Effects of Natural Extract Mixtures on the Quality Characteristics of Sausages during Refrigerated Storage

Owing to the residual toxicity and adverse health effects of chemical preservatives, there is an increasing demand for using natural preservatives in food. Although many natural extracts have been evaluated, research on their antibacterial effects remains insufficient. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the possibility of developing Psidium guajava, Ecklonia cava, and Paeonia japonica (Makino) Miyabe & Takeda extracts as natural food preservatives. Further, the effect of mixing these extracts on microbial growth and quality was evaluated during the refrigeration of sausages. Optimal mixing ratios were determined based on the minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of each mixed extract against the Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli. D-optimal mixing design optimization tool was further used to obtain an optimum mixing ratio of Formulation 1 (F1). The antibacterial activity of F1 increased with increasing concentration, with similar activities at 0.5% and 1%. The sausages with synthetic or natural preservatives showed significantly lower lipid oxidation than those of the control and grapefruit extract-treated sausages after 4 wk of refrigeration. Total plate counts were observed only in the control and treatment groups stored for 3 wk, and no significant effect of ascorbic acid was observed. Compared to the other samples, sausages with added natural extracts showed the highest overall acceptability scores initially and after 4 wk. Therefore, similar amounts of grapefruit seed and natural extracts had the same effect on microbiological analysis and lipid rancidity during sausage storage. Hence, this mixture can serve as a potential natural preservative in meat products.

Effects of konjac glucomannan as a freeze-denaturation inhibitor or binder on the physiochemical properties of heat-induced gel of freeze-dried duck blood

During freeze-drying, the degradation or eutectic melting of duck blood proteins can reduce the quality of duck blood gels. However, the interaction between proteins and polysaccharides during drying can improve protein-based gel quality. Therefore, here, we investigated the physicochemical properties of heat-induced gels of freeze-dried duck blood (FDB) and FDB with different proportions of the polysaccharide konjac glucomannan (KG), which serves as a freeze-denaturation inhibitor agent (FDA) or binder (BG). The pH and water-holding capacity (WHC) of FDB + KG gels were higher than those of FDB gel without KG (control). Especially, the WHC increased from 11.00% for control to 55.65% for FDB gel with 1% KG as a BG. Consequently, cooking loss and texture parameters of FDB + KG gels decreased. The hardness of control was 2.14 kg, which significantly reduced to 0.12-0.87 kg with KG addition. The highest carbonyl content was observed in control gel, and the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance content was reduced by the addition of 1% KG as an FDA (T1) or 0.8% KG as an FDA with 0.2% KG as a BG (T2) (p < 0.05). These changes might be induced by the alteration of tertiary structure and thermodynamic stability of gels. In conclusion, 1% KG can be used as an FDA to improve the quality and physicochemical properties of heat-induced gels of FDB. Optimized FDB gels with KG can be used as an innovative food ingredient to fortify nutrition and develop special dietary purposes.

Astrocytic FoxO1 in the hypothalamus regulates metabolic homeostasis by coordinating neuropeptide Y neuron activity

The forkhead box transcription factor O1 (FoxO1) is expressed ubiquitously throughout the central nervous system, including in astrocytes, the most prevalent glial cell type in the brain. While the role of FoxO1 in hypothalamic neurons in controlling food intake and energy balance is well-established, the contribution of astrocytic FoxO1 in regulating energy homeostasis has not yet been determined. In the current study, we demonstrate the essential role of hypothalamic astrocytic FoxO1 in maintaining normal neuronal activity in the hypothalamus and whole-body glucose metabolism. Inhibition of FoxO1 function in hypothalamic astrocytes shifts the cellular metabolism from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation, enhancing astrocyte ATP production and release meanwhile decreasing astrocytic export of lactate. As a result, specific deletion of astrocytic FoxO1, particularly in the hypothalamus, causes a hyperactivation of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y neurons, which leads to an increase in acute feeding and impaired glucose regulation and ultimately results in diet-induced obesity and systemic glucose dyshomeostasis.

Edible insects in food

Edible insects, with their high protein and lipid content, offer a safe and cost-effective alternative to traditional protein sources. They are environmentally friendly, emitting fewer greenhouse gases and requiring less water than livestock farming. Their rapid reproduction, efficiency, and labor-saving qualities make them attractive for industry. However, the unappealing appearance of edible insects hinders consumer acceptance. To overcome this, materialization technologies should be developed, and negative perceptions addressed with objective data. Promoting the nutritional value, safe rearing, disease prevention, and cost-efficiency of edible insects can boost consumer interest. Commercializing various insect products is crucial to revitalize their integration into the food industry.

Oncologic Outcomes in Nipple-sparing Mastectomy with Immediate Reconstruction and Total Mastectomy with Immediate Reconstruction in Women with Breast Cancer: A Machine-Learning Analysis

BACKGROUND

This study used a single-institution cohort, the Severance dataset, validated the results by using the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) database, adjusted with propensity-score matching (PSM), and analyzed by using a machine learning method. To determine whether the 5-year, disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) of patients undergoing nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) with immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) are not inferior to those of women treated with total mastectomy/skin-sparing mastectomy (TM/SSM).

METHODS

The Severance dataset enrolled 611 patients with early, invasive breast cancer from 2010 to 2017. The SEER dataset contained data for 485,245 patients undergoing TM and 14,770 patients undergoing NSM between 2000 and 2018. All patients underwent mastectomy and IBR. Intraoperative, frozen-section biopsy for the retro-areolar tissue was performed in the NSM group. The SEER dataset was extracted by using operation types, including TM/SSM and NSM. The primary outcome was DFS for the Severance dataset and OS for the SEER dataset. PSM analysis was applied. Survival outcomes were analyzed by using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazard (Cox PH) regression model. We implemented XGBSE to predict mortality with high accuracy and evaluated model prediction performance using a concordance index. The final model inspected the impact of relevant predictors on the model output using shapley additive explanation (SHAP) values.

RESULTS

In the Severance dataset, 151 patients underwent NSM with IBR and 460 patients underwent TM/SSM with IBR. No significant differences were found between the groups. In multivariate analysis, NSM was not associated with reduced oncologic outcomes. The same results were observed in PSM analysis. In the SEER dataset, according to the SHAP values, the individual feature contribution suggested that AJCC stage ranks first. Analyses from the two datasets confirmed no impact on survival outcomes from the two surgical methods.

CONCLUSIONS

NSM with IBR is a safe and feasible procedure in terms of oncologic outcomes. Analysis using machine learning methods can be successfully applied to identify significant risk factors for oncologic outcomes.

Development of meat spread with omega-3 fatty acids derived from flaxseed oil for the elderly: Physicochemical, textural, and rheological properties

This study evaluates the characteristics of n-3-enriched meat spread that is in development for consumption by elderly individuals. Herein, flaxseed oil was used as a source of n-3 fatty acid, and macro- and nano-sized flaxseed oil emulsions (FOE) were prepared for the fabrication of meat spreads. As the level of FOE was increased in the meat spreads, significant increases in the levels of omega-3 fatty acids (α-linolenic acid) were observed. Emulsion stability and cooking loss were also improved in meat spreads formulated with FOE compared with those the control. In particular, the addition of FOE generated softer and less chewy meat, owing to its lower melting point and rheological properties. However, the high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the FOE-containing meat spreads increased their susceptibility to lipid oxidation meat. These findings indicate that FOE, particularly macro-sized FOE, has the potential for use in n-3 fatty acid enriched meat products that are intended for consumption by elderly individuals but need to be evaluated for their impacts on shelf-life and sensory quality.

Effect of sous-vide cooking conditions on the physicochemical, microbiological and microstructural properties of duck breast meat

OBJECTIVE

Sous-vide cooking offers several advantages for poultry meat, including enhanced tenderness, reduced cooking loss, and improved product yield. However, in duck meat, there are challenges associated with using the sous-vide method. The prolonged cooking time at low temperatures can lead to unstable microbial and oxidative stabilities. Thus, we aimed to assess how varying sous-vide cooking temperatures and durations affect the physicochemical and microbial characteristics of duck breast meat, with the goal of identifying an optimal cooking condition.

METHODS

Duck breast meat (Anas platyrhynchos) aged 42 days and with an average weight of 1,400±50 g, underwent cooking under various conditions (ranging from 50°C to 80°C) for either 60 or 180 min. Then, physicochemical, microbial, and microstructural properties of the cooked duck breast meat were assessed.

RESULTS

Different cooking conditions affected the quality attributes of the meat. The cooking loss, lightness, yellowness, Hue angle, whiteness, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) values of the duck breast meat increased with the increase in cooking temperature and time. In contrast, the redness and chroma values decreased with the increase in cooking temperature and time. Cooking of samples higher than 60°C increased the volatile basic nitrogen contents and TBARS. Microbial analysis revealed the presence of Escherichia coli and Coliform only in the samples cooked at 50°C and raw meat. Cooking at lower temperature and shorter time increased the tenderness of the meat. Microstructure analysis showed that the contraction of myofibrils and meat density increased upon increasing the cooking temperature and time.

CONCLUSION

Our data indicate that the optimal sous-vide method for duck breast meat was cooking at 60°C for 60 min. This temperature and time conditions showed good texture properties and microbial stability, and low level of TBARS of the duck breast meat.

The effects of environmental Microplastic on wharf roach (Ligia exotica): A Multi-Omics approach

This is the first report to evaluate the potential effects of microplastics (MPs) on wild wharf roaches (Ligia exotica) in a shoreline habitant. L. exotica is an important plastic detritus consumer in coastal area. A survey was conducted from May to June in the years 2019 and 2020 in two South Korean nearshore sites: Nae-do (as MPs-uncontaminated) and Maemul-do (as MPs-contaminated). MPs (>20 μm in size) were detected highly in gastrointestinal tracts of the L. exotica from Maemul-do, at an average level of 50.56 particles/individual. They were detected in much lower levels in the L. exotica from Nae-do. at an average rate of 1.00 particles/individual. The polymer type and shape were dominated by expanded polystyrene (EPS, 93%) and fragment (99.9%) in L. exotica from Maemul-do. Especially, Hexabromocyclododecanes, brominated flame retardants added to EPS, have been detected highly in L. exotica from Maemul-do (630.86 ± 587.21 ng/g l. w.) than those of Nae-do (detection limit: 10.5 ng/g l. w). Genome-wide transcriptome profiling revealed altered expression of genes associated with fatty acid metabolic processes, the innate-immune response-activating system and vesicle cytoskeletal trafficking in L. exotica from Maemul-do. The activation of the p53 signaling pathway (which is related to proteasome, ER regulation and cell morphogenesis) is likely to be involved in the EPS-uptake of wild L. exotica. Four neurosteroids were also detected in head tissue, and cortisol and progesterone concentrations differed significantly in L. exotica from Maemul-do. Our findings also suggest that resident plastic detritus consumer might be a useful indicator organism for evaluating pollution and potential effects of environmental microplastics.

The Effect of Gelatin Coating and Sonication on the Quality Properties of Wet-Aging Pork Loins

In this study, we evaluate the effect of gelatin coating and sonication of wet-aged pork loin on quality. The moisture content of wet-aged pork loin with sonication and gelatin coating was the highest in the G5S sample (5% gelatin coating and sonication), while the moisture content of wet-aged pork loin with sonication was higher than that without sonication. The pH of wet-aged pork loin with sonication was lower than that without sonication. The aging loss of 5% gelatin coating with sonication was significantly lower than that of G0 (control), while the cooking loss was the lowest in G0 wet-aged pork loin. The water holding capacity of the wet-aged pork loin was the highest in G1. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances value of wet-aged pork loin was significantly decreased with coating and not affected by sonication. The gelatin coating and sonication treatment significantly increased the myofibrillar fragmentation index of the samples. Shear force of wet-aged pork loin significantly decreased as the samples were gelatin-coated and sonicated. The myofibrillar and total protein solubilities were not significantly different between samples. In conclusion, the 1% gelatin coating with sonication can enhance the quality of wet-aged pork loin.

Combining prognostic nutritional index (PNI) and controlling nutritional status (CONUT) score as a valuable prognostic factor for overall survival in patients with stage I-III colorectal cancer

Background and aims

This study compared the prognostic significance of various nutritional and inflammatory indicators such as neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, prognostic nutritional index, and controlling nutritional status score. In addition, we aimed to establish a more accurate prognostic indicator.

Methods

We retrospectively evaluated 1112 patients with stage I-III colorectal cancer between January 2004 and April 2014. The controlling nutritional status scores were classified as low (0-1), intermediate (2-4), and high (5-12) scores. The cut-off values for prognostic nutritional index and inflammatory markers were calculated using the X-tile program. P-CONUT, a combination of prognostic nutritional index and the controlling nutritional status score, was suggested. The integrated areas under the curve were then compared.

Results

The multivariable analysis showed that prognostic nutritional index was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival, whereas the controlling nutritional status score, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio, and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio were not. The patients were divided into three P-CONUT groups as follows: G1, controlling nutritional status (0-4) and high prognostic nutritional index; G2, controlling nutritional status (0-4) and low prognostic nutritional index; and G3, controlling nutritional status (5-12) and low prognostic nutritional index. There were significant survival differences between the P-CONUT groups (5-year overall survival of G1, G2, and G3 were 91.7%, 81.2%, and 64.1%, respectively; p < 0.0001). The integrated areas under the curve of P-CONUT (0.610, CI: 0.578-0.642) was superior to those of the controlling nutritional status score alone (bootstrap integrated areas under the curve mean difference=0.050; 95% CI=0.022-0.079) and prognostic nutritional index alone (bootstrap integrated areas under the curve mean difference=0.012; 95% CI=0.001-0.025).

Conclusion

Prognostic effect of P-CONUT may be better than inflammatory markers such as neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio. Thus, it could be used as a reliable nutritional risk stratification tool in patients with colorectal cancer.

Apoptosis-Inducing Effects of Short-Chain Fatty Acids-Rich Fermented Pistachio Milk in Human Colon Carcinoma Cells

Pistachio milk (PM), an extraction product of pistachio, is protein- and fat-dense food. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are known for inducing cytotoxicity and apoptosis in colon carcinoma cells. This study aimed to find an optimal combination of probiotics that can produce a higher amount of SCFAs in PM. In addition, the anti-cancer effect of fermented PM on human colon carcinoma cells (Caco-2) was determined. The combinations of probiotics were as follows: Streptococcus thermophilus + Lactobacillus bulgaricus (C); C + Lactobacillus acidophilus (C-La); C + Lactobacillus gasseri (C-Lg); C + Bifidobacterium bifidum (C-Bb). The results indicated that fermented PM was produced after a short fermentation time in all the probiotics combinations. C-Bb produced up to 1.5-fold more acetate than the other probiotics combinations did. A significant amount of cytotoxicity, i.e., 78, 56, and 29% cell viability was observed in Caco-2 cells by C-Bb-fermented PM at 1, 2.5 and 5%, respectively. C-Bb-fermented PM (5%) induced early and late apoptosis up to 6-fold. Additionally, Caco-2 cells treated with C-Bb-fermented PM significantly induced the downregulation of α-tubulin and the upregulation of cleaved caspase-3, as well as nuclear condensation and fragmentation. Our data suggest that fermented PM, which is rich in acetate, may have the potential as a functional food possessing anti-colon cancer properties.

Ran-GTP/-GDP-dependent nuclear accumulation of NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES1 and TGACG-BINDING FACTOR2 controls salicylic acid-induced leaf senescence

Leaf senescence is the final stage of leaf development and can be triggered by various external factors, such as hormones and light deprivation. In this study, we demonstrate that the overexpression of the GTP-bound form of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) Ran1 (a Ras-related nuclear small G-protein, AtRan1) efficiently promotes age-dependent and dark-triggered leaf senescence, while Ran-GDP has the opposite effect. Transcriptome analysis comparing AtRan1-GDP- and AtRan1-GTP-overexpressing transgenic plants (Ran1T27Nox and Ran1G22Vox, respectively) revealed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to the senescence-promoting hormones salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid, abscisic acid, and ethylene (ET) were significantly upregulated in dark-triggered senescing leaves of Ran1G22Vox, indicating that these hormones are actively involved in Ran-GTP/-GDP-dependent, dark-triggered leaf senescence. Bioinformatic analysis of the promoter regions of DEGs identified diverse consensus motifs, including the bZIP motif, a common binding site for TGACG-BINDING FACTOR (TGA) transcription factors. Interestingly, TGA2 and its interactor, NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES1 (NPR1), which are two positive transcriptional regulators of SA signaling, differed in their extent of accumulation in the nucleus versus cytoplasm of Ran1T27Nox and Ran1G22Vox plants. Moreover, SA-induced, Ran-GTP-/-GDP-dependent functions of NPR1 included genome-wide global transcriptional reprogramming of genes involved in cell death, aging, and chloroplast organization. Furthermore, the expression of AtRan1-GTP in SA signaling-defective npr1 and SA biosynthesis-deficient SA-induction deficient2 genetic backgrounds abolished the effects of AtRan1-GTP, thus retarding age-promoted leaf senescence. However, ET-induced leaf senescence was not mediated by Ran machinery-dependent nuclear shuttling of ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE3 and ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE3-LIKE1 proteins. We conclude that Ran-GTP/-GDP-dependent nuclear accumulation of NPR1 and TGA2 represents another regulatory node for SA-induced leaf senescence.

Development of β-Cyclodextrin/Konjac-Based Emulsion Gel for a Pork Backfat Substitute in Emulsion-Type Sausage

Emulsion gel has been used to replace animal fats in meat products. Konjac is a widely used gelling agent; however, its low emulsion stability limits its use in meat products. This study aimed to examine the quality characteristics of β-cyclodextrin (CD)-supplemented konjac-based emulsion gel (KEG) (CD-KEG) and its application as a fat substitute in emulsion-type sausages. The supplementation of CD increased hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions with konjac and oil in the gels, respectively. Additionally, CD increased the structural complexity and strength of KEG. Since adding more than 6% of CD to KEG did not increase the gel strength, 6% CD-added KEG was adopted to substitute for pork backfat in manufacturing low-fat emulsion-type sausages. The following formulations of the sausages were prepared: pork backfat 20% (PF20); pork backfat 10% + KEG 10% (KEG10); KEG 20% (KEG20); pork backfat 10% + CD-KEG 10% (CD-KEG10); CD-KEG 20% (CD-KEG20); and pork backfat 5% (PF5). The CD-KEG20 formulation exhibited higher viscosity and viscoelasticity than KEG20, which suggested that CD improves the rheological properties and the thermal stability of meat batter. Additionally, CD-KEG20 showed similar emulsion stability, cooking yield and texture parameters compared with PF20. Therefore, 6% CD-added KEG is a suitable fat substitute for preparing low-fat emulsion-type sausages.

Effects of Occupational Stress and Health Behaviors on Heart Rate Variability in Live-Fire Instructors

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to identify the association between the healthrelated characteristics and the subscales of occupational stress of live fire instructors and heart rate variability (HRV).

METHODS

We conducted questionnaire survey on a general health checkup for 15 live fire instructors. Occupational stress and HRV parameters were measured to determine the association between health behavior, including smoking, drinking, exercise, and sleep-related disorders, and occupational stress of live fire instructors and HRV parameters using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient.

RESULTS

Smoking, insomnia, and job insecurity, a subscale of occupational stress measurement, showed negative Spearman rank correlations with HRV.

CONCLUSIONS

Insomnia, smoking, and job insecurity (due to occupational stress) among live fire instructors were associated with decreased HRV.

ACE2 and TMPRSS2 Immunolocalization and COVID-19-Related Thyroid Disorder

Thyroid dysfunction has been reported to be an extrapulmonary symptom of COVID-19. It is important to identify the tissue subset that expresses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2), which are essential for host infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), in order to understand the viral pathogenesis of COVID-19-related thyroid dysfunction. We investigated the expression and distribution of ACE2- and TMPRSS2-expressing cells in the thyroid gland. RT-PCR and Western blotting were performed on human thyroid follicular cells (Nthy-ori3-1) and rat thyroid tissues to detect the expression levels of ACE and TMPRSS2 mRNA and proteins. We also analyzed the expression patterns of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in 9 Sprague-Dawley rats and 15 human thyroid tissues, including 5 normal, 5 with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and 5 with Graves' disease, by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence. Both ACE2 and TMPRSS2 mRNAs and proteins were detected in the thyroid tissue. However, ACE2 and TMPRSS2 proteins were not expressed in thyroid follicular cells. In IHC, ACE2 and TMPRSS2 were not stained in the follicular cells. No cells co-expressed ACE2 and TMPRSS2. ACE2 was expressed in pericytes between follicles, and TMPRSS2 was mainly stained in the colloid inside the follicle. There was no difference in expression between the normal thyroid, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and Graves' disease. SARS-CoV-2 does not directly invade the thyroid follicular cells. Whether SARS-CoV-2 infection of pericytes can affect COVID-19-related thyroid dysfunction warrants further study.

Drying Characteristics and Physicochemical Properties of Semi-Dried Restructured Sausage Depend on Initial Moisture Content

Semi-dried restructured sausages are restructured meat products with a high nutritional and economic value. However, excessively long drying times can have negative effects on the energy consumption, texture, and sensory properties of semi-dried restructured sausages. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different water contents on the drying and physicochemical characteristics of semi-dried restructured sausages. Sausages were prepared with different initial moisture contents (0%−50%) and drying time (0−580 min). The drying characteristics, including the drying rate, effective moisture diffusivity, and water activity of sausage were significantly improved as the initial moisture content was increased. When the initial moisture content of the sausage was 50%, physicochemical properties, such as color, porosity, shear force, and volatile basic nitrogen, were improved the most along with the decreased drying time. Scanning electron microscopy data showed greater porosity and pore size in sausages with the increase of initial moisture content. Collectively, our data suggest that an increase in the initial moisture content of semi-dried restructured sausages improves their drying characteristics and physicochemical properties.

Effects of Chitosan and Duck Fat-Based Emulsion Coatings on the Quality Characteristics of Chicken Meat during Storage

Chicken meat is a popular food commodity that is widely consumed worldwide. However, the shelf-life or quality maintenance of chicken meat is a major concern for industries because of spoilage by microbial growth. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of chitosan and duck fat-based emulsion coatings on the quality characteristics and microbial stability of chicken meat during refrigerated storage. The coated chicken meat samples were as follows: control (non-coated), DFC0 (coated with duck fat), DFC0.5 (coated with duck fat and 0.5% chitosan), DFC1 (coated with duck fat and 1% chitosan), DFC2 (coated with duck fat and 2% chitosan), and SOC2 (coated with soybean oil and 2% chitosan). The results showed that the apparent viscosity and coating rate were higher in DFC2 than in other groups. Physicochemical parameters (pH, color, and Warner-Bratzler shear force) were better in DFC2 than those in other groups during 15 days of storage. Moreover, DFC2 delayed lipid oxidation, protein deterioration, and growth of microorganisms during storage. These data suggest that chitosan-supplemented duck fat-based emulsion coating could be used to maintain the quality of raw chicken meat during refrigerated storage.

Effect of Different Brine Injection Levels on the Drying Characteristics and Physicochemical Properties of Beef Jerky

Meat jerky is a type of meat snack with a long shelf life, light weight, and unique sensory properties. However, meat jerky requires a long manufacturing time, resulting in high energy consumption. In this study, beef jerky was prepared by injecting different concentrations of brine at different hot-air drying times (0–800 min). When the brine injection levels were increased to 30%, the drying characteristics of beef jerky, such as drying time and effective moisture diffusivity, were significantly improved owing to the relatively high water content and the formation of porous structures. The physicochemical properties (e.g. meat color, porosity, shear force, and volatile basic nitrogen) of the beef jerky injected with 30% brine were improved owing to the shortened drying time. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the beef jerky structure became porous and irregular during the brine injection process. Our novel processing technique for manufacturing beef jerky leads to improved quality characteristics and shortened drying times.

Effects of duck fat and κ-carrageenan as replacements for beef fat and pork backfat in frankfurters (R)

Objective

Frankfurters are emulsion-type sausages that are widely consumed worldwide. However, some concerns regarding negative health effects have been raised because of the high fat content and the type of fat. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of duck fat and κ-carrageenan as replacements for beef fat and pork backfat in frankfurters.

Methods

The different formulations for the frankfurters were as follows: 20% beef fat (BF), 20% pork backfat (PBF), 20% duck fat (DF), 20% soybean oil (SO), 20% duck fat/1% κ-carrageenan (DFC), and 20% soybean oil/1% κ-carrageenan (SOC). Physicochemical (fatty acid profile, color, rheological properties, cooking loss, water holding capacity, emulsion stability, and texture profile analysis), oxidative stability and sensory properties of frankfurters were evaluated.

Results

Duck fat and κ-carrageenan improved rheological properties of meat batter, and physicochemical properties (emulsion stability, cooking loss, and hardness) of frankfurters. Moreover, duck fat added-frankfurters (DF and DFC) had higher oxidative stability than that of soybean-added frankfurters (SO and SOC) during refrigerated storage for 28 days. In sensory evaluation, flavor, texture, and overall acceptability of DFC were acceptable to untrained panelists.

Conclusion

Our data suggest that duck fat and κ-carrageenan can replace beef fat and pork backfat in frankfurters. Duck fat and κ-carrageenan contributed to improve the physicochemical properties and oxidative stability while maintaining sensory properties. Therefore, the use of duck fat and κ-carrageenan may be a suitable alternative for replacing beef fat or pork backfat in frankfurters.

Acute Physiological Response of Live-Fire Simulation Activities Affecting Cardiovascular Health in Live-Fire Instructors: A Randomized Controlled Simulation Study

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to assess acute physiological response of fire suppression simulation affecting cardiovascular health during repeated bouts of simulation.

METHODS

Fifteen live-fire instructors were randomly divided into three groups according to fire suppression simulation frequency. Vital signs, biomarkers, and heart rate variability (HRV) were measured before and after simulation.

RESULTS

Vital signs increased immediately after fire simulation and returned to the normal range after 2 h. Most biomarker levels were changed within the normal ranges 72 h after the simulation training. However, one of the HRV frequency domains, high frequency power, was severely suppressed after 1 h and tended to recover after 2 h of simulation (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Vital signs and their biomarkers were changed within the normal range regardless of the number of bouts of fire suppression simulations. HRV could be used to assess the effects of fire suppression simulation on cardiovascular health.

ATBS1-INTERACTING FACTOR 2 Negatively Modulates Pollen Production and Seed Formation in Arabidopsis

ATBS1-INTERACTING FACTOR 2 (AIF2) is a non-DNA-binding basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor. Here, we demonstrate that AIF2 negatively modulates brassinosteroid (BR)-induced, BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT 1 (BZR1)-mediated pollen and seed formation. AIF2-overexpressing Arabidopsis plants (AIF2ox) showed defective pollen grains and seed production while two AIF2 knockout mutants, aif2-1 and aif2-1/aif4-1, displayed opposite phenotypes. Genes encoding BZR1-regulated positive factors of seed size determination (SHB1, IKU1, MINI3) were suppressed in AIF2ox and genes for negative factors (AP2 and ARF2) were enhanced. Surprisingly, BZR1-regulated pollen genes such as SPL, MS1, and TDF1 were aberrantly up-regulated in AIF2ox plants. This stage-independent abnormal expression may lead to a retarded and defective progression of microsporogenesis, producing abnormal tetrad microspores and pollen grains with less-effective pollen tube germination. Auxin plays important roles in proper development of flower and seeds: genes for auxin biosynthesis such as TCPs and YUCCAs as well as for positive auxin signalling such as ARFs were suppressed in AIF2ox flowers. Moreover, lipid biosynthesis- and sucrose transport-related genes were repressed, resulting in impaired starch accumulation. Contrarily, sucrose and BR repressed ectopic accumulation of AIF2, thereby increasing silique length and the number of seeds. Taken together, we propose that AIF2 is negatively involved in pollen development and seed formation, and that sucrose- and BR-induced repression of AIF2 positively promotes pollen production and seed formation in Arabidopsis.

Physicochemical properties and oxidative stability of duck fat-added margarine for reducing the use of fully hydrogenated soybean oil

Soybean oil (SBO) and fully hydrogenated soybean oil (FHSBO) have been used for margarine production. However, SBO-based margarine requires a considerable amount of trans fatty acid-containing FHSBO due to its low melting point. We aimed to reduce the FHSBO content in margarine by employing duck fat, which has a higher melting point than SBO. Margarines were prepared using different ratios of duck fat and reduced levels of SBO and FHSBO. Physicochemical, sensory, and oxidative properties of the margarines were evaluated. The quality characteristics of margarine improved when duck fat replaced SBO and FHSBO. Furthermore, the lipid oxidation parameters were lower in duck fat-added margarines than the control during storage at 60 °C for 28 days. The margarine containing 80% duck fat showed the best sensory properties. Collectively, duck fat can replace SBO in margarine while reducing the use of FHSBO and maintaining desirable physicochemical properties, oxidative stability, and sensory properties.

Current Issues and Technical Advances in Cultured Meat Production: A Review

As the global population grows, we need a stable protein supply to meet the demands. Although plant-derived protein sources are widely available, animal meat maintains its popularity as a high-quality and savory protein source. Recently, cultured meat, also known as in vitro meat, has been suggested as a meat analog produced through in vitro cell culture technology. Cultured meat has several advantages over conventional meat, such as environmental protection, disease prevention, and animal welfare. However, cultured meat manufacturing is an emerging technology; thus, its further and dynamic development would be pivotal. Commercialization of cultured meat to the public will take a long time but cultured meat undoubtedly will come to our table someday. Here, we discuss the social and economic aspects of cultured meat production as well as the recent technical advances in cultured meat technology.

Quality characteristics of yogurts fermented with short-chain fatty acid-producing probiotics and their effects on mucin production and probiotic adhesion onto human colon epithelial cells

Probiotics can ferment nondigestible carbohydrates and produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFA; acetate, propionate, and butyrate) in the human colon. In this study, the levels of SCFA were determined in the following yogurts fermented with different combinations of probiotics: (1) cocultures of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus (control, C); (2) S. thermophilus, L. bulgaricus, and Bifidobacterium bifidum (C-Bb); (3) S. thermophilus, L. bulgaricus, and Lactobacillus acidophilus (C-La); and (4) S. thermophilus, L. bulgaricus, and Lactobacillus gasseri (C-Lg). Results showed that the acetate levels were significantly higher in C-Bb, C-La, and C-Lg yogurts than in C yogurt. Fermentation and physicochemical characteristics of all yogurts were identical. Treatment of mucus-secreting colon epithelial cells (HT29-MTX) with C-Bb, C-La, and C-Lg yogurt supernatants resulted in an increase in the expression of MUC2 and CDX2 and the production of mucin proteins. The adhesion of probiotics onto HT29-MTX cells increased following treatment with C-Bb, C-La, and C-Lg yogurt supernatants. Our data suggest that a yogurt diet rich in acetate improves the protective function of the intestinal epithelium.

Laparoscopic repeated pancreatectomy for isolated local recurrence in remnant pancreas following laparoscopic radical pancreatectomy for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Two cases report

Typical treatment for recurrent pancreatic cancer is potent chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy. However, recent clinical investigations suggest a potential therapeutic role of local resection in recurrent pancreatic cancer. Based on accumulating surgical experience of minimally invasive pancreatectomy, we report cases of two patients who underwent successful laparoscopic re-resection of isolated local recurrence following laparoscopic radical pancreatectomy for pancreatic cancer.

Evaluation of gels formulated with whey proteins and sodium dodecyl sulfate as a fat replacer in low-fat sausage

Consumers are increasingly interested in low-fat meat products. Therefore, there is demand for new fat replacers that improve the quality of low-fat meat products. Whey protein isolate (WPI; 10% (w/v)) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS; 0-0.09% (w/v)) were used to produce WPI-SDS gel as a fat replacer of low-fat meat products. Characteristics of WPI-SDS gel were evaluated using SDS-PAGE, FT-IR, viscometer, and texture analyzer. Addition of SDS to WPI increased gelation while reducing aggregation. Addition of 0.06% SDS to WPI-SDS gel has the highest viscosity and hardness, while 0.09% SDS decreased the heat stability of WPI. Quality characteristics including cooking loss, emulsion stability, hardness, and chewiness were significantly improved in WPI-SDS gel-supplemented low-fat sausages. Particularly, the highest hardness and chewiness were obtained in the low-fat sausage added with WPI-SDS gel containing 0.06% SDS. Our results suggest that WPI-SDS gel can be used as a fat replacer in low-fat meat products.

ATBS1-INTERACTING FACTOR 2 negatively regulates dark- and brassinosteroid-induced leaf senescence through interactions with INDUCER OF CBF EXPRESSION 1

ATBS1-INTERACTING FACTOR 2 (AIF2) is a non-DNA-binding basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor. We demonstrated that AIF2 retards dark-triggered and brassinosteroid (BR)-induced leaf senescence in Arabidopsis thaliana. Dark-triggered BR synthesis and the subsequent activation of BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT 1 (BZR1), a BR signaling positive regulator, result in BZR1 binding to the AIF2 promoter in a dark-dependent manner, reducing AIF2 transcript levels and accelerating senescence. BR-induced down-regulation of AIF2 protein stability partly contributes to the progression of dark-induced leaf senescence. Furthermore, AIF2 interacts with INDUCER OF CBF EXPRESSION 1 (ICE1) via their C-termini. Formation of the AIF2-ICE1 complex and subsequent up-regulation of C-REPEAT BINDING FACTORs (CBFs) negatively regulates dark-triggered, BR-induced leaf senescence. This involves antagonistic down-regulation of PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4 (PIF4), modulated through AIF2-dependent inhibition of ICE1's binding to the promoter. PIF4-dependent activities respond to dark-induced early senescence and may promote BR synthesis and BZR1 activation to suppress AIF2 and accelerate dark-induced senescence. Taken together, these findings suggest a coordination of AIF2 and ICE1 functions in maintaining stay-green traits.

Extraction of crude gelatin from duck skin: effects of heating methods on gelatin yield

The disposal of by-products of duck production, including duck skin, is a serious concern as it results in environmental pollution. The objectives of this study were to investigate the optimal pretreatment conditions for swelling duck skin and their extraction methods as a novel source. Gelatin was extracted using water bath, sonication, superheated steam, and microwave extraction methods. The gelatin extraction yield and gelatin powder yield were the highest with the superheated steam extraction method. The melting point and gel strength of gelatin extracted using the superheated steam method were the lowest. The viscosity of gelatin extracted with the superheated steam and microwave extraction methods was higher than that of gelatin extracted with the other methods. The sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns of gelatin extracted using the superheated steam and microwave extraction methods showed more intense bands than those of gelatin extracted using the other methods. Our results showed that gelatin extracted from duck skin using the superheated steam extraction method had optimal physical properties and therefore can be used in meat products.

Effects of Aluminum on the Integrity of the Intestinal Epithelium: An in Vitro and in Vivo Study

BACKGROUND

Aluminum (Al) is the most abundant and ubiquitous metal in the environment. The main route of human exposure to Al is through food and water intake. Although human exposure to Al is common, the influence of Al on the gastrointestinal tract remains poorly understood.

OBJECTIVES

We aimed to further understand the toxic effect of Al and to elucidate the underlying cellular mechanisms in the intestinal barrier.

METHODS

The human intestinal epithelial cell line HT-29 and C57BL6 mice were exposed to AlCl3 at 0-16 mM (1-24h) and 5-50mg/kg body weight (13 weeks), respectively. In cell culture experiments, intracellular oxidative stress, inflammatory protein and gene expression, and intestinal epithelial permeability were measured. In animal studies, histological examination, gene expression, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity assays were conducted.

RESULTS

Cellular oxidative stress level (superoxide production) in AlCl3-treated cells (4 mM, 3h) was approximately 38-fold higher than that of the control. Both protein and mRNA expression of tight junction (TJ) components (occludin and claudin-1) in AlCl3-treated cells (1-4 mM, 24h) was significantly lower than that of the control. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) decreased up to 67% in AlCl3-treated cells (2 mM, 24h) compared with that of the control, which decreased approximately 7%. Al activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), resulting in mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9, myosin light-chain kinase, and inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and IL-6] in HT-29 cells. Moreover, oral administration of AlCl3 to mice induced pathological alteration, MPO activation, and inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) production in the colon.

CONCLUSION

Al induced epithelial barrier dysfunction and inflammation via generation of oxidative stress, down-regulation of the TJ proteins, and production of inflammatory cytokines in HT-29 cells. In addition, Al induced toxicity in the colon by increasing the levels of inflammatory cytokines and MPO activity and induced histological damage in a mouse model. Our data suggest that Al may be a potential risk factor for human intestinal diseases. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5701.

Comparative effects of dry-aging and wet-aging on physicochemical properties and digestibility of Hanwoo beef

Objective

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of aging methods (AM) i.e. dry-aging (DA) and wet-aging (WA) on the physicochemical properties and in vitro digestibility of proteins in beef short loin.

Methods

Short loins (M. longissmus lumborum), were trimmed and boned-out on the fifth day postmortem, from a total of 18 Hanwoo, which were purchased from a commercial slaughterhouse. Short loins were separated randomly grouped into one of the three treatments: control, WA (1°C, 7 days), and DA (1°C, 0.5 m/s, 85% relative humidity [RH], 30 days).

Results

Dry-aged beef (DAB) exhibited higher pH, water holding capacity (WHC), myofibrillar fragmentation index (MFI), and digestibility, however lower lightness, redness, and yellowness values, cooking loss, and shear force (SF), than those of wet-aged beef (WAB) (p<0.05). The myosin light chain band intensity of DAB was higher than that of control and WAB in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The in vitro digestibility of aged beef was highly (p<0.001) correlated to physicochemical properties except WHC. The correlation coefficient between AMs and WHC was higher than that between AM and SF (p<0.05) or MFI (p<0.001). A high correlation was observed between SF and MFI (p<0.001).

Conclusion

Thus, we believe that DAB is more advantageous than WAB owing to its high digestibility and WHC and low SF.

Oxidative Stability and Quality Characteristics of Duck, Chicken, Swine and Bovine Skin Fats Extracted by Pressurized Hot Water Extraction

The aim of this study was to investigate the oxidative status and quality characteristics of four animal skin-derived fats extracted using an identical extraction method. Pressurized hot water extraction, a green extraction method, was used to extract animal skin fats (duck, chicken, swine, and bovine skin). Multiple experiments were performed during accelerated storage at 60°C for 90 days. Quality characteristics, such as extraction yield, iodine value (IV), fatty acid composition, and fat viscosity were determined. In addition, indicators for oxidative status, including acid value (AV), peroxide value (PV), p-anisidine value (p-AV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), conjugated dienes (CD), and total oxidation (totox) values were evaluated. The fat extraction yield was highest in bovine fat, followed by duck, swine, and chicken fats. The IV was higher in duck and chicken fats. Duck fats contained the most unsaturated fats and the least saturated fats. Fat oxidation indicators, such as PV, TBARS, and totox values, were relatively higher in duck fats during storage compared to the other fats. Other indicators, including AV, p-AV, and CD, were similar in duck, chicken, and swine fats. Viscosity was similar in all the tested fats but markedly increased after 70 days of storage in duck fats. Our data indicate that duck skin fat was more vulnerable to oxidative changes in accelerated storage conditions and this may be due to its higher unsaturated fatty acid content. Supplementation with antioxidants might be a reasonable way to solve the oxidation issue in duck skin fats.

The Dry-aging and Heating Effects on Protein Characteristics of Beef Longissiumus Dorsi

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dry-aging (DA) and the cooking process on the myofibril protein functionalities and in vitro digestibility of proteins in beef loin. Six sirloins from beef were dry-aged for 28 d, and the control group (n=6) was analyzed 2 d postmortem for this study. Dimensional changes (reduction of thickness and surface shrinkage) after cooking were significantly greater in the control group than the DA group, whereas the shear force of the DA group was significantly lower than that of the control. Effect of cooking on aggregation, hydrophobicity, and in vitro digestibility were significantly higher in the DA group than in the control. After cooking, the protein in DA sirloins was more oxidized than in the control samples. According to the sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis result, the low molecular weight bands (below 17 kDa) increased in the DA group, finding that the protein characteristics of dry-aged beef was affected by cooking.

Measurement of circulating tumor cells in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck and patient outcomes

OBJECTIVES

We report the outcomes of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC) whose circulating tumor cells (CTCs) were quantified using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanotechnology.

METHODS

SERS tagged with EGF was used to directly measure targeted CTCs. Patient charts were retrospectively reviewed. An optimal cut point for CTCs in 7.5 ml of peripheral blood predictive of for distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) was identified by maximizing the log-rank statistic. An ROC analysis was also performed.

RESULTS

Of 82 patients, 13 experienced metastatic progression. The optimal cut point for DMFS was 675 CTCs (p = 0.047). For those with distant recurrence (n = 13) versus those without distant recurrence (n = 69), the CTC cut point which results in the largest combined sensitivity and specificity values is also 675 (sensitivity = 69%, specificity = 68%).

CONCLUSION

Liquid biopsy techniques in HNSCC show promise as a means of identifying patients at greater risk of disease progression.

Effect of Swiss Chard (Beta vulgaris var. cicla) as Nitrite Replacement on Color Stability and Shelf-Life of Cooked Pork Patties during Refrigerated Storage

In this study, the effects of pre-converted nitrite from Swiss chard powder (PS) on the color stability and shelf-life of cooked pork patties during refrigerated storage for 28 d were investigated. Nitrite was added at a concentration of approximately 120 ppm. Five treatments were formulated as follows: Control (120 ppm nitrite), T1 (2% PS), T2 (2% pre-converted nitrite from celery powder; PC), T3 (1% PS + 60 ppm nitrite), and NC (nitrite-free). The T1 and T3 samples had higher nitrosoheme pigment contents, which were associated with the redness of the samples (p<0.05). T1 resulted in the highest redness value (p<0.05). The redness and yellowness of the cooked pork patties increased with increasing PS levels. The pH of the samples subjected to all treatments decreased with progress of the storage period (p<0.05). The pH of the T1 and T3 samples treated with PS was lower (p<0.05) than that obtained with other treatments, as PS has a lower pH value. The treatments in which PS was added were most effective for reducing the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and the residual nitrite content relative to the control. T1 resulted in the highest flavor, off-flavor, and overall acceptability scores during storage (p<0.05). The total viable bacterial count for all treatments was below 1 Log CFU/g, and E. coli and coliform bacteria were not detected during storage. Therefore, these results suggested that pre-converted nitrite from Swiss chard powder is a potential replacement for nitrite in meat products.

Physicochemical Properties of Meat Batter Added with Edible Silkworm Pupae (Bombyx mori) and Transglutaminase

This study was conducted to investigate the physicochemical properties of meat batters prepared with fresh pork meat, back fat, water, and salt and formulated with three different amounts (5%, 10%, and 15%) of silkworm pupae (Bombyx mori) powder and transglutaminase (TG). Meat batters formulated with silkworm pupae powder showed significantly higher contents of protein and ash than control batter. Addition of silkworm pupae to batter also showed significantly lower cooking loss than the control. Moreover, meat batter containing 15% silkworm pupae showed no significant difference in redness value compared to the control. In addition, pH, viscosity, hardness, gumminess, and chewiness were improved after the addition of silkworm pupae. Furthermore, meat batter formulated with TG and silkworm pupae showed improved hardness, gumminess, chewiness and viscosity compared to control batter. Addition of 1% TG with 15% silkworm pupae to meat batter resulted in significantly higher pH, textures, and viscosity. Our data suggest that both silkworm pupae and TG can be added to meat batter to improve its physicochemical properties. Therefore, combination of silkworm pupae and TG could be a new nutritional and functional source for meat products.

MIR144* inhibits antimicrobial responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in human monocytes and macrophages by targeting the autophagy protein DRAM2

Autophagy is an important antimicrobial effector process that defends against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the human pathogen causing tuberculosis (TB). MicroRNAs (miRNAs), endogenous noncoding RNAs, are involved in various biological functions and act as post-transcriptional regulators to target mRNAs. The process by which miRNAs affect antibacterial autophagy and host defense mechanisms against Mtb infections in human monocytes and macrophages is largely uncharacterized. In this study, we show that Mtb significantly induces the expression of MIR144*/hsa-miR-144-5p, which targets the 3'-untranslated region of DRAM2 (DNA damage regulated autophagy modulator 2) in human monocytes and macrophages. Mtb infection downregulated, whereas the autophagy activators upregulated, DRAM2 expression in human monocytes and macrophages by activating AMP-activated protein kinase. In addition, overexpression of MIR144* decreased DRAM2 expression and formation of autophagosomes in human monocytes, whereas inhibition of MIR144* had the opposite effect. Moreover, the levels of MIR144* were elevated, whereas DRAM2 levels were reduced, in human peripheral blood cells and tissues in TB patients, indicating the clinical significance of MIR144* and DRAM2 in human TB. Notably, DRAM2 interacted with BECN1 and UVRAG, essential components of the autophagic machinery, leading to displacement of RUBCN from the BECN1 complex and enhancement of Ptdlns3K activity. Furthermore, MIR144* and DRAM2 were critically involved in phagosomal maturation and enhanced antimicrobial effects against Mtb. Our findings identify a previously unrecognized role of human MIR144* in the inhibition of antibacterial autophagy and the innate host immune response to Mtb. Additionally, these data reveal that DRAM2 is a key coordinator of autophagy activation that enhances antimicrobial activity against Mtb.

RSK2 signals through stathmin to promote microtubule dynamics and tumor metastasis

Metastasis is responsible for >90% of cancer-related deaths. Complex signaling in cancer cells orchestrates the progression from a primary to a metastatic cancer. However, the mechanisms of these cellular changes remain elusive. We previously demonstrated that p90 ribosomal S6 kinase 2 (RSK2) promotes tumor metastasis. Here we investigated the role of RSK2 in the regulation of microtubule dynamics and its potential implication in cancer cell invasion and tumor metastasis. Stable knockdown of RSK2 disrupted microtubule stability and decreased phosphorylation of stathmin, a microtubule-destabilizing protein, at serine 16 in metastatic human cancer cells. We found that RSK2 directly binds and phosphorylates stathmin at the leading edge of cancer cells. Phosphorylation of stathmin by RSK2 reduced stathmin-mediated microtubule depolymerization. Moreover, overexpression of phospho-mimetic mutant stathmin S16D significantly rescued the decreased invasive and metastatic potential mediated by RSK2 knockdown in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, stathmin phosphorylation positively correlated with RSK2 expression and metastatic cancer progression in primary patient tumor samples. Our finding demonstrates that RSK2 directly phosphorylates stathmin and regulates microtubule polymerization to provide a pro-invasive and pro-metastatic advantage to cancer cells. Therefore, the RSK2-stathmin pathway represents a promising therapeutic target and a prognostic marker for metastatic human cancers.

The Synthesis and Properties of Solution Processable a Red Phosphorescent Iridium(III) Complex with Alkyl Group

The (TMP-HT)2Ir(acac) was synthesized with 2-bromo-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine and 5-hexyl-2-thiopheneboronic acid pinacol ester for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). This material was designed on the basis of Gaussian modeling program results. The ligands have both the electron donor and acceptor in a molecule. There are pyridyl group which decrease electron density and thiophene group which increase electron density. Therefore, it showed intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) property. For solution process, the ligand have a alkyl group which has hydrophobic property. The (TMP-HT)21r(acac) was synthesized by Suzuki coupling reaction and Nonoyama reaction. The (TMP-HT)21r(acac) emitted at approximately 600 nm. The device structures were ITO/PEDOT (500 Å)/TFB (170 Å)/PVK:PBD (40%): (TMPHT)21r(acac) (300 Å:10%)/BH:BD5% (150 Å)/L201(50 Å)/Liq(200 Å)/Al. Electroluminescent properties were observed with devices doped with various doping concentrations.

Molecular mechanisms regulating NLRP3 inflammasome activation

Inflammasomes are multi-protein signaling complexes that trigger the activation of inflammatory caspases and the maturation of interleukin-1β. Among various inflammasome complexes, the NLRP3 inflammasome is best characterized and has been linked with various human autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Thus, the NLRP3 inflammasome may be a promising target for anti-inflammatory therapies. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the mechanisms by which the NLRP3 inflammasome is activated in the cytosol. We also describe the binding partners of NLRP3 inflammasome complexes activating or inhibiting the inflammasome assembly. Our knowledge of the mechanisms regulating NLRP3 inflammasome signaling and how these influence inflammatory responses offers further insight into potential therapeutic strategies to treat inflammatory diseases associated with dysregulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome.

Small heterodimer partner interacts with NLRP3 and negatively regulates activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome

Excessive activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome results in damaging inflammation, yet the regulators of this process remain poorly defined. Herein, we show that the orphan nuclear receptor small heterodimer partner (SHP) is a negative regulator of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. NLRP3 inflammasome activation leads to an interaction between SHP and NLRP3, proteins that are both recruited to mitochondria. Overexpression of SHP competitively inhibits binding of NLRP3 to apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC). SHP deficiency results in increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18, and excessive pathologic responses typically observed in mouse models of kidney tubular necrosis and peritoneal gout. Notably, the loss of SHP results in accumulation of damaged mitochondria and a sustained interaction between NLRP3 and ASC in the endoplasmic reticulum. These data are suggestive of a role for SHP in controlling NLRP3 inflammasome activation through a mechanism involving interaction with NLRP3 and maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis.

Hypotonic stress induces RANKL via transient receptor potential melastatin 3 (TRPM3) and vaniloid 4 (TRPV4) in human PDL cells

Bone remodeling occurs in response to various types of mechanical stress. The periodontal ligament (PDL) plays an important role in mechanical stress-mediated alveolar bone remodeling. However, the underlying mechanism at the cellular level has not been extensively studied. In this study, we investigated the effect of shear stress on the expression of bone remodeling factors, including receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG), as well as its upstream signaling pathway in primary human PDL cells. We applied hypotonic stress to reproduce shear stress to PDL cells. Hypotonic stress induced the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression of RANKL but not OPG. It also increased intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]i). Extracellular Ca(2+) depletion and nonspecific plasma membrane Ca(2+) channel blockers completely inhibited the increase in both [Ca(2+)]i and RANKL mRNA expression. We identified the expression and activation of transient receptor potential melastatin 3 (TRPM3) and vaniloid 4 (TRPV4) channels in PDL cells. Pregnenolone sulfate (PS) and 4α-phorbol 12, 13-didecanoate (4α-PDD), which are agonists of TRPM3 and TRPV4, augmented Ca(2+) influx and RANKL mRNA expression. Both pharmacological (2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate [2-APB], ruthenium red [RR], ononetin [Ono], and HC 067047 [HC]) and genetic (small interfering RNA [siRNA]) inhibitors of TRPM3 and TRPV4 reduced the hypotonic stress-mediated increase in [Ca(2+)]i and RANKL mRNA expression. Our study shows that hypotonic stress induced RANKL mRNA expression via TRPM3- and TRPV4-mediated extracellular Ca(2+) influx and RANKL expression. This signaling pathway in PDL cells may play a critical role in mechanical stress-mediated alveolar bone remodeling.

Effect of reactive monomer on PS-b-P2VP film

Poly(styrene-b-2-vinyl pyridine) (PS-b-P2VP) lamellar film which is hydrophobic block-hydrophilic polyelectrolyte block polymer of 52 kg/mol-b-57 kg/mol and PS-b-P2VP film with reactive monomer (RM257) were prepared for photonic gel films. The lamellar stacks, which is alternating layer of hydrophilic and hydrophobic moiety of PS-b-P2VP, were obtained by exposing the spin coated film under chloroform vapor. The lamellar films were quaternized with 5 wt% of iodomethane diluted by n-hexane. We reported about the influence of reactive monomer on those photonic gel films. Added reactive monomer photonic gel film had higher absorbance than pure photonic gel films. As a result the photonic gel film with RM had more clear color. The lamellar films were swollen by DI water, ethanol (aq) and calcium carbonate solution. The band gaps of the lamellar films were drastically shifted to longer wavelength swollen by calcium carbonate solution. And the lamellar films were shifted to shorter wave length swollen by ethanol. So each lamellar film showed different color.

In vitro and in vivo characteristics of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth obtained by enzymatic disaggregation and outgrowth

OBJECTIVE

Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) are a good source of dental tissue for regeneration therapy, and can be obtained using different primary culture methods. The aim of this study was to determine the differences in the in vitro and in vivo characteristics between SHED isolated via enzymatic disaggregation (e-SHED) and outgrowth (o-SHED) primary culture methods.

DESIGN

Dental pulp stem cells were isolated from 14 exfoliated deciduous teeth by enzymatic disaggregation (n=7) and outgrowth (n=7). Their proliferation potential and colony-forming ability were evaluated in vitro, as was their mesenchymal stem-cell-marker expression (using flow cytometry), and their differentiation was verified using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and histochemical staining. In addition, the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the hard tissue that was generated after in vivo transplantation were compared using haematoxylin and eosin staining, immunohistochemical staining, qPCR, and quantitative alkaline phosphatase analysis.

RESULTS

The cell-proliferation potential, colony-forming ability, and Stro-1 and CD146 expression were higher in e-SHED than in o-SHED. While the in vitro adipogenic differentiation potential was greater in e-SHED than in o-SHED, the in vitro osteogenic differentiation did not differ significantly between the two cell types. Although in vivo hard tissue formation was greater following transplantation of o-SHED into mice, there was no difference in the quality of hard tissue generated by e-SHED and o-SHED.

CONCLUSION

The findings of this study indicate that e-SHED exhibit stronger stemness characteristics, but that o-SHED are more suitable for hard-tissue regeneration therapy in teeth.

Glechoma hederacea Suppresses RANKL-mediated Osteoclastogenesis

Glechoma hederacea (GH), commonly known as ground-ivy or gill-over-the-ground, has been extensively used in folk remedies for relieving symptoms of inflammatory disorders. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic action of GH are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that GH constituents inhibit osteoclastogenesis by abrogating receptor activator of nuclear κ-B ligand (RANKL)-induced free cytosolic Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)]i) oscillations. To evaluate the effect of GH on osteoclastogenesis, we assessed the formation of multi-nucleated cells (MNCs), enzymatic activity of tartrate-resistant acidic phosphatase (TRAP), expression of nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1), and [Ca(2+)]i alterations in response to treatment with GH ethanol extract (GHE) in primarily cultured bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs). Treatment of RANKL-stimulated or non-stimulated BMMs with GHE markedly suppressed MNC formation, TRAP activity, and NFATc1 expression in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, GHE treatment induced a large transient elevation in [Ca(2+)]i while suppressing RANKL-induced [Ca(2+)]i oscillations, which are essential for NFATc1 activation. GHE-evoked increase in [Ca(2+)]i was dependent on extracellular Ca(2+) and was inhibited by 1,4-dihydropyridine (DHP), inhibitor of voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels (VGCCs), but was independent of store-operated Ca(2+) channels. Notably, after transient [Ca(2+)] elevation, treatment with GHE desensitized the VGCCs, resulting in an abrogation of RANKL-induced [Ca(2+)]i oscillations and MNC formation. These findings demonstrate that treatment of BMMs with GHE suppresses RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis by activating and then desensitizing DHP-sensitive VGCCs, suggesting potential applications of GH in the treatment of bone disorders, such as periodontitis, osteoporosis, and rheumatoid arthritis.

Roles of autophagy in elimination of intracellular bacterial pathogens

As a fundamental intracellular catabolic process, autophagy is important and required for the elimination of protein aggregates and damaged cytosolic organelles during a variety of stress conditions. Autophagy is now being recognized as an essential component of innate immunity; i.e., the recognition, selective targeting, and elimination of microbes. Because of its crucial roles in the innate immune system, therapeutic targeting of bacteria by means of autophagy activation may prove a useful strategy to combat intracellular infections. However, important questions remain, including which molecules are critical in bacterial targeting by autophagy, and which mechanisms are involved in autophagic clearance of intracellular microbes. In this review, we discuss the roles of antibacterial autophagy in intracellular bacterial infections (Mycobacteria, Salmonella, Shigella, Listeria, and Legionella) and present recent evidence in support of molecular mechanisms driving autophagy to target bacteria and eliminate invading pathogens.

A phase 1 Bayesian dose selection study of bortezomib and sunitinib in patients with refractory solid tumor malignancies

BACKGROUND

This phase 1 trial utilising a Bayesian continual reassessment method evaluated bortezomib and sunitinib to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), dose-limiting toxicities (DLT), and recommended doses of the combination.

METHODS

Patients with advanced solid organ malignancies were enrolled and received bortezomib weekly with sunitinib daily for 4 weeks, every 6 weeks. Initial doses were sunitinib 25 mg and bortezomib 1 mg m(-2). Cohort size and dose level estimation was performed utilising the Escalation with Overdose Control (EWOC) adaptive method. Seven dose levels were evaluated; initially, sunitinib was increased to a goal dose of 50 mg with fixed bortezomib, then bortezomib was increased. Efficacy assessment occurred after each cycle using RECIST criteria.

RESULTS

Thirty patients were evaluable. During sunitinib escalation, DLTs of grade 4 thrombocytopenia (14%) and neutropenia (6%) at sunitinib 50 mg and bortezomib 1.3 mg m(-2) were seen. Subsequent experience showed tolerability and activity for sunitinib 37.5 mg and bortezomib 1.9 mg m(-2). Common grade 3/4 toxicities were neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, hypertension, and diarrhoea. The recommended doses for further study are bortezomib 1.9 mg m(-2) and sunitinib 37.5 mg. Four partial responses were seen. Stable disease >6 months was noted in an additional six patients.

CONCLUSION

Bortezomib and sunitinib are well tolerated and have anticancer activity, particularly in thyroid cancer. A phase 2 study of this combination in thyroid cancer patients is planned.