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Xie H, Zhao R, Liu C, Wu Y, Duan X, Hu J, Yang F, Wang H. Dynamic Changes in Volatile Flavor Compounds, Amino Acids, Organic Acids, and Soluble Sugars in Lemon Juice Vesicles during Freeze-Drying and Hot-Air Drying. Foods 2022; 11. [PMID: 36140987 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lemon juice vesicles have abundant flavor components that can undergo complex changes during drying. Three drying methods, including integrated freeze-drying (IFD), conventional freeze-drying (CFD), and hot-air drying (AD), were studied to determine their effects on the dynamic changes in the flavor compounds in lemon juice vesicles. Compared with the fresh samples, the final dried samples that underwent IFD, CFD, and AD lost seven, seven, and six volatile flavor compounds and three, four, and five amino acids, respectively; the order of the loss ratios with respect to the volatile compound content was: 82.73% in CFD > 71.22% in IFD > 28.78% in AD. AD resulted in the highest total amino acid content (10.83 ± 0.20 mg/g), which was 1.39 and 5.54 mg/g higher than that of IFD and CFD, respectively; CFD resulted in the highest total organic acid content (45.94 ± 0.34 mg/g), which was 8.01 and 7.87 mg/g higher than that of IFD and AD, respectively; and AD contributed to the highest total soluble sugars (17.12 ± 0.20 mg/g), which was 1.24 and 1.49 mg/g higher than that of IFD and CFD, respectively. A correlation analysis demonstrated that most of the amino acids and the soluble sugars were closely related to the profiles of the volatile compounds in the lemon juice vesicles during drying.
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Guo HL, Xu MT, Wu ZF, Feng CH, Chen Y, Luo JN, Zhang WQ, Xiong YK. [Kinetics and variation of volatile components of Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma during hot-air drying]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2022; 47:922-930. [PMID: 35285191 DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20211110.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The present study explored the kinetics and variation of volatile components of Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma during the hot-air drying process to obtain the optimal process parameters under multiple goals such as drying efficiency and drying quality. The dry basis moisture content and drying rate curves along with the change of drying time of Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma were investigated at five levels of drying air temperatures(30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 ℃). The relationship between moisture ratio and time in the drying process of Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma was fitted and verified by Midilli model, Page model, Overhults model, Modified Page model, Logaritmic model, Two terms Exponential model, and Newton model. Meanwhile, the effective diffusion coefficient of moisture(D_(eff)) and activation energy(E_a) in Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma were calculated under different drying air temperatures. GC-MS was used to determine the volatile components and content changes of the fresh Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma and dried products at different temperatures. The dry basis moisture content and drying rate of Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma were closely related to the temperature of the drying medium, and the moisture of the Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma decreased with the prolonged drying time. As revealed by the drying rate curve, the drying rate increased with the increase in hot air temperature, and the migration of moisture was accelerated. The comparison of the correlation coefficient(R~2), chi-square(χ~2), and root mean standard error(RMSE) of each model indicated that the parameter average of the Midilli model had the highest degree of fit, with R~2=0.999 2, χ~2=8.78×10~(-5), and RMSE=8.20×10~(-3). Besides, the D_(eff) at 30-70 ℃ was in the range of 1.04×10~(-9)-6.28×10~(-9) m~2·s~(-1), and E_a was 37.47 kJ·mol~(-1). The volatile components of fresh Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma and dried products at different temperatures were determined by GC-MS, and 18, 18, 18, 17, 17, and 18 compounds were identified respectively, which accounted for more than 84.76% of the volatile components. In conclusion, the hot-air drying of Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma can be model-fitted and verified and the variation law of the moisture and volatile components of Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma with temperature is obtained. This study is expected to provide new ideas for exploring the drying characteristics and quality of aromatic Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ling Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Meng-Tian Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Zhen-Feng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine under Ministry of Education,Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Chuan-Hua Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Ying Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Jiang-Nan Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Wen-Qing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Yao-Kun Xiong
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanchang 330004, China
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Liu Y, Chen W, Fan L. Effects of different drying methods on the storage stability of barley grass powder. J Sci Food Agric 2022; 102:1076-1084. [PMID: 34312852 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Barley grass (BG) powder has gradually attracted researchers' attention for its abundant nutritional components and functional activity. Yet, the effect of different drying methods on storage stability is still unclear. In this study, BG was subjected to hot-air drying (HAD), steam blanching prior to hot-air drying (SHAD), vacuum freeze drying (VFD), and far-infrared drying (FID). Effects of different drying methods on BG powder during storage were evaluated. RESULTS Moisture content of dried samples during storage decreased at 50 °C, but at 37 °C increased first and then remained stable. The a* value of SHAD BG powder before storage was the highest (-6.51), followed by FID, HAD and VFD. Moreover, the a* value increased during the storage process. Contents of l-ascorbic acid and total chlorophyll in samples dried by VFD were 28.29 and 7.8 g kg-1 , respectively. The degradation of chlorophyll a and b followed a first-order kinetics model and was modeled by the Arrhenius equation. The activation energies for chlorophyll a were 83.68, 83.21, 62.29 and 76.64 kJ mol-1 in BG powder dried by SHAD, FID, VFD and HAD, respectively. The activation energies for chlorophyll b were 66.76, 48.03, 61.02 and 58.01 kJ mol-1 in SHAD, FID, VFD and HAD BG powder, respectively. CONCLUSION VFD had the highest preservation of color, l-ascorbic acid and chlorophyll compared to HAD, SHAD and FID. SHAD shortened the drying time and delayed the degradation of l-ascorbic acid and chlorophyll during storage. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Weifeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Liuping Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Kim DH, Shin DM, Lee JH, Kim YJ, Han SG. Effect of Different Brine Injection Levels on the Drying Characteristics and Physicochemical Properties of Beef Jerky. Food Sci Anim Resour 2022; 42:98-110. [PMID: 35028577 PMCID: PMC8728507 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2021.e66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Meat jerky is a type of meat snack with a long shelf life, light weight, and
unique sensory properties. However, meat jerky requires a long manufacturing
time, resulting in high energy consumption. In this study, beef jerky was
prepared by injecting different concentrations of brine at different hot-air
drying times (0–800 min). When the brine injection levels were increased
to 30%, the drying characteristics of beef jerky, such as drying time and
effective moisture diffusivity, were significantly improved owing to the
relatively high water content and the formation of porous structures. The
physicochemical properties (e.g. meat color, porosity, shear force, and volatile
basic nitrogen) of the beef jerky injected with 30% brine were improved owing to
the shortened drying time. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the
beef jerky structure became porous and irregular during the brine injection
process. Our novel processing technique for manufacturing beef jerky leads to
improved quality characteristics and shortened drying times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.,Food Research Team, Meat Bank Corporation, Incheon 22650, Korea
| | - Dong-Min Shin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jung Hoon Lee
- Food Research Team, Meat Bank Corporation, Incheon 22650, Korea
| | - Yea Ji Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Sung Gu Han
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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Zhu L, Liang X, Lu Y, Tian S, Chen J, Lin F, Fang S. Effect of Freeze-Thaw Cycles on Juice Properties, Volatile Compounds and Hot-Air Drying Kinetics of Blueberry. Foods 2021; 10:foods10102362. [PMID: 34681411 PMCID: PMC8535103 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper studied the effects of freeze-thaw (FT) cycles on the juice properties and aroma profiles, and the hot-air drying kinetics of frozen blueberry. After FT treatment, the juice yield increased while pH and total soluble solids of the juice keep unchanged. The total anthocyanins contents and DPPH antioxidant activities of the juice decreased by FT treatments. The electronic nose shows that FT treatments significantly change the aroma profiles of the juice. The four main volatile substances in the fresh juice are (E)-2-hexenal, α-terpineol, hexanal and linalyl formate, which account for 48.5 ± 0.1%, 17.6 ± 0.2%, 14.0 ± 1.5% and 7.8 ± 2.7% of relative proportions based on total ion chromatogram (TIC) peak areas. In the FT-treated samples, the amount of (E)-2-hexenal and hexanal decreased significantly while α-terpineol and linalyl formate remained almost unchanged. Repeated FT cycles increased the ethanol content and destroyed the original green leafy flavor. Finally, the drying kinetics of FT-treated blueberries was tested. One FT treatment can shorten the drying time by about 30% to achieve the same water content. The Deff values of the FT-treated sample are similar, which are about twice as large as the value of the fresh sample. The results will be beneficial for the processing of frozen blueberry into juice or dried fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhu
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Xuezheng Street No. 18, Hangzhou 310018, China; (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (S.T.); (J.C.); (F.L.)
| | - Xianrui Liang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China;
| | - Yushuang Lu
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Xuezheng Street No. 18, Hangzhou 310018, China; (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (S.T.); (J.C.); (F.L.)
| | - Shiyi Tian
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Xuezheng Street No. 18, Hangzhou 310018, China; (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (S.T.); (J.C.); (F.L.)
| | - Jie Chen
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Xuezheng Street No. 18, Hangzhou 310018, China; (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (S.T.); (J.C.); (F.L.)
| | - Fubin Lin
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Xuezheng Street No. 18, Hangzhou 310018, China; (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (S.T.); (J.C.); (F.L.)
| | - Sheng Fang
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Xuezheng Street No. 18, Hangzhou 310018, China; (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (S.T.); (J.C.); (F.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-13093752831
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He C, Wang H, Yang Y, Huang Y, Zhang X, Arowo M, Ye J, Zhang N, Xiao M. Drying Behavior and Kinetics of Drying Process of Plant-Based Enteric Hard Capsules. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13030335. [PMID: 33807531 PMCID: PMC7998449 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13030335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The drying process is a significant step in the manufacturing process of enteric hard capsules, which affects the physical and chemical properties of the capsules. Thus, the drying characteristics of plant-based enteric hard capsules were investigated at a constant air velocity of 2 m/s in a bench scale hot-air dryer under a temperature range of 25 to 45 °C and relative humidity of 40 to 80%. Results indicate that the drying process of the capsules mainly occur in a falling-rate period, implying that moisture transfer in the capsules is governed by internal moisture diffusion rate. High temperature and low relative humidity reduce drying time but increase the drying rate of the capsules. Investigation results of the mechanical properties and storage stability of the capsules, however, reveal that a fast drying rate leads to plant-based enteric hard capsules of low quality. Scanning electron microscopy further demonstrates that more layered cracks appear in capsules produced under a faster drying rate. The Page model yielded the best fit for describing thin-layer drying of the capsules based on the coefficient of determination and reduced chi-square. Moreover, it was established that the effective moisture diffusivity of the capsules increases with an increase in drying temperature or reduction in relative humidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuqi He
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (C.H.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.); (Y.H.); (X.Z.); (J.Y.)
- Xiamen Engineering and Technological Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Haodong Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (C.H.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.); (Y.H.); (X.Z.); (J.Y.)
- Xiamen Engineering and Technological Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yucheng Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (C.H.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.); (Y.H.); (X.Z.); (J.Y.)
- Xiamen Engineering and Technological Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yayan Huang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (C.H.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.); (Y.H.); (X.Z.); (J.Y.)
- Xiamen Engineering and Technological Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xueqin Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (C.H.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.); (Y.H.); (X.Z.); (J.Y.)
- Xiamen Engineering and Technological Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Moses Arowo
- Department of Chemical & Process Engineering, Moi University, 3900-30100 Eldoret, Kenya;
| | - Jing Ye
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (C.H.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.); (Y.H.); (X.Z.); (J.Y.)
- Xiamen Engineering and Technological Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Na Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (C.H.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.); (Y.H.); (X.Z.); (J.Y.)
- Xiamen Engineering and Technological Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen 361021, China
- Correspondence: (N.Z.); (M.X.)
| | - Meitian Xiao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (C.H.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.); (Y.H.); (X.Z.); (J.Y.)
- Xiamen Engineering and Technological Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen 361021, China
- Correspondence: (N.Z.); (M.X.)
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Difonzo G, Aresta A, Cotugno P, Ragni R, Squeo G, Summo C, Massari F, Pasqualone A, Faccia M, Zambonin C, Caponio F. Supercritical CO 2 Extraction of Phytocompounds from Olive Pomace Subjected to Different Drying Methods. Molecules 2021; 26:598. [PMID: 33498727 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Olive pomace is a semisolid by-product of olive oil production and represents a valuable source of functional phytocompounds. The valorization of agro-food chain by-products represents a key factor in reducing production costs, providing benefits related to their reuse. On this ground, we herein investigate extraction methods with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) of functional phytocompounds from olive pomace samples subjected to two different drying methods, i.e., freeze drying and hot-air drying. Olive pomace was produced using the two most common industrial olive oil production processes, one based on the two-phase (2P) decanter and one based on the three-phase (3P) decanter. Our results show that freeze drying more efficiently preserves phytocompounds such as α-tocopherol, carotenoids, chlorophylls, and polyphenols, whereas hot-air drying does not compromise the β-sitosterol content and the extraction of squalene is not dependent on the drying method used. Moreover, higher amounts of α-tocopherol and polyphenols were extracted from 2P olive pomace, while β-sitosterol, chlorophylls, and carotenoids were more concentrated in 3P olive pomace. Finally, tocopherol and pigment/polyphenol fractions exerted antioxidant activity in vitro and in accelerated oxidative conditions. These results highlight the potential of olive pomace to be upcycled by extracting from it, with green methods, functional phytocompounds for reuse in food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Younas S, Liu C, Qu H, Mao Y, Liu W, Wei L, Yan L, Zheng L. Multispectral imaging for predicting the water status in mushroom during hot-air dehydration. J Food Sci 2020; 85:903-909. [PMID: 32147837 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In-depth understanding of the shifting of water status during dehydration is crucial for obtaining better quality of dried food. In this work, we report a nondestructive method to measure the water status in hot-air dried mushroom via multispectral imaging (MSI) technology combined with chemometric methods. The low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) measurements were performed as reference. During drying process, the moisture content changed dramatically with notable migration and conversion of different water phases. Partial least squares (PLS), back propagation neural network (BPNN), and least squares-support vector machine (LS-SVM) models were applied to develop quantitative models. Among all, BPNN model showed considerably better performance of prediction with coefficient of determination R2 c = 0.9829, R2 p = 0.9639. The results demonstrated that MSI technology combined with chemometric methods is an impressive approach for determination of the water status in hot-air dried mushrooms, which would facilitate infield of food processing by providing applicable and appropriate platform. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Experimental investigation of different water status during food processing. Assessment of the potential of multispectral imaging to predict water status. Usage of novel measurement method for food processors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoaib Younas
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Changhong Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Hao Qu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Yu Mao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Intelligent Control and Compute Vision Lab, Hefei University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Liyang Wei
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Ling Yan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.,Research Laboratory of Agricultural Environment and Food Safety, Anhui Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System, Hefei, 230009, China
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Hu X, Wang R, Guo J, Ge K, Li G, Fu F, Ding S, Shan Y. Changes in the Volatile Components of Candied Kumquats in Different Processing Methodologies with Headspace-Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Molecules 2019; 24:E3053. [PMID: 31443455 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24173053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of two different processing methods on the volatile components of candied kumquats were investigated via headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS). The characteristic volatile fingerprints of fresh kumquats (FKs), vacuum sugaring osmosis combined with hot-air drying kumquats (VS-ADKs), and atmospheric pressure sugaring osmosis combined with hot-air drying kumquats (AS-ADKs) were established using 3D topographic plots. From the fingerprints, 40 signal peaks for 22 compounds were confirmed and quantified in all types of kumquats, namely, two terpenes, four esters, seven aldehydes, three ketones, and six alcohols. 3-Pentanone was identified as the major component of FKs; followed by 1-hexanol and the Z-3-hexen-1-ol dimer. The hexanal dimer, 2-hexen-1-ol, and the ethyl acetate dimer were the major markers of VS-ADKs. Benzaldehyde and furfurol were the prominent constituent parts of AS-ADKs. Compared with that in FKs, the pentanal and dimethyl ketone contents of VS-ADKs and AS-ADKs exhibited a dramatic increase (p < 0.05). By contrast, the change in ethanol dimer tended to decrease (p < 0.05). Principal component analysis (PCA) clearly showed that the samples, which were distributed in a separate space could be well-distinguished. Furthermore, the similarity of different processed kumquats and their corresponding volatile components was demonstrated via heat map clustering analysis. The results confirmed the potential of HS-GC-IMS-based approaches to evaluate processed kumquats with various volatile profiles.
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10
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Gao S, Wang G, Huang Z, Lei X, Bian Y, Liu Y, Huang W. Selection of Reference Genes for qRT-PCR Analysis in Lentinula edodes after Hot-Air Drying. Molecules 2018; 24:molecules24010136. [PMID: 30602709 PMCID: PMC6337709 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile sulfur compounds gradually develop in Lentinula edodes after hot-air drying, and many genes are involved in the generation of these sulfur compounds. The expression stability of reference genes may vary in a particular experimental treatment when analyzing their expressions by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). In this study, the expression profile of 17 candidate genes was assessed in L. edodes under treatment at 50 °C for 0, 1, 2, and 3 h, and the expression stability of each reference gene was analyzed by three statistical algorithms, including geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper. Results indicated that the two optimal reference genes for mycelium and fruiting body were CAC and DAHP as well as CAC and NUP, respectively. Additionally, CAC and DAHP were found to be the two most stable reference genes across the mycelium and fruiting body set. Our results will provide a genetic foundation for further research on the metabolism genes of sulfur compounds in L. edodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Gao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
| | - Gangzheng Wang
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Plant Science and Technology College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
| | - Zhicheng Huang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Lei
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
| | - Yinbing Bian
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Plant Science and Technology College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
| | - Wen Huang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
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Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of air temperature and air flow velocity on kinetics of color parameter changes during hot-air drying of green tea, to obtain the best model for hot-air drying of green tea, to apply a computer vision system and to study the color changes during drying. In the proposed computer vision system system, at first RGB values of the images were converted into XYZ values and then to Commission International d'Eclairage L*a*b* color coordinates. The obtained color parameters of L*, a* and b* were calibrated with Hunter-Lab colorimeter. These values were also used for calculation of the color difference, chroma, hue angle and browning index. The values of L* and b* decreased, while the values of a* and color difference (ΔE*ab ) increased during hot-air drying. Drying data were fitted to three kinetic models. Zero, first-order and fractional conversion models were utilized to describe the color changes of green tea. The suitability of fitness was determined using the coefficient of determination (R (2)) and root-mean-square error. Results showed that the fraction conversion model had more acceptable fitness than the other two models in most of color parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shahin Rafiee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering of Agricultural Machinery, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Seyed Saeid Mohtasebi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering of Agricultural Machinery, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Soleiman Hosseinpour
- Department of Mechanical Engineering of Agricultural Machinery, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
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