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Cognitive impairment and gene expression alterations in a rodent model of binge eating disorder. Physiol Behav 2017; 180:78-90. [PMID: 28821448 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Binge eating disorder (BED) is defined as recurrent, distressing over-consumption of palatable food (PF) in a short time period. Clinical studies suggest that individuals with BED may have impairments in cognitive processes, executive functioning, impulse control, and decision-making, which may play a role in sustaining binge eating behavior. These clinical reports, however, are limited and often conflicting. In this study, we used a limited access rat model of binge-like behavior in order to further explore the effects of binge eating on cognition. In binge eating prone (BEP) rats, we found novel object recognition (NOR) as well as Barnes maze reversal learning (BM-RL) deficits. Aberrant gene expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) and tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) in the hippocampus (HPC)-prefrontal cortex (PFC) network was observed in BEP rats. Additionally, the NOR deficits were correlated with reductions in the expression of TrkB and insulin receptor (Ir) in the CA3 region of the hippocampus. Furthermore, up-regulation of serotonin-2C (5-HT2C) receptors in the orbitoprefrontal cortex (OFC) was associated with BM-RL deficit. Finally, in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), we found decreased dopamine receptor 2 (Drd2) expression among BEP rats. Taken together, these data suggest that binge eating vegetable shortening may induce contextual and reversal learning deficits which may be mediated, at least in part, by the altered expression of genes in the CA3-OFC-NAc neural network.
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Long Acting Ionically Paired Embonate Based Nanocrystals of Donepezil for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: a Proof of Concept Study. Pharm Res 2017; 34:2322-2335. [PMID: 28808833 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2240-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to prepare a patient friendly long acting donepezil (D) nanocrystals (NCs) formulation, with a high payload for i.m administration. As the native D hydrochloride salt has high aqueous solubility it is necessary to increase its hydrophobicity prior to the NCs formation. METHODS D was ionically paired with embonic acid (E) in aqueous media and was successfully characterized using techniques like DSC, PXRD, FT-IR, NMR etc. Later, we converted the bulk ion pair into NCs using high pressure homogenization technique to study further in-vitro and in-vivo. RESULTS The bulk ion pair has a drug content of 66% w/w and an 11,000 reduced solubility in comparison to native D hydrochloride. Also, its crystalline nature was confirmed by DSC and PXRD. The possible interaction sites responsible for the ion pair formation were identified though NMR. The prepared NCs has mean particle size 677.5 ± 72.5 nm and PDI 0.152 ± 0.061. In-vitro release showed a slow dissolution of NCs. Further, excellent bio compatibility of NCs were demonstrated in 3T3 cells. Following i.m administration of single dose of NCs, the D plasma level was found to be detectable up to 18 days. In vivo pharmacodynamic studies revealed that the single dose NCs i.m injection improved spatial memory learning and retention in ICV STZ model. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the developed formulation has a potential to replace the current daily dosing regimen to a less frequent dosing schedule. Graphical Abstract Improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile after administration of single dose donpezil embonate nanocrystals in Rats.
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Guo XD, Sun GL, Zhou TT, Wang YY, Xu X, Shi XF, Zhu ZY, Rukachaisirikul V, Hu LH, Shen X. LX2343 alleviates cognitive impairments in AD model rats by inhibiting oxidative stress-induced neuronal apoptosis and tauopathy. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2017. [PMID: 28649128 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease leading to the irreversible loss of brain neurons and cognitive abilities, and the vicious interplay between oxidative stress (OS) and tauopathy is believed to be one of the major players in AD development. Here, we demonstrated the capability of the small molecule N-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-[5-chloro-2-methoxy(phenylsulfonyl)anilino]acetamide (LX2343) to ameliorate the cognitive dysfunction of AD model rats by inhibiting OS-induced neuronal apoptosis and tauopathy. Streptozotocin (STZ) was used to induce OS in neuronal cells in vitro and in AD model rats that were made by intracerebroventricular injection of STZ (3 mg/kg, bilaterally), and Morris water maze test was used to evaluate the cognitive dysfunction in ICV-STZ rats. Treatment with LX2343 (5-20 μmol/L) significantly attenuated STZ-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells and mouse primary cortical neurons by alleviating OS and inhibiting the JNK/p38 and pro-apoptotic pathways. LX2343 was able to restore the integrity of mitochondrial function and morphology, increase ATP biosynthesis, and reduce ROS accumulation in the neuronal cells. In addition, LX2343 was found to be a non-ATP competitive GSK-3β inhibitor with IC50 of 1.84±0.07 μmol/L, and it potently inhibited tau hyperphosphorylation in the neuronal cells. In ICV-STZ rats, administration of LX2343 (7, 21 mg·kg-1·d-1, ip, for 5 weeks) efficiently improved their cognitive deficits. LX2343 ameliorates the cognitive dysfunction in the AD model rats by suppressing OS-induced neuronal apoptosis and tauopathy, thus highlighting the potential of LX2343 for the treatment of AD.
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Bassani TB, Bonato JM, Machado MMF, Cóppola-Segovia V, Moura ELR, Zanata SM, Oliveira RMMW, Vital MABF. Decrease in Adult Neurogenesis and Neuroinflammation Are Involved in Spatial Memory Impairment in the Streptozotocin-Induced Model of Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease in Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2017. [PMID: 28623617 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0645-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Early impairments in cerebral glucose metabolism and insulin signaling pathways may participate in the pathogenesis of the sporadic form of Alzheimer's disease (sAD). Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of low doses of streptozotocin (STZ) are used to mimic sAD and study these alterations in rodents. Streptozotocin causes impairments in insulin signaling and has been reported to trigger several alterations in the brain, such as oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and dysfunctions in adult neurogenesis, which may be involved in cognitive decline and are features of human AD. The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of neuroinflammation on the process of adult neurogenesis and consequent cognitive deficits in the STZ-ICV model of sAD in Wistar rats. Streptozotocin caused an acute and persistent neuroinflammatory response, reflected by reactive microgliosis and astrogliosis in periventricular areas and the dorsal hippocampus, accompanied by a marked reduction of the proliferation of neural stem cells in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and subventricular zone. Streptozotocin also reduced the survival, differentiation, and maturation of newborn neurons, resulting in impairments in short-term and long-term spatial memory. These results support the hypothesis that neuroinflammation has a detrimental effect on neurogenesis, and both neuroinflammation and impairments in neurogenesis contribute to cognitive deficits in the STZ-ICV model of sAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taysa Bervian Bassani
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, 81540-990, Brazil.
| | - Jéssica M Bonato
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Meira M F Machado
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, 81540-990, Brazil
| | | | - Eric L R Moura
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, 81540-990, Brazil
| | - Silvio M Zanata
- Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, 81531-990, Brazil
| | - Rúbia M M W Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Maria A B F Vital
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, 81540-990, Brazil
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Phillips C. Lifestyle Modulators of Neuroplasticity: How Physical Activity, Mental Engagement, and Diet Promote Cognitive Health during Aging. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:3589271. [PMID: 28695017 PMCID: PMC5485368 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3589271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of the elderly across the globe will approximate 2.1 billion by 2050. Juxtaposed against this burgeoning segment of the population is evidence that nonpathological aging is associated with an increased risk for cognitive decline in a variety of domains, changes that can cause mild disability even before the onset of dementia. Given that pharmacological treatments that mitigate dementia are still outstanding, alternative therapeutic options are being investigated increasingly. The results from translational studies have shown that modifiable lifestyle factors-including physical activity, cognitive engagement, and diet-are a key strategy for maintaining brain health during aging. Indeed, a multiplicity of studies has demonstrated relationships between lifestyle factors, brain structure and function, and cognitive function in aging adults. For example, physical activity and diet modulate common neuroplasticity substrates (neurotrophic signaling, neurogenesis, inflammation, stress response, and antioxidant defense) in the brain whereas cognitive engagement enhances brain and cognitive reserve. The aims of this review are to evaluate the relationship between modifiable lifestyle factors, neuroplasticity, and optimal brain health during aging; to identify putative mechanisms that contribute positive brain aging; and to highlight future directions for scientists and clinicians. Undoubtedly, the translation of cutting-edge knowledge derived from the field of cognitive neuroscience will advance our understanding and enhance clinical treatment interventions as we endeavor to promote brain health during aging.
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Biswas J, Gupta S, Verma DK, Singh S. Streptozotocin alters glucose transport, connexin expression and endoplasmic reticulum functions in neurons and astrocytes. Neuroscience 2017; 356:151-166. [PMID: 28527957 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The study was undertaken to explore the cell-specific streptozotocin (STZ)-induced mechanistic alterations. STZ-induced rodent model is a well-established experimental model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in our previous studies we have established it as an in vitro screening model of AD by employing N2A neuronal cells. Therefore, STZ was selected in the present study to understand the STZ-induced cell-specific alterations by utilizing neuronal N2A and astrocytes C6 cells. Both neuronal and astrocyte cells were treated with STZ at 10, 50, 100 and 1000μM concentrations for 48h. STZ exposure caused significant decline in cellular viability and augmented cytotoxicity of cells involving astrocytes activation. STZ treatment also disrupted the energy metabolism by altered glucose uptake and its transport in both cells as reflected with decreased expression of glucose transporters (GLUT) 1/3. The consequent decrease in ATP level and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential was also observed in both the cells. STZ caused increased intracellular calcium which could cause the initiation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Significant upregulation of ER stress-related markers were observed in both cells after STZ treatment. The cellular communication of astrocytes and neurons was altered as reflected by increased expression of connexin 43 along with DNA fragmentation. STZ-induced apoptotic death was evaluated by elevated expression of caspase-3 and PI/Hoechst staining of cells. In conclusion, study showed that STZ exert alike biochemical alterations, ER stress and cellular apoptosis in both neuronal and astrocyte cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyshree Biswas
- Toxicology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Sonam Gupta
- Toxicology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Verma
- Toxicology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Sarika Singh
- Toxicology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India.
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N-acetylcysteine treatment attenuates the cognitive impairment and synaptic plasticity loss induced by streptozotocin. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 272:37-46. [PMID: 28499986 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder pathologically characterized by severe neuronal and glial structural changes and progressive cognitive decline. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a well-known pharmacological agent with pro-neurogenic properties and neuroprotective effects. In this study, we evaluated NAC protective effects on cognitive impairment and associated pathological markers in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced sporadic dementia of AD type mice model. Animals were divided into six groups: I) Sham, II) NAC, III) physostigmine (PHY), IV) STZ, V) NAC + STZ and VI) PHY + NAC. NAC (5 mg/kg) and PHY (0.25 mg/kg) were administrated orally for 30 consecutive days and STZ (2.5 mg/kg) intracerebroventricularly at the first and third days. Novel object recognition (NOR, days 26-27) and Morris water maze (MWM, days 26-30) tasks were assessed to evaluate learning and memory. On the thirty-first day animals were euthanized and brains collected for biochemical analysis. Interestingly, our results showed that STZ treatment induced cognitive impairment in mice in the NOR and MWM tasks. Both NAC and PHY treatments prevented from this impairment. The increase in AChE activity and decrease in pTrkB and MnSOD levels caused by STZ in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, were prevented by the NAC and PHY treatments. The decrease in SYN, MAP2 and GFAP expressions were also prevented by NAC and PHY treatments. In conclusion, NAC treatment prevented the cognitive impairment induced by STZ, normalizing the AChE activity and rescuing the synaptic plasticity loss. Our results suggest that NAC is a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of AD.
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Knezovic A, Loncar A, Homolak J, Smailovic U, Osmanovic Barilar J, Ganoci L, Bozina N, Riederer P, Salkovic-Petrisic M. Rat brain glucose transporter-2, insulin receptor and glial expression are acute targets of intracerebroventricular streptozotocin: risk factors for sporadic Alzheimer's disease? J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 124:695-708. [PMID: 28470423 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1727-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Accumulated evidence suggests that the insulin-resistant brain state and cerebral glucose hypometabolism might be the cause, rather than the consequence, of the neurodegeneration found in a sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD). We have explored whether the insulin receptor (IR) and the glucose transporter-2 (GLUT2), used here as their markers, are the early targets of intracerebroventricularly (icv) administered streptozotocin (STZ) in an STZ-icv rat model of sAD, and whether their changes are associated with the STZ-induced neuroinflammation. The expression of IR, GLUT2 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was measured by immunofluorescence and western blot analysis in the parietal (PC) and the temporal (TC) cortex, in the hippocampus (HPC) and the hypothalamus. One hour after the STZ-icv administration (1.5 mg/kg), the GFAP immunoreactivity was significantly increased in all four regions, thus indicating the wide spread neuroinflammation, pronounced in the PC and the HPC. Changes in the GLUT2 (increment) and the IR (decrement) expression were mild in the areas close to the site of the STZ injection/release but pronounced in the ependymal lining cells of the third ventricle, thus indicating the possible metabolic implications. These results, together with the finding of the GLUT2-IR co-expression, and also the neuronal IR expression in PC, TC and HPC, indicate that the cerebral GLUT2 and IR should be further explored as the possible sAD etiopathogenic factors. It should be further clarified whether their alterations are the effect of a direct STZ-icv toxicity or they are triggered in a response to STZ-icv induced neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Knezovic
- Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 11, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - A Loncar
- Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 11, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Neurology, General Hospital Karlovac, Karlovac, Croatia
| | - J Homolak
- Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 11, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - U Smailovic
- Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 11, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Osmanovic Barilar
- Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 11, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - L Ganoci
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - N Bozina
- Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 11, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - P Riederer
- Centre of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Melita Salkovic-Petrisic
- Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 11, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Muller AP, Ferreira GK, Pires AJ, de Bem Silveira G, de Souza DL, Brandolfi JDA, de Souza CT, Paula MMS, Silveira PCL. Gold nanoparticles prevent cognitive deficits, oxidative stress and inflammation in a rat model of sporadic dementia of Alzheimer's type. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 77:476-483. [PMID: 28532055 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of neurodegenerative dementia in the aged brain. Even though its etiology is unknown, factors such as neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and impaired insulin signaling may play a role. We used a sporadic AD model in rats generated by intracerebroventricular-streptozotocin (i.c.v.-STZ) injection to test the therapeutic effect of gold nanoparticles (GNPs). We tested the null hypothesis that there would be no difference between the STZ+GNPs group and the STZ group in the analyzed markers. We observed that STZ-induced impairment in mitochondrial ATP production, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress were all prevented by GNP treatment. Moreover, while STZ induced deficits in both spatial and recognition memory, GNPs prevented this effect. These results suggest that GNPs may be considered as a potential treatment for dementias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Pastoris Muller
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica do Exercício, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-00 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Gabriela K Ferreira
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Fisiopatologia da Pele, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Allison José Pires
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica do Exercício, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-00 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Gustavo de Bem Silveira
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica do Exercício, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-00 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Débora Laureano de Souza
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica do Exercício, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-00 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Joice de Abreu Brandolfi
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica do Exercício, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-00 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Claudio Teodoro de Souza
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica do Exercício, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-00 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Marcos M S Paula
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Faculdade de Tecnologia, 69077-000 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Paulo Cesar Lock Silveira
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica do Exercício, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-00 Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
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Reeta KH, Singh D, Gupta YK. Edaravone attenuates intracerebroventricular streptozotocin-induced cognitive impairment in rats. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 45:987-997. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. H. Reeta
- Department of Pharmacology; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029 India
| | - Devendra Singh
- Department of Pharmacology; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029 India
| | - Yogendra K. Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029 India
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Rajasekar N, Nath C, Hanif K, Shukla R. Intranasal insulin improves cerebral blood flow, Nrf-2 expression and BDNF in STZ (ICV)-induced memory impaired rats. Life Sci 2017; 173:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Sorial ME, El Sayed NSED. Protective effect of valproic acid in streptozotocin-induced sporadic Alzheimer's disease mouse model: possible involvement of the cholinergic system. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2017; 390:581-593. [PMID: 28188358 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-017-1357-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sporadic Alzheimer's disease (SAD) is a slowly progressive neurological disorder that is the most common form of dementia. Cholinergic system dysfunction and amyloid beta formation are the two main underlying pathological mechanisms for the disease development. In recent studies, insulin receptor desensitization and disturbances in the downstream effects of insulin receptor signaling were observed in the brains of Alzheimer's patients. Currently, intracereberoventricular (ICV) injection of streptozotocin (STZ) is found to induce behavioral, neurochemical, and structural alterations in animals resembling those found in SAD patients. Valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), was recently shown to regulate the transcription of several genes in both in vivo and in vitro models of Alzheimer's disease. The aim of the current study is to investigate the potential effect of different doses of valproic acid, in an ICV-STZ-induced animal model of SAD. Streptozotocin-injected mice showed cognitive and spatial memory dysfunction in the Y-maze, object recognition test, and Morris water maze (MWM) neurobehavioral tests. The mice also exhibited a decrease in acetylcholine (ACh) and neprilysin (NEP) levels accompanied by an increase in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. For the first time to our knowledge, our findings have shown that VPA is capable of restoring ACh levels in ICV-STZ-injected mice, as well as normalizing both NEP levels and AChE activity. Via this mechanism, an enhancement of cognitive functions is observed. Thus, VPA is suggested to be a promising therapeutic approach against SAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirna Ezzat Sorial
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Main Entrance of Al Tagamoa Al Khames, New Cairo City, 11835, Egypt
| | - Nesrine Salah El Dine El Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Main Entrance of Al Tagamoa Al Khames, New Cairo City, 11835, Egypt. .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt.
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Ghosh A, Chen F, Wu F, Tang SS, Hu M, Long Y, Sun HB, Kong LY, Hong H. CysLT 1R downregulation reverses intracerebroventricular streptozotocin-induced memory impairment via modulation of neuroinflammation in mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 73:19-30. [PMID: 27720931 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies showed that cysteinyl leukotrienes receptor 1 (CysLT1R) is upregulated in amyloid-β (Aβ)-induced neurotoxicity and that administration of CysLT1R antagonists such as pranlukast or montelukast can ameliorate memory impairment in mice. In the current study, we sought to explore the role of CysLT1R in intracerebroventricular streptozotocin (STZ-ICV)-induced mouse model of memory impairment and neuroinflammation through shRNA-mediated knockdown of CysLT1R and also its pharmacological blockade by pranlukast. ICR mice were infused with STZ (3.0mg/kg) by a single bilateral stereotaxic ICV microinjection followed by administration of CysLT1R-shRNA (intra-hippocampal) or pranlukast (intragastric, IG). After 21days, a set of behavioral and biochemical tests were performed in order to assess the degree of memory impairment and neuroinflammation in mice. STZ-infused mice spent less time in the target quadrant of Morris water maze test and took more time to find the shock-free arm in modified Y-maze test, which were rescued in the CysLT1R-knockdowned or pranlukast-treated mice. STZ-induced memory impairment was also accompanied by an elevated level of hippocampal CysLT1R, microglial activation, increased IL-1β, and TNF-α. Such elevation of these factors was found to be mediated through the classical NF-κB pathway and administration of CysLT1R-shRNA or pranlukast for 21days reversed all these parameters, suggesting a role of CysLT1R in STZ-induced memory deficit and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Ghosh
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feng Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Su-Su Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mei Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Long
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong-Bin Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ling-Yi Kong
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Hong
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China.
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Shukla M, Govitrapong P, Boontem P, Reiter RJ, Satayavivad J. Mechanisms of Melatonin in Alleviating Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:1010-1031. [PMID: 28294066 PMCID: PMC5652010 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170313123454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic, progressive and prevalent neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of higher cognitive functions and an associated loss of memory. The thus far "incurable" stigma for AD prevails because of variations in the success rates of different treatment protocols in animal and human studies. Among the classical hypotheses explaining AD pathogenesis, the amyloid hypothesis is currently being targeted for drug development. The underlying concept is to prevent the formation of these neurotoxic peptides which play a central role in AD pathology and trigger a multispectral cascade of neurodegenerative processes post-aggregation. This could possibly be achieved by pharmacological inhibition of β- or γ-secretase or stimulating the nonamyloidogenic α-secretase. Melatonin the pineal hormone is a multifunctioning indoleamine. Production of this amphiphilic molecule diminishes with advancing age and this decrease runs parallel with the progression of AD which itself explains the potential benefits of melatonin in line of development and devastating consequences of the disease progression. Our recent studies have revealed a novel mechanism by which melatonin stimulates the nonamyloidogenic processing and inhibits the amyloidogenic processing of β-amyloid precursor protein (βAPP) by stimulating α -secretases and consequently down regulating both β- and γ-secretases at the transcriptional level. In this review, we discuss and evaluate the neuroprotective functions of melatonin in AD pathogenesis, including its role in the classical hypotheses in cellular and animal models and clinical interventions in AD patients, and suggest that with early detection, melatonin treatment is qualified to be an anti-AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuri Shukla
- Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Lak Si, Bangkok10210, Thailand
| | - Piyarat Govitrapong
- Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Lak Si, Bangkok10210, Thailand
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakornpathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Parichart Boontem
- Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Lak Si, Bangkok10210, Thailand
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jutamaad Satayavivad
- Chulabhorn Research Institute and Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok10210, Thailand
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Ponce-Lopez T, Hong E, Abascal-Díaz M, Meneses A. Role of GSK3<i>β</i> and PP2A on Regulation of Tau Phosphorylation in Hippocampus and Memory Impairment in ICV-STZ Animal Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.4236/aad.2017.61002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Methylene blue improves streptozotocin-induced memory deficit by restoring mitochondrial function in rats. Brain Res 2016; 1657:208-214. [PMID: 28034723 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is well documented to involve mitochondrial dysfunction which causes subsequent oxidative stress and energy metabolic failure in hippocampus. Methylene blue (MB) has been implicated to be neuroprotective in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases by restoring mitochondrial function. The present work was to examine if MB was able to improve streptozotocin (STZ)-induced Alzheimer's type dementia in a rat model by attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction-derived oxidative stress and ATP synthesis decline. MB was administrated at a dose of 0.5mg/kg/day for consecutive 7days after bilateral STZ intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection (2.5mg/kg). We first demonstrated that MB treatment significantly ameliorated STZ-induced hippocampus-dependent memory loss in passive avoidance test. We also found that MB has the properties to preserve neuron survival and attenuate neuronal degeneration in hippocampus CA1 region after STZ injection. In addition, oxidative stress was subsequently evaluated by measuring the content of lipid peroxidation products malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). Importantly, results from our study showed a remarkable suppression of MB treatment on both MDA production and 4-HNE immunoactivity. Finally, energy metabolism in CA1 region was examined by detecting mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) activity and the resultant ATP production. Of significant interest, our result displayed a robust facilitation of MB on CCO activity and the consequent ATP synthesis. The current study indicates that MB may be a promising therapeutic agent targeting oxidative damage and ATP synthesis failure during AD progression.
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Montelukast ameliorates streptozotocin-induced cognitive impairment and neurotoxicity in mice. Neurotoxicology 2016; 57:214-222. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Arora R, Deshmukh R. Embelin Attenuates Intracerebroventricular Streptozotocin-Induced Behavioral, Biochemical, and Neurochemical Abnormalities in Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:6670-6680. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0182-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Rajasekar N, Nath C, Hanif K, Shukla R. Intranasal Insulin Administration Ameliorates Streptozotocin (ICV)-Induced Insulin Receptor Dysfunction, Neuroinflammation, Amyloidogenesis, and Memory Impairment in Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:6507-6522. [PMID: 27730514 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0169-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with reduced insulin level and impairment of insulin receptor (IR) signaling in the brain, which correlates to amyloid pathology, neuroinflammation, and synaptic neurotoxicity. Clinical studies show that intranasal insulin improves memory in AD patients without peripheral hypoglycemia. However, neuroprotective molecular mechanism of the beneficial effect of intranasal insulin in AD pathology is unexplored. Therefore, we investigated the role of intranasal insulin on intracerebroventricular (ICV) streptozotocin (STZ)-induced memory impairment in rats as evaluated in the Morris water maze test. STZ (ICV) treated rats had shown memory impairment along with a significant decrease in IR signaling molecules (IR, pIRS-1, pAkt, and pGSK-3α/β expression) and IDE expression in both hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Intranasal insulin delivery prevented these changes. Moreover, intranasal insulin was found to inhibit significantly glial cell activation (GFAP and Iba-1 expression), neuroinflammation (COX-2 expression, NFκB translocation, TNF-α, and IL-10 level) and amyloidogenic protein expression (BACE-1 and Aβ1-42 expression) in STZ (ICV)-injected rats. STZ (ICV)-induced caspase activation and postsynaptic neurotoxicity were also prevented by treatment with intranasal insulin. Our findings reveal that insulin has the neuroprotective effect and clearly signifies the potential use of intranasal insulin delivery for the treatment of AD. Graphical Abstract Neuroprotective effects of intranasal insulin administration on streptozotocin (ICV)-induced memory impairment in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rajasekar
- Divisions of Pharmacology and Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Chennai, India
| | - Chandishwar Nath
- Divisions of Pharmacology and Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Chennai, India
| | - Kashif Hanif
- Divisions of Pharmacology and Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Chennai, India
| | - Rakesh Shukla
- Divisions of Pharmacology and Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Chennai, India.
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Kumar A, Ekavali, Mishra J, Chopra K, Dhull DK. Possible role of P-glycoprotein in the neuroprotective mechanism of berberine in intracerebroventricular streptozotocin-induced cognitive dysfunction. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:137-52. [PMID: 26446867 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4095-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The therapeutic potential of berberine has been well documented in various neurological problems. However, the neurological mechanism of berberine remains untapped in the light of its P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated gut efflux properties responsible for reduced bioavailability. Verapamil, a well known L-type calcium channel blocker, has additional inhibitory activity against P-gp efflux pump. Thus, there is a strong scientific rationale to explore the interaction of berberine with verapamil as a possible neuroprotective strategy. OBJECTIVE The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of berberine, verapamil, and their combination on behavioral alterations, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and histopathological modifications in intracerebroventricular streptozocin (ICV-STZ)-induced sporadic dementia of Alzheimer's type in rats. METHODS Single bilateral ICV-STZ (3 mg/kg) administration was used as an experimental model of sporadic dementia of Alzheimer's type. RESULTS Berberine (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, oral gavage) or verapamil (2.5 and 5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) were used as treatment drugs, and memantine (5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) was used as a standard. Berberine and verapamil significantly attenuated behavioral, biochemical, cellular, and histological alterations, suggesting their neuroprotective potential. Further, treatment of berberine (25 and 50 mg/kg) with verapamil (2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg) combinations respectively significantly potentiated their neuroprotective effect which was significant as compared to their effect per se in ICV-STZ-treated animals. CONCLUSION The augmentative outcome of verapamil on the neuroprotective effect of berberine can be speculated due to the inhibition of P-gp efflux mechanism and the prevention of calcium homeostasis alteration. Additionally, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of both berberine and verapamil could also contribute in their protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Study (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Ekavali
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Study (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Jitendriya Mishra
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Study (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Kanwaljit Chopra
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Study (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Dinesh K Dhull
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Study (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
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Ramezani M, Darbandi N, Khodagholi F, Hashemi A. Myricetin protects hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons and improves learning and memory impairments in rats with Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:1976-1980. [PMID: 28197195 PMCID: PMC5270437 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.197141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently no treatment for effectively slowing the progression of Alzheimer's disease, so early prevention is very important. Numerous studies have shown that flavonoids can improve memory impairment. The present study investigated the effects of myricetin, a member of the flavonoids, on intracerebroventricular streptozotocin induced neuronal loss and memory impairment in rat models of Alzheimer's disease. Myricetin at 5 or 10 mg/kg was intraperitoneally injected into rats over 21 days. Control rats were treated with 10 mL/kg saline. Behavioral test (the shuttle box test) was performed on day 22 to examine learning and memory in rats. Immediately after that, hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed to observe the morphological change in hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons. Myricetin greatly increased the number of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons and improved learning and memory impairments in rats with Alzheimer's disease. These findings suggest that myricetin is beneficial for treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matin Ramezani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloufar Darbandi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak, Iran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Hashemi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak, Iran
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Rajasekar N, Nath C, Hanif K, Shukla R. Inhibitory Effect of Memantine on Streptozotocin-Induced Insulin Receptor Dysfunction, Neuroinflammation, Amyloidogenesis, and Neurotrophic Factor Decline in Astrocytes. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:6730-6744. [PMID: 26660109 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9576-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Our earlier studies showed that insulin receptor (IR) dysfunction along with neuroinflammation and amyloidogenesis played a major role in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced toxicity in astrocytes. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist-memantine shows beneficial effects in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. However, the protective molecular and cellular mechanism of memantine in astrocytes is not properly understood. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of memantine on insulin receptors, neurotrophic factors, neuroinflammation, and amyloidogenesis in STZ-treated astrocytes. STZ (100 μM) treatment for 24 h in astrocytes resulted significant decrease in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) expression in astrocytes. Treatment with memantine (1-10 μM) improved STZ-induced neurotrophic factor decline (BDNF, GDNF) along with IR dysfunction as evidenced by a significant increase in IR protein expression, phosphorylation of IRS-1, Akt, and GSK-3 α/β in astrocytes. Further, memantine attenuated STZ-induced amyloid precursor protein (APP), β-site APP-cleaving enzyme-1 and amyloid-β1-42 expression and restored IDE expression in astrocytes. In addition, memantine also displays protective effects against STZ-induced astrocyte activation showed by reduction of inflammatory markers, nuclear factor kappa-B translocation, glial fibrillary acidic protein, cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrosis factor-α level, and oxidative-nitrostative stress. The results suggest that besides the NMDA receptor antagonisic activity, effect on astroglial IR and neurotrophic factor may also be an important factor in the beneficial effect of memantine in AD pathology. Graphical Abstract Novel neuroprotective mechanisms of memenatine in streptozotocin-induced toxicity in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rajasekar
- Divisions of Pharmacology and Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Chennai, India
| | - Chandishwar Nath
- Divisions of Pharmacology and Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Chennai, India
| | - Kashif Hanif
- Divisions of Pharmacology and Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Chennai, India
| | - Rakesh Shukla
- Divisions of Pharmacology and Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Chennai, India.
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Zhao SS, Yang WN, Jin H, Ma KG, Feng GF. Puerarin attenuates learning and memory impairments and inhibits oxidative stress in STZ-induced SAD mice. Neurotoxicology 2015; 51:166-71. [PMID: 26511841 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Puerarin (PUE), an isoflavone purified from the root of Pueraria lobata (Chinese herb), has been reported to attenuate learning and memory impairments in the transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the present study, we tested PUE in a sporadic AD (SAD) mouse model which was induced by the intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin (STZ). The mice were administrated PUE (25, 50, or 100mg/kg/d) for 28 days. Learning and memory abilities were assessed by the Morris water maze test. After behavioral test, the biochemical parameters of oxidative stress (glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutases (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA)) were measured in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. The SAD mice exhibited significantly decreased learning and memory ability, while PUE attenuated these impairments. The activities of GSH-Px and SOD were decreased while MDA was increased in the SAD animals. After PUE treatment, the activities of GSH-Px and SOD were elevated, and the level of MDA was decreased. The middle dose PUE was more effective than others. These results indicate that PUE attenuates learning and memory impairments and inhibits oxidative stress in STZ-induced SAD mice. PUE may be a promising therapeutic agent for SAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-shan Zhao
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-na Yang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Jin
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai-ge Ma
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Gai-feng Feng
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education of China, 76# West Yanta Road, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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Park SK, Jin DE, Park CH, Seung TW, Guo TJ, Song JW, Kim JH, Kim DO, Heo HJ. Ameliorating effects of ethyl acetate fraction from onion ( Allium cepa L.) flesh and peel in mice following trimethyltin-induced learning and memory impairment. Food Res Int 2015; 75:53-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Streptozotocin Intracerebroventricular-Induced Neurotoxicity and Brain Insulin Resistance: a Therapeutic Intervention for Treatment of Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease (sAD)-Like Pathology. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:4548-62. [PMID: 26298663 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9384-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that is remarkably characterized by pathological hallmarks which include amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, neuronal loss, and progressive cognitive loss. Several well-known genetic mutations which are being used for the development of a transgenic model of AD lead to an early onset familial AD (fAD)-like condition. However, these settings are only reasons for a small percentage of the total AD cases. The large majorities of AD cases are considered as a sporadic in origin and are less influenced by a single mutation of a gene. The etiology of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD) remains unclear, but numerous risk factors have been identified that increase the chance of developing AD. Among these risk factors are insulin desensitization/resistance state, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, synapse dysfunction, tau hyperphosphorylation, and deposition of Aβ in the brain. Subsequently, these risk factors lead to development of sAD. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is not so clear. Streptozotocin (STZ) produces similar characteristic pathology of sAD such as altered glucose metabolism, insulin signaling, synaptic dysfunction, protein kinases such as protein kinase B/C, glycogen synthase-3β (GSK-3β) activation, tau hyperphosphorylation, Aβ deposition, and neuronal apoptosis. Further, STZ also leads to inhibition of Akt/PKB, insulin receptor (IR) signaling molecule, and insulin resistance in brain. These alterations mediated by STZ can be used to explore the underlying molecular and pathophysiological mechanism of AD (especially sAD) and their therapeutic intervention for drug development against AD pathology.
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Singh JCH, Kakalij RM, Kshirsagar RP, Kumar BH, Komakula SSB, Diwan PV. Cognitive effects of vanillic acid against streptozotocin-induced neurodegeneration in mice. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 53:630-6. [PMID: 25472801 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2014.935866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Vanillic acid (VA), a flavoring agent used in food and drug products, obtained naturally from the plant Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels (Apiaceae), used in the traditional Chinese medicine. It is reported to possess strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. However, the pharmacological effects on oxidative stress-induced neurodegeneration are not well investigated. OBJECTIVE This study investigates the neuroprotective effect of VA on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced neurodegeneration in mice through behavioral and biochemical parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS The behavioral effects were determined using the Y-maze and open-field habituation memory. In biochemical parameters, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), corticosterone, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and antioxidants (superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase) were measured. Five groups of animals used were of control, negative control, and three separate groups treated with 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg of VA, respectively, for 28 d. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of STZ were performed for all groups except control on 14th and 16th of 28 d of VA treatment. RESULTS VA improved spatial learning and memory retention by preventing oxidative stress compared with control animals. VA at 50 and 100 mg/kg dose significantly (p < 0.001) improved the habituation memory, decreased the AChE, corticosterone, TNF-α, and increased the antioxidants (p < 0.001). VA (100 mg/kg) exhibited dose-dependent effect in all parameters with p < 0.001 except antioxidants in which VA showed the significance of p < 0.01. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION VA exhibited reduction in AChE, TNF-α, and corticosterone with improved antioxidants to contribute neuroprotection and could be an effective therapeutic agent for treating neurodegenerative disorders.
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Malik J, Munjal K, Deshmukh R. Attenuating effect of standardized lyophilized Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark extract against streptozotocin-induced experimental dementia of Alzheimer's type. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 26:275-285. [PMID: 25301673 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2014-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Cinnamomum zeylanicum (CZ; family Lauraceae) bark, an important spice, has also been used traditionally for nervous stress, as a nervine tonic, and as a stimulant. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate the effect of the standardized lyophilized aqueous extract of CZ bark (LCZE) on learning and memory in rodents at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, p.o. dose levels against streptozotocin (STZ)-induced memory impairment. METHODS LCZE was standardized based on the cinnamaldehyde content using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). The effect on learning and memory was evaluated using two widely used behavioral models, the Morris water maze (MWM) test and the object recognition test (ORT). The effect of LCZE on the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and oxidative stress parameters in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of rat brain was also evaluated. RESULTS LCZE significantly (p<0.05) and dose-dependently attenuated STZ-induced cognitive deficit in both models in comparison to only STZ-treated animals. In the MWM test, LCZE (100 and 200 mg/kg) significantly decreased the transfer latency and increased the time spent by the animals in target quadrant. Similarly in the ORT, the LCZE-treated animals exhibited an improved discrimination between a familiar object and a novel object, indicating the reversal of STZ-induced memory impairment. LCZE also restored STZ-induced alteration in AChE activity and oxidative stress parameters in both brain parts. CONCLUSIONS The results clearly indicate toward the memory-enhancing effect of LCZE, which could be due to the synergistic effect of anti-AChE and antioxidant activities.
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Diabetes and Alzheimer disease, two overlapping pathologies with the same background: oxidative stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:985845. [PMID: 25815110 PMCID: PMC4357132 DOI: 10.1155/2015/985845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
There are several oxidative stress-related pathways interconnecting Alzheimer's disease and type II diabetes, two public health problems worldwide. Coincidences are so compelling that it is attractive to speculate they are the same disorder. However, some pathological mechanisms as observed in diabetes are not necessarily the same mechanisms related to Alzheimer's or the only ones related to Alzheimer's pathology. Oxidative stress is inherent to Alzheimer's and feeds a vicious cycle with other key pathological features, such as inflammation and Ca2+ dysregulation. Alzheimer's pathology by itself may lead to insulin resistance in brain, insulin resistance being an intervening variable in the neurodegenerative disorder. Hyperglycemia and insulin resistance from diabetes, overlapping with the Alzheimer's pathology, aggravate the progression of the neurodegenerative processes, indeed. But the same pathophysiological background is behind the consequences, oxidative stress. We emphasize oxidative stress and its detrimental role in some key regulatory enzymes.
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Calvo-Ochoa E, Arias C. Cellular and metabolic alterations in the hippocampus caused by insulin signalling dysfunction and its association with cognitive impairment during aging and Alzheimer's disease: studies in animal models. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2015; 31:1-13. [PMID: 24464982 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of animal and epidemiological studies suggest that metabolic diseases such as obesity, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus are associated with the development of cognitive impairment, dementia and Alzheimer's disease, particularly in aging. Several lines of evidence suggest that insulin signalling dysfunction produces these metabolic alterations and underlie the development of these neurodegenerative diseases. In this article, we address normal insulin function in the synapse; we review and discuss the physiopathological hallmarks of synaptic insulin signalling dysfunction associated with metabolic alterations. Additionally, we describe and review the major animal models of obesity, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The comprehensive knowledge of the molecular mechanisms behind the association of metabolic alterations and cognitive impairment could facilitate the early detection of neurodegenerative diseases in patients with metabolic alterations, with treatment that focus on neuroprotection. It could also help in the development of metabolic-based therapies and drugs for using in dementia and Alzheimer's disease patients to alleviate their symptoms in a more efficient and comprehensive way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Calvo-Ochoa
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, DF, Mexico
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Santos D, Colle D, Moreira E, Peres K, Ribeiro R, dos Santos A, de Oliveira J, Hort M, de Bem A, Farina M. Probucol mitigates streptozotocin-induced cognitive and biochemical changes in mice. Neuroscience 2015; 284:590-600. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Sharma S, Taliyan R. Synergistic effects of GSK-3β and HDAC inhibitors in intracerebroventricular streptozotocin-induced cognitive deficits in rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2014; 388:337-49. [PMID: 25547373 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-014-1081-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest the importance of combined treatment of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition in various in vitro and in vivo models of neurological diseases. Lithium chloride (LiCl) and valproate (VPA), two well-known mood stabilizers, have been reported to act through GSK-3β and HDAC inhibition, respectively. The present study was designed to investigate the potential of low-dose combination of LiCl and VPA in intracerebroventricular streptozotocin (ICV-STZ)-induced cognitive deficits in rats. STZ was injected twice (3 mg/kg ICV) on alternate days (day 1 and day 3) in rats. The ICV-STZ-treated rats received LiCl (60 mg/kg, i.p.), VPA (200 mg/kg, i.p.), and combination of both LiCl (60 mg/kg, i.p.) and VPA (200 mg/kg, i.p.) drugs for a period of 3 weeks. The ICV-STZ administration results in significant memory impairment, elevated oxidative-nitrosative stress, and reduced brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels. Using a battery of behavioral and biochemical tests, we observed that co-treatment of both drugs showed synergistic effect in improving the spatial learning and memory impairment as well as significantly attenuated the oxidative stress markers in STZ-treated rats as compared to either drug alone. Moreover, the combination of both drugs reversed the hyperinsulinemic brain condition and improved the BDNF levels in STZ-treated rats. Based upon these results, it could be suggested that a low-dose combination of LiCl and VPA produces synergistic and more consistent neuroprotective effects in ICV-STZ-induced cognitive deficits in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorabh Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, 333031, Rajasthan, India
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Brain catalase in the streptozotocin-rat model of sporadic Alzheimer's disease treated with the iron chelator-monoamine oxidase inhibitor, M30. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2014; 122:559-64. [PMID: 25252744 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-014-1307-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Low intracerebroventricular (icv) doses of streptozotocin (STZ) produce regionally specific brain neurochemical changes in rats that are similar to those found in the brain of patients with sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD). Since oxidative stress is thought to be one of the major pathologic processes in sAD, catalase (CAT) activity was estimated in the regional brain tissue of animals treated intracerebroventricularly with STZ and the multitarget iron chelator, antioxidant and MAO-inhibitor M30 [5-(N-methyl-N-propargylaminomethyl)-8-hydroxyquinoline]. Five-day oral pre-treatment of adult male Wistar rats with 10 mg/kg/day M30 dose was followed by a single injection of STZ (1 mg/kg, icv). CAT activity was measured colorimetrically in the hippocampus (HPC), brain stem (BS) and cerebellum (CB) of the control, STZ-, M30- and STZ + M30-treated rats, respectively, 4 weeks after the STZ treatment. STZ-treated rats demonstrated significantly lower CAT activity in all three brain regions in comparison to the controls (p < 0.05 for BS and CB, p < 0.01 for HPC). M30 pre-treatment of the control rats did not influence the CAT activity in HPC and CB, but significantly increased it in BS (p < 0.05). M30 pre-treatment of STZ-treated rats significantly increased CAT activity in the HPC in comparison to the STZ treatment alone (p < 0.05) and normalized to the control values. These findings are in line with the assumption that reactive oxygen species contribute to the pathogenesis of STZ in a rat model of sAD and indicate that multifunctional iron chelators such as M30 might also have beneficial effects in this non-transgenic sAD model.
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84
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Souza LC, Wilhelm EA, Bortolatto CF, Nogueira CW, Boeira SP, Jesse CR. The protective effect of melatonin against brain oxidative stress and hyperlocomotion in a rat model of mania induced by ouabain. Behav Brain Res 2014; 271:316-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Rajasekar N, Dwivedi S, Nath C, Hanif K, Shukla R. Protection of streptozotocin induced insulin receptor dysfunction, neuroinflammation and amyloidogenesis in astrocytes by insulin. Neuropharmacology 2014; 86:337-52. [PMID: 25158313 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Impaired insulin signaling, amyloid pathology and neuroinflammation are closely associated with neurodegenerative disorder like Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our earlier studies showed that intracerebroventricular streptozotocin (STZ) induces insulin receptor (IR) signaling defect in the hippocampus, which is associated with memory impairment in rats. Astrocytes are the most abundant cells in the brain and play a major role in neuroinflammation. However, involvement of astrocytes in STZ induced IR dysfunction has not received much attention. Therefore, the present study was planned to explore the effect of STZ on IR signaling, proinflammatory markers and amyloidogenesis in rat astrocytoma cell line, (C6). STZ (100 μM) treatment in astrocytes (n = 3) for 24 h, resulted significant decrease in IR mRNA and protein expression, phosphorylation of IRS-1, Akt, GSK-3α and GSK-3β (p < 0.01). Further STZ induced amyloidogenic protein expression as evidenced by the increase in APP, BACE-1 and Aβ1-42 expression (p < 0.05) in astrocytes. STZ also significantly induced astrocytes activation as evidenced by increased expression of GFAP and p-P38 MAPK (p < 0.05). STZ treatment caused enhanced translocation of p65 NF-kB, triggered over expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, COX-2, oxidative/nitrosative stress and caspase activation (p < 0.05) in astrocytes. Insulin (25-100 nM) pretreatment (n = 3) significantly prevented changes in IR signaling, amyloidogenic protein expression and levels of proinflammatory markers (p < 0.05) in STZ treated astroglial cells. In the present study, the protective effect of insulin suggests that, IR dysfunction along with amyloidogenesis and neuroinflammation may have played a major role in STZ induced toxicity in astrocytes which are relevant to AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rajasekar
- Divisions of Pharmacology and Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), India
| | - Subhash Dwivedi
- Divisions of Pharmacology and Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Chandishwar Nath
- Divisions of Pharmacology and Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), India
| | - Kashif Hanif
- Divisions of Pharmacology and Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), India
| | - Rakesh Shukla
- Divisions of Pharmacology and Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), India.
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Lazcano Z, Solis O, Bringas ME, Limón D, Diaz A, Espinosa B, García-Peláez I, Flores G, Guevara J. Unilateral injection of Aβ25-35in the hippocampus reduces the number of dendritic spines in hyperglycemic rats. Synapse 2014; 68:585-594. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.21770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zayda Lazcano
- Laboratorio de Neuropsiquiatría; Instituto de Fisiología Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla; Puebla México
| | - Oscar Solis
- Laboratorio de Neuropsiquiatría; Instituto de Fisiología Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla; Puebla México
| | - María Elena Bringas
- Laboratorio de Neuropsiquiatría; Instituto de Fisiología Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla; Puebla México
| | - Daniel Limón
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla; Puebla México
| | - Alfonso Diaz
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla; Puebla México
- Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas; Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía; Ciudad de México Distrito Federal México
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ciudad de México Distrito Federal México
| | - Blanca Espinosa
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias; Ciudad de México Distrito Federal México
| | - Isabel García-Peláez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ciudad de México Distrito Federal México
| | - Gonzalo Flores
- Laboratorio de Neuropsiquiatría; Instituto de Fisiología Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla; Puebla México
| | - Jorge Guevara
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ciudad de México Distrito Federal México
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Xu BL, Wang R, Meng XH, Zhao ZW, Wang HJ, Ma LN, Dong W, Sheng SL, Ji ZJ. Effects of analog P165 of amyloid precursor protein 5-mer peptide on learning, memory and brain insulin receptors in the rat model of cognitive decline. Neurol Sci 2014; 35:1821-6. [PMID: 24946940 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-014-1849-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We aim to study the therapeutic efficacy of analog P165 of amyloid precursor protein 5-mer peptide in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced cognitive decline model. Rats were divided into four groups: control, STZ, STZ+P165, and STZ+rosiglitazone (RSG). STZ model was established by intracerebroventricular injection of STZ. Three weeks following surgery, rats received daily gavage administration of distilled water (control and STZ groups), P165 (STZ+P165), or RSG (STZ+RSG) for four consecutive weeks. Learning and memory abilities were assessed with the Morris water maze test. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) was detected by ELISA. Expressions of insulin receptor-β (IR-β), insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), serine/threonine kinase (Akt), and phosphorylation of CREB (p-CREB) were observed by immunohistochemistry. Both P165 and RSG significantly reduced the escape latency relative to the STZ group (P165, P < 0.05; RSG, P < 0.01). STZ model rats had reduced levels of IGF-1 relative to control, and this deficit was attenuated in the STZ+P165 group (P < 0.01). IR and IRS-1 were elevated in STZ rats, and these levels were restored to near control in the STZ+P165 and STZ+RSG groups (P < 0.01). Our findings demonstrate that P165 and RSG improved hippocampus-dependent spatial learning and memory in STZ rats by regulating the insulin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Lei Xu
- Central Laboratory, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of Ministry of Education, Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, #45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China
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88
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Insulin blocks glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in differentiated SH-SY5Y neuronal cells. Behav Neurol 2014; 2014:674164. [PMID: 25018588 PMCID: PMC4082871 DOI: 10.1155/2014/674164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin is a cytokine which promotes cell growth. Recently, a few published reports on insulin in different cell lines support the antiapoptotic effect of insulin. But the reports fail to explain the role of insulin in modulating glutamate-mediated neuronal cell death through excitotoxicity. Thus, we examined the neuroprotective effect of insulin on glutamate-induced toxicity on differentiated SH-SY5Y neuronal cells. Changes in cell viability were measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) based assay, while apoptotic damage was detected by acridine orange/ethidium bromide and Hoechst staining. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and morphological alterations were also measured. Treatment with glutamate induced apoptosis, elevated ROS levels and caused damage to neurons. Insulin was able to attenuate the glutamate-induced excitotoxic damage to neuronal cells.
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89
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Cardinali DP, Vigo DE, Olivar N, Vidal MF, Brusco LI. Melatonin Therapy in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2014; 3:245-77. [PMID: 26784870 PMCID: PMC4665493 DOI: 10.3390/antiox3020245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major health problem and a growing recognition exists that efforts to prevent it must be undertaken by both governmental and non-governmental organizations. In this context, the pineal product, melatonin, has a promising significance because of its chronobiotic/cytoprotective properties potentially useful for a number of aspects of AD. One of the features of advancing age is the gradual decrease in circulating melatonin levels. A limited number of therapeutic trials have indicated that melatonin has a therapeutic value as a neuroprotective drug in the treatment of AD and minimal cognitive impairment (which may evolve to AD). Both in vitro and in vivo, melatonin prevented the neurodegeneration seen in experimental models of AD. For these effects to occur, doses of melatonin about two orders of magnitude higher than those required to affect sleep and circadian rhythmicity are needed. More recently, attention has been focused on the development of potent melatonin analogs with prolonged effects, which were employed in clinical trials in sleep-disturbed or depressed patients in doses considerably higher than those employed for melatonin. In view that the relative potencies of the analogs are higher than that of the natural compound, clinical trials employing melatonin in the range of 50-100 mg/day are urgently needed to assess its therapeutic validity in neurodegenerative disorders such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Cardinali
- Departamento de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, Buenos Aires 1007, Argentina.
| | - Daniel E Vigo
- Departamento de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, Buenos Aires 1007, Argentina.
| | - Natividad Olivar
- Centro de Neuropsiquiatría y Neurología de la Conducta, Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina.
| | - María F Vidal
- Centro de Neuropsiquiatría y Neurología de la Conducta, Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina.
| | - Luis I Brusco
- Centro de Neuropsiquiatría y Neurología de la Conducta, Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina.
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90
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Liu P, Zou LB, Wang LH, Jiao Q, Chi TY, Ji XF, Jin G. Xanthoceraside attenuates tau hyperphosphorylation and cognitive deficits in intracerebroventricular-streptozotocin injected rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:345-56. [PMID: 23958944 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3240-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Xanthoceraside, a novel triterpenoid saponin extracted from the fruit husks of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge, reverses cognitive deficits in intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ25-35 or Aβ1-42 mice. However, whether xanthoceraside has a positive effect on hyperphosphorylated tau protein remains unclear. OBJECTIVES We investigated the effects of xanthoceraside on behavioural impairments induced by intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin (STZ) in rats and its potential mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS The rats were administered with xanthoceraside (0.06, 0.12 or 0.24 mg/kg) or vehicle once daily after STZ intracerebroventricular injections. The Y-maze test and novel object recognition test were performed 21 and 22 days after the second STZ injection, respectively. The levels of hyperphosphorylated tau, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/serine/threonine protein kinase B (Akt), glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), protein phosphatase 1 (PP-1) and protein phosphatase 2A (PP-2A) were also tested by Western blot. RESULTS Xanthoceraside treatment significantly attenuated learning and memory impairments and reduced the level of STZ-induced hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Xanthoceraside also enhanced PP-2A and PP-1 expressions, increased PI3K (p85) and Akt (Ser473) phosphorylation and decreased GSK-3β (tyr216) phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS Xanthoceraside has protective effect against learning and memory impairments and inhibits tau hyperphosphorylation in the hippocampus, possibly through the inhibition of the PI3K/Akt-dependent GSK-3β signalling pathway and an enhancement of phosphatases activity.
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91
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Yang W, Ma J, Liu Z, Lu Y, Hu B, Yu H. Effect of naringenin on brain insulin signaling and cognitive functions in ICV-STZ induced dementia model of rats. Neurol Sci 2013; 35:741-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-013-1594-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Rai S, Kamat PK, Nath C, Shukla R. Glial activation and post-synaptic neurotoxicity: the key events in Streptozotocin (ICV) induced memory impairment in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 117:104-17. [PMID: 24333387 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In the present study the role of glial activation and post synaptic toxicity in ICV Streptozotocin (STZ) induced memory impaired rats was explored. In experiment set up 1: Memory deficit was found in Morris water maze test on 14-16 days after STZ (ICV; 3mg/Kg) administration. STZ causes increased expression of GFAP, CD11b and TNF-α indicating glial activation and neuroinflammation. STZ also significantly increased the level of ROS, nitrite, Ca(2+) and reduced the mitochondrial activity in synaptosomal preparation illustrating free radical generation and excitotoxicity. Increased expression and activity of Caspase-3 was also observed in STZ treated rat which specify apoptotic cell death in hippocampus and cortex. STZ treatment showed decrease expression of post synaptic markers CaMKIIα and PSD-95, while, expression of pre synaptic markers (synaptophysin and SNAP-25) remains unaltered indicating selective post synaptic neurotoxicity. Oral treatment with Memantine (10mg/kg) and Ibuprofen (50 mg/kg) daily for 13 days attenuated STZ induced glial activation, apoptotic cell death and post synaptic neurotoxicity in rat brain. Further, in experiment set up 2: where memory function was not affected i.e. 7-9 days after STZ treatment. The level of GFAP, CD11b, TNF-α, ROS and nitrite levels were increased. On the other hand, apoptotic marker, synaptic markers, mitochondrial activity and Ca(2+) levels remained unaffected. Collective data indicates that neuroinflammatory process and oxidative stress occurs earlier to apoptosis and does not affect memory function. Present study clearly suggests that glial activation and post synaptic neurotoxicity are the key factors in STZ induced memory impairment and neuronal cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivika Rai
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), P.O. Box 173, Lucknow, U.P. 226001, India
| | - Pradeep K Kamat
- Division of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Chandishwar Nath
- Division of Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), P.O. Box 173, Lucknow, U.P. 226001, India
| | - Rakesh Shukla
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), P.O. Box 173, Lucknow, U.P. 226001, India.
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93
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF STUDY To discuss studies in humans and animals revealing the ability of foods to benefit the brain: new information with regards to mechanisms of action and the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders. RECENT FINDINGS Dietary factors exert their effects on the brain by affecting molecular events related to the management of energy metabolism and synaptic plasticity. Energy metabolism influences neuronal function, neuronal signaling, and synaptic plasticity, ultimately affecting mental health. Epigenetic regulation of neuronal plasticity appears as an important mechanism by which foods can prolong their effects on long-term neuronal plasticity. SUMMARY The prime focus of the discussion is to emphasize the role of cell metabolism as a mediator for the action of foods on the brain. Oxidative stress promotes damage to phospholipids present in the plasma membrane such as the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexenoic acid, disrupting neuronal signaling. Thus, dietary docosahexenoic acid seems crucial for supporting plasma membrane function, interneuronal signaling, and cognition. The dual action of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in neuronal metabolism and synaptic plasticity is crucial for activating signaling cascades under the action of diet and other environmental factors, using mechanisms of epigenetic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Gomez-Pinilla
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology and Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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94
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Ahmed ME, Javed H, Khan MM, Vaibhav K, Ahmad A, Khan A, Tabassum R, Islam F, Safhi MM, Islam F. Attenuation of oxidative damage-associated cognitive decline by Withania somnifera in rat model of streptozotocin-induced cognitive impairment. PROTOPLASMA 2013; 250:1067-1078. [PMID: 23340606 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-013-0482-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a critical contributing factor to age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, the inhibition of oxidative damage, responsible for chronic detrimental neurodegeneration, is an important strategy for neuroprotective therapy. Withania somnifera (WS) extract has been reported to have potent antioxidant and free radical quenching properties in various disease conditions. The present study evaluated the hypothesis that WS extract would reduce oxidative stress-associated neurodegeneration after intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin (ICV-STZ) in rats. To test this hypothesis, male Wistar rats were pretreated with WS extract at doses of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg body weight once daily for 3 weeks. On day 22nd, the rats were infused bilaterally with ICV-STZ injection (3 mg/kg body weight) in normal saline while sham group received only saline. Two weeks after the lesioning, STZ-infused rats showed cognitive impairment in the Morris water maze test. The rats were sacrificed after 3 weeks of the lesioning for the estimation of the contents of lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione, and activities of glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase. Pretreatment with WS extract attenuated behavioral, biochemical, and histological alterations significantly in dose-dependent manner in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of ICV-STZ-infused rats. These results suggest that WS affords a beneficial effect on cognitive deficit by ameliorating oxidative damage induced by streptozotocin in a model of cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ejaz Ahmed
- Neurotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 110062, India
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95
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Shefer G, Marcus Y, Stern N. Is obesity a brain disease? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:2489-503. [PMID: 23911925 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
That the brain is involved in the pathogenesis and perpetuation of obesity is broadly self-intuitive, but traditional evaluation of this relationship has focused on psychological and environment-dependent issues, often referred to as the "it's all in the head" axiom. Here we review evidence that excessive nutrition or caloric flux, regardless of its primary trigger, elicits a biological trap which imprints aberrant energy control circuits that tend to worsen with the accumulation of body fat. Structural and functional changes in the brain can be recognized, such as hypothalamic inflammation and gliosis, reduction in brain volume, reduced regional blood flow or diminished hippocampal size. Such induced changes collectively translate into a vicious cycle of deranged metabolic control and cognitive deficits, some of which can be traced back even to childhood or adolescence. Much like other components of the obese state, brain disease is inseparable from obesity itself and requires better recognition to allow future therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabi Shefer
- Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Lin L, Huang QX, Yang SS, Chu J, Wang JZ, Tian Q. Melatonin in Alzheimer's disease. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:14575-93. [PMID: 23857055 PMCID: PMC3742260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140714575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), an age-related neurodegenerative disorder with progressive cognition deficit, is characterized by extracellular senile plaques (SP) of aggregated β-amyloid (Aβ) and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, mainly containing the hyperphosphorylated microtubule-associated protein tau. Multiple factors contribute to the etiology of AD in terms of initiation and progression. Melatonin is an endogenously produced hormone in the brain and decreases during aging and in patients with AD. Data from clinical trials indicate that melatonin supplementation improves sleep, ameliorates sundowning and slows down the progression of cognitive impairment in AD patients. Melatonin efficiently protects neuronal cells from Aβ-mediated toxicity via antioxidant and anti-amyloid properties. It not only inhibits Aβ generation, but also arrests the formation of amyloid fibrils by a structure-dependent interaction with Aβ. Our studies have demonstrated that melatonin efficiently attenuates Alzheimer-like tau hyperphosphorylation. Although the exact mechanism is still not fully understood, a direct regulatory influence of melatonin on the activities of protein kinases and protein phosphatases is proposed. Additionally, melatonin also plays a role in protecting the cholinergic system and in anti-inflammation. The aim of this review is to stimulate interest in melatonin as a potentially useful agent in the prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lin
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; E-Mail:
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, College of Medical Science, Jishou University, 120 People Road, Jishou 436100, China; E-Mails: (L.L.); (S.-S.Y.)
| | - Qiong-Xia Huang
- Department of TCM Rationale, College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 1 West Road Huangjia Lake, Wuhan 430065, China; E-Mail:
| | - Shu-Sheng Yang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, College of Medical Science, Jishou University, 120 People Road, Jishou 436100, China; E-Mails: (L.L.); (S.-S.Y.)
| | - Jiang Chu
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; E-Mail:
| | - Jian-Zhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; E-Mail:
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (J.-Z.W.); (Q.T.); Tel./Fax: +86-27-8369-3883 (J.-Z.W.); Tel.: +86-27-8369-2625 (Q.T.)
| | - Qing Tian
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; E-Mail:
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (J.-Z.W.); (Q.T.); Tel./Fax: +86-27-8369-3883 (J.-Z.W.); Tel.: +86-27-8369-2625 (Q.T.)
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97
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Depressive-like behaviour induced by an intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin in mice. Behav Pharmacol 2013; 24:79-86. [DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e32835efc2f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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98
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Tota S, Goel R, Pachauri SD, Rajasekar N, Najmi AK, Hanif K, Nath C. Effect of angiotensin II on spatial memory, cerebral blood flow, cholinergic neurotransmission, and brain derived neurotrophic factor in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013. [PMID: 23192311 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2913-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONAL Studies have shown the involvement of angiotensin II (Ang II) in neurobehavioral aspects, but the exact role of Ang II in memory is still ambiguous. OBJECTIVE This study explored the effect of central Ang II on spatial memory along with cholinergic neurotransmission, brain energy metabolism, cerebral blood flow (CBF), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in rats. METHODS Spatial memory was evaluated by Morris water maze (MWM) after Ang II (ICV) administration in male Sprague-Dawley rats. CBF was measured by laser Doppler flowmetry. Oxidative stress adenosine triphosphate (ATP), BDNF, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and acetylcholine (ACh) were estimated in the cortex and hippocampus at 1, 24, and 48 h after Ang II administration. The effect of AT1 and AT2 receptor blocker (candesartan and PD123,319, respectively), AChE inhibitor (donepezil), and antioxidant melatonin was studied on memory, CBF, and biochemical parameters. RESULTS Ang II caused spatial memory impairment by affecting acquisition, consolidation, and recall in the MWM test along with a significant reduction in CBF. Ang II significantly reduced ACh level and caused oxidative stress in the rat brain 1 h post-injection. No significant change was observed in BDNF, AChE, and ATP level. Candesartan and donepezil prevented Ang II-induced memory impairment, reduction in CBF and ACh level. However, PD123,319 and melatonin failed to prevent Ang II-induced memory impairment but improved CBF partially. CONCLUSION This study suggests that Ang II, via the AT1 receptor, affects spatial memory formation, CBF, and ACh level while AT2 receptor has no significant role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santoshkumar Tota
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Amelioration of cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration by catechin hydrate in rat model of streptozotocin-induced experimental dementia of Alzheimer’s type. Neurochem Int 2013; 62:492-501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Correlations between behavioural and oxidative parameters in a rat quinolinic acid model of Huntington's disease: protective effect of melatonin. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 701:65-72. [PMID: 23340221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to examine the correlations between behavioural and oxidative parameters in a quinolinic acid model of Huntington's disease in rats. The protective effect of melatonin against the excitotoxicity induced by quinolinic acid was investigated. Rats were pre-treated with melatonin (5 or 20mg/kg) before injection of quinolinic acid (240nmol/site; 1μl) into their right corpora striata. The locomotor and exploratory activities as well as the circling behaviour were recorded. The elevated body swing test was also performed. After behavioural experiments, biochemical determinations were carried out. Melatonin partially protected against the increase of circling behaviour caused by quinolinic acid injection. No alteration was found in the number of crossings and rearings of animals treated with melatonin and/or quinolinic acid. Melatonin decreased the percentage of contralateral biased swings induced by quinolinic acid. Melatonin protected against the increase in reactive species and protein carbonyl levels as well as the inhibition of superoxide dismutase activity resulting from quinolinic acid injection. Melatonin was partially effective against the inhibition of striatal catalase activity and a decrease of non-protein thiol levels induced by quinolinic acid. Melatonin was not effective against the inhibition of Na(+), K(+) ATPase activity caused by quinolinic acid injection. There were significant correlations between circling behaviour and oxidative parameters. The antioxidant property of melatonin is involved, at least in part, in its neuroprotective effect. The results reinforce the idea that melatonin could be useful in overwhelming neurotoxicity caused by quinolinic acid, a rat model of Huntington's disease.
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