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Nölle N, Hörnstein A, Lambert C. Vitamin D fortification of selected edible insect species through UVB-treatment. Food Chem 2024; 444:138679. [PMID: 38341920 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Edible insects are attracting increased interest worldwide, because they are arguably more sustainable than more established animal foods. Apart from being rich in protein and minerals, they can also form vitamin D3 after treatment with UVB light (290-315 nm). However, only limited research, which has almost exclusively been conducted on living insects, reared under UVB lamps, has been done in this regard. As research on mushrooms has shown, that vitamin D formation is much more effective and less time consuming, when a previously sliced or ground product is treated with UVB light, it would likely be more practical to treat powdered insects with UVB light, rather than rearing them under UVB lamps. Therefore, the aim of this work was to confirm the presence of vitamin D3 in powdered UVB-treated yellow mealworms (Tenebrio molitor), migratory locusts (Locusta migratoria) and two-spotted crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus) as well as to subsequently quantify potential vitamin D content. Samples were analyzed via HPLC, and presence of vitamin D3 was verified via standard addition and spectrum analysis. UVB-treated migratory locusts and two-spotted crickets did not contain quantifiable amounts of vitamin D3. However, UVB-treated mealworms showed substantial amounts of vitamin D3 (8.95-18.24 µg/g dry matter). Thus, the UVB-treatment of powdered mealworm is an effective approach via which to enhance their vitamin D3 content and even modest serving sizes can supply the recommended daily intake of vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Nölle
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Hohenheim Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Aranya Hörnstein
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Hohenheim Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christine Lambert
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Hohenheim Stuttgart, Germany
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2
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Pal A, Mann A, den Bakker HC. Analysis of Microbial Composition of Edible Insect Products Available for Human Consumption within the United States Using Traditional Microbiological Methods and Whole Genome Sequencing. J Food Prot 2024; 87:100277. [PMID: 38615992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Edible insects offer a promising protein source for humans, but their food safety risks have not been previously investigated within the United States. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the microbial content of processed edible insect products. A total of eight different types of edible insect products, including diving beetles, silkworms, grasshoppers, Jamaican crickets, mealworms, mole crickets, whole roasted crickets, and 100% pure cricket powder, were purchased from a large online retailer for the analysis. All the products were purchased in August 2022 and examined between August 2022 and November 2022. Traditional microbiological methods were employed to determine microbial counts for each product type using three replicates (total number of samples = 24). This included assessing aerobic bacterial spore, lactic acid bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, total viable counts, and the presence of Salmonella. Additionally, whole genome sequencing was employed to further characterize selected colonies (n = 96). Microbial counts data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA, while sequence data were taxonomically classified using Sepia.Bacilluscereusgroup isolates underwent additional characterization with Btyper3. Product type significantly influenced total viable counts, bacterial spore counts, and lactic acid bacteria counts (P = 0.00391, P = 0.0065, and P < 0.001, respectively), with counts ranging from < 1.70 to 6.01 Log10 CFU/g, <1.70 to 5.25 Log10 CFU/g, and < 1.70 to 4.86 Log10 CFU/g, respectively. Enterobacteriaceae were only detected in mole crickets (<2.30 Log10 CFU/g) and house cricket powder (<2.15 Log10 CFU/g). All samples were negative for Salmonella. Whole genome sequencing revealed the presence of 12 different bacterial genera among the analyzed isolates, with a majority belonging to the Bacillus genus. Some of the isolates of Bacillus cereus group were identified as biovar Emeticus. Overall, although edible insects offer a promising food alternative, the presence of Bacillus cereus group in some products could raise concerns regarding food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrit Pal
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, USA
| | - Amy Mann
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, USA
| | - Henk C den Bakker
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, USA.
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3
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Li H, Chumroenphat T, Bunyatratchata A, Boonarsa P, Wrigley C, Siriamornpun S. Chemical composition and nutritional profile of cicada ( Meimuna opalifera Walker) at different developmental stages: Implications for functional food applications. Food Chem X 2024; 21:101081. [PMID: 38205157 PMCID: PMC10776651 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.101081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This investigation explored chemical changes in cicadas during their developmental stages (nymph, late nymph, and adult). Tocopherols (α, δ, γ) were found at a total content of 13.7 mg/g, while γ-oryzanol was observed at 2.6 mg/g, with nymphs having the highest levels, followed by late nymphs and adults. Essential amino acids increased progressively with maturation, with methionine being the predominant amino acid in all samples. The index of essential amino acids in each tissue was as follows: adult (0.36), late nymph (0.33), and nymph (0.12). Eicosapentaenoic acid concentrations varied from 230 mg/100 g in adults to 880 mg/100 g in nymphs. Protein analysis using the Protein Simple Jess system revealed a molecular weight distribution ranging from 10 to 75 kDa, accounting for approximately 70 % of the total protein content. These findings offer valuable insights for incorporating cicadas as functional food ingredients, diversifying food product formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- Department of Cuisine and Nutrition, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225127, China
| | - Theeraphan Chumroenphat
- Research Unit of Thai Food Innovation (TFI), Mahasarakham University, Kantarawichai, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand
- Aesthetic Sciences and Health Program, Faculty of Thai Traditional and Alternative Medicine, Ubon Ratchathani Rajabhat University, Ubon Ratchathani 34000, Thailand
| | - Apichaya Bunyatratchata
- Research Unit of Thai Food Innovation (TFI), Mahasarakham University, Kantarawichai, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Faculty of Technology, Mahasarakham University, Kantarawichai, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand
| | - Parinya Boonarsa
- Research Unit of Thai Food Innovation (TFI), Mahasarakham University, Kantarawichai, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Faculty of Technology, Mahasarakham University, Kantarawichai, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand
| | - Colin Wrigley
- Center for Crop Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4067, Australia
| | - Sirithon Siriamornpun
- Research Unit of Thai Food Innovation (TFI), Mahasarakham University, Kantarawichai, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Faculty of Technology, Mahasarakham University, Kantarawichai, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand
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4
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Hoon Lee J, Kim YJ, Choi YJ, Kim TK, Yoon Cha J, Kyung Park M, Jung S, Choi YS. Effect of gamma-ray and electron-beam irradiation on the structural changes and functional properties of edible insect proteins from Protaetia brevitarsis larvae. Food Chem 2024; 434:137463. [PMID: 37742545 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Edible insects are regarded as future food sources to replace traditional livestock proteins. However, insect proteins have poor processing properties owing to various structural limitations. We investigated the structure of Protaetia brevitarsis larvae proteins modified by irradiation, and analyzed their resulting processing abilities. Following irradiation with gamma rays and electron beams, the ratio of parallel β-sheets to β-turns changed significantly, and changes in the tertiary protein structures were also confirmed. The polydispersity indices of the proteins remained relatively constant following irradiation, although the zeta potential and mean diameter changed. Furthermore, the pH, protein solubility, surface hydrophobicity, foaming capacity, and emulsion stability were higher than those of the control, whereas the viscosity and foaming stability were lower. Thus, gamma ray and electron beam irradiation clearly lead to changes in the structures of edible insect proteins and improves their processing properties, promoting the industrial utilization of such proteins in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hoon Lee
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Yea-Ji Kim
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-Jeong Choi
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Kyung Kim
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yoon Cha
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyung Park
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Samooel Jung
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Sang Choi
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea.
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Chalghaf M, Charradi K, Ksouri R, Alsulami QA, Jaouani A, Keshk SMAS, Hayouni EA. Physicochemical characterization of chitin extracted by different treatment sequences from an edible insect. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127156. [PMID: 37778575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Chitin present in the shell of edible insects is a potential source of chitin, lipids, and proteins, and it exerts various biological activities. Thus far, only a few studies have focused on the use of chitin as a source of high-protein-diet oligosaccharides. The use of insect chitin for the production of high-protein-diet oligosaccharides can lessen the reliance on diet crops. Moreover, although chitin composition in Tenebrio molitor larva, pupa, and adult has been extensively investigated, chitin extraction from T. molitor larval whole body and exuvium has received poor attention. The present study compared the effectiveness of two techniques for extracting high-protein-diet chitin oligosaccharide from an edible insect (T. molitor). Two different extraction sequences of chitin from the larval stage (molitor stage larvae) and adult stage (molitor stage adult) of edible T. molitor were investigated. Two processing steps were employed: (a) deproteinization (DEP) and (b) demineralization (DEM) treatments. Differences in the order, conditions, and period of their application resulted in two different chitin extraction procedures. The viscosity, degree of polymerization, and crystallinity index of the chitin extracted using the two procedures were measured, and its chemical components (chitin, ash, protein, fat, and moisture contents) were determined. T. molitor adults and larvae treated sequentially with DEM-DEP demonstrated the greatest yield of approximately 14.62 % ± 0.15 and 6.096 % ± 0.10 %, respectively. By contrast, when treated sequentially with DEP-DEM, the recorded yields were 10.96 % ± 0.18 and 5.31 % ± 0.38, respectively. Differences in the degree of deacetylation between both methods were observed. Additionally, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometry of the extracted chitin along with a commercial sample revealed consistent chain conformation, mean hydrogen bonding, and crystallinity index. In this way, residues produced by farmed edible insects can be recovered and used as a novel source of chitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manel Chalghaf
- Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria, Tunisia
| | - Khaled Charradi
- Nanomaterials and Systems for Renewable Energy Laboratory, Research and Technology Centre of Energy, Technoparc Borj Cedria, BP 095 Hammam Lif, Tunisia
| | - Riadh Ksouri
- Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria, Tunisia
| | - Qana A Alsulami
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atef Jaouani
- University of Tunis El Manar, Laboratory of Bioresources, Environment and Biotechnology (LR22ES04), Higher Institute of Applied Biological Sciences of Tunisia (ISSBAT), 9 Street Zouheir Essafi CP 1006, Tunisia
| | - Sherif M A S Keshk
- University of Tunis El Manar, Laboratory of Bioresources, Environment and Biotechnology (LR22ES04), Higher Institute of Applied Biological Sciences of Tunisia (ISSBAT), 9 Street Zouheir Essafi CP 1006, Tunisia
| | - El Akrem Hayouni
- Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria, Tunisia.
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Choi YS, Lee JH, Kim TK, Shin DM. Edible insects in food. Adv Food Nutr Res 2023; 108:223-264. [PMID: 38461000 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Edible insects, with their high protein and lipid content, offer a safe and cost-effective alternative to traditional protein sources. They are environmentally friendly, emitting fewer greenhouse gases and requiring less water than livestock farming. Their rapid reproduction, efficiency, and labor-saving qualities make them attractive for industry. However, the unappealing appearance of edible insects hinders consumer acceptance. To overcome this, materialization technologies should be developed, and negative perceptions addressed with objective data. Promoting the nutritional value, safe rearing, disease prevention, and cost-efficiency of edible insects can boost consumer interest. Commercializing various insect products is crucial to revitalize their integration into the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Sang Choi
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Hoon Lee
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Kyung Kim
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Min Shin
- Food Science and Technology, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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7
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Gnana Moorthy Eswaran U, Karunanithi S, Gupta RK, Rout S, Srivastav PP. Edible insects as emerging food products-processing and product development perspective. J Food Sci Technol 2023; 60:2105-2120. [PMID: 37273559 PMCID: PMC10232397 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-022-05489-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Edible insects (EI) are also becoming as a part of the diet due to their nutritional value and health benefits in many regions of the world. These EI are inexhaustible sources accessible by garnering from the wild with high feed conversion efficiency. Appreciating the budding of EI in justifiable food production, enlightening food security and biodiversity conversion, is promising a sufficient supply of the insect resource for future food to the world. These insects are processed to develop new products, improve organoleptic and nutritional parameters as well as the extension of shelf life. In this review, we discuss the edible insect characteristics, the potential application of EI in food industry, processing, pretreatments, drying, extraction of edible compounds like protein, lipid and chitin various food products formulation, safety regulation. Availability of broad nutritional spectrum of EI includes protein, mono and poly unsaturaturated fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins, amino aids and minerals has been used as an ingredient in development of various forms of food products such as flours in the form of whole insect powder, protein isolate, canned products, extruded products, hard candies, spreads, liquor infusion, cookies and other products.
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Affiliation(s)
- U. Gnana Moorthy Eswaran
- Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302 West Bengal India
| | - Sangeetha Karunanithi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302 West Bengal India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Gupta
- Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302 West Bengal India
| | - Srutee Rout
- Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302 West Bengal India
| | - Prem Prakash Srivastav
- Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302 West Bengal India
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8
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Jang H, Chung SJ. Shape of my likes: how explicit and implicit reference frames shape the liking of insect-based protein bar. Food Sci Biotechnol 2023; 32:1193-1203. [PMID: 37362816 PMCID: PMC10289958 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01257-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A high-protein bar incorporating mealworm powder was developed. The impact of explicit and implicit frame formation on the acceptance and sensory characteristics of this target bar was investigated by comparing it with four commercial protein bars for a total of 275 consumers. To construct the explicit frame, consumers watched a video clip about each frame (environment/nutrition/meal replacement) just before the evaluation. In the no-explicit-frame group, five protein bars were evaluated without video priming. The control group tasted the target sample only without any information. The implicit framework formed during the progress of exposure to various protein bar samples had a greater influence than explicit cues on the acceptance of the target. Promoting the nutritional and environmental merits of edible insects was not sufficient to improve the acceptability of the insect-incorporated protein bar. The liking decreased significantly with the inclusion of the commercial samples during the progress of sequential monadic serving.
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Affiliation(s)
- HyoIn Jang
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03760 Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Jin Chung
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03760 Republic of Korea
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9
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Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi S, Altintas Z. Lesser mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus L.) larvae oils extracted by pure and binary mixed organic solvents: Physicochemical and antioxidant properties, fatty acid composition, and lipid quality indices. Food Chem 2023; 408:135209. [PMID: 36563624 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Insect oil is one of the most sustainable lipid sources with remarkable health effects. Herein, the type of organic solvents (i.e., n-hexane, ethanol, and isopropanol) and their binary mixtures was evaluated based on the quantity (e.g., yield extraction) and quality (e.g., bioactive compounds, thermal stability, DPPH scavenging rate, fatty acid profile, and nutritional indices) of lesser mealworm oils. The oils extracted by ethanol/isopropanol and ethanol/n-hexane significantly showed the highest extraction yield and efficiency, lightness, accelerated thermal stability, phenolics, tocopherols, vitamin D, campesterol, β-sitosterol, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatic acid, linoleic acid, and hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio, while these organic mixtures meaningfully extracted lipids with the lowest peroxide value, free fatty acid, and atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indices. These solvents compared to pure ones could dissolve membrane and internal lipids with the complete disintegration of external structures. The ethanol/isopropanol mixture would be a promising solvent for n-hexane substitution to extract this oil on an industrial scale.
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Siddiqui SA, Li C, Aidoo OF, Fernando I, Haddad MA, Pereira JA, Blinov A, Golik A, Câmara JS. Unravelling the potential of insects for medicinal purposes - A comprehensive review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15938. [PMID: 37206028 PMCID: PMC10189416 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Entomotherapy, the use of insects for medicinal purposes, has been practised for centuries in many countries around the world. More than 2100 edible insect species are eaten by humans, but little is known about the possibility of using these insects as a promising alternative to traditional pharmaceuticals for treating diseases. This review offers a fundamental understanding of the therapeutic applications of insects and how they might be used in medicine. In this review, 235 insect species from 15 orders are reported to be used as medicine. Hymenoptera contains the largest medicinal insect species, followed by Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Lepidoptera, and Blattodea. Scientists have examined and validated the potential uses of insects along with their products and by-products in treating various diseases, and records show that they are primarily used to treat digestive and skin disorders. Insects are known to be rich sources of bioactive compounds, explaining their therapeutic features such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, and so on. Challenges associated with the consumption of insects (entomophagy) and their therapeutic uses include regulation barriers and consumer acceptance. Moreover, the overexploitation of medicinal insects in their natural habitat has led to a population crisis, thus necessitating the investigation and development of their mass-rearing procedure. Lastly, this review suggests potential directions for developing insects used in medicine and offers advice for scientists interested in entomotherapy. In future, entomotherapy may become a sustainable and cost-effective solution for treating various ailments and has the potential to revolutionize modern medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahida Anusha Siddiqui
- Technical University of Munich Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Essigberg 3, 94315 Straubing, Germany
- German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL e.V.), Prof.-von-Klitzing Str. 7, 49610 D-Quakenbrück, Germany
- Corresponding author. Technical University of Munich Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Essigberg 3, 94315 Straubing, Germany.
| | - Chujun Li
- Guangzhou Unique Biotechnology Co., Ltd, 510663, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Owusu Fordjour Aidoo
- Department of Biological, Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, 00233, Somanya, Ghana
| | - Ito Fernando
- Department of Plant Pest and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, 65145, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Moawiya A. Haddad
- Department of Nutrition and Food Processing, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Al-Balqa Applied University, 19117, Al-Salt, Jordan
| | - Jorge A.M. Pereira
- CQM – Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Andrey Blinov
- North Caucasus Federal University, Pushkina Street 1, 355009, Stavropol, Russia
| | - Andrey Golik
- North Caucasus Federal University, Pushkina Street 1, 355009, Stavropol, Russia
| | - José S. Câmara
- CQM – Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Engenharia, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- Corresponding author. CQM – Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal.
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11
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Kim SY, Kwak KW, Park JY, Park ES, Nam CJ, An KS, Kim HJ, Yoon HJ, Kim YS, Park K, Kim E, Ryu HY, Kim SD. Evaluation of subchronic oral dose toxicity and allergen of freeze-dried powder of Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera: Acrididae) as a novel food source. Toxicol Res 2023; 39:317-331. [PMID: 37008697 PMCID: PMC10050243 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-023-00171-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The migratory locust, Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera: Acrididae), is a well-known edible insect which may serve as new source of human food and animal feed. However, potential toxicity and food safety of L. migratoria had not been investigated extensively until now. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate toxicity of freeze-dried powder of L. migratoria (fdLM) and identify allergic components in ELISA and PCR techniques. In this subchronic study, fdLM was administered once daily by oral gavage at the doses of 750, 1500, and 3000 mg/kg/day. No toxicological changes were observed in both sexes of rats for 13 weeks in accordance with the OECD guidelines and GLP conditions. In addition, fdLM did not induced increases of serum immunoglobulin E and 21 homologous proteins were not detected under our present conditions. In conclusion, the NOAEL (no-observed-adverse-effect level) was 3000 mg/kg/day and no target organ was identified in both sexes. In conclusion, we found that fdLM is safe with no adverse effects and offers the potential of its use as an edible ingredient or other biological uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Kim
- Industrial Insect Division, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 55365 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Won Kwak
- Industrial Insect Division, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 55365 Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeong Park
- Industrial Insect Division, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 55365 Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Sung Park
- Headquarters of GLP, Nonclinical Research Institute, Chemon Inc., 240, Nampyeong-Ro, Yangji-Myeon, Cheoin-Gu, Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 17162 Republic of Korea
| | - Chun-Ja Nam
- Headquarters of GLP, Nonclinical Research Institute, Chemon Inc., 240, Nampyeong-Ro, Yangji-Myeon, Cheoin-Gu, Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 17162 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Sup An
- Bioconvergence Technology Laboratory, Korea Conformity Laboratories, Incheon, 21999 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Kim
- Jeon-Nam Agricultural Research & Extension Services, Insect & Sericultural Research Institute, Jeonnam, 57214 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Joo Yoon
- Industrial Insect Division, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 55365 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Soon Kim
- Industrial Insect Division, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 55365 Republic of Korea
| | - Kwanho Park
- Industrial Insect Division, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 55365 Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsun Kim
- Industrial Insect Division, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 55365 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Yeol Ryu
- Bioconvergence Technology Laboratory, Korea Conformity Laboratories, Incheon, 21999 Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Don Kim
- Headquarters of GLP, Nonclinical Research Institute, Chemon Inc., 240, Nampyeong-Ro, Yangji-Myeon, Cheoin-Gu, Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 17162 Republic of Korea
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12
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Thongkaew C, Singthong J, Klangsinsirikul S. Properties of insect protein concentrate and potential application in seasoned rice noodles. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2022:10820132221144481. [PMID: 36514278 DOI: 10.1177/10820132221144481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we extracted proteins from four edible insect species (Acheta domesticus, Gryllus bimaculatus, Holotrichea sp., and Gryllotalpa orientalis), then evaluated their chemical and functional properties and used the extracts to prepare seasoned rice noodles. The four insect species contained 67-69% moisture, 13-18% protein, 6-10% fat, and 4-5% ash. The insect protein concentrate (IPC) contained 73-77% protein, and had high water solubility and emulsion stability (80-88%), moderate emulsion ability (56-65%), but low water- and oil-holding capacity (19% and 8-9%, respectively). The distinctive amino acid components in the IPC were glutamic acid and aspartic acid. In order to improve the nutritional and textural qualities of seasoned rice noodles, the IPC was added at rates of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10% by weight of rice flour. The results showed that the cooking weight was not significantly different from plain rice noodles; however, the 8% IPC fortified rice noodles had the highest tensile strength, whereas the lightness, yellowness, and redness decreased with an increase in insect protein content. This study demonstrates success in using 2-8% of IPC in rice noodles as a stabilizing or thickening agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chutima Thongkaew
- Department of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agriculture, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand
| | - Jittra Singthong
- Department of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agriculture, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand
| | - Sukanya Klangsinsirikul
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand
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13
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Benes E, Biró B, Fodor M, Gere A. Analysis of wheat flour-insect powder mixtures based on their near infrared spectra. Food Chem X 2022; 13:100266. [PMID: 35498968 PMCID: PMC9040037 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects are gaining more and more space in food and feed sectors, creating an intense scientific interest towards insects as food ingredients. Several papers deal with cereal-based products complemented by insect powder in the past few years. However, adulteration and quality control of such products present some hot topics for researchers, e.g., how can we justify the amounts and/or species of the insects used in the given products? Our paper aims to answer such questions by analysing seven edible insect powders of different species independently. The mixtures with wheat flour were analysed using near infrared spectroscopy and chemometric methods. Not only powders of different species were clearly differentiated, but also mixtures created by different amounts of wheat flour. Prediction of insect content showed 0.65% cross-validated error. The proposed methodology gives an excellent tool for quality control of insect-based cereal food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Benes
- Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Department of Food and Analytical Chemistry, H-1118 Budapest, Villányi út, 29-43, Hungary
| | - Barbara Biró
- Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Department of Postharvest, Supply Chain, Commerce and Sensory Science, H-1118 Budapest, Villányi út 29-43, Hungary
| | - Marietta Fodor
- Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Department of Food and Analytical Chemistry, H-1118 Budapest, Villányi út, 29-43, Hungary
| | - Attila Gere
- Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Department of Postharvest, Supply Chain, Commerce and Sensory Science, H-1118 Budapest, Villányi út 29-43, Hungary
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14
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Kim TK, Yong HI, Kang MC, Cha JY, Choi YS. Effect of hydrocolloids on functionality of Protaetia brevitarsis proteins. Food Sci Biotechnol 2022; 31:243-251. [PMID: 35186354 PMCID: PMC8817955 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-021-01021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the effects of various hydrocolloids on the functionality of extracted proteins from Protaetia brevitarsis were investigated. Gel solubility, apparent viscosity, thermal properties, microstructure, textural properties, foaming properties, and emulsion properties were estimated and compared among treatments. Although all hydrocolloids enhanced the protein gelling properties compared with those of the control protein, the protein-polysaccharide complex in samples treated with a hydrocolloid with a lower solubility of hydrophobic bonds and disulfide bonds showed a more compact microstructure with high textural properties, apparent viscosity, and emulsion stability. By contrast, hydrocolloids with a high solubility of hydrophobic bonds increased the foaming properties and showed high thermal stability of the insect proteins. These results indicate that hydrocolloids should be carefully selected when in complex with edible insect proteins according to their purpose as gelling or foaming agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Kyung Kim
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, 55365 Republic of Korea
| | - Hae In Yong
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, 55365 Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Cheol Kang
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, 55365 Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yoon Cha
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, 55365 Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Sang Choi
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, 55365 Republic of Korea
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15
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Lee JH, Kim TK, Jeong CH, Yong HI, Cha JY, Kim BK, Choi YS. Biological activity and processing technologies of edible insects: a review. Food Sci Biotechnol 2021; 30:1003-1023. [PMID: 34471556 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-021-00942-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The burgeoning global population growth has raised concerns regarding the expected increase in the demand for food, which could be partially tackled by identifying novel food sources. To this end, edible insects have recently attracted research interest. Several technologies for utilizing edible insect-derived proteins have been introduced; however, research into their functional utilization is insufficient. Herein, we reviewed the relevant literature on the importance of insects as food sources, extraction of edible insects, the nutritional value of insects, biological activities of components, and their applications in food industries. We summarized the studies primarily focused on the functional utilization of edible insects, suggesting that for successful incorporation and growth of edible insects in food and pharmaceutical industries, strategies to improve the extraction methods are required to explore the biological activity of edible insects. Furthermore, the awareness of edible insects with a focus on their allergens warrants consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hoon Lee
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, 55365 Korea
| | - Tae-Kyung Kim
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, 55365 Korea
| | - Chang Hee Jeong
- Microbiology and Functionality Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, 61755 Korea
| | - Hae In Yong
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, 55365 Korea
| | - Ji Yoon Cha
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, 55365 Korea
| | - Bum-Keun Kim
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, 55365 Korea
| | - Yun-Sang Choi
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, 55365 Korea
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16
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Kim TK, Yong HI, Jung S, Sung JM, Jang HW, Choi YS. Physicochemical and textural properties of emulsions prepared from the larvae of the edible insects Tenebrio molitor, Allomyrina dichotoma, and Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis. J Anim Sci Technol 2021; 63:417-425. [PMID: 33987615 PMCID: PMC8071746 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The use of edible insects to replace meat protein is important to ensure future
global food security. However, processed foods using edible insects require
development to enhance consumer perception. Here, we examined the
physicochemical characteristics and rheological properties of emulsions prepared
from different edible insect larvae. Three edible insect species
(Tenebrio molitor, Allomyrina dichotoma and
Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis) were used to prepare
larval emulsions that were formulated with 65% of insect larvae, 20% of pork
back fat, and 15% ice. The A. dichotoma emulsion had the
highest pH and lightness, redness, and yellowness values, while the T.
molitor emulsion had the lowest pH and lightness, redness, and
yellowness values. The T. molitor emulsion had the highest
hardness, gumminess, chewiness, and apparent viscosity values but the lowest
springiness and cohesiveness values. According to the sodium dodecyl
sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis, T.
molitor had the thickest bands, followed by P. brevitarsis
seulensis . The differential scanning calorimetry distributions for
the T. molitor and A. dichotoma emulsions
showed one peak, while that of the P. brevitarsis seulensis
emulsion had two peaks. The collective results suggest that T.
molitor was the most suitable candidate (of the three tested
species) for use as a meat replacement in terms of its physicochemical and
rheological properties. It is important that such properties of insect-based
emulsions are maintained using various technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Kyung Kim
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Hae In Yong
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Samooel Jung
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Jung-Min Sung
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Hae Won Jang
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Yun-Sang Choi
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
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17
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Lee S, Choi YS, Jo K, Kim TK, Yong HI, Jung S. Quality characteristics and protein digestibility of Protaetia brevitarsis larvae. J Anim Sci Technol 2020; 62:741-752. [PMID: 33089238 PMCID: PMC7553843 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2020.62.5.741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Herein, the in vitro protein digestibility of lyophilized
Protaetia brevitarsis larvae flour with and without
defatting using 70% ethanol was compared with beef loin. Proximate analysis
showed that the defatted larvae contained the highest protein content
(p < 0.05). The viable counts of total aerobic
bacteria, Escherichia coli, and coliform bacteria decreased
significantly after defatting the larval samples with 70% ethanol
(p < 0.05). Measurement of α-amino group
content and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE)
revealed higher amounts of low molecular weight proteins in the larvae compared
to beef loin (p < 0.05). After in vitro digestion, the
degree of protein hydrolysis of the digesta was higher for both larvae samples
compared to beef loin (p < 0.05). No change was observed
in the in vitro larval protein digestibility after defatting.
These results highlight the excellent protein digestibility of P.
brevitarsis larvae with high protein content. Defatting insect
flour with 70% ethanol could enhance microbial safety while maintaining
excellent protein digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonmin Lee
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Yun-Sang Choi
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Kyung Jo
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Tae-Kyung Kim
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Hae In Yong
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Samooel Jung
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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18
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Lee S, Jo K, Yong HI, Choi YS, Jung S. Comparison of the in vitro protein digestibility of Protaetia brevitarsis larvae and beef loin before and after defatting. Food Chem 2021; 338:128073. [PMID: 32950872 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Protein digestibility of Protaetia brevitarsis larvae before and after defatting by hexane was compared with that of beef loin in an in vitro digestion model. Larvae had higher crude protein content and 10% trichloroacetic acid (10% TCA)-soluble α-amino groups than beef. Decreases in the levels of total free sulfhydryl groups and 10% TCA-soluble α-amino groups were detected in larvae and beef after defatting (P < 0.05). Surface hydrophobicity increased after defatting in both larvae and beef, (P < 0.05) and tryptophan fluorescence intensity decreased in defatted larvae but increased in defatted beef. Levels of proteins digested into sizes under 3 and 10 kDa in larvae were higher than those in beef (P < 0.05), and defatting did not induce an effect in larvae. Therefore, in the aspect of high protein content and digestibility, larvae of P. brevitarsis can be a potential substitute of animal proteins.
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19
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Phokasem P, Jantrapirom S, Karinchai J, Yoshida H, Yamaguchi M, Chantawannakul P. Honeybee products and edible insect powders improve locomotive and learning abilities of Ubiquilin-knockdown Drosophila. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:267. [PMID: 32867756 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-03054-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the human Ubiquilin 2 gene are associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) with or without frontotemporal dementia (FTD), the fatal neurodegenerative disease that progressively affected neuronal cells in both brain and spinal cord. There is currently no effective therapy for these diseases. Over the last decade, researchers have focused on the potential use of natural products especially in neurodegenerative studies. Insect products have been used as traditional medicines, however, scientific information is still lacking. Fruit fly is recently used as a model organism to investigate degenerative diseases related to the nervous system because it has a short life span and produces a large number of offspring. METHODS The present study investigated the effects of honeybee products and edible insect powders on the locomotive and learning abilities, neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) structure, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in larval brains of Ubiquilin- knockdown Drosophila. RESULTS dUbqn knockdown flies showed defects in locomotive and learning abilities accompanied with structural defects in NMJs. The results obtained revealed that the recovery of locomotive defects was significantly greater in dUbqn knockdown flies fed with coffee honey from Apis cerana (1% v/v) or Apis dorsata melittin (0.5 μg/ml) or wasp powder (2 mg/ml) than that of in untreated dUbqn knockdown flies. Furthermore, dUbqn knockdown flies fed with coffee honey showed the partial rescue of structural defects in NMJs, improved learning ability, and reduced the accumulation of ROS caused by dUbqn depletion in the brain over the untreated group. CONCLUSION These results suggest that coffee honey from Apis cerana contains a neuroprotective agent that will contribute to the development of a novel treatment for ALS/FTD.
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20
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Kim TK, Yong HI, Kim YB, Jung S, Kim HW, Choi YS. Effects of organic solvent on functional properties of defatted proteins extracted from Protaetia brevitarsis larvae. Food Chem 2020; 336:127679. [PMID: 32768903 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of aqueous fat separation and defatting using organic solvents (99% methanol, ethanol, and n-hexane) on the characteristics and functionality of proteins extracted from Protaetia brevitarsis. The defatting efficiency, amino acid composition, protein solubility, and technical properties were the highest when proteins were defatted using n-hexane. Proteins defatted using ethanol were similar in foam capacity and emulsifying capacity. Surface hydrophobicity decreased when using organic solvents, and excessive fat content disrupted the functional properties of the extracted proteins. Proteins extracted using the different solvents displayed different pH values. The pH of the aqueous extract was the lowest. CIE L* a* b* color values also differed using the different extraction methods. Although n-hexane might be the most efficient solvent for defatting the proteins extracted from edible insects, ethanol could also be used to obtain similar foam and emulsifying capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Kyung Kim
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae In Yong
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Boong Kim
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Samooel Jung
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Wook Kim
- Department of Animal Science & Biotechnology, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 52725, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Sang Choi
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Yu SH, Yu SY, Lee BS, Kim HJ, Kim MR, Lee YC. 28-day repeated oral dose toxicity study of an aqueous extract of Gryllus bimaculatus in sprague-dawley rat. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:577-582. [PMID: 32426238 PMCID: PMC7225595 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gryllus bimaculatus, edible insects, is the best alternative food source. Evaluation of Gryllus bimaculatus extracts with water in Sprague Dawley rats for its safety. No Observed Adverse Effect Level for Gryllus bimaculatus is considered to be 3000 mg/kg in rats.
This study was performed to demonstrate a No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for an aqueous extract of Gryllus bimaculatus. According to other studies, using dried material or extract with ethanol or methanol determined a NOAEL dose of 1000 mg/kg or 5000 mg/kg in rats. Therefore, the Gryllus bimaculatus groups were administered orally at doses of 0, 1000, 2000, and 3000 mg/kg for four weeks. Two-week recovery groups were administered at doses of 0, and 3000 mg/kg. During administration and recovery period, the animals were observed for clinical signs, change of body weight, food consumption, hematology, and clinical chemistry. Rats in each group were periodically sacrificed, and organs were weighed and examined histologically. No difference arose between any of the dosage groups and the control group in clinical signs, histopathological examination, hematology, or clinical chemistry. In conclusion, 3000 mg/kg is a NOAEL dose for Gryllus bimaculatus extracts in Sprague Dawley rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Hyun Yu
- Naturetech Co., #450-86, Maebong-Ro, Dongnam-Gu, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam, South Korea
| | - Su-Yeol Yu
- Naturetech Co., #450-86, Maebong-Ro, Dongnam-Gu, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam, South Korea
| | - Bo-Su Lee
- Naturetech Co., #450-86, Maebong-Ro, Dongnam-Gu, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Kim
- Naturetech Co., #450-86, Maebong-Ro, Dongnam-Gu, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam, South Korea
| | - Mi-Ran Kim
- Naturetech Co., #450-86, Maebong-Ro, Dongnam-Gu, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam, South Korea
| | - Young-Chul Lee
- Naturetech Co., #450-86, Maebong-Ro, Dongnam-Gu, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam, South Korea
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22
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Wu RA, Ding Q, Yin L, Chi X, Sun N, He R, Luo L, Ma H, Li Z. Comparison of the nutritional value of mysore thorn borer (Anoplophora chinensis) and mealworm larva (Tenebrio molitor): Amino acid, fatty acid, and element profiles. Food Chem 2020; 323:126818. [PMID: 32330649 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in using insects as an alternative nutrient source and Mysore thorn borer (MTB) (Anoplophora chinensis) might have nutritional and functional relevance for humans. The nutritional composition of MTB (amino acids, fatty acids, and elements profiles) was examined and compared with mealworm larva (MWL) (Tenebrio molitor). MTB was found to contain 19 amino acids, including all essential amino acids. A total of 16 fatty acids were detected including polyunsaturated fatty acids (e.g. α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid). Moreover, MTB had a low n - 6/n - 3 ratio and contained some essential elements, such as iron, zinc, calcium, and potassium. These results demonstrated that MTB might be a potential source of nutritional compounds for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A Wu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang 212013, China; Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Qingzhi Ding
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang 212013, China; Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Litao Yin
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xiuwei Chi
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Nianzhen Sun
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang 212013, China; Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Ronghai He
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang 212013, China; Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Lin Luo
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang 212013, China; Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Haile Ma
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang 212013, China; Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Zhikun Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang 212013, China; Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang 212013, China
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23
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Haber M, Mishyna M, Itzhak Martinez JJ, Benjamin O. Edible larvae and pupae of honey bee (Apis mellifera): Odor and nutritional characterization as a function of diet. Food Chem 2019; 292:197-203. [PMID: 31054665 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Future protein demand is expected to rise with global population growth. In this study a comprehensive sensorial analysis of the odor of honey bee (Apis mellifera) larvae and pupae as function of their diet (with and without added sugar solution) was performed, as well as nutritional values and antioxidant activity analysis. Honey bee brood powder is a potentially valuable nutritional source with 20-25% protein (dry matter basis), high antioxidant activity and polyphenol content. Main volatile compounds detected using GC-MS with HS-SPME injection were odorless pheromones that represented differences between larvae and pupae. The determined active odor compounds were 2- and 3-methylbutanal, diacetyl, nonanal, dimethyl sulfide and ocimene. A trained sensory panel described honey bee brood aroma profile mainly with buttery and milky attributes, with different life stages and diets giving similar profiles. Such studies can be useful for future development of food products with desired nutritional and sensorial characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Haber
- Food Science Department, Tel Hai College, Upper Galilee 1220800, Israel
| | - M Mishyna
- Food Science Department, Tel Hai College, Upper Galilee 1220800, Israel; School of Food Science and Bioengineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - J J Itzhak Martinez
- Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Biodiversity, MIGAL - Galilee Research Center, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel; Animal Science Department, Tel Hai College, Upper Galilee 1220800, Israel
| | - O Benjamin
- Food Science Department, Tel Hai College, Upper Galilee 1220800, Israel.
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Kim SY, Kim MJ, Jung SK, Kim HY. Development of a fast real-time PCR assay based on TaqMan probe for identification of edible rice grasshopper (Oxya chinensis) in processed food products. Food Res Int 2019; 116:441-446. [PMID: 30716966 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Interest in using insects as an alternative source of food for humans is increasing. However, few analytical methods provide accurate information about the presence of insect species in processed foods. In this study, we developed a fast real-time PCR assay based on a TaqMan probe that can be performed within 40 min to detect edible rice grasshopper in commercial food products. A rice grasshopper-specific primer pair and probe targeting the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene were newly designed, having an amplicon size of 110 bp. The specificity of this primer pair and probe was verified using 19 insects and five crustaceans and no cross-reactivity was obtained against the non-target species. The absolute limit of detection (LOD) was 0.5 pg of rice grasshopper DNA, and as low as 0.1% of rice grasshopper was detected in raw, heat-treated, and autoclaved binary insect mixtures. To evaluate the effect of food matrix, binary mixtures containing rice grasshopper in wheat were used additionally, and at least 0.1% of target species was detected using this assay. The applicability of this assay was confirmed using nine commercial food samples labeled as containing rice grasshopper or locust. The fast real-time PCR developed in this study is a specific and sensitive method for identifying edible rice grasshopper in various food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Yeon Kim
- Institute of Life Sciences & Resources and Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ju Kim
- Institute of Life Sciences & Resources and Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul-Ki Jung
- Institute of Life Sciences & Resources and Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Yeong Kim
- Institute of Life Sciences & Resources and Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea.
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Mancini S, Moruzzo R, Riccioli F, Paci G. European consumers' readiness to adopt insects as food. A review. Food Res Int 2019; 122:661-78. [PMID: 31229126 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Edible insects seem one of the more probable responses to the increased quantity of food proteins needed in future prospective related to the increase of human population, mainly in developing countries. Introduction of entomophagy in developed countries, especially in Europe and North America, could help this trend and drive the world food economy to reach that goal. Few articles were published on acceptability of edible insect in European countries, with a large variability of methodologies used. Furthermore, both structure and unstructured (or semi-structured) techniques were analysed and compared. Through this review article, we analysed the different methodologies conducted on European consumers and categorised the studies in relation to the type of analysis chosen, data collection and results obtained. Limitation of the research studies and future recommendations were explored leading to better investigate consumers' acceptance.
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Ahn EM, Myung NY, Jung HA, Kim SJ. The ameliorative effect of Protaetia brevitarsis Larvae in HFD-induced obese mice. Food Sci Biotechnol 2019; 28:1177-86. [PMID: 31275718 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-018-00553-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protaetia brevitarsis Lewis (P. brevitarsis) larvae, edible insect, traditionally is consumed for various health benefits. However, little information is available with respect to its direct anti-obesity effects. Thus, the present study was designed to investigate the regulatory effect of P. brevitarsis against high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. HFD-fed mice showed an increase in the body weight and serum levels of total cholesterol as well as low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and triglycerides. The administration of P. brevitarsis to obese mice induced a reduction in their body weight, lipid accumulation in liver and serum lipid parameter compared with the HFD fed mice. P. brevitarsis also inhibited the expression of obesity-related genes such as CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha and fatty acid synthesis in 3T3-L1 cells. Moreover, oleic acid was identified as predominant fatty acid of P. brevitarsis by gas chromatography analysis. Conclusively, these findings suggested that P. brevitarsis may help to prevent obesity and obesity-related metabolic diseases.
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27
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Kamemura N, Sugimoto M, Tamehiro N, Adachi R, Tomonari S, Watanabe T, Mito T. Cross-allergenicity of crustacean and the edible insect Gryllus bimaculatus in patients with shrimp allergy. Mol Immunol 2018; 106:127-134. [PMID: 30597474 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Food scarcity is a serious problem for many developing as well as developed countries. Edible insects have attracted attention recently as a novel food source. Crickets are especially high in nutritional value and easy to breed and harvest. In this study, we evaluated the risk of allergic reactions associated with cricket consumption in individuals with crustacean allergy. We evaluated food allergy risk in the consumption of Gryllus bimaculatus (cricket) in patients with shrimp allergy, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and IgE crosslinking-induced luciferase expression assay (EXiLE). Sera from individuals with shrimp allergy (positive for shrimp-specific IgE by ImmunoCAP (>0.35 UA/mL; n = 9) or without shrimp allergy (negative for shrimp-specific IgE; n = 6) were obtained. There was a strong correlation between shrimp- and Gryllus-specific IgE levels obtained by ELISA (rs = 0.99; P < 0.001). The binding of shrimp-specific IgE on shrimp allergen was dose-dependently inhibited by Gryllus allergen (0-1.0 mg/mL). There was a strong correlation between shrimp- and Gryllus-specific IgE responses, as assessed by EXiLE assays (rs = 0.89; P < 0.001). We determined that a protein of approximately 40 kDa reacted with the positive, but not negative, sera for shrimp-specific IgE by ImmunoCAP. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis identified the major allergen in shrimp and Gryllus to be tropomyosin. Our data suggest that the cricket allergen has the potential to induce an allergic reaction in individuals with crustacean allergy. Therefore, allergy risk and shrimp-specific IgE levels should be considered before consumption of cricket meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Kamemura
- Department of Food-Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Mayumi Sugimoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Norimasa Tamehiro
- Division of Biochemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Reiko Adachi
- Division of Biochemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sayuri Tomonari
- Division of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takahito Watanabe
- Division of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Taro Mito
- Division of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan.
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Shin CS, Kim DY, Shin WS. Characterization of chitosan extracted from Mealworm Beetle (Tenebrio molitor, Zophobas morio) and Rhinoceros Beetle (Allomyrina dichotoma) and their antibacterial activities. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 125:72-77. [PMID: 30500507 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chitin was isolated from the larvae, adult, and superworm of Mealworm Beetle and the larvae, pupa, and adult of Rhinoceros Beetle by deproteinization and demineralization. Chitin yields were 4.60, 8.40, and 3.90% in the larvae, adult, and superworm of Mealworm Beetle and 10.53, 12.70, and 14.20% in the larvae, pupa, and adult of Rhinoceros Beetle, respectively. Subsequently, chitosan was obtained by deacetylation of chitin extractions from all stages of both beetle species, and its yields from chitin were 80.00, 78.33, and 83.33% in the larvae, adult, and superworm of Mealworm Beetle, and 83.37, 83.37, and 75.00% in larvae, pupa, and adult of Rhinoceros Beetle, respectively. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the chitosan from the two insect species showed the similar structural characteristics as those of commercial chitosan. Chitosan from the Mealworm Beetle showed about 1 mm inhibition zones against Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherischia coli, and a 2 mm inhibition zone against Staphylococcus aureus in antimicrobial activity test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae-Shim Shin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Yeong Kim
- Research Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Weon-Sun Shin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
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Rutaro K, Malinga GM, Lehtovaara VJ, Opoke R, Nyeko P, Roininen H, Valtonen A. Fatty acid content and composition in edible Ruspolia differens feeding on mixtures of natural food plants. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:687. [PMID: 30285897 PMCID: PMC6167896 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3792-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To develop successful mass-rearing programs of edible insects, knowledge of the feeds and their influence on nutritional content is critical. We assessed the influence of natural food plants (grass inflorescences) and their mixtures on fatty acid profiles of edible Ruspolia differens. We reared neonate nymphs to adult on six dietary treatments consisting of one, and mixtures of two, three, five, six and eight plants. Results The contents of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, omega-6/omega-3 ratio, and adult body weight did not differ among dietary treatments. However, the composition of fatty acids differed significantly among insects fed on six dietary treatments, but only for the rare fatty acids. Our results demonstrate that even if natural diets (grass inflorescences) do not strongly modify fatty acid contents or compositions of R. differens, when reared from neonate nymphs to adults, their n − 6/n − 3 fatty acid ratio is generally low and thus good for a healthy human diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlmax Rutaro
- Department of Biochemistry and Sports Science, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda. .,Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, 80101, Joensuu, Finland.
| | - Geoffrey M Malinga
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, 80101, Joensuu, Finland.,Department of Biology, Gulu University, P.O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Vilma J Lehtovaara
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Robert Opoke
- Department of Biology, Gulu University, P.O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Philip Nyeko
- Department of Forestry, Biodiversity and Tourism, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Heikki Roininen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Anu Valtonen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
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Borah D, Gogoi P, Agarwal D, Khataniar A. Characterization of a Newly Isolated Probiotic Strain from Oecophylla smaragdina, an Edible Insect Popular Among the Indigenous Communities of Northeast India. Indian J Microbiol 2018; 59:39-50. [PMID: 30728629 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-018-0758-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Northeast India is amongst the 34 Biodiversity Hot Spots of the world with large number of unexplored flora and fauna. A total of 74 potential isolates with probiotic properties were isolated from Oecophylla smaragdina, an edible insect used by local tribes as a nutritious medicinal food source out of which, the most potential probiotic candidate was identified as Bacillus sp. PD6 by 16S rRNA sequencing. Cell surface trait analysis shows hydrophobicity and auto-aggregation percentage of 46.2 ± 0.32% and 61.41 ± 0.28% respectively. The cell free extract (CFE) of the isolate shows the presence of essential amino acids viz, lysine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, and threonine indicating its nutritional value. It survives significantly at pH range from 1 to 10 and capable of hydrolyzing bile salt. The CFE shows antagonistic effect against B. cereus ATCC 11778, E. coli ATCC 25922 and L. monocytogenes ATCC BAA751. FTIR spectra of bacterial exo-polysaccharide shows the presence of νC=C-H stretch, νN-H stretch, νC-H stretch, νC-H bending and νC=O stretch bonds. It was found to be non-cytotoxic against primary mouse liver cell line and sheep erythrocytes and also, sensitive against wide range of broad and narrow spectrum antibiotics making it recommendable for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debajit Borah
- 1Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, 786004 India
| | - Pronami Gogoi
- 2Department of Microbiology, Assam Medical College and Hospital, Dibrugarh, 786002 India
| | - Dipti Agarwal
- 1Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, 786004 India
| | - Ankita Khataniar
- 1Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, 786004 India
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31
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Noh JH, Jeong JS, Park SJ, Yun EY, Hwang JS, Kim JY, Jung KJ, Park HJ, Son HY, Moon KS. Toxicological safety evaluation of freeze-dried Protaetia brevitarsis larva powder. Toxicol Rep 2018; 5:695-703. [PMID: 30003048 PMCID: PMC6041370 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
General toxicity and genotoxicity of freeze-dried P. brevitarsis larva powder was investigated. In rats, LD50 and NOAEL set at >5000 and 3000 mg/kg, respectively. No aberrant changes in Ig E and histamine concentration were observed in the 13-week oral repeated dose study. No evidence of mutagenic and carcinogenic potential was observed in the genotoxicity studies.
White-spotted flower chafer (Protaetia brevitarsis) is an edible insect and its larva was used as a traditional Asian medicine. It’s a promising material as a novel food source because of its nutritional components. In this study, as part of the preclinical toxicity program, we evaluated the toxicity of freeze-dried P. brevitarsis larva powder to develop a novel food material. In a single-dose oral toxicity study in rats, there were no changes in mortality, clinical observations, and body weight in rats administered 5000 mg/kg P. brevitarsis larva powder. In a 13-week oral repeated dose toxicity study in rats, there were no adverse effects or changes in mortality, clinical observations, body weight, food consumption, ophthalmology, clinical pathology, necropsy, organ weight, and histopathology at doses of 300, 1000, and 3000 mg/kg/day. In identification of allergic reactions, P. brevitarsis larva powder induced no increases of serum immunoglobulin E and histamine concentrations over 13 weeks of oral administration in rats. In a genotoxicity assessment, P. brevitarsis larva powder didn’t provoke bacterial reverse mutations, chromosomal aberrations, and micronucleated reticulocytes. Therefore, freeze-dried P. brevitarsis larva powder shows no evidence of toxic and mutagenic changes under the experimental conditions of the present in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ho Noh
- Department of Toxicological Evaluation and Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Seong Jeong
- Department of Toxicological Evaluation and Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Jin Park
- Department of Toxicological Evaluation and Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Young Yun
- Graduate School of Integrated Bioindustry, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sam Hwang
- Department of Agricultural Biology Applied Entomology Division, National Institute of Agricultural Science, 166, Nongsaengmyong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Kim
- Department of Toxicological Evaluation and Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Jin Jung
- Department of Toxicological Evaluation and Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Park
- Department of Toxicological Evaluation and Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Young Son
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Sik Moon
- Department of Toxicological Evaluation and Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
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Chae KS, Shin CS, Shin WS. Characteristics of cricket ( Gryllus bimaculatus) chitosan and chitosan-based nanoparticles. Food Sci Biotechnol 2018; 27:631-639. [PMID: 30263789 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-018-0314-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The field cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus) is commonly consumed as food in different parts of the world. This study was performed to characterize the chitosan extracted from crickets and to assess its potential use to the growing functional market. The degree of deacetylation (DA), Fourier-transform infrared spectra, X-ray diffraction patterns, molecular mass, scanning electron microscopy spectra, and color were measured. Cricket chitosan nanoparticles were prepared, and the optimal conditions were identified. The molecular mass of the cricket chitosan was lower than that of commercial chitosan; however, the DA, FTIR, and XRD spectra were similar. The particle size (208.27 ± 3.47 nm), zeta potential (35.72 ± 1.29 mV), and polydispersity index (PDI: 0.27 ± 0.03) of the cricket chitosan NPs were superior to the commercial. Addition of NaCl reduced the cricket chitosan NPs size up to 15.5%. This finding is a novel trial to prove the availability of the insect chitosan with a low molecular mass as an active carrier source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyo-Sung Chae
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 Republic of Korea
| | - Chae-Shim Shin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 Republic of Korea
| | - Weon-Sun Shin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 Republic of Korea
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Caparros Megido R, Poelaert C, Ernens M, Liotta M, Blecker C, Danthine S, Tyteca E, Haubruge É, Alabi T, Bindelle J, Francis F. Effect of household cooking techniques on the microbiological load and the nutritional quality of mealworms (Tenebrio molitor L. 1758). Food Res Int 2018; 106:503-508. [PMID: 29579954 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mealworms are new food products in Europe, but consumers do not know how to cook them. Although cooking could increase the safety, acceptability, palatability, and digestibility of insects, the heating process could have deleterious effects on protein and lipid quality. Therefore, this study characterized the effects of different household cooking methods (boiling, pan-frying, vacuum cooking, and oven cooking) on the microbial load and nutritive value of mealworms, with a focus on protein digestibility and fatty acid composition. Boiling and cooking under vacuum were the most efficient techniques to reduce microbial load while maintaining the high levels of protein and polyunsaturated fatty acids of mealworms. Cooking method-related changes were very low on macronutrients content except for pan-fried mealworms which exhibited the highest lipid content. Cooking slightly changed fatty acid composition of mealworms by principally decreasing their level of saturated fatty acids but also increased the in vitro crude protein digestibility of mealworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudy Caparros Megido
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés, 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Christine Poelaert
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés, 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Marjorie Ernens
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés, 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Marisa Liotta
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés, 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Christophe Blecker
- Food Science and Formulation, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés, 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Sabine Danthine
- Food Science and Formulation, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés, 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Eva Tyteca
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés, 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Éric Haubruge
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés, 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Taofic Alabi
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés, 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium; Sixlegs S.A., ZAE Sainte Eugénie, Rue de Sainte Eugénie 40, 5060 Tamines, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Bindelle
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés, 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Francis
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés, 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
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Dutta P, Dey T, Dihingia A, Manna P, Kalita J. Antioxidant and glucose metabolizing potential of edible insect, Brachytrupes orientalis via modulating Nrf2/AMPK/GLUT4 signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 95:556-563. [PMID: 28869893 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.08.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Brachytrupes orientalis (Gryllidae) is a common edible insect species eaten by the different tribes of North East India. This study investigated the potentiality of Brachytrupes orientalis extracts in different solvent hydro-alcoholic (AEBO), hexane (HEBO) and ethyl acetate (EEBO) on glucose utilization and cell viability in high glucose (HG) treated myotubes. It has been observed that AEBO supplementation significantly increased the glucose utilization against HG exposure; however, treatment HEBO and EEBO have no significant effect. AEBO also increased the intercellular glucose-6-phosphate level and the protein expression of both phospho-AMPK and GLUT4 in HG treated myotubes in a dose dependent manner. Furthermore, supplementation with AEBO decreased the intercellular ROS production, lipid peroxidation, and up-regulated the protein expression of Nrf2 and GST. Chromatography and Spectroscopic analyses of AEBO also suggest that Ursolic acid may be one of the bioactive principles with rich potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachurjya Dutta
- Biological Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat- 785006, Assam, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST) campus, Jorhat
| | - Tapan Dey
- Biological Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat- 785006, Assam, India; Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh-786004, Assam, India
| | - Anjum Dihingia
- Biological Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat- 785006, Assam, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST) campus, Jorhat
| | - Prasenjit Manna
- Biological Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat- 785006, Assam, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST) campus, Jorhat
| | - Jatin Kalita
- Biological Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat- 785006, Assam, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST) campus, Jorhat.
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Noh JH, Yun EY, Park H, Jung KJ, Hwang JS, Jeong EJ, Moon KS. Subchronic Oral Dose Toxicity of Freeze-dried Powder of Allomyrina dichotoma Larvae. Toxicol Res 2015; 31:69-75. [PMID: 25874035 PMCID: PMC4395657 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2015.31.1.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the toxicological information of freeze-dried powder from Allomyrina dichotoma (A. dichotoma) larvae as a food ingredient. The powder, suspended in distilled water, was administered once daily by oral gavage to four groups of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats at dose levels of 0 (vehicle control), 250, 850, and 2500 mg/kg/day. After 13 wks of repeated administration, the standard toxicological parameters such as mortality, clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, ophthalmologic examination, clinical pathology, organ weights and macro/microscopic examination were applied for assessment of general toxicity. In addition, serum IgE and histamine levels were determined to evaluate allergenicity. The freeze-dried powder from A. dichotoma larvae did not produce treatmentrelated changes or findings in any toxicological parameters in either sex of any dosed groups except for slight increases in serum histamine levels at 2500 mg/kg/day. The changes were considered not to be adverse since the magnitude was minimal. In conclusion, the NOAEL (No Observed Adverse Effect Level) of the freeze-dried powder from A. dichotoma larvae was determined to be 2500 mg/kg/day or more in both sexes of SD rats and it is considered a candidate to be edible material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ho Noh
- Department of Toxicological Evaluation and Research, Korea Institute Toxicology (KIT), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Eun-Young Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Suwon, Korea
| | - Heejin Park
- Department of Toxicological Evaluation and Research, Korea Institute Toxicology (KIT), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kyung-Jin Jung
- Department of Toxicological Evaluation and Research, Korea Institute Toxicology (KIT), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jae Sam Hwang
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Suwon, Korea
| | - Eun Ju Jeong
- Department of Toxicological Evaluation and Research, Korea Institute Toxicology (KIT), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Sik Moon
- Department of Toxicological Evaluation and Research, Korea Institute Toxicology (KIT), Daejeon, Korea
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Srinroch C, Srisomsap C, Chokchaichamnankit D, Punyarit P, Phiriyangkul P. Identification of novel allergen in edible insect, Gryllus bimaculatus and its cross-reactivity with Macrobrachium spp. allergens. Food Chem 2015; 184:160-6. [PMID: 25872439 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.03.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Edible insects have recently been promoted as a source of protein and have a high nutrition value. Identification of allergens and cross-reactivity between Macrobrachium spp. and the field cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus) is necessary for food safety control and to assist in the diagnosis and therapy of allergy symptoms. Denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was used to separate proteins. Allergens were determined and identified by IgE-immunoblotting with pooled sera from prawn-allergic patients (n=16) and LC-MS/MS. Arginine kinase (AK) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) were determined as the important allergens in muscle of Macrobrachium rosenbergii whereas, hemocyanin (HC) was identified as an allergen in Macrobrachium spp. The allergens in Macrobrachium lanchesteri were identified as AK and HC. In addition, hexamerin1B (HEX1B) was identified as a novel and specific allergen in G. bimaculatus. The important allergen in G. bimaculatus and Macrobrachium spp. is AK and was found to cross-react between both species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chutima Srinroch
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng-Saen Campus, Nakhon-Pathom 73140, Thailand; Bioproducts Science, Department of Science, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng-Saen Campus, Nakhon-Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Chantragan Srisomsap
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | | | - Phaibul Punyarit
- Army Institute of Pathology, Medical Center and Government Building, Thanon Phaya Thai, Bangkok 10400; Department of Pathology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Pharima Phiriyangkul
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng-Saen Campus, Nakhon-Pathom 73140, Thailand; Bioproducts Science, Department of Science, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng-Saen Campus, Nakhon-Pathom 73140, Thailand.
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Han SR, Yun EY, Kim JY, Hwang JS, Jeong EJ, Moon KS. Evaluation of Genotoxicity and 28-day Oral Dose Toxicity on Freeze-dried Powder of Tenebrio molitor Larvae (Yellow Mealworm). Toxicol Res 2014; 30:121-30. [PMID: 25071922 PMCID: PMC4112063 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2014.30.2.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The larval form of Tenebrio molitor (T. molitor) has been eaten in many countries and provides benefits as a new food source of protein for humans. However, no information exists regarding its safety for humans. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the genotoxicity and repeated dose oral toxicity of the freeze-dried powder of T. molitor larvae. The genotoxic potential was evaluated by a standard battery testing: bacterial reverse mutation test, in vitro chromosome aberration test, and in vivo micronucleus test. To assess the repeated dose toxicity, the powder was administered once daily by oral gavage to Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats at dose levels of 0, 300, 1000 and 3000 mg/kg/day for 28 days. The parameters which were applied to the study were mortality, clinical signs, body and organ weights, food consumption, ophthalmology, urinalysis, hematology, serum chemistry, gross findings and histopathologic examination. The freezedried powder of T. molitor larvae was not mutagenic or clastogenic based on results of in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity assays. Furthermore, no treatment-related changes or findings were observed in any parameters in rats after 28 days oral administration. In conclusion, the freeze-dried powder of T. molitor larvae was considered to be non-genotoxic and the NOAEL (No Observed Adverse Effect Level) was determined to be 3000 mg/kg/day in both sexes of SD rats under our experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Ri Han
- Research Center for General and Applied Toxicology, Korea Institute Toxicology (KIT), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Eun-Young Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Applied Entomology Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Suwon, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Kim
- Research Center for General and Applied Toxicology, Korea Institute Toxicology (KIT), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jae Sam Hwang
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Applied Entomology Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Suwon, Korea
| | - Eun Ju Jeong
- Research Center for General and Applied Toxicology, Korea Institute Toxicology (KIT), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Sik Moon
- Research Center for General and Applied Toxicology, Korea Institute Toxicology (KIT), Daejeon, Korea
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