphy
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
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Martin SL, Moffitt KL, McDowell A, Greenan C, Bright-Thomas RJ, Jones AM, Webb AK, Elborn JS. Association of airway cathepsin B and S with inflammation in cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol 2010; 45:860-8. [PMID: 20632407 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.21274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Irreversible tissue damage within the cystic fibrosis (CF) lung is mediated by proteolytic enzymes during an inflammatory response. Serine proteinases, in particular neutrophil elastase (NE), have been implicated however, members of the cysteine proteinase family may also be involved. The aim of this study was to determine cathepsin B and S levels in cystic fibrosis (CF) sputum and to assess any relationship to recognized markers of inflammation such as sputum NE, interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), urine TNF receptor 1 (TNFr1), plasma IL-6, and serum C-reactive protein (CRP). Proteinase activities were measured in the sputum of 36 clinically stable CF patients using spectrophotometric and fluorogenic assays. Immunoblots were also used to confirm enzyme activity data. All other parameters were measured by ELISA. Patients had a mean age of 27.2 (8.2) years, FEV. of 1.6 (0.79) L and BMI of 20.7 (2.8). Both cathepsin B and S activities were detected in all samples, with mean concentrations of 18.0 (13.5) microg/ml and 1.6 (0.88) microg/ml, respectively and were found to correlate not only with each other but with NE, TNF-alpha and IL-8 (in all cases . < 0.05). Airway cathepsin B further correlated with circulatory IL-6 and CRP however, no relationship for either cathepsin was observed with urine TNFr1. This data indicates that cathepsin B and S may have important roles in the pathophysiology of CF lung disease and could have potential as markers of inflammation in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Martin
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University, Belfast, UK.
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Spriggs AL, Halpern CT, Martin SL. Continuity of adolescent and early adult partner violence victimisation: association with witnessing violent crime in adolescence. J Epidemiol Community Health 2009; 63:741-8. [PMID: 19416930 DOI: 10.1136/jech.2008.078592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although exposure to peer and family violence is a documented risk factor for adolescent dating violence, less is known about the relationship between violent crime exposure and dating violence victimisation. METHODS Participants in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (n = 4794) aged 13-17 years self-reported witnessing violent crime (someone being shot or stabbed) in the 12 months prior to Wave I interview (1994-95), physical partner violence victimisation within the 18 months prior to Wave II interview (1995-96), and physical and sexual partner violence victimisation within the 18 months prior to Wave III interview (2001). RESULTS Twelve per cent of respondents reported dating violence victimisation at Wave II. Witnessing violent crime was positively associated with victimisation in crude (OR = 2.11, 95% CI 1.56 to 2.86) and adjusted (AOR = 1.53, 95% CI 1.09 to 2.15) analyses. Of the adolescent partner violence victims (n = 549), 32% reported continued victimisation into early adulthood; after adjusting for gender, age, urbanicity and childhood maltreatment history, witnessing violent crime in adolescence was negatively associated with having non-violent relationships in early adulthood (AOR = 0.40, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.84). In cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, associations between violent crime exposure and victimisation did not vary by age, gender or race/ethnicity. CONCLUSION Adolescents exposed to violent crime experience an increased risk of partner violence victimisation in adolescence and continuing victimisation into adulthood. Targeting dating violence prevention and intervention programmes to geographic areas with high levels of violent crime may be an efficient strategy to reach higher risk adolescents. Reducing community violent crime may also have spillover effects on partner violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Spriggs
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between the level of disability impairment and physical and sexual assault in a sample of US women at least 18 years of age. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Retrospective longitudinal study of 6273 non-institutionalized US women from 8000 women participating in the 1995-1996 National Violence Against Women (NVAW) Survey. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Women's experiences of physical and sexual assault in the 12 months before the NVAW interview. RESULTS Most women reported having no disability (n = 5008, 79.8%) and/or not experiencing an assault in the year before their interview (n = 6018, 95.9%). Less than 5% (n = 280) reported having a disability that severely limited daily activities, and 15.7% (n = 985) reported having a disability that moderately limited activities. Less than 4% (n = 218) of the women reported a physical-only assault, and less than 1% (n = 37) reported being sexually assaulted. Women with severe disability impairments were four times more likely to be sexually assaulted than women with no reported disabilities (RR = 4.0, 95% CI 1.5 to 10.6). Little difference in the risk of sexual assault was found between women with moderate disability impairments and those reporting no disabilities (RR = 1.0, 95% CI 0.3 to 2.8). Women with severe (RR = 1.6, 95% CI 0.9 to 3.0) and moderate (RR = 1.2, 95% CI 0.8 to 1.9) disability impairments were at greater risk, although not quite significantly so, of physical-only assault than were women without a disability. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that women with disabilities that severely limit activities of daily living are at increased risk of sexual assault.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Casteel
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7505, USA.
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Sanford C, Marshall SW, Martin SL, Coyne-Beasley T, Waller AE, Cook PJ, Norwood T, Demissie Z. Deaths from violence in North Carolina, 2004: how deaths differ in females and males. Inj Prev 2007; 12 Suppl 2:ii10-ii16. [PMID: 17170164 PMCID: PMC2563482 DOI: 10.1136/ip.2006.012617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify gender differences in violent deaths in terms of incidence, circumstances, and methods of death. DESIGN Analysis of surveillance data. SETTING North Carolina, a state of 8.6 million residents on the eastern seaboard of the US. SUBJECTS 1674 North Carolina residents who died from violence in the state during 2004. METHODS Information on violent deaths was collected by the North Carolina Violent Death Reporting System using data from death certificates, medical examiner reports, and law enforcement agency incidence reports. RESULTS Suicide and homicide rates were lower for females than males. For suicides, females were more likely than males to have a diagnosis of depression (55% v 36%), a current mental health problem (66% v 42%), or a history of suicide attempts (25% v 13%). Firearms were the sole method of suicide in 65% of males and 42% of females. Poisonings were more common in female than male suicides (37% v 12%). Male and female homicide victims were most likely to die from a handgun or a sharp instrument. Fifty seven percent of female homicides involved intimate partner violence, compared with 13% of male homicides. Among female homicides involving intimate partner violence, 78% occurred in the woman's home. White females had a higher rate of suicide than African-American females, but African-American females had a higher rate of homicide than white females. CONCLUSIONS The incidence, circumstances, and methods of fatal violence differ greatly between females and males. These differences should be taken into account in the development of violence prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sanford
- Injury and Violence Prevention Branch, Division of Public Health, NC Department Health and Human Services, Raleigh, NC 27699-1915, USA.
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Clark SA, Martin SL, Pozniak A, Steel A, Ward B, Dunning J, Henderson DC, Nelson M, Gazzard B, Kelleher P. Tuberculosis antigen-specific immune responses can be detected using enzyme-linked immunospot technology in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 patients with advanced disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 150:238-44. [PMID: 17672869 PMCID: PMC2219352 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03477.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There are limited data on the efficacy of T cell-based assays to detect tuberculosis (TB) antigen-specific responses in immune-deficient human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients. The aim of this study is to determine whether TB antigen-specific immune responses can be detected in patients with HIV-1 infection, especially in those with advanced disease (CD4 T cell count < 300 cells/microl). An enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay, which detects interferon (IFN)-gamma secreted by T cells exposed to TB antigens, was used to assess specific immune responses in a prospective study of 201 HIV-1-infected patients with risk factors for TB infection, attending a single HIV unit. The performance of the ELISPOT assay to detect TB antigen-specific immune responses is independent of CD4 T cell counts in HIV-1 patients. The sensitivity and specificity of this assay for the diagnosis of active tuberculosis does not differ significantly from values obtained in immunocompetent subjects. The negative predictive value of the TB ELISPOT test is 98.2%. A positive predictive value of 86% for the diagnosis of active tuberculosis was found when the combined number of early secretory antigen target-6 (ESAT-6) and culture filtrate protein-10 (CFP-10) IFN-gamma spots to CD4 T cell count ratio was > 1.5. TB antigen-specific immune responses can be detected in HIV patients with low CD4 T cell counts using ELISPOT technology in a routine diagnostic laboratory and is a useful test to exclude TB infection in immune-deficient HIV-1 patients. A combination of TB antigen-specific IFN-gamma responses and CD4 T cell counts has the potential to distinguish active tuberculosis from latent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Clark
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College, Chelsea & Westminster HospitalLondon, UK
| | - S L Martin
- Division of Immunology Hammersmith Hospitals NHS TrustLondon, UK
| | - A Pozniak
- HIV/GUM Directorate, Chelsea & Westminster NHS Foundation TrustLondon, UK
| | - A Steel
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College, Chelsea & Westminster HospitalLondon, UK
| | - B Ward
- HIV/GUM Directorate, Chelsea & Westminster NHS Foundation TrustLondon, UK
| | - J Dunning
- HIV/GUM Directorate, Chelsea & Westminster NHS Foundation TrustLondon, UK
| | - D C Henderson
- Division of Immunology Hammersmith Hospitals NHS TrustLondon, UK
| | - M Nelson
- HIV/GUM Directorate, Chelsea & Westminster NHS Foundation TrustLondon, UK
| | - B Gazzard
- HIV/GUM Directorate, Chelsea & Westminster NHS Foundation TrustLondon, UK
| | - P Kelleher
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College, Chelsea & Westminster HospitalLondon, UK
- Division of Immunology Hammersmith Hospitals NHS TrustLondon, UK
- HIV/GUM Directorate, Chelsea & Westminster NHS Foundation TrustLondon, UK
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Downey DG, Brockbank S, Martin SL, Ennis M, Elborn JS. The effect of treatment of cystic fibrosis pulmonary exacerbations on airways and systemic inflammation. Pediatr Pulmonol 2007; 42:729-35. [PMID: 17588254 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.20646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic infection in cystic fibrosis (CF) and airway inflammation leads to progressive lung injury. Neutrophils are considered to be responsible for the onset and promotion of the inflammatory response within the CF lung. The relationship between infection and inflammation is complex but circulating inflammatory markers may not truly reflect the local inflammatory response in the lung. The aims of this study were to investigate the change of inflammatory biomarkers and cells within sputum and blood before and after intravenous antibiotics for a pulmonary exacerbation of CF. METHODS Assays included neutrophil elastase (NE) and complex, interleukin-8 (IL-8) and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), fas ligand (FAS-L), and TNFr-1. Analysis of sputum cell differential and absolute cell counts and immunocytochemistry (CD11b and CD95) on sputum and isolated blood neutrophils were carried out. RESULTS There were no significant differences in absolute or differential sputum cell counts or sputum sol measurements following antibiotics. There was a significant increase in the percentage of blood neutrophils with minimal CD11b staining, 28 (4.1) mean percentage (SEM) versus 41 (2.9) and a decrease in the percentage showing maximal staining 30 (0.5) versus 15 (2.5). There was a significant increase in the percentage of blood neutrophils without CD95 staining, 43 (5.4) mean percentage versus 52 (5.1). CONCLUSION These data suggest a modifiable systemic response to i.v. antibiotics but a local sustained inflammatory response in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian G Downey
- Respiratory Research Group, Queens University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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Abstract
Unregulated apoptosis can be due to a disruption in the balance and control of both intra- and inter-cellular proteolytic activities leading to various disease states. Many proteases involved in apoptotic processes are yet to be identified; however, several are already well characterized. Caspases traditionally held the predominant role as prime mediators of execution. However, latterly, evidence has accumulated that non-caspases, including calpains, cathepsins, granzymes and the proteasome have roles in mediating and promoting cell death. Increasingly, research is implicating serine proteases within apoptotic processing, particularly in the generation of nuclear events such as condensation, fragmentation and DNA degradation observed in late-stage apoptosis. Serine proteases therefore are emerging as providing additional or alternative therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Moffitt
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK.
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Downey DG, Martin SL, Dempster M, Moore JE, Keogan MT, Starcher B, Edgar J, Bilton D, Elborn JS. The relationship of clinical and inflammatory markers to outcome in stable patients with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol 2007; 42:216-20. [PMID: 17238189 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.20553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Decreased survival in patients with cystic fibrosis has been related to FEV1, BMI, and infection with Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC). We have assessed the relationship of blood, sputum, and urine inflammatory markers to lung function, BMI, colonization with B cenocepacia (Bc), and patient survival. Thirty-nine stable cystic fibrosis (CF) patients (10 with Bc) were enrolled in a study to determine the effect of alpha-1-antitrypsin on airways inflammation. Pre-treatment measurements were used in this study. Demographics, sputum microbiology, heart rate, oxygen saturation, lung function were recorded. Blood samples were obtained for white blood count (WBC), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), and plasma neutrophil elastase/AAT complexes (pNEC). Neutrophil elastase (NE), neutrophil elastase/AAT complexes (sNEC), interleukin-8 (IL-8), TNF-receptor 1 (sTNFr), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were measured in sputum and urinary desmosine concentration determined. Patients with Bc had significantly higher levels of pNEC, 332 +/- 91.4 ng/ml (mean +/- SEM) versus 106 +/- 18.2 ng/ml (P = 0.0005) and sNEC, 369 +/- 76.6 ng/ml versus 197 +/- 36.0 ng/ml compared to those who were not. Five deaths were reported at the end of 1 year, (four with Bc) (P = 0.011). Patients who subsequently died had significantly lower lung function FEV1, 1.2 +/- 0.2 L versus 2.0 +/- 0.1 L (P = 0.03) and FVC, 2 +/- 0.3 L versus 3.1 +/- 0.2 L (P = 0.01), compared to those that survived. There was significantly higher NE activity, 3.6 +/- 1.6 U/ml versus 1.5 +/- 0.6 U/ml (P = 0.03), pNEC, 274 +/- 99 ng/ml versus 142 +/- 30 ng/ml (P = 0.05), MPO, 163 +/- 62 mcg/ml versus 54 +/- 6.9 mcg/ml (P = 0.03), and urinary desmosines 108 +/- 19.9 pM/mg creatinine versus 51.1 +/- 3.3 pM/mg creatinine (P = 0.001), in those patients who subsequently died compared to those that survived. These data suggest there is increased neutrophil degranulation in patients infected with Bc and these patients have a poor outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian G Downey
- Adult Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Belfast City Hospital and Queens University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
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Martin SL. Morgentaler v. The Queen in the Supreme Court of Canada. Can J Women Law 2006; 2:422-31. [PMID: 17076040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In Morgentaler v. R., the Supreme Court of Canada struck down the abortion provisions in the Criminal Code. In a five to two split, a majority of the Supreme Court judges found that section 251 offended a pregnant woman's constitutionally protected right not to be deprived of her "life, liberty, and security of the person." Sheilah Martin reviews the three majority judgments and focuses on the decision written by Madame Justice Wilson. She believes that Madame Justice Wilson's opinion merits special attention in several regards: her conclusions on the constitutional rights of pregnant women; her recognition and validation of women's perspectives on abortion; and her approach to balancing women's interests in reproductive self-determination against the state's interest in regulating reproduction. Sheilah Martin concludes that this decision will reverberate far into the future. Even though it fails to establish clear guidelines concerning governmental power to control access to abortion, its principles outline the legal framework in which future litigation will occur, and it will limit and shape the terms of any ensuing political debate. In addition, Madame Justice Wilson's judgment holds great promise for those looking to the Court to promote the rights of women and other historically disadvantaged groups.
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Abstract
Neutrophil elastase (NE) is thought to be the most important protease which damages the cystic fibrosis (CF) lung. Attempts have been made to suppress this activity using the plasma-derived inhibitor, alpha(1)-antitrypsin (AAT). In this pilot study, the safety and efficacy of inhaled recombinant human AAT (rAAT) as a treatment for CF were investigated. Thirty-nine patients participated in a prospective, double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled phase II trial to examine the effect of rAAT (500, 250, and 125 mg) on sputum NE activity. Sputum myeloperoxidase (MPO), interleukin-8, tumor necrosis factor receptors, sputum and plasma NE/AAT complexes, and safety parameters were also measured. Subjects were randomized to receive nebulized treatment once a day for 4 weeks, followed by 2-4 weeks with no study treatment, and then a 2-week rechallenge phase. Trends toward a reduction in NE activity were observed in patients treated with 500 mg and 250 mg of rAAT compared to placebo. Sputum NE/AAT complex and MPO levels were lower on rAAT compared to placebo. No major adverse events and, in particular, no allergic reactions to rAAT were observed. Although significant differences between rAAT and placebo for sputum NE activity were not observed, some improvements were found for secondary efficacy variables. This study demonstrated that nebulized rAAT is safe and well-tolerated, but has a limited effect on NE activity and other markers of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lorraine Martin
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.
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Martin SL, Li WLP, Furano AV, Boissinot S. The structures of mouse and human L1 elements reflect their insertion mechanism. Cytogenet Genome Res 2005; 110:223-8. [PMID: 16093676 DOI: 10.1159/000084956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2003] [Accepted: 02/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
L1 is an abundant, interspersed repeated DNA element of mammalian genomes. It has achieved its high copy number via retrotransposition. Like other non-LTR retrotransposons, L1 insertion into chromosomal DNA apparently occurs by target-site primed reverse transcription, or TPRT. L1 retrotransposition often generates elements with 5' truncations that are flanked by a duplication of the genomic target site (TSD). It is typically assumed that the 5' truncated elements are the consequence of poor processivity of the L1 reverse transcriptase. However, we find that the majority of young L1 elements from both the human and mouse genomes are truncated at sequences that can basepair with the target site. Thus, to whatever extent truncation is a consequence of poor processivity, we suggest that truncation is likely to occur when target site sequence can basepair with L1 sequence. This finding supports a model for insertion that occurs by two sequential TPRT reactions, the second of which relies upon the homology between the target site and L1. Because perfect heteroduplex formation is not required for all insertions, a dynamic relationship between the primer, template and enzyme during reverse transcription is inferred. 5' truncation may be a successful evolutionary strategy that is exploited by L1 as a means to escape host suppression of transposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Martin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80045, USA.
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Moore JE, Shaw A, Millar BC, Martin SL, Murphy PG, Downey DG, Ennis M, Elborn JS. Reduction in neutrophil elastase concentration by recombinant alphal-antitrypsin (recAAT) does not alter bacterial loading in the sputum of cystic fibrosis patients. Br J Biomed Sci 2004; 61:146-7. [PMID: 15462261 DOI: 10.1080/09674845.2004.11732661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J E Moore
- Northern Ireland Public Health Laboratory, Department of Bacteriology, Belfast City Hospital, Northern Ireland, UK.
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McGarvey LPA, Dunbar K, Martin SL, Brown V, Macmahon J, Ennis M, Elborn JS. Cytokine concentrations and neutrophil elastase activity in bronchoalveolar lavage and induced sputum from patients with cystic fibrosis, mild asthma and healthy volunteers. J Cyst Fibros 2004; 1:269-75. [PMID: 15463826 DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(02)00098-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Induced sputum (IS) has been proposed as a non-invasive alternative to bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) for the assessment and monitoring of airways inflammation. The aim of this study was to compare both methods in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). The possible differences between subjects with CF, mild asthma and healthy volunteers (HV) was also assessed. METHOD In a single centre, randomised, two way crossover study, 11 patients with CF, 9 mild asthmatics (MA) and 11 HV underwent BAL and hypertonic saline induction on consecutive days. Free neutrophil elastase (NE), neutrophil elastase/alpha(1)-anti-trypsin complex (NE-AAT), tumour necrosis factor receptor (p55) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were measured in cell free supernatants. RESULTS Three CF patients reported serious adverse events following BAL. NE was usually undetectable in both IS or BAL samples and NE-AAT concentrations did not differ consistently between the two sampling methods. IL-8 and p55 levels in the CF patients tended to be higher in IS samples compared with BAL samples (median 19,860 vs. 3,855 pg/ml and 2.55 vs. 0.29 ng/ml, respectively). There was a significant difference in mean p55 concentrations between CF, MA and HV in IS samples (P=0.003) but not in BAL samples (P=0.36). The difference in mean IL-8 concentrations in IS samples between subject groups was statistically different (P=0.023). CONCLUSIONS IS samples can be safely obtained from CF patients. Analysis of IS samples can help to characterize the inflammatory process in the airways of CF patients. The serious adverse events following BAL in 3 CF patients highlight an inherent risk associated with this procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P A McGarvey
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Level 8, Belfast City Hospital, Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AB, Northern Ireland, UK.
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Scott CJ, McDowell A, Martin SL, Lynas JF, Vandenbroeck K, Walker B. Irreversible inhibition of the bacterial cysteine protease-transpeptidase sortase (SrtA) by substrate-derived affinity labels. Biochem J 2002; 366:953-8. [PMID: 12069686 PMCID: PMC1222829 DOI: 10.1042/bj20020602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2002] [Revised: 06/05/2002] [Accepted: 06/17/2002] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We report on the first synthesis, kinetic evaluation and application of novel substrate-derived inhibitors against the Staphylococcus aureus cysteine protease-transpeptidase, sortase (staphylococcal surface protein sorting A, SrtA). The peptidyl-diazomethane and peptidyl-chloromethane analogues, Cbz (benzyloxycarbonyl)-Leu-Pro-Ala-Thr-CHN(2) (I) and Cbz-Leu-Pro-Ala-Thr-CH(2)Cl (II) respectively were found to act as time-dependent irreversible inhibitors of recombinant sortase (SrtA(DeltaN)). The peptidyl-chloromethane analogue (II) was the most powerful with an inhibitor specificity constant (k(i)/K(i)) of 5.3x10(4) M(-1).min(-1), approx. 2-fold greater than that determined for the peptidyl-diazomethane (I). Additionally, using Western-blot analysis, we have been able to demonstrate that a biotinylated version of the peptidyl-diazomethane analogue, biotin-Ahx (aminohexanoyl)-Leu-Pro-Ala-Thr-CHN(2) (III), can be used as an affinity label to detect the presence of wild-type SrtA in crude cell lysates prepared from S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Scott
- Biomolecular Sciences Group, School of Pharmacy, The Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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