51
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Naletova I, Satriano C, Pietropaolo A, Gianì F, Pandini G, Triaca V, Amadoro G, Latina V, Calissano P, Travaglia A, Nicoletti VG, La Mendola D, Rizzarelli E. The Copper(II)-Assisted Connection between NGF and BDNF by Means of Nerve Growth Factor-Mimicking Short Peptides. Cells 2019; 8:E301. [PMID: 30939824 PMCID: PMC6523629 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a protein necessary for development and maintenance of the sympathetic and sensory nervous systems. We have previously shown that the NGF N-terminus peptide NGF(1-14) is sufficient to activate TrkA signaling pathways essential for neuronal survival and to induce an increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression. Cu2+ ions played a critical role in the modulation of the biological activity of NGF(1-14). Using computational, spectroscopic, and biochemical techniques, here we report on the ability of a newly synthesized peptide named d-NGF(1-15), which is the dimeric form of NGF(1-14), to interact with TrkA. We found that d-NGF(1-15) interacts with the TrkA-D5 domain and induces the activation of its signaling pathways. Copper binding to d-NGF(1-15) stabilizes the secondary structure of the peptides, suggesting a strengthening of the noncovalent interactions that allow for the molecular recognition of D5 domain of TrkA and the activation of the signaling pathways. Intriguingly, the signaling cascade induced by the NGF peptides ultimately involves cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) activation and an increase in BDNF protein level, in keeping with our previous result showing an increase of BDNF mRNA. All these promising connections can pave the way for developing interesting novel drugs for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Naletova
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Cristina Satriano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Adriana Pietropaolo
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Fiorenza Gianì
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, University of Catania, via Palermo n. 636, 95122 Catania, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Pandini
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, University of Catania, via Palermo n. 636, 95122 Catania, Italy.
| | - Viviana Triaca
- Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale "Rita Levi Montalcini", Institute of Cellular Biology and Neurobiology (IBCN), National Research Council (CNR), c/o Policlinico Umberto I, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Via del Policlinico 255, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giuseppina Amadoro
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council (CNR), 00131 Rome, Italy.
| | - Valentina Latina
- European Brain Research Institute, Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161, 64-65, 00143 Rome, Italy.
| | - Pietro Calissano
- European Brain Research Institute, Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161, 64-65, 00143 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessio Travaglia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Giuseppe Nicoletti
- Section of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy.
| | - Diego La Mendola
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Enrico Rizzarelli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
- Institute of Crystallography-Catania, National Research Council (CNR), Via P. Gaifami, 95126 Catania, Italy.
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52
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Protto V, Soligo M, De Stefano ME, Farioli‐Vecchioli S, Marlier LNJL, Nisticò R, Manni L. Electroacupuncture in rats normalizes the diabetes‐induced alterations in the septo‐hippocampal cholinergic system. Hippocampus 2019; 29:891-904. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Protto
- Institute of Translational PharmacologyConsiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Rome Italy
| | - Marzia Soligo
- Institute of Translational PharmacologyConsiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Rome Italy
| | - Maria Egle De Stefano
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”Sapienza University Rome Italy
| | | | | | - Robert Nisticò
- Pharmacology of Synaptic Disease Lab, European Brain Research Institute (EBRI) Rome Italy
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Rome Tor Vergata Rome Italy
| | - Luigi Manni
- Institute of Translational PharmacologyConsiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Rome Italy
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53
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Melo Z, Castillo X, Moreno-Carranza B, Ledesma-Colunga MG, Arnold E, López-Casillas F, Ruíz-Herrera X, Clapp C, Martínez de la Escalera G. Vasoinhibin Suppresses Nerve Growth Factor-Induced Differentiation and Survival of PC12 Pheochromocytoma Cells. Neuroendocrinology 2019; 109:152-164. [PMID: 31091528 DOI: 10.1159/000499507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vasoinhibin, a protein derived from prolactin, regulates various vascular functions including endothelial cell survival. Of note, vasoinhibin is present in the central nervous system, where it triggers neuroendocrine and behavioral responses to stress. Moreover, vasoinhibin compromises nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced neurite outgrowth in primary sensory neurons of the peripheral nervous system. Nonetheless, information on the functions of vasoinhibin in developing neurons remains limited. The present study explored whether vasoinhibin affects the neurotrophic actions of NGF by measuring the cell differentiation and survival of PC12 pheochromocytoma cells. METHODS The effects of recombinant or lentiviral vector-transduced human vasoinhibin were tested on differentiating PC12 cells. Neurite outgrowth was quantified by measuring their length and density. The MTT assay was employed to assess cell viability, and ELISA was used to quantify DNA fragmentation as an index of apoptosis. Phosphorylated Akt and ERK1/2 were analyzed by Western blotting. RESULTS The addition of a human recombinant vasoinhibin, and the transduction of a lentiviral vector carrying a human vasoinhibin sequence, significantly reduced NGF-induced neurite outgrowth, cell survival, and phosphorylation of Akt and ERK1/2, and increased DNA fragmentation and caspase 3 activation in PC12 cells. CONCLUSIONS Vasoinhibin downregulates NGF-induced differentiation and survival of PC12 cells, blocking tropomyosin receptor kinase A-triggered signaling pathways and increasing apoptosis. These results establish that vasoinhibin interaction with NGF and other neurotrophins may be critical in mediating pathways involved in neuronal survival and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zesergio Melo
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Ximena Castillo
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Bibiana Moreno-Carranza
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - María G Ledesma-Colunga
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Edith Arnold
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
- Catedrática CONACYT, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Fernando López-Casillas
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Xarubet Ruíz-Herrera
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Carmen Clapp
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
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54
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Khamo JS, Krishnamurthy VV, Chen Q, Diao J, Zhang K. Optogenetic Delineation of Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Subcircuits in PC12 Cell Differentiation. Cell Chem Biol 2018; 26:400-410.e3. [PMID: 30595532 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor elicits signaling outcomes by interacting with both its high-affinity receptor, TrkA, and its low-affinity receptor, p75NTR. Although these two receptors can regulate distinct cellular outcomes, they both activate the extracellular-signal-regulated kinase pathway upon nerve growth factor stimulation. To delineate TrkA subcircuits in PC12 cell differentiation, we developed an optogenetic system whereby light was used to specifically activate TrkA signaling in the absence of nerve growth factor. By using tyrosine mutants of the optogenetic TrkA in combination with pathway-specific pharmacological inhibition, we find that Y490 and Y785 each contributes to PC12 cell differentiation through the extracellular-signal-regulated kinase pathway in an additive manner. Optogenetic activation of TrkA eliminates the confounding effect of p75NTR and other potential off-target effects of the ligand. This approach can be generalized for the mechanistic study of other receptor-mediated signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Khamo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Vishnu V Krishnamurthy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Qixin Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Jiajie Diao
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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55
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Dimerization of the Trk receptors in the plasma membrane: effects of their cognate ligands. Biochem J 2018; 475:3669-3685. [PMID: 30366959 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are cell surface receptors which control cell growth and differentiation, and play important roles in tumorigenesis. Despite decades of RTK research, the mechanism of RTK activation in response to their ligands is still under debate. Here, we investigate the interactions that control the activation of the tropomyosin receptor kinase (Trk) family of RTKs in the plasma membrane, using a FRET-based methodology. The Trk receptors are expressed in neuronal tissues, and guide the development of the central and peripheral nervous systems during development. We quantify the dimerization of human Trk-A, Trk-B, and Trk-C in the absence and presence of their cognate ligands: human β-nerve growth factor, human brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and human neurotrophin-3, respectively. We also assess conformational changes in the Trk dimers upon ligand binding. Our data support a model of Trk activation in which (1) Trks have a propensity to interact laterally and to form dimers even in the absence of ligand, (2) different Trk unliganded dimers have different stabilities, (3) ligand binding leads to Trk dimer stabilization, and (4) ligand binding induces structural changes in the Trk dimers which propagate to their transmembrane and intracellular domains. This model, which we call the 'transition model of RTK activation,' may hold true for many other RTKs.
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56
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The Structure of the Pro-domain of Mouse proNGF in Contact with the NGF Domain. Structure 2018; 27:78-89.e3. [PMID: 30393051 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is an important neurotrophic factor involved in the regulation of cell differentiation and survival of target neurons. Expressed as a proNGF precursor, NGF is matured by furin-mediated protease cleavage. Increasing evidence suggests that NGF and proNGF have distinct functional roles. While the structure of mature NGF is available, little is known about that of the pro-domain because of its dynamical structural features. We exploited an ad hoc hybrid strategy based on nuclear magnetic resonance and modeling validated by small-angle X-ray scattering to gain novel insights on the pro-domain, both in isolation and in the context of proNGF. We show that the isolated pro-domain is intrinsically unstructured but forms transient intramolecular contacts with mature NGF and has per se the ability to induce growth cone collapse, indicating functional independence. Our data represent an important step toward the structural and functional characterization of the properties of proNGF.
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57
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Morfa CJ, Bassoni D, Szabo A, McAnally D, Sharir H, Hood BL, Vasile S, Wehrman T, Lamerdin J, Smith LH. A Pharmacochaperone-Based High-Throughput Screening Assay for the Discovery of Chemical Probes of Orphan Receptors. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2018; 16:384-396. [PMID: 30251873 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2018.868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have varying and diverse physiological roles, transmitting signals from a range of stimuli, including light, chemicals, peptides, and mechanical forces. More than 130 GPCRs are orphan receptors (i.e., their endogenous ligands are unknown), representing a large untapped reservoir of potential therapeutic targets for pharmaceutical intervention in a variety of diseases. Current deorphanization approaches are slow, laborious, and usually require some in-depth knowledge about the receptor pharmacology. In this study we describe a cell-based assay to identify small molecule probes of orphan receptors that requires no a priori knowledge of receptor pharmacology. Built upon the concept of pharmacochaperones, where cell-permeable small molecules facilitate the trafficking of mutant receptors to the plasma membrane, the simple and robust technology is readily accessible by most laboratories and is amenable to high-throughput screening. The assay consists of a target harboring a synthetic point mutation that causes retention of the target in the endoplasmic reticulum. Coupled with a beta-galactosidase enzyme-fragment complementation reporter system, the assay identifies compounds that act as pharmacochaperones causing forward trafficking of the mutant GPCR. The assay can identify compounds with varying mechanisms of action including agonists and antagonists. A universal positive control compound circumvents the need for a target-specific ligand. The veracity of the approach is demonstrated using the beta-2-adrenergic receptor. Together with other existing assay technologies to validate the signaling pathways and the specificity of ligands identified, this pharmacochaperone-based approach can accelerate the identification of ligands for these potentially therapeutically useful receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo J Morfa
- 1 Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida
| | | | - Andras Szabo
- 1 Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida
| | - Danielle McAnally
- 1 Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida
| | - Haleli Sharir
- 1 Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida
| | - Becky L Hood
- 1 Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida
| | - Stefan Vasile
- 1 Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida
| | - Tom Wehrman
- 2 Eurofins DiscoverX Corporation , Fremont, California
| | - Jane Lamerdin
- 2 Eurofins DiscoverX Corporation , Fremont, California
| | - Layton H Smith
- 1 Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida
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58
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Sanchez-Rodriguez A, Arias-Alvarez M, Rebollar PG, Bautista JM, Lorenzo PL, Garcia-Garcia RM. Gene expression and immunolocalization of low-affinity neurotrophin receptor (p75) in rabbit male reproductive tract during sexual maturation. Reprod Domest Anim 2018; 53 Suppl 2:62-65. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.13257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sanchez-Rodriguez
- Department of Physiology; Veterinary Medicine Faculty; Complutense University of Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - Maria Arias-Alvarez
- Department of Animal Production; Veterinary Medicine Faculty; Complutense University of Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - Pilar G. Rebollar
- Department of Agrarian Production; ETSIAAB; Polytechnic University of Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - Jose M. Bautista
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Veterinary Medicine Faculty; Complutense University of Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - Pedro L. Lorenzo
- Department of Physiology; Veterinary Medicine Faculty; Complutense University of Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - Rosa M. Garcia-Garcia
- Department of Physiology; Veterinary Medicine Faculty; Complutense University of Madrid; Madrid Spain
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59
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Structural insights into SorCS2-Nerve Growth Factor complex formation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2979. [PMID: 30061605 PMCID: PMC6065357 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05405-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Signaling of SorCS receptors by proneurotrophin ligands regulates neuronal plasticity, induces apoptosis and is associated with mental disorders. The detailed structure of SorCS2 and its extracellular specificity are unresolved. Here we report crystal structures of the SorCS2–NGF complex and unliganded SorCS2 ectodomain, revealing cross-braced SorCS2 homodimers with two NGF dimers bound in a 2:4 stoichiometry. Five out of six SorCS2 domains directly contribute to dimer formation and a C-terminal membrane proximal unreported domain, with an RNA recognition motif fold, locks the dimer in an intermolecular head-to-tail interaction. The complex structure shows an altered SorCS2 conformation indicating substantial structural plasticity. Both NGF dimer chains interact exclusively with the top face of a SorCS2 β-propeller. Biophysical experiments reveal that NGF, proNGF, and proBDNF bind at this site on SorCS2. Taken together, our data reveal a structurally flexible SorCS2 receptor that employs the large β-propeller as a ligand binding platform. The Sortilin-related CNS-expressed receptor 2 (SorCS2)–proneurotrophin signaling system regulates neuronal plasticity and its dysfunction is linked to schizophrenia. Here the authors present the structures of the SorCS2 ectodomain alone and in complex with Nerve Growth Factor, which provides insights into SorCS2 ligand binding and signaling.
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60
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Kennedy AE, Laamanen CA, Ross MS, Vohra R, Boreham DR, Scott JA, Ross GM. Nerve growth factor inhibitor with novel-binding domain demonstrates nanomolar efficacy in both cell-based and cell-free assay systems. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2018; 5. [PMID: 28971611 PMCID: PMC5625151 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF), a member of the neurotrophin family, is known to regulate the development and survival of a select population of neurons through the binding and activation of the TrkA receptor. Elevated levels of NGF have been associated with painful pathologies such as diabetic neuropathy and fibromyalgia. However, completely inhibiting the NGF signal could hold significant side effects, such as those observed in a genetic condition called congenital insensitivity to pain and anhidrosis (CIPA). Previous methods of screening for NGF‐inhibitors used labeling techniques which have the potential to alter molecular interactions. SPR spectroscopy and NGF‐dependent cellular assays were utilized to identify a novel NGF‐inhibitor, BVNP‐0197 (IC50 = 90 nmol/L), the first NGF‐inhibitor described with a high nanomolar NGF inhibition efficiency. The present study utilizes molecular modeling flexible docking to identify a novel binding domain in the loop II/IV cleft of NGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison E Kennedy
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.,Laurentian University, Biomolecular Sciences Program, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - Corey A Laamanen
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.,Laurentian University, Bharti School of Engineering, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mitchell S Ross
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rahul Vohra
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.,Sussex Research Laboratories Inc., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - John A Scott
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.,Laurentian University, Bharti School of Engineering, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory M Ross
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
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61
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Pietropaolo A, Magrì A, Greco V, Losasso V, La Mendola D, Sciuto S, Carloni P, Rizzarelli E. Binding of Zn(II) to Tropomyosin Receptor Kinase A in Complex with Its Cognate Nerve Growth Factor: Insights from Molecular Simulation and in Vitro Essays. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:1095-1103. [PMID: 29281262 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The binding of the human nerve growth factor (NGF) protein to tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA) is associated with Alzhemeir's development. Owing to the large presence of zinc(II) ions in the synaptic compartments, the zinc ions might be bound to the complex in vivo. Here, we have identified a putative zinc binding site using a combination of computations and experiments. First, we have predicted structural features of the NGF/TrkA complex in an aqueous solution by molecular simulation. Metadynamics free energy calculations suggest that these are very similar to those in the X-ray structure. Here, the "crab" structure of the NGF shape binds tightly to two TrkA "pincers". Transient conformations of the complex include both more extended and more closed conformations. Interestingly, the latter features facial histidines (His60 and His61) among the N-terminal D1-D3 domains, each of which is a potential binding region for biometals. This suggests the presence of a four-His Zn binding site connecting the two chains. To address this issue, we investigated the binding of a D1-D3 domains' peptide mimic by stability constant and nuclear magnetic resonance measurements, complemented by density functional theory-based calculations. Taken together, these establish unambiguously a four-His coordination of the metal ion in the model systems, supporting the presence of our postulated binding site in the NGF/TrkA complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Pietropaolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Magrì
- IBB-CNR, UOS Catania, via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Valentina Greco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Valeria Losasso
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine (IAS-5/INM-9/INM-9) Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Department of Physics, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Diego La Mendola
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Sciuto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Paolo Carloni
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine (IAS-5/INM-9/INM-9) Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Department of Physics, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Enrico Rizzarelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
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62
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Liu Z, Liu J, Liu G, Cao W, Liu S, Chen Y, Zuo Y, Chen W, Chen J, Zhang Y, Huang S, Qiu G, Giampietro PF, Zhang F, Wu Z, Wu N. Phenotypic heterogeneity of intellectual disability in patients with congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis: A case report and literature review. J Int Med Res 2018; 46:2445-2457. [PMID: 29619836 PMCID: PMC6023048 DOI: 10.1177/0300060517747164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA) is a rare autosomal recessive heterogeneous disorder mainly caused by mutations in the neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase 1 gene (NTRK1) and characterized by insensitivity to noxious stimuli, anhidrosis, and intellectual disability. We herein report the first north Han Chinese patient with CIPA who exhibited classic phenotypic features and severe intellectual disability caused by a homozygous c.851-33T>A mutation of NTRK1, resulting in aberrant splicing and an open reading frame shift. We reviewed the literature and performed in silico analysis to determine the association between mutations and intellectual disability in patients with CIPA. We found that intellectual disability was correlated with the specific Ntrk1 protein domain that a mutation jeopardized. Mutations located peripheral to the Ntrk1 protein do not influence important functional domains and tend to cause milder symptoms without intellectual disability. Mutations that involve critical amino acids in the protein are prone to cause severe symptoms, including intellectual disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlei Liu
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China.,2 Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China.,*These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China.,3 Breast Surgical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China.,*These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Gang Liu
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China.,4 Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, PR China.,*These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Wenjian Cao
- 5 State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Sen Liu
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China.,4 Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yixin Chen
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yuzhi Zuo
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China.,4 Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, PR China
| | - Weisheng Chen
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jun Chen
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yu Zhang
- 6 Berry Genomics Co., Ltd., Beijing, PR China
| | - Shishu Huang
- 7 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Guixing Qiu
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China.,4 Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, PR China
| | - Philip F Giampietro
- 8 Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- 4 Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, PR China.,5 State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhihong Wu
- 4 Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, PR China.,9 Department of Central Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Nan Wu
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China.,4 Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, PR China
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63
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O'Leary VB, O'Connell M, Antyborzec I, Ntziachristos V, Oliver Dolly J, Ovsepian SV. Alleviation of Trigeminal Nociception Using p75 Neurotrophin Receptor Targeted Lentiviral Interference Therapy. Neurotherapeutics 2018; 15:489-499. [PMID: 29427180 PMCID: PMC5935639 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-018-0608-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute and chronic trigeminal (TG) neuropathies are the cause of considerable distress, with limited treatments available at present. Nociceptive neurons enriched with the vanilloid type 1 receptor (VR1) partake in pain sensation and sensitization in the TG system. While VR1 blockers with anti-nociceptive potential are of substantial medical interest, their use remains limited due to poor selectivity and lack of cell-targeting capabilities. This study describes a methodology for the alleviation of nociception via targeted depletion of VR1 in TG sensory neurons in rats. In cultured TG ganglion neurons, VR1 expression was virtually abolished by lentiviral short hairpin RNA (LV-VR1). By decorating GFP encoding LV (LV-GFP) and LV-VR1 with IgG192 for targeting TG sensory neurons enriched with the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR), transduction of a reporter GFP and VR1 depletion was achieved after injection of targeted vectors into the whisker pad. In IgG192/LV-VR1-injected rats, the behavioral response to capsaicin exposure as well as Erk 1/2 phosphorylation and VR1 current activation by capsaicin were significantly reduced. This pioneering investigation, thus, provides a proof of principle for a means of attenuating TG nociception, revealing therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie B O'Leary
- International Centre for Neurotherapeutics, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Marie O'Connell
- International Centre for Neurotherapeutics, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Inga Antyborzec
- International Centre for Neurotherapeutics, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Vasilis Ntziachristos
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Faculty for Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Chair of Biomedical Imaging, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - J Oliver Dolly
- International Centre for Neurotherapeutics, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Saak V Ovsepian
- International Centre for Neurotherapeutics, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
- Faculty for Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Chair of Biomedical Imaging, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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64
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Butti R, Das S, Gunasekaran VP, Yadav AS, Kumar D, Kundu GC. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) in breast cancer: signaling, therapeutic implications and challenges. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:34. [PMID: 29455658 PMCID: PMC5817867 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0797-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a multifactorial disease and driven by aberrant regulation of cell signaling pathways due to the acquisition of genetic and epigenetic changes. An array of growth factors and their receptors is involved in cancer development and metastasis. Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) constitute a class of receptors that play important role in cancer progression. RTKs are cell surface receptors with specialized structural and biological features which respond to environmental cues by initiating appropriate signaling cascades in tumor cells. RTKs are known to regulate various downstream signaling pathways such as MAPK, PI3K/Akt and JAK/STAT. These pathways have a pivotal role in the regulation of cancer stemness, angiogenesis and metastasis. These pathways are also imperative for a reciprocal interaction of tumor and stromal cells. Multi-faceted role of RTKs renders them amenable to therapy in breast cancer. However, structural mutations, gene amplification and alternate pathway activation pose challenges to anti-RTK therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Butti
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University Campus, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Sumit Das
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University Campus, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Vinoth Prasanna Gunasekaran
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University Campus, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Amit Singh Yadav
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University Campus, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Dhiraj Kumar
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77054, USA
| | - Gopal C Kundu
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University Campus, Pune, 411007, India.
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65
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Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) play an important role in a variety of cellular processes including growth, motility, differentiation, and metabolism. As such, dysregulation of RTK signaling leads to an assortment of human diseases, most notably, cancers. Recent large-scale genomic studies have revealed the presence of various alterations in the genes encoding RTKs such as EGFR, HER2/ErbB2, and MET, amongst many others. Abnormal RTK activation in human cancers is mediated by four principal mechanisms: gain-of-function mutations, genomic amplification, chromosomal rearrangements, and / or autocrine activation. In this manuscript, we review the processes whereby RTKs are activated under normal physiological conditions and discuss several mechanisms whereby RTKs can be aberrantly activated in human cancers. Understanding of these mechanisms has important implications for selection of anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfang Du
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Christine M Lovly
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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66
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Zhang M, Cao Y, Li X, Hu L, Taieb SK, Zhu X, Zhang J, Feng Y, Zhao R, Wang M, Xue W, Yang Z, Wang Y. Cd271 mediates proliferation and differentiation of epidermal stem cells to support cutaneous burn wound healing. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 371:273-282. [PMID: 29150821 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2723-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Burn wounds can significantly reduce the quality of life of patients with respect to their physiology and psychology and can even threaten their lives. Many treatments have been proposed, including stem cell therapy but no effective method can as yet cure such damage. Our study highlights the role of Cd271 in epidermal stem cells (eSC) during the healing of burn wounds. The expression of Cd271 increases together with burn wound healing. Injection of Cd271-over-expressing eSC into wounds promotes the healing rate in a mouse burn model. Over-expression of Cd271 enhances the abilities of eSC with regard to their differentiation, proliferation and migration and even their resistance to apoptosis in vitro. These results are in accordance with a hypothesis suggesting that Cd271 promotes the healing of skin burn wounds by improving the potential of eSC for differentiation, proliferation and migration. Our findings shed light on the role of Cd271 in wound healing and may provide new therapeutic approaches for curing burn wounds of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250000, China
| | - Yongqian Cao
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250000, China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Health Management Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250000, China
| | - Lizhi Hu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Sahbi Khaled Taieb
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Xiaolong Zhu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Yongqiang Feng
- Department of Laser Aesthetic Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Ran Zhao
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250000, China
| | - Mingqing Wang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250000, China
| | - Wenjun Xue
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250000, China
| | - Zhanjie Yang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250000, China
| | - Yibing Wang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250000, China.
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67
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Trabjerg E, Kartberg F, Christensen S, Rand KD. Conformational characterization of nerve growth factor-β reveals that its regulatory pro-part domain stabilizes three loop regions in its mature part. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:16665-16676. [PMID: 28798232 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.803320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve growth factor-β (NGF) is essential for the correct development of the nervous system. NGF exists in both a mature form and a pro-form (proNGF). The two forms have opposing effects on neurons: NGF induces proliferation, whereas proNGF induces apoptosis via binding to a receptor complex of the common neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) and sortilin. The overexpression of both proNGF and sortilin has been associated with several neurodegenerative diseases. Insights into the conformational differences between proNGF and NGF are central to a better understanding of the opposing mechanisms of action of NGF and proNGF on neurons. However, whereas the structure of NGF has been determined by X-ray crystallography, the structural details for proNGF remain elusive. Here, using a sensitive MS-based analytical method to measure the hydrogen/deuterium exchange of proteins in solution, we analyzed the conformational properties of proNGF and NGF. We detected the presence of a localized higher-order structure motif in the pro-part of proNGF. Furthermore, by comparing the hydrogen/deuterium exchange in the mature part of NGF and proNGF, we found that the presence of the pro-part in proNGF causes a structural stabilization of three loop regions in the mature part, possibly through a direct molecular interaction. Moreover, using tandem MS analyses, we identified two N-linked and two O-linked glycosylations in the pro-part of proNGF. These results advance our knowledge of the conformational properties of proNGF and NGF and help provide a rationale for the diverse biological effects of NGF and proNGF at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esben Trabjerg
- From the Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen E, Denmark and.,the Department of Biologics, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Fredrik Kartberg
- the Department of Biologics, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Søren Christensen
- the Department of Biologics, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Kasper D Rand
- From the Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen E, Denmark and
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68
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Angelov B, Angelova A. Nanoscale clustering of the neurotrophin receptor TrkB revealed by super-resolution STED microscopy. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:9797-9804. [PMID: 28682396 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr03454g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The nanoscale organization of the tropomyosin-related kinase receptor type B (TrkB), a promising therapeutic target for severe neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, is examined by stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy using the deconvoluted gated STED option. The performed immunofluorescence nanoscopic subdiffraction imaging of the membrane receptor localization reveals that clusters of oligomeric TrkB states and randomly organized nanodomains are formed in the membranes of differentiated human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, which are studied as an in vitro model of neurodegeneration. Despite that the monomeric (isolated) states of the receptor cannot be distinguished from its dimeric forms in such images, TrkB receptor dimers (or couple of individual monomers) are visualized at super-resolution as single pixels in the magnified Huygens-deconvoluted gated STED images. The clusters of higher-order TrkB oligomers are of dynamic nature rather than of a fixed stoichiometry. The propensity for membrane protein clustering as well as the dissociation of the TrkB receptors nanodomains can be modulated by neurotherapeutic formulations containing ω-3 polyunsaturated docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Nanomolar concentrations of DHA change the receptor topology and lead to disruption of the cluster phases. This result is of therapeutic importance for TrkB receptor availability upon ligand binding as DHA favours the mobility and the dynamic distribution of the protein populations in the cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borislav Angelov
- Institute of Physics, ELI Beamlines, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Na Slovance 2, CZ-18221 Prague, Czech Republic
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69
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Haddad Y, Adam V, Heger Z. Trk Receptors and Neurotrophin Cross-Interactions: New Perspectives Toward Manipulating Therapeutic Side-Effects. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:130. [PMID: 28515680 PMCID: PMC5414483 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Some therapeutic side-effects result from simultaneous activation of homolog receptors by the same ligand. Tropomyosin receptor kinases (TrkA, TrkB and TrkC) play a major role in the development and biology of neurons through neurotrophin signaling. The wide range of cross-interactions between Trk receptors and neurotrophins vary in selectivity, affinity and function. In this study, we discuss new perspectives to the manipulation of side-effects via a better understanding of the cross-interactions at the molecular level, derived by computational methods. Available crystal structures of Trk receptors and neurotrophins are a valuable resource for exploitation via molecular mechanics (MM) and dynamics (MD). The study of the energetics and dynamics of neurotrophins or neurotrophic peptides interacting with Trk receptors will provide insight to structural regions that may be candidates for drug targeting and signaling pathway selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazan Haddad
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in BrnoBrno, Czechia.,Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of TechnologyBrno, Czechia
| | - Vojtěch Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in BrnoBrno, Czechia.,Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of TechnologyBrno, Czechia
| | - Zbyněk Heger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in BrnoBrno, Czechia.,Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of TechnologyBrno, Czechia
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70
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Sasi M, Vignoli B, Canossa M, Blum R. Neurobiology of local and intercellular BDNF signaling. Pflugers Arch 2017; 469:593-610. [PMID: 28280960 PMCID: PMC5438432 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-1964-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a member of the neurotrophin family of secreted proteins. Signaling cascades induced by BDNF and its receptor, the receptor tyrosine kinase TrkB, link neuronal growth and differentiation with synaptic plasticity. For this reason, interference with BDNF signaling has emerged as a promising strategy for potential treatments in psychiatric and neurological disorders. In many brain circuits, synaptically released BDNF is essential for structural and functional long-term potentiation, two prototypical cellular models of learning and memory formation. Recent studies have revealed an unexpected complexity in the synaptic communication of mature BDNF and its precursor proBDNF, not only between local pre- and postsynaptic neuronal targets but also with participation of glial cells. Here, we consider recent findings on local actions of the BDNF family of ligands at the synapse and discuss converging lines of evidence which emerge from per se conflicting results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manju Sasi
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Beatrice Vignoli
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38123, Povo, TN, Italy
| | - Marco Canossa
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38123, Povo, TN, Italy.,European Brain Research Institute (EBRI) "Rita Levi-Montalcini", 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Robert Blum
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97078, Würzburg, Germany.
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71
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Haddad Y, Heger Z, Adam V. Targeting Neuroblastoma Cell Surface Proteins: Recommendations for Homology Modeling of hNET, ALK, and TrkB. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:7. [PMID: 28163672 PMCID: PMC5247432 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapy is a promising approach for treatment of neuroblastoma as evident from the large number of targeting agents employed in clinical practice today. In the absence of known crystal structures, researchers rely on homology modeling to construct template-based theoretical structures for drug design and testing. Here, we discuss three candidate cell surface proteins that are suitable for homology modeling: human norepinephrine transporter (hNET), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), and neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor 2 (NTRK2 or TrkB). When choosing templates, both sequence identity and structure quality are important for homology modeling and pose the first of many challenges in the modeling process. Homology modeling of hNET can be improved using template models of dopamine and serotonin transporters instead of the leucine transporter (LeuT). The extracellular domains of ALK and TrkB are yet to be exploited by homology modeling. There are several idiosyncrasies that require direct attention throughout the process of model construction, evaluation and refinement. Shifts/gaps in the alignment between the template and target, backbone outliers and side-chain rotamer outliers are among the main sources of physical errors in the structures. Low-conserved regions can be refined with loop modeling method. Residue hydrophobicity, accessibility to bound metals or glycosylation can aid in model refinement. We recommend resolving these idiosyncrasies as part of "good modeling practice" to obtain highest quality model. Decreasing physical errors in protein structures plays major role in the development of targeting agents and understanding of chemical interactions at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazan Haddad
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in BrnoBrno, Czechia; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of TechnologyBrno, Czechia
| | - Zbyněk Heger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in BrnoBrno, Czechia; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of TechnologyBrno, Czechia
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in BrnoBrno, Czechia; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of TechnologyBrno, Czechia
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72
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Paoletti F, de Chiara C, Kelly G, Covaceuszach S, Malerba F, Yan R, Lamba D, Cattaneo A, Pastore A. Conformational Rigidity within Plasticity Promotes Differential Target Recognition of Nerve Growth Factor. Front Mol Biosci 2016; 3:83. [PMID: 28083536 PMCID: PMC5183593 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2016.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve Growth Factor (NGF), the prototype of the neurotrophin family, is essential for maintenance and growth of different neuronal populations. The X-ray crystal structure of NGF has been known since the early '90s and shows a β-sandwich fold with extensive loops that are involved in the interaction with its binding partners. Understanding the dynamical properties of these loops is thus important for molecular recognition. We present here a combined solution NMR/molecular dynamics study which addresses the question of whether and how much the long loops of NGF are flexible and describes the N-terminal intrinsic conformational tendency of the unbound NGF molecule. NMR titration experiments allowed identification of a previously undetected epitope of the anti-NGF antagonist antibody αD11 which will be of crucial importance for future drug lead discovery. The present study thus recapitulates all the available structural information and unveils the conformational versatility of the relatively rigid NGF loops upon functional ligand binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Paoletti
- Neurotrophic Factors and Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, European Brain Research, Rita Levi-Montalcini FoundationRome, Italy; Scuola Normale SuperiorePisa, Italy
| | | | - Geoff Kelly
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Biomedical NMR Centre, The Francis Crick Institute London, UK
| | - Sonia Covaceuszach
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Sede Secondaria di Basovizza Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesca Malerba
- Neurotrophic Factors and Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, European Brain Research, Rita Levi-Montalcini FoundationRome, Italy; Scuola Normale SuperiorePisa, Italy
| | - Robert Yan
- Maurice Wohl Institute, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London London, UK
| | - Doriano Lamba
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Sede Secondaria di Basovizza Trieste, Italy
| | - Antonino Cattaneo
- Neurotrophic Factors and Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, European Brain Research, Rita Levi-Montalcini FoundationRome, Italy; Scuola Normale SuperiorePisa, Italy
| | - Annalisa Pastore
- Maurice Wohl Institute, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondon, UK; Molecular Medicine Department, University of PaviaPavia, Italy
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73
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Crystal Structures of Neurotrophin Receptors Kinase Domain. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2016; 104:1-18. [PMID: 28215291 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophins and their receptors (Trk) play key roles in the development of the nervous system and in cell survival. Trk receptors are therefore attractive pharmacological targets for brain disorders as well as for cancers. While the druggability of the extracellular domain of the receptors, that specifically binds neurotrophins, is yet to be proven, the intracellular kinase domains are attractive targets for small-molecule binding. The recent crystal structures of the three isoforms of the Trk family, TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC have been described in their apo forms and in complex with potent and selective pan-Trk inhibitors. The description of the kinase domain of each of the isoforms will be discussed in their apo forms or bound to potent inhibitors of interest in cancer therapy. Nononcology indications and selectivity issues will also be discussed.
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74
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Vilar M. Structural Characterization of the p75 Neurotrophin Receptor: A Stranger in the TNFR Superfamily. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2016; 104:57-87. [PMID: 28215307 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Although p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) was the founding member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily (TNFRSF), it is an atypical TNFRSF protein. p75NTR like TNF-R1 and Fas-R contain an extracellular domain with four cysteine-rich domains (CRD) and a death domain (DD) in the intracellular region. While TNFRSF proteins are activated by trimeric TNFSF ligands, p75NTR forms dimers activated by dimeric neurotrophins that are structurally unrelated to TNFSF proteins. In addition, although p75NTR shares with other members the interaction with the TNF receptor-associated factors to activate the NF-κB and cell death pathways, p75NTR does not interact with the DD-containing proteins FADD, TRADD, or MyD88. By contrast, the DD of p75NTR is able to recruit several protein interactors via a full catalog of DD interactions not described before in the TNFRSF. p75-DD forms homotypic symmetrical DD-DD complexes with itself and with the related p45-DD; forms heterotypic DD-CARD interactions with the RIP2-CARD domain, and forms a new interaction between a DD and RhoGDI. All these features, in addition to its promiscuous interactions with several ligands and coreceptors, its processing by α- and γ-secretases, the dimeric nature of its transmembrane domain and its "special" juxtamembrane region, make p75NTR a truly stranger in the TNFR superfamily. In this chapter, I will summarize the known structural aspects of p75NTR and I will analyze from a structural point of view, the similitudes and differences between p75NTR and the other members of the TNFRSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vilar
- Molecular Basis of Neurodegeneration Unit, Institute of Biomedicine of Valencia (IBV-CSIC), València, Spain.
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75
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Khodorova A, Nicol GD, Strichartz G. The TrkA receptor mediates experimental thermal hyperalgesia produced by nerve growth factor: Modulation by the p75 neurotrophin receptor. Neuroscience 2016; 340:384-397. [PMID: 27826102 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) and its activation of the sphingomyelin signaling cascade are essential for mechanical hypersensitivity resulting from locally injected nerve growth factor (NGF). Here the roles of the same effectors, and of the tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA) receptor, are evaluated for thermal hyperalgesia from NGF. Sensitivity of rat hind paw plantar skin to thermal stimulation after local sub-cutaneous injection of NGF (500ng) was measured by the latency for paw withdrawal (PWL) from a radiant heat source. PWL was reduced from baseline values at 0.5-22h by ∼40% from that in naïve or vehicle-injected rats, and recovered to pre-injection levels by 48h. Local pre-injection with a p75NTR blocking antibody did not affect the acute thermal hyperalgesia (0.5-3.5h) but hastened its recovery so that it had reversed to baseline by 22h. In addition, GW4869 (2mM), an inhibitor of the neutral sphingomyelinase (nSMase) that is an enzyme in the p75NTR pathway, also failed to prevent thermal hyperalgesia. However, C2-ceramide, an analog of the ceramide produced by sphingomyelinase, did cause thermal hyperalgesia. Injection of an anti-TrkA antibody known to promote dimerization and activation of that receptor, independent of NGF, also caused thermal hyperalgesia, and prevented the further reduction of PWL from subsequently injected NGF. A non-specific inhibitor of tropomyosin receptor kinases, K252a, prevented thermal hyperalgesia from NGF, but not that from the anti-TrkA antibody. These findings suggest that the TrkA receptor has a predominant role in thermal hypersensitivity induced by NGF, while p75NTR and its pathway intermediates serve a modulatory role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Khodorova
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Grant D Nicol
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Gary Strichartz
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Wang TT, Tian C, Sun J, Wang H, Zhang BY, Chen C, Wang J, Xiao K, Chen LN, Lv Y, Gao C, Shi Q, Xin Y, Dong XP. Down-regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and its signaling components in the brain tissues of scrapie experimental animals. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 79:318-326. [PMID: 27590859 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Prion is a unique nucleic acid-free pathogen that causes human and animal fatal neurodegenerative diseases. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a prototypic neurotrophin that helps to support the survival of existing neurons, and encourage the growth and differentiation of new neurons and synapses through axonal and dendritic sprouting. There are two distinct classes of glycosylated receptors, neurotrophin receptor p75 (p75NTR) and tropomyosin-related kinase (Trk), that can bind to BDNF. To obtain insights into the possible alterations of brain BDNF and its signaling pathway in prion disease, the levels of BDNF and several molecules in the BDNF pathway in the brain tissues of scrapie agents 263K-infected hamsters were separately evaluated. Western blots and/or immunohistochemical (IHC) assays revealed that BDNF, TrkB, GRB2 and p75NTR, were significantly downregulated in the brain tissues of scrapie-infected rodents at terminal stage. Double-stained immunofluorescent assay (IFA) demonstrated that BDNF and phospho-TrkB predominately expressed in neurons. Dynamic analyses of the brain samples collected at the different time-points during the incubation period illustrated continuous decreases of BDNF, TrkB, phospho-TrkB, GRB2 and p75NTR, which correlated well with neuron loss. However, these proteins remained almost unchanged in the prion infected cell line SMB-S15 compared with those of its normal cell line SMB-PS. These data suggest that the BDNF signaling pathway is severely hindered in the brains of prion disease, which may contribute, at least partially, to the neuron death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Jinshan Development Zone, Hohhot 010110, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Rd, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Chan Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Rd, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Rd, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Rd, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao-Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Rd, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Cao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Rd, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Rd, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Rd, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Na Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Rd, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Rd, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Rd, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Rd, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Xin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Jinshan Development Zone, Hohhot 010110, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-Ping Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Rd, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China.
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77
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Kennedy SP, Hastings JF, Han JZR, Croucher DR. The Under-Appreciated Promiscuity of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Family. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:88. [PMID: 27597943 PMCID: PMC4992703 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Each member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family plays a key role in normal development, homeostasis, and a variety of pathophysiological conditions, most notably in cancer. According to the prevailing dogma, these four receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs; EGFR, ERBB2, ERBB3, and ERBB4) function exclusively through the formation of homodimers and heterodimers within the EGFR family. These combinatorial receptor interactions are known to generate increased interactome diversity and therefore influence signaling output, subcellular localization and function of the heterodimer. This molecular plasticity is also thought to play a role in the development of resistance toward targeted cancer therapies aimed at these known oncogenes. Interestingly, many studies now challenge this dogma and suggest that the potential for EGFR family receptors to interact with more distantly related RTKs is much greater than currently appreciated. Here we discuss how the promiscuity of these oncogenic receptors may lead to the formation of many unexpected receptor pairings and the significant implications for the efficiency of many targeted cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Kennedy
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College DublinDublin, Ireland; Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical ResearchSydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jordan F Hastings
- Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jeremy Z R Han
- Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David R Croucher
- Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical ResearchSydney, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine, University College DublinDublin, Ireland; St Vincent's Hospital Clinical School, University of New South WalesSydney, NSW, Australia
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78
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Josephy-Hernandez S, Jmaeff S, Pirvulescu I, Aboulkassim T, Saragovi HU. Neurotrophin receptor agonists and antagonists as therapeutic agents: An evolving paradigm. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 97:139-155. [PMID: 27546056 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are prevalent, complex and devastating conditions, with very limited treatment options currently available. While they manifest in many forms, there are commonalities that link them together. In this review, we will focus on neurotrophins - a family of related factors involved in neuronal development and maintenance. Neurodegenerative diseases often present with a neurotrophin imbalance, in which there may be decreases in trophic signaling through Trk receptors for example, and/or increases in pro-apoptotic activity through p75. Clinical trials with neurotrophins have continuously failed due to their poor pharmacological properties as well as the unavoidable activation of p75. Thus, there is a need for drugs without such setbacks. Small molecule neurotrophin mimetics are favorable options since they can selectively activate Trks or inactivate p75. In this review, we will initially present a brief outline of how these molecules are synthesized and their mechanisms of action; followed by an update in the current state of neurotrophins and small molecules in major neurodegenerative diseases. Although there has been significant progress in the development of potential therapeutics, more studies are needed to establish clear mechanisms of action and target specificity in order to transition from animal models to the assessment of safety and use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Josephy-Hernandez
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sean Jmaeff
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Iulia Pirvulescu
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tahar Aboulkassim
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - H Uri Saragovi
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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79
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Yang T, Massa SM, Tran KC, Simmons DA, Rajadas J, Zeng AY, Jang T, Carsanaro S, Longo FM. A small molecule TrkB/TrkC neurotrophin receptor co-activator with distinctive effects on neuronal survival and process outgrowth. Neuropharmacology 2016; 110:343-361. [PMID: 27334657 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Neurotrophin (NT) receptors are coupled to numerous signaling networks that play critical roles in neuronal survival and plasticity. Several non-peptide small molecule ligands have recently been reported that bind to and activate specific tropomyosin-receptor kinase (Trk) NT receptors, stimulate their downstream signaling, and cause biologic effects similar to, though not completely overlapping, those of the native NT ligands. Here, in silico screening, coupled with low-throughput neuronal survival screening, identified a compound, LM22B-10, that, unlike prior small molecule Trk ligands, binds to and activates TrkB as well as TrkC. LM22B-10 increased cell survival and strongly accelerated neurite outgrowth, superseding the effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), NT-3 or the two combined. Additionally, unlike the NTs, LM22B-10 supported substantial early neurite outgrowth in the presence of inhibiting glycoproteins. Examination of the mechanisms of these actions suggested contributions of the activation of both Trks and differential interactions with p75(NTR), as well as a requirement for involvement of the Trk extracellular domain. In aged mice, LM22B-10 activated hippocampal and striatal TrkB and TrkC, and their downstream signaling, and increased hippocampal dendritic spine density. Thus, LM22B-10 may constitute a new tool for the study of TrkB and TrkC signaling and their interactions with p75(NTR), and provides groundwork for the development of ligands that stimulate unique combinations of Trk receptors and activity patterns for application to selected neuronal populations and deficits present in various disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Stephen M Massa
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory for Computational Neurochemistry and Drug Discovery, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Dept. of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
| | - Kevin C Tran
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Danielle A Simmons
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jayakumar Rajadas
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anne Y Zeng
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Taichang Jang
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sara Carsanaro
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Frank M Longo
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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80
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Nadezhdin KD, García-Carpio I, Goncharuk SA, Mineev KS, Arseniev AS, Vilar M. Structural Basis of p75 Transmembrane Domain Dimerization. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:12346-57. [PMID: 27056327 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.723585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dimerization of single span transmembrane receptors underlies their mechanism of activation. p75 neurotrophin receptor plays an important role in the nervous system, but the understanding of p75 activation mechanism is still incomplete. The transmembrane (TM) domain of p75 stabilizes the receptor dimers through a disulfide bond, essential for the NGF signaling. Here we solved by NMR the three-dimensional structure of the p75-TM-WT and the functionally inactive p75-TM-C257A dimers. Upon reconstitution in lipid micelles, p75-TM-WT forms the disulfide-linked dimers spontaneously. Under reducing conditions, p75-TM-WT is in a monomer-dimer equilibrium with the Cys(257) residue located on the dimer interface. In contrast, p75-TM-C257A forms dimers through the AXXXG motif on the opposite face of the α-helix. Biochemical and cross-linking experiments indicate that AXXXG motif is not on the dimer interface of p75-TM-WT, suggesting that the conformation of p75-TM-C257A may be not functionally relevant. However, rather than mediating p75 homodimerization, mutagenesis of the AXXXG motif reveals its functional role in the regulated intramembrane proteolysis of p75 catalyzed by the γ-secretase complex. Our structural data provide an insight into the key role of the Cys(257) in stabilization of the weak transmembrane dimer in a conformation required for the NGF signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill D Nadezhdin
- From the Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russian Federation and
| | - Irmina García-Carpio
- Neurodegeneration Unit, Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Crta Majadahonda a Pozuelo km.2 Majadahonda, Madrid 28220, Spain
| | - Sergey A Goncharuk
- From the Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russian Federation and
| | - Konstantin S Mineev
- From the Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russian Federation and
| | - Alexander S Arseniev
- From the Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russian Federation and
| | - Marçal Vilar
- Neurodegeneration Unit, Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Crta Majadahonda a Pozuelo km.2 Majadahonda, Madrid 28220, Spain
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81
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Abstract
Communication between cells in a multicellular organism occurs by the production of ligands (proteins, peptides, fatty acids, steroids, gases, and other low-molecular-weight compounds) that are either secreted by cells or presented on their surface, and act on receptors on, or in, other target cells. Such signals control cell growth, migration, survival, and differentiation. Signaling receptors can be single-span plasma membrane receptors associated with tyrosine or serine/threonine kinase activities, proteins with seven transmembrane domains, or intracellular receptors. Ligand-activated receptors convey signals into the cell by activating signaling pathways that ultimately affect cytosolic machineries or nuclear transcriptional programs or by directly translocating to the nucleus to regulate transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl-Henrik Heldin
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Benson Lu
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Gene Expression Laboratory, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Ron Evans
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Gene Expression Laboratory, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4340
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82
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Donegan RK, Lieberman RL. Discovery of Molecular Therapeutics for Glaucoma: Challenges, Successes, and Promising Directions. J Med Chem 2016; 59:788-809. [PMID: 26356532 PMCID: PMC5547565 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma, a heterogeneous ocular disorder affecting ∼60 million people worldwide, is characterized by painless neurodegeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), resulting in irreversible vision loss. Available therapies, which decrease the common causal risk factor of elevated intraocular pressure, delay, but cannot prevent, RGC death and blindness. Notably, it is changes in the anterior segment of the eye, particularly in the drainage of aqueous humor fluid, which are believed to bring about changes in pressure. Thus, it is primarily this region whose properties are manipulated in current and emerging therapies for glaucoma. Here, we focus on the challenges associated with developing treatments, review the available experimental methods to evaluate the therapeutic potential of new drugs, describe the development and evaluation of emerging Rho-kinase inhibitors and adenosine receptor ligands that offer the potential to improve aqueous humor outflow and protect RGCs simultaneously, and present new targets and approaches on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K Donegan
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Raquel L Lieberman
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
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83
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Nguyen H, Dayan P, Pujic Z, Cooper-White J, Goodhill GJ. A mathematical model explains saturating axon guidance responses to molecular gradients. eLife 2016; 5:e12248. [PMID: 26830461 PMCID: PMC4755759 DOI: 10.7554/elife.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Correct wiring is crucial for the proper functioning of the nervous system. Molecular gradients provide critical signals to guide growth cones, which are the motile tips of developing axons, to their targets. However, in vitro, growth cones trace highly stochastic trajectories, and exactly how molecular gradients bias their movement is unclear. Here, we introduce a mathematical model based on persistence, bias, and noise to describe this behaviour, constrained directly by measurements of the detailed statistics of growth cone movements in both attractive and repulsive gradients in a microfluidic device. This model provides a mathematical explanation for why average axon turning angles in gradients in vitro saturate very rapidly with time at relatively small values. This work introduces the most accurate predictive model of growth cone trajectories to date, and deepens our understanding of axon guidance events both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huyen Nguyen
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia.,School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Peter Dayan
- Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zac Pujic
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Justin Cooper-White
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Geoffrey J Goodhill
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia.,School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
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84
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Functional expression of full-length TrkA in the prokaryotic host Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1 by using a magnetosome display system. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 81:1472-6. [PMID: 25527540 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03112-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA), a receptor tyrosine kinase, is known to be associated with various diseases. Thus, TrkA has become a major drug-screening target for these diseases. Despite the fact that the production of recombinant proteins by prokaryotic hosts has advantages, such as fast growth and ease of genetic engineering, the efficient production of functional receptor tyrosine kinase by prokaryotic hosts remains a major experimental challenge. Here, we report the functional expression of full-length TrkA on magnetosomes in Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1 by using a magnetosome display system. TrkAwas fused with the magnetosome-localized protein Mms13 and expressed on magnetosome surfaces. Recombinant TrkA showed both nerve growth factor (NGF)-binding and autophosphorylation activities. TrkA expressed on magnetosomes has the potential to be used, not only for further functional analysis of TrkA, but also for ligand screening.
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85
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Sheffield KS, Vohra R, Scott JA, Ross GM. Using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy to characterize the inhibition of NGF-p75NTR and proNGF-p75NTR interactions by small molecule inhibitors. Pharmacol Res 2016; 103:292-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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86
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Kashiwai K, Kajiya M, Matsuda S, Ouhara K, Takeda K, Takata T, Kitagawa M, Fujita T, Shiba H, Kurihara H. Distinction Between Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis Signals Regulated by Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Human Periodontal Ligament Cells and Gingival Epithelial Cells. J Cell Biochem 2015; 117:1543-55. [PMID: 26581032 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we reported that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) enhances periodontal tissue regeneration by inducing periodontal ligament cell proliferation in vivo. In addition, the down growth of gingival epithelial cells, which comprises a major obstacle to the regeneration, was not observed. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is still unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of BDNF on cell proliferation and apoptosis in human periodontal ligament (HPL) cells and human gingival epithelial cells (OBA9 cells) and to explore the molecular mechanism in vitro. HPL cells dominantly expressed a BDNF receptor, TrkB, and BDNF increased cell proliferation and ERK phosphorylation. However, its proliferative effect was diminished by a MEK1/2 inhibitor (U0126) and TrkB siRNA transfection. Otherwise, OBA9 cells showed a higher expression level of p75, which is a pan-neurotrophin receptor, than that of HPL cells. BDNF facilitated not cell proliferation but cell apoptosis and JNK phosphorylation in OBA9 cells. A JNK inhibitor (SP600125) and p75 siRNA transfection attenuated the BDNF-induced cell apoptosis. Moreover, OBA9 cells pretreated with SP600125 or p75 siRNA showed cell proliferation by BDNF stimulation, though it was reduced by U0126 and TrkB siRNA. Interestingly, overexpression of p75 in HPL cells upregulated cell apoptosis and JNK phosphorylation by BDNF treatment. These results indicated that TrkB-ERK signaling regulates BDNF-induced cell proliferation, whereas p75-JNK signaling plays roles in cell apoptotic and cytostatic effect of BDNF. Overall, BDNF activates periodontal ligament cells proliferation and inhibits the gingival epithelial cells growth via the distinct pathway. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 1543-1555, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Kashiwai
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mikihito Kajiya
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shinji Matsuda
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Ouhara
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Takeda
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Takata
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Basic Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Science, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masae Kitagawa
- Center of Oral Clinical Examination, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Fujita
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hideki Shiba
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hidemi Kurihara
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
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87
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Sarin H. Pressuromodulation at the cell membrane as the basis for small molecule hormone and peptide regulation of cellular and nuclear function. J Transl Med 2015; 13:372. [PMID: 26610602 PMCID: PMC4660824 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0707-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Building on recent knowledge that the specificity of the biological interactions of small molecule hydrophiles and lipophiles across microvascular and epithelial barriers, and with cells, can be predicted on the basis of their conserved biophysical properties, and the knowledge that biological peptides are cell membrane impermeant, it has been further discussed herein that cellular, and thus, nuclear function, are primarily regulated by small molecule hormone and peptide/factor interactions at the cell membrane (CM) receptors. The means of regulating cellular, and thus, nuclear function, are the various forms of CM Pressuromodulation that exist, which include Direct CM Receptor-Mediated Stabilizing Pressuromodulation, sub-classified as Direct CM Receptor-Mediated Stabilizing Shift Pressuromodulation (Single, Dual or Tri) or Direct CM Receptor-Mediated Stabilizing Shift Pressuromodulation (Single, Dual or Tri) cum External Cationomodulation (≥3+ → 1+); which are with respect to acute CM receptor-stabilizing effects of small biomolecule hormones, growth factors or cytokines, and also include Indirect CM- or CM Receptor-Mediated Pressuromodulation, sub-classified as Indirect 1ary CM-Mediated Shift Pressuromodulation (Perturbomodulation), Indirect 2ary CM Receptor-Mediated Shift Pressuromodulation (Tri or Quad Receptor Internal Pseudo-Cationomodulation: SS 1+), Indirect 3ary CM Receptor-Mediated Shift Pressuromodulation (Single or Dual Receptor Endocytic External Cationomodulation: 2+) or Indirect (Pseudo) 3ary CM Receptor-Mediated Shift Pressuromodulation (Receptor Endocytic Hydroxylocarbonyloetheroylomodulation: 0), which are with respect to sub-acute CM receptor-stabilizing effects of small biomolecules, growth factors or cytokines. As a generalization, all forms of CM pressuromodulation decrease CM and nuclear membrane (NM) compliance (whole cell compliance), due to pressuromodulation of the intracellular microtubule network and increases the exocytosis of pre-synthesized vesicular endogolgi peptides and small molecules as well as nuclear-to-rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane proteins to the CM, with the potential to simultaneously increase the NM-associated chromatin DNA transcription of higher molecular weight protein forms, secretory and CM-destined, mitochondrial and nuclear, including the highest molecular weight nuclear proteins, Ki67 (359 kDa) and Separase (230 kDa), with the latter leading to mitogenesis and cell division; while, in the case of growth factors or cytokines with external cationomodulation capability, CM Receptor External Cationomodulation of CM receptors (≥3+ → 1+) results in cationic extracellular interaction (≥3+) with extracellular matrix heparan sulfates (≥3+ → 1+) concomitant with lamellopodesis and cell migration. It can be surmised that the modulation of cellular, and nuclear, function is mostly a reactive process, governed, primarily, by small molecule hormone and peptide interactions at the cell membrane, with CM receptors and the CM itself. These insights taken together, provide valuable translationally applicable knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Sarin
- Freelance Investigator in Translational Science and Medicine, Charleston, WV, USA.
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88
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Travaglia A, Pietropaolo A, Di Martino R, Nicoletti VG, La Mendola D, Calissano P, Rizzarelli E. A small linear peptide encompassing the NGF N-terminus partly mimics the biological activities of the entire neurotrophin in PC12 cells. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:1379-92. [PMID: 25939060 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ever since the discovery of its neurite growth promoting activity in sympathetic and sensory ganglia, nerve growth factor (NGF) became the prototype of the large family of neurotrophins. The use of primary cultures and clonal cell lines has revealed several distinct actions of NGF and other neurotrophins. Among several models of NGF activity, the clonal cell line PC12 is the most widely employed. Thus, in the presence of NGF, through the activation of the transmembrane protein TrkA, these cells undergo a progressive mitotic arrest and start to grow electrically excitable neuritis. A vast number of studies opened intriguing aspects of NGF mechanisms of action, its biological properties, and potential use as therapeutic agents. In this context, identifying and utilizing small portions of NGF is of great interest and involves several human diseases including Alzheimer's disease. Here we report the specific action of the peptide encompassing the 1-14 sequence of the human NGF (NGF(1-14)), identified on the basis of scattered indications present in literature. The biological activity of NGF(1-14) was tested on PC12 cells, and its binding with TrkA was predicted by means of a computational approach. NGF(1-14) does not elicit the neurite outgrowth promoting activity, typical of the whole protein, and it only has a moderate action on PC12 proliferation. However, this peptide exerts, in a dose and time dependent fashion, an effective and specific NGF-like action on some highly conserved and biologically crucial intermediates of its intracellular targets such as Akt and CREB. These findings indicate that not all TrkA pathways must be at all times operative, and open the possibility of testing each of them in relation with specific NGF needs, biological actions, and potential therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Travaglia
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, 4 Washington Place, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Adriana Pietropaolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rossana Di Martino
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare (IBFM)-CNR, C.da Pietrapollastra-Pisciotto, Cefalù, Palermo 90015, Italy
| | - Vincenzo G. Nicoletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologiche - Sezione di Biochimica Medica, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi (INBB) − Sezione Biomolecole, Consorzio Interuniversitario, Viale Medaglie d’Oro 305, 00136 Roma, Italy
| | - Diego La Mendola
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Pietro Calissano
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64-65, 00143 Rome, Italy
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89
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Dubanet L, Bentayeb H, Petit B, Olivrie A, Saada S, de la Cruz-Morcillo MA, Lalloué F, Gourin MP, Bordessoule D, Faumont N, Delage-Corre M, Fauchais AL, Jauberteau MO, Troutaud D. Anti-apoptotic role and clinical relevance of neurotrophins in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. Br J Cancer 2015; 113:934-44. [PMID: 26284337 PMCID: PMC4578080 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a fatal malignancy that needs to identify new targets for additional therapeutic options. This study aimed to clarify the clinical and biological significance of endogenous neurotrophin (nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)) in DLBCL biopsy samples and cell lines. Methods: We analysed expression of NGF, BDNF, and their receptors (Trk, p75NTR) in 51 biopsies and cell lines by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and western blotting. To investigate the biological role of BDNF/TrkB/p75NTR axis, effects of neurotrophin signalling inhibition were determined on tumour cell survival and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion. The pharmacological pan-Trk inhibitor K252a was used for in vitro and in vivo studies. Results: A BDNF/TrkB axis was expressed in all biopsies, which was independent of the germinal centre B-cell (GCB)/non-GCB profile. p75NTR, TrkB, and BDNF tumour scores were significantly correlated and high NGF expression was significantly associated with MUM1/IRF4, and the non-GCB subtype. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cell lines co-expressed neurotrophins and their receptors. The full-length TrkB receptor was found in all cell lines, which was also phosphorylated at Tyr-817. p75NTR was associated to Trk and not to its cell death co-receptor sortilin. In vitro, inhibition of neurotrophin signalling induced cell apoptosis. K252a caused cell apoptosis, decreased VEGF secretion, and potentiated rituximab effect, notably in less rituximab-sensitive cells. In vivo, K252a significantly reduced tumour growth and potentiated the effects of rituximab in a GCB-DLBCL xenograft model. Conclusions: This work argues for a pro-survival role of endogenous neurotrophins in DLBCLs and inhibition of Trk signalling might be a potential treatment strategy for rituximab resistant subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydie Dubanet
- EA3842, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université de Limoges, 2 rue du Docteur Marcland, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Hafidha Bentayeb
- EA3842, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université de Limoges, 2 rue du Docteur Marcland, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Barbara Petit
- Laboratoire d'Anatomie-Pathologique, CHU de Limoges, 2 Avenue Martin Luther King, 87000 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Agnès Olivrie
- Structure Régionale de Référence des Lymphomes du Limousin, CHU de Limoges, 2 Avenue Martin Luther King, 87000 Limoges Cedex, France.,Service d'Hématologie Clinique, CHU de Limoges, 2 Avenue Martin Luther King, 87000 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Sofiane Saada
- EA3842, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université de Limoges, 2 rue du Docteur Marcland, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Miguel A de la Cruz-Morcillo
- EA3842, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université de Limoges, 2 rue du Docteur Marcland, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Fabrice Lalloué
- EA3842, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université de Limoges, 2 rue du Docteur Marcland, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Gourin
- Structure Régionale de Référence des Lymphomes du Limousin, CHU de Limoges, 2 Avenue Martin Luther King, 87000 Limoges Cedex, France.,Service d'Hématologie Clinique, CHU de Limoges, 2 Avenue Martin Luther King, 87000 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Dominique Bordessoule
- Structure Régionale de Référence des Lymphomes du Limousin, CHU de Limoges, 2 Avenue Martin Luther King, 87000 Limoges Cedex, France.,Service d'Hématologie Clinique, CHU de Limoges, 2 Avenue Martin Luther King, 87000 Limoges Cedex, France.,UMR CNRS 7276, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université de Limoges, 2 rue du Docteur Marcland 87025, Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Nathalie Faumont
- UMR CNRS 7276, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université de Limoges, 2 rue du Docteur Marcland 87025, Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Manuela Delage-Corre
- Laboratoire d'Anatomie-Pathologique, CHU de Limoges, 2 Avenue Martin Luther King, 87000 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Anne-Laure Fauchais
- EA3842, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université de Limoges, 2 rue du Docteur Marcland, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Marie-Odile Jauberteau
- EA3842, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université de Limoges, 2 rue du Docteur Marcland, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Danielle Troutaud
- EA3842, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université de Limoges, 2 rue du Docteur Marcland, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France
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90
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Sun HL, Jiang T. The structure of nerve growth factor in complex with lysophosphatidylinositol. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2015; 71:906-12. [PMID: 26144237 PMCID: PMC4498713 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x15008870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is an important protein that is involved in a variety of physiological processes in cell survival, differentiation, proliferation and maintenance. The previously reported crystal structure of mouse NGF (mNGF) in complex with lysophosphatidylserine (LysoPS) showed that mNGF can bind LysoPS at its dimeric interface. To expand the understanding of the structural basis for specific lipid recognition by NGF, the crystal structure of mNGF complexed with lysophosphatidylinositol (13:0 LysoPI) was solved. Interestingly, in addition to Lys88, which interacts with the head glycerol group and the phosphate group of LysoPI, as seen in the mNGF-LysoPS structure, two additional residues, Tyr52 and Arg50, were found to assist in lipid binding by forming hydrogen bonds to the inositol moiety of the LysoPI molecule. The results suggest a specific recognition mechanism of inositol group-containing lipids by NGF, which may help in the design of bioactive compounds that can be delivered by NGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Li Sun
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100039, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Jiang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of China
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91
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Jarvis TC, Davies DR, Hisaminato A, Resnicow DI, Gupta S, Waugh SM, Nagabukuro A, Wadatsu T, Hishigaki H, Gawande B, Zhang C, Wolk SK, Mayfield WS, Nakaishi Y, Burgin AB, Stewart LJ, Edwards TE, Gelinas AD, Schneider DJ, Janjic N. Non-helical DNA Triplex Forms a Unique Aptamer Scaffold for High Affinity Recognition of Nerve Growth Factor. Structure 2015; 23:1293-304. [PMID: 26027732 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2015.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Discerning the structural building blocks of macromolecules is essential for understanding their folding and function. For a new generation of modified nucleic acid ligands (called slow off-rate modified aptamers or SOMAmers), we previously observed essential functions of hydrophobic aromatic side chains in the context of well-known nucleic acid motifs. Here we report a 2.45-Å resolution crystal structure of a SOMAmer complexed with nerve growth factor that lacks any known nucleic acid motifs, instead adopting a configuration akin to a triangular prism. The SOMAmer utilizes extensive hydrophobic stacking interactions, non-canonical base pairing and irregular purine glycosidic bond angles to adopt a completely non-helical, compact S-shaped structure. Aromatic side chains contribute to folding by creating an unprecedented intercalating zipper-like motif and a prominent hydrophobic core. The structure provides compelling rationale for potent inhibitory activity of the SOMAmer and adds entirely novel motifs to the repertoire of structural elements uniquely available to SOMAmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thale C Jarvis
- SomaLogic, Inc., 2945 Wilderness Place, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - Douglas R Davies
- Beryllium, 7869 Northeast Day Road West, Bainbridge Island, WA 98110, USA
| | - Akihiko Hisaminato
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 463-10 Kagasuno, Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima 771-0192, Japan
| | | | - Shashi Gupta
- SomaLogic, Inc., 2945 Wilderness Place, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - Sheela M Waugh
- SomaLogic, Inc., 2945 Wilderness Place, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - Akira Nagabukuro
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 463-10 Kagasuno, Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima 771-0192, Japan
| | - Takashi Wadatsu
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 463-10 Kagasuno, Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima 771-0192, Japan
| | - Haretsugu Hishigaki
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 463-10 Kagasuno, Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima 771-0192, Japan
| | - Bharat Gawande
- SomaLogic, Inc., 2945 Wilderness Place, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- SomaLogic, Inc., 2945 Wilderness Place, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - Steven K Wolk
- SomaLogic, Inc., 2945 Wilderness Place, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | | | - Yuichiro Nakaishi
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Medicinal Chemistry Research Institute, 463-10 Kagasuno, Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima 771-0192, Japan
| | - Alex B Burgin
- The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Lance J Stewart
- The Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, 3946 West Stevens Way Northeast, Seattle, WA 98195-1655, USA
| | - Thomas E Edwards
- Beryllium, 7869 Northeast Day Road West, Bainbridge Island, WA 98110, USA
| | - Amy D Gelinas
- SomaLogic, Inc., 2945 Wilderness Place, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | | | - Nebojsa Janjic
- SomaLogic, Inc., 2945 Wilderness Place, Boulder, CO 80301, USA.
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92
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Moraga I, Wernig G, Wilmes S, Gryshkova V, Richter CP, Hong WJ, Sinha R, Guo F, Fabionar H, Wehrman TS, Krutzik P, Demharter S, Plo I, Weissman IL, Minary P, Majeti R, Constantinescu SN, Piehler J, Garcia KC. Tuning cytokine receptor signaling by re-orienting dimer geometry with surrogate ligands. Cell 2015; 160:1196-208. [PMID: 25728669 PMCID: PMC4766813 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Most cell-surface receptors for cytokines and growth factors signal as dimers, but it is unclear whether remodeling receptor dimer topology is a viable strategy to "tune" signaling output. We utilized diabodies (DA) as surrogate ligands in a prototypical dimeric receptor-ligand system, the cytokine Erythropoietin (EPO) and its receptor (EpoR), to dimerize EpoR ectodomains in non-native architectures. Diabody-induced signaling amplitudes varied from full to minimal agonism, and structures of these DA/EpoR complexes differed in EpoR dimer orientation and proximity. Diabodies also elicited biased or differential activation of signaling pathways and gene expression profiles compared to EPO. Non-signaling diabodies inhibited proliferation of erythroid precursors from patients with a myeloproliferative neoplasm due to a constitutively active JAK2V617F mutation. Thus, intracellular oncogenic mutations causing ligand-independent receptor activation can be counteracted by extracellular ligands that re-orient receptors into inactive dimer topologies. This approach has broad applications for tuning signaling output for many dimeric receptor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Moraga
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305-5345, USA,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305-5345, USA
| | - Gerlinde Wernig
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305-5345, USA,Department of Pathology, Division of Hematopathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305-5345, USA
| | - Stephan Wilmes
- Division of Biophysics, Department of Biology, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Germany
| | - Vitalina Gryshkova
- Ludwig Institute For Cancer Research and de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Wan-Jen Hong
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305-5345, USA,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305-5345, USA
| | - Rahul Sinha
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305-5345, USA
| | - Feng Guo
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305-5345, USA,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305-5345, USA
| | - Hyna Fabionar
- DiscoveRx, 42501 Albrae St, Fremont, California, 94538, USA
| | - Tom S. Wehrman
- Primity Bio, 3350 Scott blvd ste 6101, Santa Clara, CA 95054
| | - Peter Krutzik
- Primity Bio, 3350 Scott blvd ste 6101, Santa Clara, CA 95054
| | - Samuel Demharter
- Department of Computer Science Wolfson Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QD, United Kingdom
| | - Isabelle Plo
- Institut Gustave Roussy, INSERM U1009, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Irving L. Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305-5345, USA
| | - Peter Minary
- Department of Computer Science Wolfson Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QD, United Kingdom
| | - Ravindra Majeti
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305-5345, USA,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305-5345, USA
| | - Stefan N. Constantinescu
- Ludwig Institute For Cancer Research and de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jacob Piehler
- Division of Biophysics, Department of Biology, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Germany
| | - K. Christopher Garcia
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305-5345, USA,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305-5345, USA,Correspondence to:
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93
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La Porte SL, Eigenbrot C, Ultsch M, Ho WH, Foletti D, Forgie A, Lindquist KC, Shelton DL, Pons J. Generation of a high-fidelity antibody against nerve growth factor using library scanning mutagenesis and validation with structures of the initial and optimized Fab-antigen complexes. MAbs 2015; 6:1059-68. [PMID: 24830649 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.28677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is indispensable during normal embryonic development and critical for the amplification of pain signals in adults. Intervention in NGF signaling holds promise for the alleviation of pain resulting from human diseases such as osteoarthritis, cancer and chronic lower back disorders. We developed a fast, high-fidelity method to convert a hybridoma-derived NGF-targeted mouse antibody into a clinical candidate. This method, termed Library Scanning Mutagenesis (LSM), resulted in the ultra-high affinity antibody tanezumab, a first-in-class anti-hyperalgesic specific for an NGF epitope. Functional and structural comparisons between tanezumab and the mouse 911 precursor antibody using neurotrophin-specific cell survival assays and X-ray crystal structures of both Fab-antigen complexes illustrated high fidelity retention of the NGF epitope. These results suggest the potential for wide applicability of the LSM method for optimization of well-characterized antibodies during humanization.
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94
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Covaceuszach S, Konarev PV, Cassetta A, Paoletti F, Svergun DI, Lamba D, Cattaneo A. The conundrum of the high-affinity NGF binding site formation unveiled? Biophys J 2015; 108:687-97. [PMID: 25650935 PMCID: PMC4317559 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.11.3485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The homodimer NGF (nerve growth factor) exerts its neuronal activity upon binding to either or both distinct transmembrane receptors TrkA and p75(NTR). Functionally relevant interactions between NGF and these receptors have been proposed, on the basis of binding and signaling experiments. Namely, a ternary TrkA/NGF/p75(NTR) complex is assumed to be crucial for the formation of the so-called high-affinity NGF binding sites. However, the existence, on the cell surface, of direct extracellular interactions is still a matter of controversy. Here, supported by a small-angle x-ray scattering solution study of human NGF, we propose that it is the oligomerization state of the secreted NGF that may drive the formation of the ternary heterocomplex. Our data demonstrate the occurrence in solution of a concentration-dependent distribution of dimers and dimer of dimers. A head-to-head molecular assembly configuration of the NGF dimer of dimers has been validated. Overall, these findings prompted us to suggest a new, to our knowledge, model for the transient ternary heterocomplex, i.e., a TrkA/NGF/p75(NTR) ligand/receptors molecular assembly with a (2:4:2) stoichiometry. This model would neatly solve the problem posed by the unconventional orientation of p75(NTR) with respect to TrkA, as being found in the crystal structures of the TrkA/NGF and p75(NTR)/NGF complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Covaceuszach
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Trieste, Italy
| | - Petr V Konarev
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Outstation, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Crystallography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alberto Cassetta
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Dmitri I Svergun
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Outstation, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Doriano Lamba
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Antonino Cattaneo
- European Brain Research Institute, Roma, Italy; Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy.
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95
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Marchetti L, Luin S, Bonsignore F, de Nadai T, Beltram F, Cattaneo A. Ligand-induced dynamics of neurotrophin receptors investigated by single-molecule imaging approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:1949-79. [PMID: 25603178 PMCID: PMC4307343 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16011949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophins are secreted proteins that regulate neuronal development and survival, as well as maintenance and plasticity of the adult nervous system. The biological activity of neurotrophins stems from their binding to two membrane receptor types, the tropomyosin receptor kinase and the p75 neurotrophin receptors (NRs). The intracellular signalling cascades thereby activated have been extensively investigated. Nevertheless, a comprehensive description of the ligand-induced nanoscale details of NRs dynamics and interactions spanning from the initial lateral movements triggered at the plasma membrane to the internalization and transport processes is still missing. Recent advances in high spatio-temporal resolution imaging techniques have yielded new insight on the dynamics of NRs upon ligand binding. Here we discuss requirements, potential and practical implementation of these novel approaches for the study of neurotrophin trafficking and signalling, in the framework of current knowledge available also for other ligand-receptor systems. We shall especially highlight the correlation between the receptor dynamics activated by different neurotrophins and the respective signalling outcome, as recently revealed by single-molecule tracking of NRs in living neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marchetti
- National Enterprise for nanoScience and nanoTechnology (NEST) Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa I-56127, Italy.
| | - Stefano Luin
- National Enterprise for nanoScience and nanoTechnology (NEST) Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa I-56127, Italy.
| | - Fulvio Bonsignore
- National Enterprise for nanoScience and nanoTechnology (NEST) Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa I-56127, Italy.
| | - Teresa de Nadai
- Biology Laboratory (BioSNS), Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto di Neuroscienze-CNR, via Moruzzi 1, Pisa I-56100, Italy.
| | - Fabio Beltram
- National Enterprise for nanoScience and nanoTechnology (NEST) Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa I-56127, Italy.
| | - Antonino Cattaneo
- Biology Laboratory (BioSNS), Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto di Neuroscienze-CNR, via Moruzzi 1, Pisa I-56100, Italy.
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96
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Coles CH, Jones EY, Aricescu AR. Extracellular regulation of type IIa receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases: mechanistic insights from structural analyses. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 37:98-107. [PMID: 25234613 PMCID: PMC4765084 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) exhibit a wide repertoire of cellular signalling functions. In particular, type IIa RPTP family members have recently been highlighted as hubs for extracellular interactions in neurons, regulating neuronal extension and guidance, as well as synaptic organisation. In this review, we will discuss the recent progress of structural biology investigations into the architecture of type IIa RPTP ectodomains and their interactions with extracellular ligands. Structural insights, in combination with biophysical and cellular studies, allow us to begin to piece together molecular mechanisms for the transduction and integration of type IIa RPTP signals and to propose hypotheses for future experimental validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte H Coles
- Laboratory for Axon Growth and Regeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, 53175 Bonn, Germany.
| | - E Yvonne Jones
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
| | - A Radu Aricescu
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
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97
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Paoletti F, Malerba F, Ercole BB, Lamba D, Cattaneo A. A comparative analysis of the structural, functional and biological differences between Mouse and Human Nerve Growth Factor. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2014; 1854:187-97. [PMID: 25496838 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
NGF is the prototype member of the neurotrophin family of proteins that promote the survival and growth of selected neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems. As for all neurotrophins, NGF is translated as a pre-pro-protein. Over the years, NGF and proNGF of either human or mouse origin, given their high degree of homology, have been exploited for numerous applications in biomedical sciences. The mouse NGF has been considered the golden-standard for bioactivity. Indeed, due to evolutionary relatedness to human NGF and to its ready availability and by assuming identical properties to its human counterpart, the mouse NGF, isolated and purified from sub-maxillary glands, has been tested not only in laboratory practice and in preclinical models, but it has also been evaluated in several human clinical trials. Aiming to validate this assumption, widely believed, we performed a comparative study of the biochemical and biophysical properties of the mouse and human counterparts of NGF and proNGF. The mature and the precursor proteins of either species strikingly differ in their biophysical profiles and, when tested for ligand binding to their receptors, in their in vitro biological activities. We provide a structural rationale that accounts for their different functional behaviors. Despite being highly conserved during evolution, NGF and proNGF of mouse and human origins show distinct properties and therefore special care must be taken in performing experiments with cross-species systems in the laboratory practice, in developing immunoassays, in clinical trials and in pharmacological treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Paoletti
- Neurotrophic Factors and Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, European Brain Research Institute, "Rita Levi-Montalcini" Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, Rome 00143, Italy
| | - Francesca Malerba
- Neurotrophic Factors and Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, European Brain Research Institute, "Rita Levi-Montalcini" Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, Rome 00143, Italy; Neurobiology Laboratory of Biology, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Bruno Bruni Ercole
- Neurotrophic Factors and Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, European Brain Research Institute, "Rita Levi-Montalcini" Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, Rome 00143, Italy
| | - Doriano Lamba
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Area Science Park-Basovizza, S.S. 14 Km 163.5, Trieste I-34149, Italy
| | - Antonino Cattaneo
- Neurotrophic Factors and Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, European Brain Research Institute, "Rita Levi-Montalcini" Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, Rome 00143, Italy; Neurobiology Laboratory of Biology, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, Pisa 56126, Italy.
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98
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Toni T, Dua P, van der Graaf PH. Systems Pharmacology of the NGF Signaling Through p75 and TrkA Receptors. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 3:e150. [PMID: 25470184 PMCID: PMC4288001 DOI: 10.1038/psp.2014.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The nerve growth factor (NGF) pathway has been shown to play a key role in pain treatment. Recently, a systems pharmacology model has been proposed that can aid in the identification and validation of drug targets in the NGF pathway. However, this model did not include the role of the p75 receptor, which modulates the signaling of NGF through the tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA). The precise mechanism of the interaction between these two receptors has not been completely elucidated, and we therefore adopted a systems pharmacology modeling approach to gain understanding of the effect of p75 on the dynamics of NGF signal transduction. Specifically, models were developed for the so-called heterodimer and for the ligand-passing hypotheses. We used the model to compare the effect of inhibition of NGF and TrkA and its implication for drug discovery and development for pain treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Toni
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - P Dua
- Pharmatherapeutics Research Clinical Pharmacology, Pfizer Neusentis, Cambridge, UK
| | - P H van der Graaf
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Systems Pharmacology Cluster, Leiden, The Netherlands
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99
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Wong AW, Giuffrida L, Wood R, Peckham H, Gonsalvez D, Murray SS, Hughes RA, Xiao J. TDP6, a brain-derived neurotrophic factor-based trkB peptide mimetic, promotes oligodendrocyte myelination. Mol Cell Neurosci 2014; 63:132-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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100
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The nerve growth factor signaling and its potential as therapeutic target for glaucoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:759473. [PMID: 25250333 PMCID: PMC4164261 DOI: 10.1155/2014/759473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neuroprotective therapies which focus on factors leading to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) degeneration have been drawing more and more attention. The beneficial effects of nerve growth factor (NGF) on the glaucoma have been recently suggested, but its effects on eye tissue are complex and controversial in various studies. Recent clinical trials of systemically and topically administrated NGF demonstrate that NGF is effective in treating several ocular diseases, including glaucoma. NGF has two receptors named high affinity NGF tyrosine kinase receptor TrkA and low affinity receptor p75NTR. Both receptors exist in cells in retina like RGC (expressing TrkA) and glia cells (expressing p75NTR). NGF functions by binding to TrkA or p75NTR alone or both together. The binding of NGF to TrkA alone in RGC promotes RGC's survival and proliferation through activation of TrkA and several prosurvival pathways. In contrast, the binding of NGF to p75NTR leads to apoptosis although it also promotes survival in some cases. Binding of NGF to both TrkA and p75NTR at the same time leads to survival in which p75NTR functions as a TrkA helping receptor. This review discusses the current understanding of the NGF signaling in retina and the therapeutic implications in the treatment of glaucoma.
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