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Haseloff RF, Dithmer S, Winkler L, Wolburg H, Blasig IE. Transmembrane proteins of the tight junctions at the blood-brain barrier: structural and functional aspects. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 38:16-25. [PMID: 25433243 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is formed by microvascular endothelial cells sealed by tetraspanning tight junction (TJ) proteins, such as claudins and TAMPs (TJ-associated marvel proteins, occludin and tricellulin). Claudins are the major components of the TJs. At the BBB, claudin-5 dominates the TJs by preventing the paracellular permeation of small molecules. On the other hand, TAMPs regulate the structure and function of the TJs; tricellulin may tighten the barrier for large molecules. This review aims at integrating and summarizing the most relevant and recent work on how the BBB is influenced by claudin-1, -3, -5, -12 and the TAMPs occludin and tricellulin, all of which are four-transmembrane TJ proteins. The exact functions of claudin-1, -3, -12 and TAMPs at this barrier still need to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiner F Haseloff
- Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, Robert Roessle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophie Dithmer
- Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, Robert Roessle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Winkler
- Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, Robert Roessle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hartwig Wolburg
- Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, Robert Roessle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingolf E Blasig
- Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, Robert Roessle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
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Wan WB, Cao L, Liu LM, Kalionis B, Chen C, Tai XT, Li YM, Xia SJ. EGb761 provides a protective effect against Aβ1-42 oligomer-induced cell damage and blood-brain barrier disruption in an in vitro bEnd.3 endothelial model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113126. [PMID: 25426944 PMCID: PMC4245095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of senile dementia which is characterized by abnormal amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation and deposition in brain parenchyma and cerebral capillaries, and leads to blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Despite great progress in understanding the etiology of AD, the underlying pathogenic mechanism of BBB damage is still unclear, and no effective treatment has been devised. The standard Ginkgo biloba extract EGb761 has been widely used as a potential cognitive enhancer for the treatment of AD. However, the cellular mechanism underlying the effect remain to be clarified. In this study, we employed an immortalized endothelial cell line (bEnd.3) and incubation of Aβ1–42 oligomer, to mimic a monolayer BBB model under conditions found in the AD brain. We investigated the effect of EGb761 on BBB and found that Aβ1–42 oligomer-induced cell injury, apoptosis, and generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), were attenuated by treatment with EGb761. Moreover, treatment of the cells with EGb761 decreased BBB permeability and increased tight junction scaffold protein levels including ZO-1, Claudin-5 and Occludin. We also found that the Aβ1–42 oligomer-induced upregulation of the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE), which mediates Aβ cytotoxicity and plays an essential role in AD progression, was significantly decreased by treatment with EGb761. To our knowledge, we provide the first direct in vitro evidence of an effect of EGb761 on the brain endothelium exposed to Aβ1–42 oligomer, and on the expression of tight junction (TJ) scaffold proteins and RAGE. Our results provide a new insight into a possible mechanism of action of EGb761. This study provides a rational basis for the therapeutic application of EGb761 in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-bin Wan
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu-mei Liu
- Geriatrics Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bill Kalionis
- Department of Perinatal Medicine Pregnancy Research Centre and University of Melbourne Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Chuan Chen
- Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian-tao Tai
- School of Acupuncture, Massage and Rehabilitation, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Ya-ming Li
- Geriatrics Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (YML); (SJX)
| | - Shi-jin Xia
- Shanghai Institute of Geriatrics, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (YML); (SJX)
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Secretions from placenta, after hypoxia/reoxygenation, can damage developing neurones of brain under experimental conditions. Exp Neurol 2014; 261:386-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Cohen SS, Powers BR, Lerch-Gaggl A, Teng RJ, Konduri GG. Impaired cerebral angiogenesis in the fetal lamb model of persistent pulmonary hypertension. Int J Dev Neurosci 2014; 38:113-8. [PMID: 25172169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) is associated with increased risk of neuro-developmental impairments. Whether relative fetal hypoxia during evolution of PPHN renders the fetal brain vulnerable to perinatal brain injury remains unclear. We hypothesized that in utero ductal constriction, which induces PPHN also impairs cerebral angiogenesis. METHODS Fetal lambs with PPHN induced by prenatal ligation of the ductus arteriosus were compared to gestation matched twin controls. Freshly collected or fixed brain specimens were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, Western blot analysis, and RT-PCR. RESULTS Cortical capillary density was decreased in PPHN lambs compared to controls (Glut-1, isolectin B-4 and factor VIII, n=6, p<0.05). Hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein levels were decreased in cortical cell lysates of PPHN lambs. PPHN increased angiopoetin-1 (Ang-1) and tyrosine-protein kinase receptor (Tie-2) protein expression while angiopoetin-2 (Ang-2) protein levels were decreased (n=6, p<0.05). PPHN did not change mRNA levels of these proteins significantly (n=6). CONCLUSIONS PPHN decreased cortical capillary density in fetal lamb brain. PPHN decreased the expression of proteins involved in angiogenesis. These findings suggest that PPHN is associated with impaired cortical angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan S Cohen
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, WI 53226, USA.
| | - Bethany R Powers
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, WI 53226, USA
| | - Alexandra Lerch-Gaggl
- Department of Pathology, Division of Pediatric Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, WI 53226, USA
| | - Ru-Jeng Teng
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, WI 53226, USA
| | - Girija Ganesh Konduri
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, WI 53226, USA
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Ischemia/Reperfusion-induced neovascularization in the cerebral cortex of the ovine fetus. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2014; 73:495-506. [PMID: 24806298 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Information on the effects of injury on neovascularization in the immature brain is limited. We investigated the effects of ischemia on cerebral cortex neovascularization after the exposure of fetuses to 30 minutes of cerebral ischemia followed by 48 hours of reperfusion (I/R-48), 30 minutes of cerebral ischemia followed by 72 hours of reperfusion (I/R-72), or sham control treatment (Non-I/R). Immunohistochemical and morphometric analyses of cerebral cortex sections included immunostaining for glial fibrillary acidic protein and collagen type IV (a molecular component of the vascular basal lamina) to determine the glial vascular network in fetal brains and Ki67 as a proliferation marker. Cerebral cortices from I/R-48 and I/R-72 fetuses exhibited general responses to ischemia, including reactive astrocyte morphology, which was not observed in Non-I/R fetuses. Cell bodies of reactive proliferating astrocytes, along with large end-feet, surrounded the walls of cerebral cortex microvessels in addition to the thick collagen type IV-enriched basal lamina. Morphometric analysis of the Non-I/R group with the I/R-48 and I/R-72 groups revealed increased collagen type IV density in I/R-72 cerebral cortex microvessels (p < 0.01), which also frequently displayed a sprouting appearance characterized by growing tip cells and activated pericytes. Increases in cerebral cortex basic fibroblast growth factor were associated with neovascularization. We conclude that increased neovascularization in fetal cerebral cortices occurs within 72 hours of ischemia.
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Muthusamy A, Lin CM, Shanmugam S, Lindner HM, Abcouwer SF, Antonetti DA. Ischemia-reperfusion injury induces occludin phosphorylation/ubiquitination and retinal vascular permeability in a VEGFR-2-dependent manner. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:522-31. [PMID: 24398936 PMCID: PMC3948134 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Retinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) induces neurodegenaration as well as blood-retinal barrier (BRB) breakdown causing vascular permeability. Whereas the neuronal death has been extensively studied, the molecular mechanisms related to BRB breakdown in IR injury remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the early changes in tight junctional (TJ) proteins in response to IR injury. Ischemia-reperfusion injury was induced in male rat retinas by increasing the intraocular pressure for 45 minutes followed by natural reperfusion. The results demonstrate that IR injury induced occludin Ser490 phosphorylation and ubiquitination within 15 minutes of reperfusion with subsequent vascular permeability. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed a rapid increase in occludin Ser490 phosphorylation and loss of Zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) protein, particularly in arterioles. Ischemia-reperfusion injury also rapidly induced the activation and phosphorylation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) at tyrosine 1175. Blocking vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) function by intravitreal injection of bevacizumab prevented VEGFR-2 activation, occludin phosphorylation, and vascular permeability. These studies suggest a novel mechanism of occludin Ser490 phosphorylation and ubiquitination downstream of VEGFR2 activation associated with early IR-induced vascular permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arivalagan Muthusamy
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Cheng-Mao Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sumathi Shanmugam
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Heather M Lindner
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Steven F Abcouwer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - David A Antonetti
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Alluri H, Stagg HW, Wilson RL, Clayton RP, Sawant DA, Koneru M, Beeram MR, Davis ML, Tharakan B. Reactive Oxygen Species-Caspase-3 Relationship in Mediating Blood-Brain Barrier Endothelial Cell Hyperpermeability Following Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation and Reoxygenation. Microcirculation 2014; 21:187-95. [DOI: 10.1111/micc.12110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Himakarnika Alluri
- Departments of Surgery and Pediatrics; Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine and Scott & White Healthcare; Temple Texas USA
| | - Hayden W. Stagg
- Departments of Surgery and Pediatrics; Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine and Scott & White Healthcare; Temple Texas USA
| | - Rickesha L. Wilson
- Departments of Surgery and Pediatrics; Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine and Scott & White Healthcare; Temple Texas USA
| | - Robert P. Clayton
- Departments of Surgery and Pediatrics; Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine and Scott & White Healthcare; Temple Texas USA
| | - Devendra A. Sawant
- Departments of Surgery and Pediatrics; Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine and Scott & White Healthcare; Temple Texas USA
| | - Madhavi Koneru
- Departments of Surgery and Pediatrics; Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine and Scott & White Healthcare; Temple Texas USA
| | - Madhava R. Beeram
- Departments of Surgery and Pediatrics; Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine and Scott & White Healthcare; Temple Texas USA
| | - Matthew L. Davis
- Departments of Surgery and Pediatrics; Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine and Scott & White Healthcare; Temple Texas USA
| | - Binu Tharakan
- Departments of Surgery and Pediatrics; Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine and Scott & White Healthcare; Temple Texas USA
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Gene-environment interactions in severe intraventricular hemorrhage of preterm neonates. Pediatr Res 2014; 75:241-50. [PMID: 24192699 PMCID: PMC3946468 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2013.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) of the preterm neonate is a complex developmental disorder, with contributions from both the environment and the genome. IVH, or hemorrhage into the germinal matrix of the developing brain with secondary periventricular infarction, occurs in that critical period of time before the 32nd to 33rd wk postconception and has been attributed to changes in cerebral blood flow to the immature germinal matrix microvasculature. Emerging data suggest that genes subserving coagulation, inflammatory, and vascular pathways and their interactions with environmental triggers may influence both the incidence and severity of cerebral injury and are the subject of this review. Polymorphisms in the Factor V Leiden gene are associated with the atypical timing of IVH, suggesting an as yet unknown environmental trigger. The methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) variants render neonates more vulnerable to cerebral injury in the presence of perinatal hypoxia. The present study demonstrates that the MTHFR 677C>T polymorphism and low 5-min Apgar score additively increase the risk of IVH. Finally, review of published preclinical data suggests the stressors of delivery result in hemorrhage in the presence of mutations in collagen 4A1, a major structural protein of the developing cerebral vasculature. Maternal genetics and fetal environment may also play a role.
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