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Lee H, Han DW, Yoo S, Kwon O, La H, Park C, Lee H, Kang K, Uhm SJ, Song H, Do JT, Choi Y, Hong K. RNA helicase DEAD-box-5 is involved in R-loop dynamics of preimplantation embryos. Anim Biosci 2024; 37:1021-1030. [PMID: 38419548 DOI: 10.5713/ab.23.0401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE R-loops are DNA:RNA triplex hybrids, and their metabolism is tightly regulated by transcriptional regulation, DNA damage response, and chromatin structure dynamics. R-loop homeostasis is dynamically regulated and closely associated with gene transcription in mouse zygotes. However, the factors responsible for regulating these dynamic changes in the R-loops of fertilized mouse eggs have not yet been investigated. This study examined the functions of candidate factors that interact with R-loops during zygotic gene activation. METHODS In this study, we used publicly available next-generation sequencing datasets, including low-input ribosome profiling analysis and polymerase II chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-seq), to identify potential regulators of R-loop dynamics in zygotes. These datasets were downloaded, reanalyzed, and compared with mass spectrometry data to identify candidate factors involved in regulating R-loop dynamics. To validate the functions of these candidate factors, we treated mouse zygotes with chemical inhibitors using in vitro fertilization. Immunofluorescence with an anti-R-loop antibody was then performed to quantify changes in R-loop metabolism. RESULTS We identified DEAD-box-5 (DDX5) and histone deacetylase-2 (HDAC2) as candidates that potentially regulate R-loop metabolism in oocytes, zygotes and two-cell embryos based on change of their gene translation. Our analysis revealed that the DDX5 inhibition of activity led to decreased R-loop accumulation in pronuclei, indicating its involvement in regulating R-loop dynamics. However, the inhibition of histone deacetylase-2 activity did not significantly affect R-loop levels in pronuclei. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that dynamic changes in R-loops during mouse zygote development are likely regulated by RNA helicases, particularly DDX5, in conjunction with transcriptional processes. Our study provides compelling evidence for the involvement of these factors in regulating R-loop dynamics during early embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonji Lee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Dong Wook Han
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Seonho Yoo
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Ohbeom Kwon
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Hyeonwoo La
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Chanhyeok Park
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Heeji Lee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Kiye Kang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Sang Jun Uhm
- Department of Animal Science, Sangji University, Wonju 26339, Korea
| | - Hyuk Song
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Youngsok Choi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Kwonho Hong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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Hong TK, Do JT. Generation of Chicken Contractile Skeletal Muscle Structure Using Decellularized Plant Scaffolds. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024. [PMID: 38563398 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Cultured meat is a meat analogue produced by in vitro cell culture, which can replace the conventional animal production system. Tissue engineering using myogenic cells and biomaterials is a core technology for cultured meat production. In this study, we provide an efficient and economical method to produce skeletal muscle tissue-like structures by culturing chicken myoblasts in a fetal bovine serum (FBS)-free medium and plant-derived scaffolds. An FBS-free medium supplemented with 10% horse serum (HS) and 5% chick embryo extract (CEE) was suitable for the proliferation and differentiation of chicken myoblasts. Decellularized celery scaffolds (Decelery), manufactured using 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), were nontoxic to cells and supported myoblast proliferation and differentiation. Decelery could support the 3D culture of chicken myoblasts, which could adhere and coagulate to the surface of the Decelery and form MYH1E+ and F-actin+ myotubes. After 2 weeks of culture on Decelery, fully grown myoblasts completely covered the surface of the scaffolds and formed fiber-like myotube structures. They further differentiated to form spontaneously contracting myofiber-like myotubes on the scaffold surface, indicating that the Decelery scaffold system could support the formation of a functional mature myofiber structure. In addition, as the spontaneously contracting myofibers did not detach from the surface of the Decelery, the Decelery system is a suitable biomaterial for the long-term culture and maintenance of the myofiber structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Kyung Hong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- 3D Tissue Culture Research Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- 3D Tissue Culture Research Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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Thang NX, Han DW, Park C, Lee H, La H, Yoo S, Lee H, Uhm SJ, Song H, Do JT, Park KS, Choi Y, Hong K. INO80 function is required for mouse mammary gland development, but mutation alone may be insufficient for breast cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1253274. [PMID: 38020889 PMCID: PMC10646318 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1253274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aberrant function of ATP-dependent chromatin remodeler INO80 has been implicated in multiple types of cancers by altering chromatin architecture and gene expression; however, the underlying mechanism of the functional involvement of INO80 mutation in cancer etiology, especially in breast cancer, remains unclear. In the present study, we have performed a weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WCGNA) to investigate links between INO80 expression and breast cancer sub-classification and progression. Our analysis revealed that INO80 repression is associated with differential responsiveness of estrogen receptors (ERs) depending upon breast cancer subtype, ER networks, and increased risk of breast carcinogenesis. To determine whether INO80 loss induces breast tumors, a conditional INO80-knockout (INO80 cKO) mouse model was generated using the Cre-loxP system. Phenotypic characterization revealed that INO80 cKO led to reduced branching and length of the mammary ducts at all stages. However, the INO80 cKO mouse model had unaltered lumen morphology and failed to spontaneously induce tumorigenesis in mammary gland tissue. Therefore, our study suggests that the aberrant function of INO80 is potentially associated with breast cancer by modulating gene expression. INO80 mutation alone is insufficient for breast tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Xuan Thang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Wook Han
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
| | - Chanhyeok Park
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonji Lee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonwoo La
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonho Yoo
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heeji Lee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jun Uhm
- Department of Animal Science, Sangji University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Song
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Sik Park
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsok Choi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwonho Hong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Seo BJ, Na SB, Choi J, Ahn B, Habib O, Park C, Hong K, Do JT. Metabolic and cell cycle shift induced by the deletion of Dnm1l attenuates the dissolution of pluripotency in mouse embryonic stem cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:302. [PMID: 37747543 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04962-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are versatile organelles that continuously change their morphology via fission and fusion. However, the detailed functions of mitochondrial dynamics-related genes in pluripotent stem cells remain largely unclear. Here, we aimed to determine the effects on energy metabolism and differentiation ability of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) following deletion of the mitochondrial fission-related gene Dnml1. Resultant Dnm1l-/- ESCs maintained major pluripotency characteristics. However, Dnm1l-/- ESCs showed several phenotypic changes, including the inhibition of differentiation ability (dissolution of pluripotency). Notably, Dnm1l-/- ESCs maintained the expression of the pluripotency marker Oct4 and undifferentiated colony types upon differentiation induction. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that the most frequently differentially expressed genes were enriched in the glutathione metabolic pathway. Our data suggested that differentiation inhibition of Dnm1l-/- ESCs was primarily due to metabolic shift from glycolysis to OXPHOS, G2/M phase retardation, and high level of Nanog and 2-cell-specific gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong Jong Seo
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Bin Na
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonhyuk Choi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeongyong Ahn
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Omer Habib
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Chankyu Park
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwonho Hong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Kim GY, Choi GT, Park J, Lee J, Do JT. Comparative Analysis of Porcine Adipose- and Wharton's Jelly-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2947. [PMID: 37760347 PMCID: PMC10525484 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are promising candidates for tissue regeneration, cell therapy, and cultured meat research owing to their ability to differentiate into various lineages including adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteocytes. As MSCs display different characteristics depending on the tissue of origin, the appropriate cells need to be selected according to the purpose of the research. However, little is known of the unique properties of MSCs in pigs. In this study, we compared two types of porcine mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated from the dorsal subcutaneous adipose tissue (adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs)) and Wharton's jelly of the umbilical cord (Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs)) of 1-day-old piglets. The ADSCs displayed a higher proliferation rate and more efficient differentiation potential into adipogenic and chondrogenic lineages than that of WJ-MSCs; conversely, WJ-MSCs showed superior differentiation capacity towards osteogenic lineages. In early passages, ADSCs displayed higher proliferation rates and mitochondrial energy metabolism (measured based on the oxygen consumption rate) compared with that of WJ-MSCs, although these distinctions diminished in late passages. This study broadens our understanding of porcine MSCs and provides insights into their potential applications in animal clinics and cultured meat science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ga Yeon Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (G.Y.K.); (G.T.C.); (J.P.)
- 3D Tissue Culture Research Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu Tae Choi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (G.Y.K.); (G.T.C.); (J.P.)
- 3D Tissue Culture Research Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinryong Park
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (G.Y.K.); (G.T.C.); (J.P.)
- 3D Tissue Culture Research Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongeun Lee
- Department of Agricultural Convergency Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (G.Y.K.); (G.T.C.); (J.P.)
- 3D Tissue Culture Research Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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Oh SY, Na SB, Kang YK, Do JT. In Vitro Embryogenesis and Gastrulation Using Stem Cells in Mice and Humans. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13655. [PMID: 37686459 PMCID: PMC10563085 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
During early mammalian embryonic development, fertilized one-cell embryos develop into pre-implantation blastocysts and subsequently establish three germ layers through gastrulation during post-implantation development. In recent years, stem cells have emerged as a powerful tool to study embryogenesis and gastrulation without the need for eggs, allowing for the generation of embryo-like structures known as synthetic embryos or embryoids. These in vitro models closely resemble early embryos in terms of morphology and gene expression and provide a faithful recapitulation of early pre- and post-implantation embryonic development. Synthetic embryos can be generated through a combinatorial culture of three blastocyst-derived stem cell types, such as embryonic stem cells, trophoblast stem cells, and extraembryonic endoderm cells, or totipotent-like stem cells alone. This review provides an overview of the progress and various approaches in studying in vitro embryogenesis and gastrulation in mice and humans using stem cells. Furthermore, recent findings and breakthroughs in synthetic embryos and gastruloids are outlined. Despite ethical considerations, synthetic embryo models hold promise for understanding mammalian (including humans) embryonic development and have potential implications for regenerative medicine and developmental research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Stem Cell Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.O.); (S.B.N.); (Y.K.K.)
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Yoo H, La H, Park C, Yoo S, Lee H, Song H, Do JT, Choi Y, Hong K. Common and distinct functions of mouse Dot1l in the regulation of endothelial transcriptome. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1176115. [PMID: 37397258 PMCID: PMC10311421 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1176115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms are mandatory for endothelial called lymphangioblasts during cardiovascular development. Dot1l-mediated gene transcription in mice is essential for the development and function of lymphatic ECs (LECs). The role of Dot1l in the development and function of blood ECs blood endothelial cells is unclear. RNA-seq datasets from Dot1l-depleted or -overexpressing BECs and LECs were used to comprehensively analyze regulatory networks of gene transcription and pathways. Dot1l depletion in BECs changed the expression of genes involved in cell-to-cell adhesion and immunity-related biological processes. Dot1l overexpression modified the expression of genes involved in different types of cell-to-cell adhesion and angiogenesis-related biological processes. Genes involved in specific tissue development-related biological pathways were altered in Dot1l-depleted BECs and LECs. Dot1l overexpression altered ion transportation-related genes in BECs and immune response regulation-related genes in LECs. Importantly, Dot1l overexpression in BECs led to the expression of genes related to the angiogenesis and increased expression of MAPK signaling pathways related was found in both Dot1l-overexpressing BECs and LECs. Therefore, our integrated analyses of transcriptomics in Dot1l-depleted and Dot1l-overexpressed ECs demonstrate the unique transcriptomic program of ECs and the differential functions of Dot1l in the regulation of gene transcription in BECs and LECs.
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Yoon SH, Kim GY, Choi GT, Do JT. Organ Abnormalities Caused by Turner Syndrome. Cells 2023; 12:1365. [PMID: 37408200 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Turner syndrome (TS), a genetic disorder due to incomplete dosage compensation of X-linked genes, affects multiple organ systems, leading to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, short stature, cardiovascular and vascular abnormalities, liver disease, renal abnormalities, brain abnormalities, and skeletal problems. Patients with TS experience premature ovarian failure with a rapid decline in ovarian function caused by germ cell depletion, and pregnancies carry a high risk of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Aortic abnormalities, heart defects, obesity, hypertension, and liver abnormalities, such as steatosis, steatohepatitis, biliary involvement, liver cirrhosis, and nodular regenerative hyperplasia, are commonly observed in patients with TS. The SHOX gene plays a crucial role in short stature and abnormal skeletal phenotype in patients with TS. Abnormal structure formation of the ureter and kidney is also common in patients with TS, and a non-mosaic 45,X karyotype is significantly associated with horseshoe kidneys. TS also affects brain structure and function. In this review, we explore various phenotypic and disease manifestations of TS in different organs, including the reproductive system, cardiovascular system, liver, kidneys, brain, and skeletal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hoon Yoon
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga Yeon Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu Tae Choi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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Lee M, Seok J, Saha SK, Cho S, Jeong Y, Gil M, Kim A, Shin HY, Bae H, Do JT, Kim YB, Cho SG. Alterations and Co-Occurrence of C-MYC, N-MYC, and L-MYC Expression are Related to Clinical Outcomes in Various Cancers. Int J Stem Cells 2023; 16:215-233. [PMID: 37105559 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc22188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives MYC, also known as an oncogenic reprogramming factor, is a multifunctional transcription factor that maintains induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Although MYC is frequently upregulated in various cancers and is correlated with a poor prognosis, MYC is downregulated and correlated with a good prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma. MYC and two other MYC family genes, MYCN and MYCL, have similar structures and could contribute to tumorigenic conversion both in vitro and in vivo. Methods and Results We systematically investigated whether MYC family genes act as prognostic factors in various human cancers. We first evaluated alterations in the expression of MYC family genes in various cancers using the Oncomine and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and their mutation and copy number alterations using the TCGA database with cBioPortal. Then, we investigated the association between the expression of MYC family genes and the prognosis of cancer patients using various prognosis databases. Multivariate analysis also confirmed that co-expression of MYC/MYCL/MYCN was significantly associated with the prognosis of lung, gastric, liver, and breast cancers. Conclusions Taken together, our results demonstrate that the MYC family can function not only as an oncogene but also as a tumor suppressor gene in various cancers, which could be used to develop a novel approach to cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moonjung Lee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology & Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Advanced Translational Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaekwon Seok
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology & Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Subbroto Kumar Saha
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology & Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sungha Cho
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology & Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeojin Jeong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology & Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minchan Gil
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology & Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Aram Kim
- Department of Urology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ha Youn Shin
- Department of Biomedical Science & Engineering, KU Convergence Science and Technology Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hojae Bae
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology & Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology & Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Bong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science & Engineering, KU Convergence Science and Technology Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ssang-Goo Cho
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology & Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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Koo KM, Go YH, Kim SM, Kim CD, Do JT, Kim TH, Cha HJ. Label-free and non-destructive identification of naïve and primed embryonic stem cells based on differences in cellular metabolism. Biomaterials 2023; 293:121939. [PMID: 36521427 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) exist in naïve or primed states based on their origin. For in vitro culture, these PSCs require different supplements and growth factors. However, owing to their similar phenotypic features, identifying both cell types without harming cellular functions is challenging. This study reports an electrochemical method that enables simple, label-free, and non-destructive detection of naïve embryonic stem cells (ESCs) derived from mouse ESCs, based on the differences in cellular metabolism. Two major metabolic pathways to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS)-were blocked, and it was found that mitochondrial energy generation is the origin of the strong electrochemical signals of naïve ESCs. The number of ESCs is quantified when mixed with primed ESCs or converted from naïve-primed switchable metastable ESCs. The mouse PSCs derived from doxycycline-inducible mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) are also sensitively identified among other cell types such as unconverted MEFs and primed PSCs. The developed sensing platform operates in a non-invasive and label-free manner. Thus, it can be useful in the development of stem cell-derived therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong-Mo Koo
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hyun Go
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Min Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Dae Kim
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hyung Kim
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyuk-Jin Cha
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Seo JH, Jang SW, Jeon YJ, Eun SY, Hong YJ, Do JT, Chae JI, Choi HW. Erratum to: Acceleration of Mesenchymal-to-Epithelial Transition (MET) during Direct Reprogramming Using Natural Compounds. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:1632. [PMID: 36575652 PMCID: PMC9843743 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2022.3212.1632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hye Seo
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Won Jang
- Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joo Jeon
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Eun
- Musculoskeletal and Immune Disease Research Institute School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Yean Ju Hong
- Department of Psychiatry and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, McLean Hospital and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-il Chae
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea,Correspondence: /
| | - Hyun Woo Choi
- Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea,Department of Animal Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea,Correspondence: /
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12
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Seo BJ, Hong TK, Yoon SH, Song JH, Uhm SJ, Song H, Hong K, Schöler HR, Do JT. Embryonic Stem Cells Lacking DNA Methyltransferases Differentiate into Neural Stem Cells that Are Defective in Self-Renewal. Int J Stem Cells 2022; 16:44-51. [PMID: 36310027 PMCID: PMC9978838 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc22138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives DNA methyltransferases (Dnmts) play an important role in regulating DNA methylation during early developmental processes and cellular differentiation. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of Dnmts in neural differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and in maintenance of the resulting neural stem cells (NSCs). Methods and Results We used three types of Dnmt knockout (KO) ESCs, including Dnmt1 KO, Dnmt3a/3b double KO (Dnmt3 DKO), and Dnmt1/3a/3b triple KO (Dnmt TKO), to investigate the role of Dnmts in neural differentiation of ESCs. All three types of Dnmt KO ESCs could form neural rosette and differentiate into NSCs in vitro. Interestingly, however, after passage three, Dnmt KO ESC-derived NSCs could not maintain their self-renewal and differentiated into neurons and glial cells. Conclusions Taken together, the data suggested that, although deficiency of Dnmts had no effect on the differentiation of ESCs into NSCs, the latter had defective maintenance, thereby indicating that Dnmts are crucial for self-renewal of NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong Jong Seo
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Kyung Hong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea,3D Tissue Culture Research Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Yoon
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea,3D Tissue Culture Research Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Song
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Jun Uhm
- Department of Animal Science, Sangji University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Hyuk Song
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwonho Hong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hans Robert Schöler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea,3D Tissue Culture Research Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea,Correspondence to Jeong Tae Do, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea, Tel: +82-2-450-3673, Fax: +82-2-455-1044, E-mail:
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13
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Seo JH, Jang SW, Jeon YJ, Eun SY, Hong YJ, Do JT, Chae JI, Choi HW. Acceleration of Mesenchymal-to-Epithelial Transition (MET) during Direct Reprogramming Using Natural Compounds. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:1245-1252. [PMID: 36224763 PMCID: PMC9668095 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2208.08042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be generated from somatic cells using Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM). Small molecules can enhance reprogramming. Licochalcone D (LCD), a flavonoid compound present mainly in the roots of Glycyrrhiza inflata, acts on known signaling pathways involved in transcriptional activity and signal transduction, including the PGC1-α and MAPK families. In this study, we demonstrated that LCD improved reprogramming efficiency. LCD-treated iPSCs (LCD-iPSCs) expressed pluripotency-related genes Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, and Prdm14. Moreover, LCD-iPSCs differentiated into all three germ layers in vitro and formed chimeras. The mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) is critical for somatic cell reprogramming. We found that the expression levels of mesenchymal genes (Snail2 and Twist) decreased and those of epithelial genes (DSP, Cldn3, Crb3, and Ocln) dramatically increased in OR-MEF (OG2+/+/ROSA26+/+) cells treated with LCD for 3 days, indicating that MET effectively occurred in LCD-treated OR-MEF cells. Thus, LCD enhanced the generation of iPSCs from somatic cells by promoting MET at the early stages of reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hye Seo
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Won Jang
- Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joo Jeon
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Eun
- Musculoskeletal and Immune Disease Research Institute School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Yean Ju Hong
- Department of Psychiatry and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, McLean Hospital and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-il Chae
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea,Corresponding authors J.I. Chae E-mail:
| | - Hyun Woo Choi
- Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea,Department of Animal Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea,
H.W. Choi Phone: 82-63-270-2554 Fax: 82-63-270-2612 E-mail:
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14
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Kim SM, Kwon EJ, Kim YJ, Go YH, Oh JY, Park S, Do JT, Kim KT, Cha HJ. Dichotomous role of Shp2 for naïve and primed pluripotency maintenance in embryonic stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:329. [PMID: 35850773 PMCID: PMC9290224 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02976-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The requirement of the Mek1 inhibitor (iMek1) during naïve pluripotency maintenance results from the activation of the Mek1-Erk1/2 (Mek/Erk) signaling pathway upon leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) stimulation. Methods Through a meta-analysis of previous genome-wide screening for negative regulators of naïve pluripotency, Ptpn11 (encoding the Shp2 protein, which serves both as a tyrosine phosphatase and putative adapter), was predicted as one of the key factors for the negative modulation of naïve pluripotency through LIF-dependent Jak/Stat3 signaling. Using an isogenic pair of naïve and primed mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), we demonstrated the differential role of Shp2 in naïve and primed pluripotency. Results Loss of Shp2 increased naïve pluripotency by promoting Jak/Stat3 signaling and disturbed in vivo differentiation potential. In sharp contrast, Shp2 depletion significantly impeded the self-renewal of ESCs under primed culture conditions, which was concurrent with a reduction in Mek/Erk signaling. Similarly, upon treatment with an allosteric Shp2 inhibitor (iShp2), the cells sustained Stat3 phosphorylation and decoupled Mek/Erk signaling, thus iShp2 can replace the use of iMek1 for maintenance of naïve ESCs. Conclusions Taken together, our findings highlight the differential roles of Shp2 in naïve and primed pluripotency and propose the usage of iShp2 instead of iMek1 for the efficient maintenance and establishment of naïve pluripotency. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-022-02976-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Min Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ji Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Jeong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hyun Go
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokwoo Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-Tae Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyuk-Jin Cha
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Choi EH, Yoon S, Koh YE, Hong TK, Do JT, Lee BK, Hahn Y, Kim KP. Meiosis-specific cohesin complexes display essential and distinct roles in mitotic embryonic stem cell chromosomes. Genome Biol 2022; 23:70. [PMID: 35241136 PMCID: PMC8892811 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-022-02632-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cohesin is a chromosome-associated SMC-kleisin complex that mediates sister chromatid cohesion, recombination, and most chromosomal processes during mitosis and meiosis. However, it remains unclear whether meiosis-specific cohesin complexes are functionally active in mitotic chromosomes. RESULTS Through high-resolution 3D-structured illumination microscopy (3D-SIM) and functional analyses, we report multiple biological processes associated with the meiosis-specific cohesin components, α-kleisin REC8 and STAG3, and the distinct loss of function of meiotic cohesin during the cell cycle of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). First, we show that STAG3 is required for the efficient localization of REC8 to the nucleus by interacting with REC8. REC8-STAG3-containing cohesin regulates topological properties of chromosomes and maintains sister chromatid cohesion. Second, REC8-cohesin has additional sister chromatid cohesion roles in concert with mitotic RAD21-cohesin on ESC chromosomes. SIM imaging of REC8 and RAD21 co-staining revealed that the two types of α-kleisin subunits exhibited distinct loading patterns along ESC chromosomes. Third, knockdown of REC8 or RAD21-cohesin not only leads to higher rates of premature sister chromatid separation and delayed replication fork progression, which can cause proliferation and developmental defects, but also enhances chromosome compaction by hyperloading of retinoblastoma protein-condensin complexes from the prophase onward. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that the delicate balance between mitotic and meiotic cohesins may regulate ESC-specific chromosomal organization and the mitotic program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui-Hwan Choi
- Department of Life Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
| | - Seobin Yoon
- Department of Life Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
| | - Young Eun Koh
- Department of Life Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
| | - Tae Kyung Hong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea
| | - Bum-Kyu Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Research Center, University of Albany-State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - Yoonsoo Hahn
- Department of Life Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
| | - Keun P Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea.
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16
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Hong YJ, Lee SB, Choi J, Yoon SH, Do JT. A Simple Method for Generating Cerebral Organoids from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Int J Stem Cells 2022; 15:95-103. [PMID: 35220295 PMCID: PMC8889334 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc21195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives In recent years, brain organoid technologies have been the most innovative advance in neural differentiation research. In line with this, we optimized a method to establish cerebral organoids from feeder-free cultured human pluripotent stem cells. In this study, we focused on the consistent and robust production of cerebral organoids comprising neural progenitor cells and neurons. We propose an optimal protocol for cerebral organoid generation that is applicable to both human embryonic stem cells and human induced pluripotent stem cells. Methods and Results We investigated formation of neuroepithelium, neural tube, and neural folding by observing the morphology of embryoid bodies at each stage during the cerebral organoid differentiation process. Furthermore, we characterized the cerebral organoids via immunocytochemical staining of sectioned organoid samples, which were prepared using a Cryostat and Vibratome. Finally, we established a routine method to generate early cerebral organoids comprising a cortical layer and a neural progenitor zone. Conclusions We developed an optimized methodology for the generation of cerebral organoids using hESCs and hiPSCs. Using this protocol, consistent and efficient cerebral organoids could be obtained from hiPSCs as well as hESCs. Further, the morphology of brain organoids could be analyzed through 2D monitoring via immunostaining and tissue sectioning, or through 3D monitoring by whole tissue staining after clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yean Ju Hong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - So been Lee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joonhyuk Choi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Yoon
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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17
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Kang M, Ahn B, Youk S, Cho HS, Choi M, Hong K, Do JT, Song H, Jiang H, Kennedy LJ, Park C. High Allelic Diversity of Dog Leukocyte Antigen Class II in East Asian Dogs: Identification of New Alleles and Haplotypes. J MAMM EVOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-021-09560-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Hong TK, Shin DM, Choi J, Do JT, Han SG. Current Issues and Technical Advances in Cultured Meat Production: A Review. Food Sci Anim Resour 2021; 41:355-372. [PMID: 34017947 PMCID: PMC8112310 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2021.e14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As the global population grows, we need a stable protein supply to meet the demands. Although plant-derived protein sources are widely available, animal meat maintains its popularity as a high-quality and savory protein source. Recently, cultured meat, also known as in vitro meat, has been suggested as a meat analog produced through in vitro cell culture technology. Cultured meat has several advantages over conventional meat, such as environmental protection, disease prevention, and animal welfare. However, cultured meat manufacturing is an emerging technology; thus, its further and dynamic development would be pivotal. Commercialization of cultured meat to the public will take a long time but cultured meat undoubtedly will come to our table someday. Here, we discuss the social and economic aspects of cultured meat production as well as the recent technical advances in cultured meat technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Kyung Hong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative
Biotechnology, KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk
University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Dong-Min Shin
- Department of Food Science and
Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University,
Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Joonhyuk Choi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative
Biotechnology, KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk
University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative
Biotechnology, KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk
University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Sung Gu Han
- Department of Food Science and
Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University,
Seoul 05029, Korea
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Park HJ, Lee WY, Do JT, Park C, Song H. Evaluation of testicular toxicity upon fetal exposure to bisphenol A using an organ culture method. Chemosphere 2021; 270:129445. [PMID: 33421752 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to a multitude of endocrine disruptor chemicals (EDCs) that can interfere with the action of endogenous hormones and the normal development of reproductive organs. Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most common EDCs found in the environment. Here, we evaluated BPA toxicity on fetal testes using an in vitro organ culture system. Mouse fetal testes sampled at 15.5 days post coitus were cultured in a medium containing BPA for 5 days. The number of germ cells was reduced by BPA treatment, whereas the number of Sertoli cells was slightly increased by BPA at the highest dose (100 μM). Consistently, BPA treatment reduced the protein and gene expression levels of germ cell markers, but it increased the expression levels of Sertoli cell markers. The expression levels of fetal Leydig cell markers such as Cyp11a1, Thbs2, Cyp17a1, and Pdgf-α were significantly increased, whereas those of adult Leydig cell markers such as Hsd17b3, Ptgds, Sult1e1, Vcam1, and Hsd11b1 were decreased in the testes exposed to BPA. Generally, Notch signaling restricts Leydig cell differentiation from progenitor cells during fetal testis development. The expression levels of Notch1, Notch2, Notch3, Hes1, Ptch1, Jag1, Jag2, c-Myc, Hey1, and Hey2, which are involved in Notch signaling, were markedly higher in BPA-treated fetal testes than in the controls, indicating that BPA interrupts fetal Leydig cell development. BPA also disrupted steroidogenesis in the fetal testis organ culture system. In conclusion, our study showed that BPA inhibits fetal germ cell growth, Leydig cell development, and steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jung Park
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Young Lee
- Department of Beef Science, Korea National College of Agricultures and Fisheries, Jeonju-si, Jeonbuk, 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Chankyu Park
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Song
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Lee WJ, Lee JE, Hong YJ, Yoon SH, Song H, Park C, Hong K, Choi Y, Do JT. Generation of brain organoids from mouse ESCs via teratoma formation. Stem Cell Res 2020; 49:102100. [PMID: 33260068 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.102100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), including embryonic stem cells (ESCs), can differentiate into all cell types in the body; therefore, they are used in the study of development and regenerative medicine. Neural lineage differentiation from PSCs is the initial step to study neurodevelopment and in vitro disease modeling. Brain organoids, which are composed of neural stem cells (NSCs) and differentiated neural lineage cell population, are a powerful in vitro system to mimic the brain tissue. Here, we aimed to establish a new method to generate brain organoids efficiently in a mouse model. We applied the in vivo teratoma formation method as a new approach to generate brain organoids. We induced teratoma formation using Sox1-GFP transgenic ESCs, in which green fluorescence protein (GFP) is expressed under the control of the early NSC marker Sox1. Sox1-GFP-expressing early NSCs were isolated as clumps and further cultured to generate brain organoids. Sox1-GFP ESC-derived brain organoids, composed of multiple layers of distinct cellular components (ventricle, ventricular zone, and cortical layer), were formed within 3 weeks of in vitro culture. We also found that neighboring cells (Sox1-GFP-) surrounding the Sox1-GFP+ clumps are essential for the formation of brain organoids. Thus, in vivo and in vitro conjugated systems-initial commitment in vivo and further specialization in vitro-could be one of the promising platforms for organoid formation that are universally applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Ji Lee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Eon Lee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yean Ju Hong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Yoon
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Song
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Chankyu Park
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwonho Hong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsok Choi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Ryu MJ, Seo BJ, Choi YJ, Han MJ, Choi Y, Chung MK, Do JT. Mitochondrial and Metabolic Dynamics of Endometrial Stromal Cells During the Endometrial Cycle. Stem Cells Dev 2020; 29:1407-1415. [PMID: 32867608 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2020.0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The endometrial cycle in response to hormonal stimulation is essential for implantation. The female has endometrium that repeats this cycle through about half of a lifetime. The cycle includes three phases, proliferative, secretory, and menstrual, and each phase has distinct characteristics. The endometrial stromal cells (EnSCs) in each phase also have specialized characteristics, including cell cycle, morphologies, and cellular metabolic state. So we hypothesized that the cells in each phase have unique mitochondrial morphologies because they are generally linked to cellular metabolic state. To investigate the metabolic characteristics in each phase, we investigated the mitochondrial morphologies by transmission electron microscopy, oxygen consumption rate (OCR), and intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. The decidualized EnSCs have shorter mitochondria than those in the proliferative phase. Besides, they also displayed distinct intracellular structural characteristics compared with the proliferative phase, such as ribosome-rich endoplasmic reticulum and increased formation of vesicles. OCR and luminescent ATP detection assay revealed that the basal respiration and ATP production in the decidualized EnSCs were lower than those in the proliferative phase. Thus, we concluded that morphological and intracellular structural changes were induced during the decidualization. Moreover, the decreased mitochondrial length was shown to correlate with decreased dependency on oxidative phosphorylation and ATP concentration in EnSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Jin Ryu
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Seoul Rachel Fertility Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Jong Seo
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Min Ji Han
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsok Choi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Gurunathan S, Qasim M, Choi Y, Do JT, Park C, Hong K, Kim JH, Song H. Antiviral Potential of Nanoparticles-Can Nanoparticles Fight Against Coronaviruses? Nanomaterials (Basel) 2020; 10:E1645. [PMID: 32825737 PMCID: PMC7557932 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases account for more than 20% of global mortality and viruses are responsible for about one-third of these deaths. Highly infectious viral diseases such as severe acute respiratory (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and coronavirus disease (COVID-19) are emerging more frequently and their worldwide spread poses a serious threat to human health and the global economy. The current COVID-19 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). As of 27 July 2020, SARS-CoV-2 has infected over 16 million people and led to the death of more than 652,434 individuals as on 27 July 2020 while also causing significant economic losses. To date, there are no vaccines or specific antiviral drugs to prevent or treat COVID-19. Hence, it is necessary to accelerate the development of antiviral drugs and vaccines to help mitigate this pandemic. Non-Conventional antiviral agents must also be considered and exploited. In this regard, nanoparticles can be used as antiviral agents for the treatment of various viral infections. The use of nanoparticles provides an interesting opportunity for the development of novel antiviral therapies with a low probability of developing drug resistance compared to conventional chemical-based antiviral therapies. In this review, we first discuss viral mechanisms of entry into host cells and then we detail the major and important types of nanomaterials that could be used as antiviral agents. These nanomaterials include silver, gold, quantum dots, organic nanoparticles, liposomes, dendrimers and polymers. Further, we consider antiviral mechanisms, the effects of nanoparticles on coronaviruses and therapeutic approaches of nanoparticles. Finally, we provide our perspective on the future of nanoparticles in the fight against viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangiliyandi Gurunathan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (S.G.); (Y.C.); (J.T.D.); (C.P.); (K.H.); (J.-H.K.)
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Center of Bioengineering and Nanomedicine, Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand;
| | - Youngsok Choi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (S.G.); (Y.C.); (J.T.D.); (C.P.); (K.H.); (J.-H.K.)
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (S.G.); (Y.C.); (J.T.D.); (C.P.); (K.H.); (J.-H.K.)
| | - Chankyu Park
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (S.G.); (Y.C.); (J.T.D.); (C.P.); (K.H.); (J.-H.K.)
| | - Kwonho Hong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (S.G.); (Y.C.); (J.T.D.); (C.P.); (K.H.); (J.-H.K.)
| | - Jin-Hoi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (S.G.); (Y.C.); (J.T.D.); (C.P.); (K.H.); (J.-H.K.)
| | - Hyuk Song
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (S.G.); (Y.C.); (J.T.D.); (C.P.); (K.H.); (J.-H.K.)
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Han MJ, Lee WJ, Choi J, Hong YJ, Uhm SJ, Choi Y, Do JT. Inhibition of neural stem cell aging through the transient induction of reprogramming factors. J Comp Neurol 2020; 529:595-604. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Ji Han
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Won Ji Lee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Joonhyuk Choi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Yean Ju Hong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jun Uhm
- Department of Animal Science Sangji University Wonju Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsok Choi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk University Seoul Republic of Korea
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Park HJ, Zhang M, Lee WY, Hong KH, Do JT, Park C, Song H. Toxic Effects of Nonylphenol on Neonatal Testicular Development in Mouse Organ Culture. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3491. [PMID: 32429066 PMCID: PMC7279013 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP) is an alkylphenol that is widely used in chemical manufacturing. Exposure to this toxic environmental contaminant has been shown to negatively affect the reproductive system. Herein, we evaluated the toxicity of NP in mouse testes, while using in vitro organ culture. Mouse testicular fragments (MTFs), derived from five-day postpartum neonatal mouse testes, were exposed to different concentrations of NP (1-50 μM) for 30 days. The results showed that NP impaired germ cell development and maintenance. Furthermore, NP significantly downregulated the transcript levels of both undifferentiated and differentiated germ cell marker genes relative to those in controls. In particular, a high dose of NP (50 µM) led to complete germ cell depletion and resulted in spermatogenic failure, despite the presence of Sertoli and Leydig cells. In addition, the mRNA expression of steroidogenic enzymes, such as steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STAR), Cytochrome P450 Family 11 Subfamily A Member 1 (Cyp11α1), Cytochrome P450 17A1 (Cyp17α1), and androgen receptor (AR), increased with increasing concentration of NP. Conversely, the expression of estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) and Cytochrome P450 family 19 subfamily A member 1 (Cyp19α1) in NP-exposed MTFs decreased when compared to that of the control. Taken together, this study demonstrates that NP has a negative effect on prepubertal spermatogenesis and germ cell maintenance and it disrupts steroidogenesis and induces hormonal imbalance in MTFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jung Park
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-J.P.); (M.Z.); (K.-H.H.); (J.T.D.); (C.P.)
| | - Mingtian Zhang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-J.P.); (M.Z.); (K.-H.H.); (J.T.D.); (C.P.)
| | - Won-Young Lee
- Department of Beef Science, Korea National College of Agricultures and Fisheries, Jeonju-si, Jeonbuk 54874, Korea;
| | - Kwon-Ho Hong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-J.P.); (M.Z.); (K.-H.H.); (J.T.D.); (C.P.)
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-J.P.); (M.Z.); (K.-H.H.); (J.T.D.); (C.P.)
| | - Chankyu Park
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-J.P.); (M.Z.); (K.-H.H.); (J.T.D.); (C.P.)
| | - Hyuk Song
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-J.P.); (M.Z.); (K.-H.H.); (J.T.D.); (C.P.)
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Yoon SH, Choi J, Lee WJ, Do JT. Genetic and Epigenetic Etiology Underlying Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E966. [PMID: 32244359 PMCID: PMC7230567 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9040966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a pervasive neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties in social interaction, language development delays, repeated body movements, and markedly deteriorated activities and interests. Environmental factors, such as viral infection, parental age, and zinc deficiency, can be plausible contributors to ASD susceptibility. As ASD is highly heritable, genetic risk factors involved in neurodevelopment, neural communication, and social interaction provide important clues in explaining the etiology of ASD. Accumulated evidence also shows an important role of epigenetic factors, such as DNA methylation, histone modification, and noncoding RNA, in ASD etiology. In this review, we compiled the research published to date and described the genetic and epigenetic epidemiology together with environmental risk factors underlying the etiology of the different phenotypes of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (S.H.Y.); (J.C.); (W.J.L.)
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Gurunathan S, Jeyaraj M, La H, Yoo H, Choi Y, Do JT, Park C, Kim JH, Hong K. Anisotropic Platinum Nanoparticle-Induced Cytotoxicity, Apoptosis, Inflammatory Response, and Transcriptomic and Molecular Pathways in Human Acute Monocytic Leukemia Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020440. [PMID: 31936679 PMCID: PMC7014054 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermoplasmonic properties of platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) render them desirable for use in diagnosis, detection, therapy, and surgery. However, their toxicological effects and impact at the molecular level remain obscure. Nanotoxicology is mainly focused on the interactions of nanostructures with biological systems, particularly with an emphasis on elucidating the relationship between the physical and chemical properties such as size and shape. Therefore, we hypothesized whether these unique anisotropic nanoparticles could induce cytotoxicity similar to that of spherical nanoparticles and the mechanism involved. Thus, we synthesized unique and distinct anisotropic PtNPs using lycopene as a biological template and investigated their biological activities in model human acute monocytic leukemia (THP-1) macrophages. Exposure to PtNPs for 24 h dose-dependently decreased cell viability and proliferation. Levels of the cytotoxic markers lactate dehydrogenase and intracellular protease significantly and dose-dependently increased with PtNP concentration. Furthermore, cells incubated with PtNPs dose-dependently produced oxidative stress markers including reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, and carbonylated protein. An imbalance in pro-oxidants and antioxidants was confirmed by significant decreases in reduced glutathione, thioredoxin, superoxide dismutase, and catalase levels against oxidative stress. The cell death mechanism was confirmed by mitochondrial dysfunction and decreased ATP levels, mitochondrial copy numbers, and PGC-1α expression. To further substantiate the mechanism of cell death mediated by endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), we determined the expression of the inositol-requiring enzyme (IRE1), (PKR-like ER kinase) PERK, activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), and activating transcription factor 4 ATF4, the apoptotic markers p53, Bax, and caspase 3, and the anti-apoptotic marker Bcl-2. PtNPs could activate ERS and apoptosis mediated by mitochondria. A proinflammatory response to PtNPs was confirmed by significant upregulation of interleukin-1-beta (IL-1β), interferon γ (IFNγ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), and interleukin (IL-6). Transcriptomic and molecular pathway analyses of THP-1 cells incubated with the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of PtNPs revealed the altered expression of genes involved in protein misfolding, mitochondrial function, protein synthesis, inflammatory responses, and transcription regulation. We applied transcriptomic analyses to investigate anisotropic PtNP-induced toxicity for further mechanistic studies. Isotropic nanoparticles are specifically used to inhibit non-specific cellular uptake, leading to enhanced in vivo bio-distribution and increased targeting capabilities due to the higher radius of curvature. These characteristics of anisotropic nanoparticles could enable the technology as an attractive platform for nanomedicine in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kwonho Hong
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-450-0560; Fax: +82-2-444-3490
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Yoo H, Lee YJ, Park C, Son D, Choi DY, Park JH, Choi HJ, La HW, Choi YJ, Moon EH, Saur D, Chung HM, Song H, Do JT, Jang H, Lee DR, Park C, Lee OH, Cho SG, Hong SH, Kong G, Kim JH, Choi Y, Hong K. Epigenetic priming by Dot1l in lymphatic endothelial progenitors ensures normal lymphatic development and function. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:14. [PMID: 31908356 PMCID: PMC6944698 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2201-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Proper functioning of the lymphatic system is required for normal immune responses, fluid balance, and lipid reabsorption. Multiple regulatory mechanisms are employed to ensure the correct formation and function of lymphatic vessels; however, the epigenetic modulators and mechanisms involved in this process are poorly understood. Here, we assess the regulatory role of mouse Dot1l, a histone H3 lysine (K) 79 (H3K79) methyltransferase, in lymphatic formation. Genetic ablation of Dot1l in Tie2(+) endothelial cells (ECs), but not in Lyve1(+) or Prox1(+) lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) or Vav1(+) definitive hematopoietic stem cells, leads to catastrophic lymphatic anomalies, including skin edema, blood–lymphatic mixing, and underdeveloped lymphatic valves and vessels in multiple organs. Remarkably, targeted Dot1l loss in Tie2(+) ECs leads to fully penetrant lymphatic aplasia, whereas Dot1l overexpression in the same cells results in partially hyperplastic lymphatics in the mesentery. Genetic studies reveal that Dot1l functions in c-Kit(+) hemogenic ECs during mesenteric lymphatic formation. Mechanistically, inactivation of Dot1l causes a reduction of both H3K79me2 levels and the expression of genes important for LEC development and function. Thus, our study establishes that Dot1l-mediated epigenetic priming and transcriptional regulation in LEC progenitors safeguard the proper lymphatic development and functioning of lymphatic vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjin Yoo
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology, Humanized Pig Research Center (SRC), Konkuk University, Seoul, Gwangjin-gu, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jae Lee
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), Gachon University, Incheon, Yeonsu-gu, 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanhyeok Park
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology, Humanized Pig Research Center (SRC), Konkuk University, Seoul, Gwangjin-gu, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Dabin Son
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology, Humanized Pig Research Center (SRC), Konkuk University, Seoul, Gwangjin-gu, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Yoon Choi
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology, Humanized Pig Research Center (SRC), Konkuk University, Seoul, Gwangjin-gu, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Park
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology, Humanized Pig Research Center (SRC), Konkuk University, Seoul, Gwangjin-gu, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Choi
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology, Humanized Pig Research Center (SRC), Konkuk University, Seoul, Gwangjin-gu, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Woo La
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology, Humanized Pig Research Center (SRC), Konkuk University, Seoul, Gwangjin-gu, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Jung Choi
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology, Humanized Pig Research Center (SRC), Konkuk University, Seoul, Gwangjin-gu, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Moon
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), Gachon University, Incheon, Yeonsu-gu, 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Dieter Saur
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Baden-Württemberg, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany.,Department of Medicine II and Institute of Translational Cancer Research, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Bavaria, München, 81675, Germany
| | - Hyung Min Chung
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Gwangjin-gu, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Song
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology, Humanized Pig Research Center (SRC), Konkuk University, Seoul, Gwangjin-gu, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology, Humanized Pig Research Center (SRC), Konkuk University, Seoul, Gwangjin-gu, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Jang
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Bundang-gu, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ryul Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Bundang-gu, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Chankyu Park
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology, Humanized Pig Research Center (SRC), Konkuk University, Seoul, Gwangjin-gu, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Hee Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Bundang-gu, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Ssang-Goo Cho
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology, Humanized Pig Research Center (SRC), Konkuk University, Seoul, Gwangjin-gu, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Ho Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gu Kong
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Seongdong-gu, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hoi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology, Humanized Pig Research Center (SRC), Konkuk University, Seoul, Gwangjin-gu, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsok Choi
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology, Humanized Pig Research Center (SRC), Konkuk University, Seoul, Gwangjin-gu, 05029, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kwonho Hong
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology, Humanized Pig Research Center (SRC), Konkuk University, Seoul, Gwangjin-gu, 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Hong YJ, Do JT. Neural Lineage Differentiation From Pluripotent Stem Cells to Mimic Human Brain Tissues. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:400. [PMID: 31867324 PMCID: PMC6908493 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) research have turned limitations of prior and current research into possibilities. iPSCs can differentiate into the desired cell types, are easier to obtain than embryonic stem cells (ESCs), and more importantly, in case they are to be used in research on diseases, they can be obtained directly from the patient. With these advantages, differentiation of iPSCs into various cell types has been conducted in the fields of basic development, cell physiology, and cell therapy research. Differentiation of stem cells into nervous cells has been prevalent among all cell types studied. Starting with the monolayer 2D differentiation method where cells were attached to a dish, substantial efforts have been made to better mimic the in vivo environment and produce cells grown in vitro that closely resemble in vivo state cells. Having surpassed the stage of 3D differentiation, we have now reached the stage of creating tissues called organoids that resemble organs, rather than growing simple cells. In this review, we focus on the central nervous system (CNS) and describe the challenges faced in 2D and 3D differentiation research studies and the processes of overcoming them. We also discuss current studies and future perspectives on brain organoid researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yean Ju Hong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
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Seo BJ, Jang HS, Song H, Park C, Hong K, Lee JW, Do JT. Generation of Mouse Parthenogenetic Epiblast Stem Cells and Their Imprinting Patterns. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215428. [PMID: 31683583 PMCID: PMC6862121 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells can be established from parthenogenetic embryos, which only possess maternal alleles with maternal-specific imprinting patterns. Previously, we and others showed that parthenogenetic embryonic stem cells (pESCs) and parthenogenetic induced pluripotent stem cells (piPSCs) progressively lose the bimaternal imprinting patterns. As ESCs and iPSCs are naïve pluripotent stem cells, parthenogenetic primed pluripotent stem cells have not yet been established, and thus, their imprinting patterns have not been studied. Here, we first established parthenogenetic epiblast stem cells (pEpiSCs) from 7.5 dpc parthenogenetic implantation embryos and compared the expression patterns and DNA methylation status of the representative imprinted genes with biparental EpiSCs. We found that there were no striking differences between pEpiSCs and biparental EpiSCs with respect to morphology, pluripotency gene expression, and differentiation potential, but there were differences in the expression and DNA methylation status of imprinted genes (H19, Igf2, Peg1, and Peg3). Moreover, pEpiSCs displayed a different DNA methylation pattern compared with that of parthenogenetic neural stem cells (pNSCs), which showed a typical bimaternal imprinting pattern. These results suggest that both naïve pluripotent stem cells and primed pluripotent stem cells have an unstable imprinting status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong Jong Seo
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Hyun Sik Jang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Hyuk Song
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Chankyu Park
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Kwonho Hong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Jeong Woong Lee
- Research Center of Integrative Cellulomics, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Korea.
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
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30
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Shin WJ, Seo JH, Choi HW, Hong YJ, Lee WJ, Chae JI, Kim SJ, Lee JW, Hong K, Song H, Park C, Do JT. Derivation of primitive neural stem cells from human-induced pluripotent stem cells. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:3023-3033. [PMID: 31173371 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have facilitated studies on organ development and differentiation into specific lineages in in vitro systems. Although numerous studies have focused on cellular differentiation into neural lineage using hPSCs, most studies have initially evaluated embryoid body (EB) formation, eventually yielding terminally differentiated neurons with limited proliferation potential. This study aimed to establish human primitive neural stem cells (pNSCs) from exogene-free hiPSCs without EB formation. To derive pNSCs, we optimized N2B27 neural differentiation medium through supplementation of two inhibitors, CHIR99021 (GSK-3 inhibitor) and PD0325901 (MEK inhibitor), and growth factors including basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and human leukemia inhibitory factor (hLIF). Consequently, pNSCs were efficiently derived and cultured over a long term. pNSCs displayed differentiation potential into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. These early NSC types potentially promote the clinical application of hiPSCs to cure human neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Jung Shin
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Seo
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, BK21 Plus, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Choi
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Life Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Yean Ju Hong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Ji Lee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Il Chae
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, BK21 Plus, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Joo Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Woong Lee
- Research Center of Integrative Cellulomics, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwonho Hong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Song
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chankyu Park
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Zhang X, Kim GJ, Kang MG, Lee JK, Seo JW, Do JT, Hong K, Cha JM, Shin SR, Bae H. Marine Biomaterial-Based Bioinks for Generating 3D Printed Tissue Constructs. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E484. [PMID: 30518062 PMCID: PMC6315353 DOI: 10.3390/md16120484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biologically active materials from marine sources have been receiving increasing attention as they are free from the transmissible diseases and religious restrictions associated with the use of mammalian resources. Among various other biomaterials from marine sources, alginate and fish gelatin (f-gelatin), with their inherent bioactivity and physicochemical tunability, have been studied extensively and applied in various biomedical fields such as regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, and pharmaceutical products. In this study, by using alginate and f-gelatin's chemical derivatives, we developed a marine-based interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogel consisting of alginate and f-gelatin methacryloyl (f-GelMA) networks via physical and chemical crosslinking methods, respectively. We then evaluated their physical properties (mechanical strength, swelling degree, and degradation rate) and cell behavior in hydrogels. Our results showed that the alginate/f-GelMA hydrogel displayed unique physical properties compared to when alginate and f-GelMA were used separately. These properties included high mechanical strength, low swelling and degradation rate, and an increase in cell adhesive ability. Moreover, for the first time, we introduced and optimized the application of alginate/f-GelMA hydrogel in a three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting system with high cell viability, which breaks the restriction of their utilization in tissue engineering applications and suggests that alginate/f-GelMA can be utilized as a novel bioink to broaden the uses of marine products in biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Convergence Science and Technology Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Gyeong Jin Kim
- Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Min Gyeong Kang
- Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Jung Ki Lee
- Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Jeong Wook Seo
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Convergence Science and Technology Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Convergence Science and Technology Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Kwonho Hong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Convergence Science and Technology Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Jae Min Cha
- Department of Mechatronics, College of Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea.
| | - Su Ryon Shin
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Hojae Bae
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Convergence Science and Technology Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
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Hong YJ, Hong K, Byun S, Choi HW, Do JT. Reprogramming of Extraembryonic Trophoblast Stem Cells into Embryonic Pluripotent State by Fusion with Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:1350-1359. [PMID: 29993328 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2018.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotential reprogramming has been examined using various technologies, including nuclear transfer, cell fusion, and direct reprogramming. Many studies have used differentiated cells for reprogramming experiments, and nearly all type of somatic cells can acquire pluripotency. However, within the embryo, other cells types are present in addition to somatic cells. The blastocyst stage embryo consists of two main types of cells, inner cell mass and trophectoderm (TE). TE cells are the first differentiated form of the totipotent zygote and differ from epiblast cells. Thus, we examined whether extraembryonic cells can be reprogrammed using a cell-cell fusion method. Trophoblast stem cells (TSCs), which can be obtained from the TE, are known to acquire pluripotency by transcription factor Oct4 overexpression or somatic cell nuclear transfer. In this study, we demonstrated that TSCs can acquire pluripotent properties by cell fusion with embryonic stem cells (ESCs). TSC-ESC hybrids reactivated Oct4-GFP and displayed self-renewal properties. They expressed the pluripotency markers Oct4 and Nanog, whereas the expression of Cdx2 and Tead4, trophoblast lineage markers, was diminished. Moreover, these cells developed into three germ layers similarly to other pluripotent stem cells. RNA-seq analysis showed that global gene expression patterns of TSC-ESC hybrids are more similar to ESCs than TSCs. Thus, we demonstrated that TSCs successfully complete reprogramming and acquire pluripotency by cell fusion-induced reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yean Ju Hong
- 1 Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwonho Hong
- 1 Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seki Byun
- 1 Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Choi
- 2 Department of Animal Science, Chonbuk National University , Jeonju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- 1 Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Kim BJ, Kim YH, Lee YA, Jung SE, Hong YH, Lee EJ, Kim BG, Hwang S, Do JT, Pang MG, Ryu BY. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha positive cardiac progenitor cells derived from multipotent germline stem cells are capable of cardiomyogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Oncotarget 2018; 8:29643-29656. [PMID: 28410244 PMCID: PMC5444692 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac cell therapy has the potential to revolutionize treatment of heart diseases, but its success hinders on the development of a stem cell therapy capable of efficiently producing functionally differentiated cardiomyocytes. A key to unlocking the therapeutic application of stem cells lies in understanding the molecular mechanisms that govern the differentiation process. Here we report that a population of platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA) cells derived from mouse multipotent germline stem cells (mGSCs) were capable of undergoing cardiomyogenesis in vitro. Cells derived in vitro from PDGFRA positive mGSCs express significantly higher levels of cardiac marker proteins compared to PDGFRA negative mGSCs. Using Pdgfra shRNAs to investigate the dependence of Pdgfra on cardiomyocyte differentiation, we observed that Pdgfra silencing inhibited cardiac differentiation. In a rat myocardial infarction (MI) model, transplantation of a PDGFRAenriched cell population into the rat heart readily underwent functional differentiation into cardiomyocytes and reduced areas of fibrosis associated with MI injury. Together, these results suggest that mGSCs may provide a unique source of cardiac stem/progenitor cells for future regenerative therapy of damaged heart tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bang-Jin Kim
- Department of Animal Science & Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea.,Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yong-Hee Kim
- Department of Animal Science & Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-An Lee
- Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Sang-Eun Jung
- Department of Animal Science & Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Ho Hong
- Department of Animal Science & Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Lee
- Department of Internal medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Gak Kim
- Bio Environment Technology Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongsoo Hwang
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Geol Pang
- Department of Animal Science & Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Buom-Yong Ryu
- Department of Animal Science & Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
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Park HJ, Lee R, Lee WY, Kim JH, Do JT, Park C, Song H. Stage-specific expression of Sal-like protein 4 in boar testicular germ cells. Theriogenology 2017; 101:44-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Kim JS, Hong YJ, Choi HW, Song H, Byun SJ, Do JT. Generation of in vivo neural stem cells using partially reprogrammed cells defective in in vitro differentiation potential. Oncotarget 2017; 8:16456-16462. [PMID: 28147316 PMCID: PMC5369976 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells can be easily differentiated in vitro into a certain lineage through embryoid body formation. Recently, however, we reported partially reprogrammed cells showing some pluripotent characteristics, which failed to differentiate in vitro. Here, we attempted to generate neural stem cells (NSCs) from partially reprogrammed cells using an in vivo differentiation system involving teratoma formation. Partially reprogrammed cells formed teratomas after injection into immunocompromised mice, and NSCs could be isolated from these teratomas. These in vivo NSCs expressed NSC markers and terminally differentiated into neurons and glial cells. Moreover, these NSCs exhibited molecular profiles very similar to those of brain-derived NSCs. These results suggest that partially reprogrammed cells defective in in vitro differentiation ability can differentiate into pure populations of NSCs through an in vivo system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Soo Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yean Ju Hong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Choi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Song
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung June Byun
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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36
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Lee WY, Lee R, Park HJ, Do JT, Park C, Kim JH, Jhun H, Lee JH, Hur T, Song H. Characterization of male germ cell markers in canine testis. Anim Reprod Sci 2017; 182:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Choi HW, Hong YJ, Kim JS, Song H, Cho SG, Bae H, Kim C, Byun SJ, Do JT. In vivo differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells into neural stem cells by chimera formation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170735. [PMID: 28141814 PMCID: PMC5283667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Like embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can differentiate into all three germ layers in an in vitro system. Here, we developed a new technology for obtaining neural stem cells (NSCs) from iPSCs through chimera formation, in an in vivo environment. iPSCs contributed to the neural lineage in the chimera, which could be efficiently purified and directly cultured as NSCs in vitro. The iPSC-derived, in vivo-differentiated NSCs expressed NSC markers, and their gene-expression pattern more closely resembled that of fetal brain-derived NSCs than in vitro-differentiated NSCs. This system could be applied for differentiating pluripotent stem cells into specialized cell types whose differentiation protocols are not well established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Woo Choi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Yean Ju Hong
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Soo Kim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Song
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ssang Gu Cho
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojae Bae
- Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsung Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung June Byun
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Choi HW, Joo JY, Hong YJ, Kim JS, Song H, Lee JW, Wu G, Schöler HR, Do JT. Distinct Enhancer Activity of Oct4 in Naive and Primed Mouse Pluripotency. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 7:911-926. [PMID: 28157483 PMCID: PMC5106531 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Naive and primed pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) and germ cells express the Oct4 gene. The Oct4 gene contains two cis-regulatory elements, the distal enhancer (DE) and proximal enhancer (PE), which differentially control Oct4 expression in a cell-type-specific and stage-specific manner. Here, we generated double transgenic mice carrying both Oct4-ΔPE-GFP and Oct4-ΔDE-tdTomato (RFP), enabling us to simultaneously monitor the activity of DE and PE. Oct4 expression is stage-specifically regulated by DE and PE during embryonic and germ cell development. Using this dual reporter system, we successfully cultured pure populations of naive (GFP+RFP−) and primed (GFP−RFP+) PSCs. We found that GFP+RFP− cells were metastable (not naive) in serum-containing medium; stable naive pluripotent cells were observed in medium containing two inhibitors (Meki and GSKi) but lacked serum. Finally, we suggest that the activity of Oct4 DE and PE is regulated by the repressive histone marks and DNA methylation in a cell-type-specific manner. A defined model for Oct4 enhancer activity in the totipotent cycle Culturing pure populations of naive and primed PSCs by a double reporter system Altering Oct4 enhancer activity in PSCs by changing culture conditions Histone modification and DNA methylation regulate Oct4 enhancer activity
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Woo Choi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jin Young Joo
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea; Dream-i Infertility Clinic, 45-17 Huimang-ro, 46 Beon-gil Baebang-eup, Asan-si 31470, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yean Ju Hong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Soo Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Song
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Woong Lee
- Research Center of Integrative Cellulomics, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Guangming Wu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hans R Schöler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.
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Yoon HJ, Shin SR, Cha JM, Lee SH, Kim JH, Do JT, Song H, Bae H. Cold Water Fish Gelatin Methacryloyl Hydrogel for Tissue Engineering Application. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163902. [PMID: 27723807 PMCID: PMC5056724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) is a versatile biomaterial that has been used in various biomedical fields. Thus far, however, GelMA is mostly obtained from mammalian sources, which are associated with a risk of transmission of diseases, such as mad cow disease, as well as certain religious restrictions. In this study, we synthesized GelMA using fish-derived gelatin by a conventional GelMA synthesis method, and evaluated its physical properties and cell responses. The lower melting point of fish gelatin compared to porcine gelatin allowed larger-scale synthesis of GelMA and enabled hydrogel fabrication at room temperature. The properties (mechanical strength, water swelling degree and degradation rate) of fish GelMA differed from those of porcine GelMA, and could be tuned to suit diverse applications. Cells adhered, proliferated, and formed networks with surrounding cells on fish GelMA, and maintained high initial cell viability. These data suggest that fish GelMA could be utilized in a variety of biomedical fields as a substitute for mammalian-derived materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jeong Yoon
- College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Su Ryon Shin
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Jae Min Cha
- Medical Device Research Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hong Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Bundang-gu, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hoi Kim
- College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Hyuk Song
- College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Hojae Bae
- College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Korea
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Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells have the potential to differentiate into all cell types of the body in vitro through embryoid body formation or in vivo through teratoma formation. In this study, we attempted to generate in vivo neural stem cells (NSCs) differentiated through teratoma formation using Olig2-GFP transgenic embryonic stem cells (ESCs). After 4 to 6 weeks of injection with Olig2-GFP transgenic ESCs, Olig2-GFP(+) NSCs were identified in teratomas formed in immunodeficient mice. Interestingly, 4-week-old teratomas contained higher percentage of Olig2-GFP(+) cells (∼11%) than 6-week-old teratomas (∼3%). These in vivo-derived NSCs expressed common NSC markers (Nestin and Sox2) and differentiated into terminal neuronal and glial lineages. These results suggest that pure NSC populations exhibiting properties similar to those of brain-derived NSCs can be established through teratoma formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yean Ju Hong
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Soo Kim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Choi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Song
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chankyu Park
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Choi YJ, Lee K, Park WJ, Kwon DN, Park C, Do JT, Song H, Cho SK, Park KW, Brown AN, Samuel MS, Murphy CN, Prather RS, Kim JH. Partial loss of interleukin 2 receptor gamma function in pigs provides mechanistic insights for the study of human immunodeficiency syndrome. Oncotarget 2016; 7:50914-50926. [PMID: 27463006 PMCID: PMC5239447 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we described the phenotype of monoallelic interleukin 2 receptor gamma knockout (mIL2RG+/Δ69-368 KO) pigs. Approximately 80% of mIL2RG+/Δ69-368 KO pigs (8/10) were athymic, whereas 20% (2/10) presented a rudimentary thymus. The body weight of IL2RG+/Δ69-368KO pigs developed normally. Immunological analysis showed that mIL2RG+/Δ69-368 KO pigs possessed CD25+CD44- or CD25-CD44+ cells, whereas single (CD4 or CD8) or double (CD4/8) positive cells were lacking in mIL2RG+/Δ69-368 KO pigs. CD3+ cells in the thymus of mIL2RG+/Δ69-368 KO pigs contained mainly CD44+ cells and/or CD25+ cells, which included FOXP3+ cells. These observations demonstrated that T cells from mIL2RG+/Δ69-368 KO pigs were able to develop to the DN3 stage, but failed to transition toward the DN4 stage. Whole-transcriptome analysis of thymus and spleen, and subsequent pathway analysis revealed that a subset of genes differentially expressed following the loss of IL2RG might be responsible for both impaired T-cell receptor and cytokine-mediated signalling. However, comparative analysis of two mIL2RG+/Δ69-368 KO pigs revealed little variability in the down- and up-regulated gene sets. In conclusion, mIL2RG+/Δ69-368 KO pigs presented a T-B+NK- SCID phenotype, suggesting that pigs can be used as a valuable and suitable biomedical model for human SCID research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Jung Choi
- Animal Biotechnology to Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Humanized Pig Research Center (SRC), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiho Lee
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Division of Animal Science, National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Woo-Jin Park
- Animal Biotechnology to Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Humanized Pig Research Center (SRC), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Deug-Nam Kwon
- Animal Biotechnology to Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Humanized Pig Research Center (SRC), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chankyu Park
- Animal Biotechnology to Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Humanized Pig Research Center (SRC), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- Animal Biotechnology to Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Humanized Pig Research Center (SRC), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Song
- Animal Biotechnology to Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Humanized Pig Research Center (SRC), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Keun Cho
- Department of Animal Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Wook Park
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Alana N. Brown
- Division of Animal Science, National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Melissa S. Samuel
- Division of Animal Science, National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Clifton N. Murphy
- Division of Animal Science, National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Randall S. Prather
- Division of Animal Science, National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jin-Hoi Kim
- Animal Biotechnology to Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Humanized Pig Research Center (SRC), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Jang HS, Hong YJ, Choi HW, Song H, Byun SJ, Uhm SJ, Seo HG, Do JT. Changes in Parthenogenetic Imprinting Patterns during Reprogramming by Cell Fusion. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156491. [PMID: 27232503 PMCID: PMC4883797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiated somatic cells can be reprogrammed into the pluripotent state by cell-cell fusion. In the pluripotent state, reprogrammed cells may then self-renew and differentiate into all three germ layers. Fusion-induced reprogramming also epigenetically modifies the somatic cell genome through DNA demethylation, X chromosome reactivation, and histone modification. In this study, we investigated whether fusion with embryonic stem cells (ESCs) also reprograms genomic imprinting patterns in somatic cells. In particular, we examined imprinting changes in parthenogenetic neural stem cells fused with biparental ESCs, as well as in biparental neural stem cells fused with parthenogenetic ESCs. The resulting hybrid cells expressed the pluripotency markers Oct4 and Nanog. In addition, methylation of several imprinted genes except Peg3 was comparable between hybrid cells and ESCs. This finding indicates that reprogramming by cell fusion does not necessarily reverse the status of all imprinted genes to the state of pluripotent fusion partner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Sik Jang
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yean Ju Hong
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Choi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Song
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung June Byun
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jun Uhm
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Sangji Youngseo College, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Geuk Seo
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Kang S, Lee JS, Lee HC, Petriello MC, Kim BY, Do JT, Lim DS, Lee HG, Han SG. Phytoncide Extracted from Pinecone Decreases LPS-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 26:579-87. [PMID: 26608166 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1510.10070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis is a prevalent inflammatory disease that remains one of the main causes of poor quality of milk. Phytoncides are naturally occurring anti-inflammatory compounds derived from plants and trees. To determine if treatment with phytoncide could decrease the severity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses, mammary alveolar epithelial cells (MAC-T) were pretreated with phytoncide (0.02% and 0.04% (v/v)) followed by LPS treatment (1 and 25 μg/ml). The results demonstrated that phytoncide downregulated LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. Additionally, LPS-induced activation of ERK1/2, p38, and Akt was attenuated by phytoncide. Treatment of cells with known pharmacological inhibitors of ERK1/2 (PD98059), p38 (SB203580), and Akt (LY294002) confirmed the association of these signaling pathways with the observed alterations in COX-2 expression. Moreover, phytoncide attenuated LPS-induced NF-κB activation and superoxide production, and, finally, treatment with phytoncide increased Nrf2 activation. Results suggest that phytoncide can decrease LPS-induced inflammation in MAC-T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukyung Kang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sung Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hai Chon Lee
- Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University, Hongcheon 25159, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael C Petriello
- Toxicology and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Bae Yong Kim
- Phylus Corporation, Danyang 27000, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Seog Lim
- Department of Biotechnology, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Gu Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Gu Han
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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Choi HW, Kim JS, Choi S, Ju Hong Y, Byun SJ, Seo HG, Do JT. Mitochondrial Remodeling in Chicken Induced Pluripotent Stem-Like Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:472-6. [PMID: 26795691 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chicken pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), such as embryonic stem cells and blastoderm cells, have been used to study development and differentiation in chicken. However, chicken PSCs are not widely used because they are hard to maintain in long-term culture. Recent reports suggest that chicken somatic cells can be reprogrammed to pluripotent state by defined factors to form induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). These chicken iPSCs showed pluripotent differentiation potential and could be maintained in long-term culture. However, intracytoplasmic remodeling during reprogramming of chicken cells remains largely unknown. In this study, we generated chicken iPS-like cells (ciPSLCs) from chicken embryonic fibroblasts using a retroviral expression system encoding human reprogramming factors. These ciPSLCs could be maintained for more than 10 passages and expressed the endogenous chicken pluripotency markers, cNonog and cSox2. Moreover, the ciPSLCs showed higher nucleus to cytoplasm ratio and contained globular mitochondria with immature cristae. This morphology was similar to that of mammalian PSCs, but different from that of avian somatic cells, which showed lower nucleus to cytoplasm ratio and mature mitochondria. These results suggest that intracytoplasmic organelles in differentiated somatic cells could be successfully remodeled into the pluripotent state during reprogramming in chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Woo Choi
- 1 Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Soo Kim
- 1 Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sol Choi
- 1 Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yean Ju Hong
- 1 Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung June Byun
- 2 Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science , Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Geuk Seo
- 1 Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- 1 Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Kim JS, Hong YJ, Choi HW, Choi S, Do JT. Protein Kinase A Signaling Is Inhibitory for Reprogramming into Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:378-85. [PMID: 26728702 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatic cells may be reprogrammed into pluripotent cells by the ectopic expression of defined transcription factors. However, some of the hurdles that affect the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells include extremely low efficiency and slow reprogramming. In the present study, we examined the effects of small molecules on cellular reprogramming and found that 8-Bromoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP), an analog of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), improves the reprogramming efficiency of reprogrammable mouse fibroblasts induced with dox in serum replacement (SR) medium. Interestingly, treatment with 8-Br-cAMP in mouse embryonic stem cell culture conditions does not affect reprogramming into the pluripotent state; however, reprogramming efficiency is significantly enhanced by inhibition of protein kinase A (PKA) in SR medium. Therefore, our results suggest that PKA signaling is unnecessary and may in fact act as a barrier to reprogramming into pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Soo Kim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yean Ju Hong
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Choi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sol Choi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Lee WY, Do JT, Park C, Kim JH, Chung HJ, Kim KW, Gil CH, Kim NH, Song H. Identification of Putative Biomarkers for the Early Stage of Porcine Spermatogonial Stem Cells Using Next-Generation Sequencing. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147298. [PMID: 26800048 PMCID: PMC4723225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To identify putative biomarkers of porcine spermatogonial stem cells (pSSCs), total RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis was performed on 5- and 180-day-old porcine testes and on pSSC colonies that were established under low temperature culture conditions as reported previously. In total, 10,184 genes were selected using Cufflink software, followed by a logarithm and quantile normalization of the pairwise scatter plot. The correlation rates of pSSCs compared to 5- and 180-day-old testes were 0.869 and 0.529, respectively and that between 5- and 180-day-old testes was 0.580. Hierarchical clustering data revealed that gene expression patterns of pSSCs were similar to 5-day-old testis. By applying a differential expression filter of four fold or greater, 607 genes were identified between pSSCs and 5-day-old testis, and 2118 genes were identified between the 5- and 180-day-old testes. Among these differentially expressed genes, 293 genes were upregulated and 314 genes were downregulated in the 5-day-old testis compared to pSSCs, and 1106 genes were upregulated and 1012 genes were downregulated in the 180-day-old testis compared to the 5-day-old testis. The following genes upregulated in pSSCs compared to 5-day-old testes were selected for additional analysis: matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9), matrix metallopeptidase 1 (MMP1), glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1), chemokine receptor 1 (CCR1), insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3), CD14, CD209, and Kruppel-like factor 9 (KLF9). Expression levels of these genes were evaluated in pSSCs and in 5- and 180-day-old porcine testes. In addition, immunohistochemistry analysis confirmed their germ cell-specific expression in 5- and 180-day-old testes. These finding may not only be useful in facilitating the enrichment and sorting of porcine spermatogonia, but may also be useful in the study of the early stages of spermatogenic meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Young Lee
- Department of Food Bioscience, Research Institute for Biomedical & Health Science, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chung-ju 380–701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143–701, Republic of Korea
| | - Chankyu Park
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143–701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hoi Kim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143–701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Jae Chung
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju-gun 565–851, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Woon Kim
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju-gun 565–851, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hyun Gil
- School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143–701, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Hyung Kim
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Chungbuk National University, Choung-ju 361–763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Song
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143–701, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells can be directly generated from somatic cells by overexpression of defined transcription factors. iPS cells can perpetually self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of an organism. iPS cells were first generated through infection with retroviruses that contain reprogramming factors. However, development of an exogene-free iPS cell generation method is crucial for future therapeutic applications, because integrated exogenes result in the formation of tumors in chimeras and regain pluripotency after differentiation in vitro. Here, we describe a method to generate iPS cells by transfection of plasmid vectors and to convert partially reprogrammed cells into fully reprogrammed iPS cells by switching from mouse ESC culture conditions to KOSR-based media with bFGF. We also describe basic methods used to characterize fully reprogrammed iPS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Soo Kim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Choi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yean Ju Hong
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea.
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, 120 Neungdong-Ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701, South Korea.
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Yoo T, Ham SA, Hwang JS, Lee WJ, Paek KS, Oh JW, Kim JH, Do JT, Han CW, Kim JH, Seo HG. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ inhibits Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 by downregulating NADPH oxidase 4 in human gingival fibroblasts. Mol Oral Microbiol 2015; 31:398-409. [PMID: 26403493 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the roles of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ) in Porphyromonas gingivalis-derived lipopolysaccharide (Pg-LPS)-induced activation of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2). In human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs), activation of PPARδ by GW501516, a specific ligand of PPARδ, inhibited Pg-LPS-induced activation of MMP-2 and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which was associated with reduced expression of NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4). These effects were significantly smaller in the presence of small interfering RNA targeting PPARδ or the specific PPARδ inhibitor GSK0660, indicating that PPARδ is involved in these events. In addition, modulation of Nox4 expression by small interfering RNA influenced the effect of PPARδ on MMP-2 activity, suggesting a mechanism in which Nox4-derived ROS modulates MMP-2 activity. Furthermore, c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38, but not extracellular signal-regulated kinase, mediated PPARδ-dependent inhibition of MMP-2 activity in HGFs treated with Pg-LPS. Concomitantly, PPARδ-mediated inhibition of MMP-2 activity was associated with the restoration of types I and III collagen to levels approaching those in HGFs not treated with Pg-LPS. These results indicate that PPARδ-mediated downregulation of Nox4 modulates cellular redox status, which in turn plays a critical role in extracellular matrix homeostasis through ROS-dependent regulation of MMP-2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yoo
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - S A Ham
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - J S Hwang
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - W J Lee
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - K S Paek
- Department of Nursing, Semyung University, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - J W Oh
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - J H Kim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - J T Do
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - C W Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Korean Medicine, Yangsan, Kyeongnam, Korea
| | - J H Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
| | - H G Seo
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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Kim BJ, Lee YA, Kim KJ, Kim YH, Jung MS, Ha SJ, Kang HG, Jung SE, Kim BG, Choi YR, Do JT, Ryu BY. Effects of paracrine factors on CD24 expression and neural differentiation of male germline stem cells. Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:255-62. [PMID: 25976705 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are adult male germ cells that develop after birth. Throughout the lifetime of an organism, SSCs sustain spermatogenesis through self-renewal and produce daughter cells that differentiate into spermatozoa. Several studies have demonstrated that SSCs can acquire pluripotency under appropriate culture conditions, thus becoming multipotent germline stem cells (mGSCs) that express markers of pluripotency in culture and form teratomas following transplantation into immunodeficient mice. In the present study, we generated neural precursor cells expressing CD24, a neural precursor marker, from pluripotent stem cell lines and demonstrated that these cells effectively differentiated along a neural lineage in vitro. In addition, we found that paracrine factors promoted CD24 expression during the neural differentiation of mGSCs. Our results indicated that the expression of CD24, enhanced by a combination of retinoic acid (RA), noggin and fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8) under serum-free conditions promoted neural precursor differentiation. Using a simple cell sorting method, we were able to collect neural precursor cells with the potential to differentiate from mGSCs into mature neurons and astrocytes in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bang-Jin Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-An Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Jung Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hee Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Seon Jung
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jung Ha
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Gu Kang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Eun Jung
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Gak Kim
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Yu-Ri Choi
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Buom-Yong Ryu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
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Choi HW, Kim JH, Chung MK, Hong YJ, Jang HS, Seo BJ, Jung TH, Kim JS, Chung HM, Byun SJ, Han SG, Seo HG, Do JT. Mitochondrial and metabolic remodeling during reprogramming and differentiation of the reprogrammed cells. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:1366-73. [PMID: 25590788 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming is one of the most essential areas of research in stem cell biology. Despite this importance, the mechanism and correlates of reprogramming remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the cytoplasmic remodeling and changes in metabolism that occur during reprogramming and differentiation of pluripotent stem cells. Specifically, we examined the cellular organelles of three pluripotent stem cells, embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs), by electron microscopy. We found that the cellular organelles of primed pluripotent EpiSCs were more similar to those of naive pluripotent ESCs and iPSCs than somatic cells. EpiSCs, as well as ESCs and iPSCs, contain large nuclei, poorly developed endoplasmic reticula, and underdeveloped cristae; however, their mitochondria were still mature relative to the mitochondria of ESCs and iPSCs. Next, we differentiated these pluripotent stem cells into neural stem cells (NSCs) in vitro and compared the morphology of organelles. We found that the morphology of organelles of NSCs differentiated from ESCs, iPSCs, and EpiSCs was indistinguishable from brain-derived NSCs. Finally, we examined the changes in energy metabolism that accompanied mitochondrial remodeling during reprogramming and differentiation. We found that the glycolytic activity of ESCs and iPSCs was greater compared with EpiSCs, and that the glycolytic activity of EpiSCs was greater compared with NSCs differentiated from ESCs, iPSCs, and EpiSCs. These results suggest that a change in the cellular state is accompanied by dynamic changes in the morphology of cytoplasmic organelles and corresponding changes in energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Woo Choi
- 1Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hoi Kim
- 1Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Kyung Chung
- 2Fertility Research Institute, Seoul Rachel Fertility Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yean Ju Hong
- 1Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sik Jang
- 1Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Jong Seo
- 1Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek Hee Jung
- 3Department of Stem Cell Biology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Soo Kim
- 1Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Min Chung
- 3Department of Stem Cell Biology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung June Byun
- 4Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Gu Han
- 5Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Geuk Seo
- 1Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- 1Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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