51
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Capurro V, Busquet P, Lopes JP, Bertorelli R, Tarozzo G, Bolognesi ML, Piomelli D, Reggiani A, Cavalli A. Pharmacological characterization of memoquin, a multi-target compound for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56870. [PMID: 23441223 PMCID: PMC3575497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by progressive loss of cognitive function, dementia and altered behavior. Over 30 million people worldwide suffer from AD and available therapies are still palliative rather than curative. Recently, Memoquin (MQ), a quinone-bearing polyamine compound, has emerged as a promising anti-AD lead candidate, mainly thanks to its multi-target profile. MQ acts as an acetylcholinesterase and β-secretase-1 inhibitor, and also possesses anti-amyloid and anti-oxidant properties. Despite this potential interest, in vivo behavioral studies with MQ have been limited. Here, we report on in vivo studies with MQ (acute and sub-chronic treatments; 7–15 mg/kg per os) carried out using two different mouse models: i) scopolamine- and ii) beta-amyloid peptide- (Aβ-) induced amnesia. Several aspects related to memory were examined using the T-maze, the Morris water maze, the novel object recognition, and the passive avoidance tasks. At the dose of 15 mg/kg, MQ was able to rescue all tested aspects of cognitive impairment including spatial, episodic, aversive, short and long-term memory in both scopolamine- and Aβ-induced amnesia models. Furthermore, when tested in primary cortical neurons, MQ was able to fully prevent the Aβ-induced neurotoxicity mediated by oxidative stress. The results support the effectiveness of MQ as a cognitive enhancer, and highlight the value of a multi-target strategy to address the complex nature of cognitive dysfunction in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Capurro
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Perrine Busquet
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Joao Pedro Lopes
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Rosalia Bertorelli
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Glauco Tarozzo
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Daniele Piomelli
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, United States of America
| | - Angelo Reggiani
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavalli
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Bologna University, Bologna, Italy
- * E-mail:
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52
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Tenti G, Egea J, Villarroya M, León R, Fernández JC, Padín JF, Sridharan V, Ramos MT, Menéndez JC. Identification of 4,6-diaryl-1,4-dihydropyridines as a new class of neuroprotective agents. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md20345j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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53
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Propargylamine-derived multitarget-directed ligands: fighting Alzheimer’s disease with monoamine oxidase inhibitors. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2012; 120:893-902. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-012-0948-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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54
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Geldenhuys WJ, Van der Schyf CJ. Designing drugs with multi-target activity: the next step in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 8:115-29. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.744746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Werner J Geldenhuys
- Northeast Ohio Medical University, College of Pharmacy, Neurotherapeutics Emphasis Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Rootstown, 4209 State Route 44, P.O. Box 95, OH 44272, USA ;
| | - Cornelis J Van der Schyf
- Northeast Ohio Medical University, College of Pharmacy, Neurotherapeutics Emphasis Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Rootstown, 4209 State Route 44, P.O. Box 95, OH 44272, USA ;
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55
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Simoni E, Daniele S, Bottegoni G, Pizzirani D, Trincavelli ML, Goldoni L, Tarozzo G, Reggiani A, Martini C, Piomelli D, Melchiorre C, Rosini M, Cavalli A. Combining Galantamine and Memantine in Multitargeted, New Chemical Entities Potentially Useful in Alzheimer’s Disease. J Med Chem 2012; 55:9708-21. [DOI: 10.1021/jm3009458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Simoni
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163
Genova, Italy
- Department
of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum − Bologna University, via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Simona Daniele
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163
Genova, Italy
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurobiology,
Pharmacology and Biotechnology, University of Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bottegoni
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163
Genova, Italy
| | - Daniela Pizzirani
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163
Genova, Italy
| | - Maria L. Trincavelli
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurobiology,
Pharmacology and Biotechnology, University of Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Goldoni
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163
Genova, Italy
| | - Glauco Tarozzo
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163
Genova, Italy
| | - Angelo Reggiani
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163
Genova, Italy
| | - Claudia Martini
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurobiology,
Pharmacology and Biotechnology, University of Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163
Genova, Italy
- Departments of Pharmacology
and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine 92697-4621, United States
| | - Carlo Melchiorre
- Department
of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum − Bologna University, via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Michela Rosini
- Department
of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum − Bologna University, via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavalli
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163
Genova, Italy
- Department
of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum − Bologna University, via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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56
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Van der Schyf CJ. The use of multi-target drugs in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2012; 4:293-8. [PMID: 22114774 DOI: 10.1586/ecp.11.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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57
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Jiaranaikulwanitch J, Govitrapong P, Fokin VV, Vajragupta O. From BACE1 inhibitor to multifunctionality of tryptoline and tryptamine triazole derivatives for Alzheimer's disease. Molecules 2012; 17:8312-33. [PMID: 22781443 PMCID: PMC3618987 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17078312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Efforts to discover new drugs for Alzheimer’s disease emphasizing multiple targets was conducted seeking to inhibit amyloid oligomer formation and to prevent radical formation. The tryptoline and tryptamine cores of BACE1 inhibitors previously identified by virtual screening were modified in silico for additional modes of action. These core structures were readily linked to different side chains using 1,2,3-triazole rings as bridges by copper catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reactions. Three compounds among the sixteen designed compounds exerted multifunctional activities including β-secretase inhibitory action, anti-amyloid aggregation, metal chelating and antioxidant effects at micromolar levels. The neuroprotective effects of the multifunctional compounds 6h, 12c and 12h on Aβ1-42 induced neuronal cell death at 1 μM were significantly greater than those of the potent single target compound, BACE1 inhibitor IV and were comparable to curcumin. The observed synergistic effect resulting from the reduction of the Aβ1-42 neurotoxicity cascade substantiates the validity of our multifunctional strategy in drug discovery for Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutamas Jiaranaikulwanitch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayudhya Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Piyarat Govitrapong
- Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama VI Road, Rajathevi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Valery V. Fokin
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10500 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Opa Vajragupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayudhya Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +66-2-644-8677; Fax: +66-2-644-8695
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58
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Dunkel P, Chai CL, Sperlágh B, Huleatt PB, Mátyus P. Clinical utility of neuroprotective agents in neurodegenerative diseases: current status of drug development for Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 21:1267-308. [PMID: 22741814 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2012.703178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION According to the definition of the Committee to Identify Neuroprotective Agents in Parkinson's Disease (CINAPS), "neuroprotection would be any intervention that favourably influences the disease process or underlying pathogenesis to produce enduring benefits for patients" [Meissner W, et al. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2004;25:249-253]. Preferably, neuroprotective agents should be used before or eventually during the prodromal phase of the diseases that could start decades before the appearance of symptoms. Although several symptomatic drugs are available, a disease-modifying agent is still elusive. AREAS COVERED The aim of the present review is to give an overview of neuroprotective agents being currently investigated for the treatment of AD, PD, HD and ALS in clinical phases. EXPERT OPINION Development of effective neuroprotective therapies resulting in clinically meaningful results is hampered by several factors in all research stages, both conceptual and methodological. Novel solutions might be offered by evaluation of new targets throughout clinical studies, therapies emerging from drug repositioning approaches, multi-target approaches and network pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Dunkel
- Semmelweis University, Department of Organic Chemistry, Budapest, Hungary
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59
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Bajda M, Kuder KJ, Łażewska D, Kieć-Kononowicz K, Więckowska A, Ignasik M, Guzior N, Jończyk J, Malawska B. Dual-Acting Diether Derivatives of Piperidine and Homopiperidine with Histamine H3 Receptor Antagonistic and Anticholinesterase Activity. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2012; 345:591-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201200018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Antequera D, Bolos M, Spuch C, Pascual C, Ferrer I, Fernandez-Bachiller MI, Rodríguez-Franco MI, Carro E. Effects of a tacrine-8-hydroxyquinoline hybrid (IQM-622) on Aβ accumulation and cell death: involvement in hippocampal neuronal loss in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 46:682-91. [PMID: 22426395 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have implicated the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) as well as several biometals in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). A multifunctional molecule, the hybrid tacrine-8-hydroxyquinoline (named IQM-622), displays cholinergic, antioxidant, copper-complexing and neuroprotective properties. Using in vitro and in vivo models, we investigated the modulating effects of IQM-622 on amyloid β-protein (Aβ)-induced pathology as well as on chemically induced neurodegeneration by domoic acid. In the first experimental model, we observed a significant decrease in brain Aβ deposits in IQM-622-treated APP/Ps1 mice for four weeks. Moreover, IQM-622 promoted the degradation of intracellular Aβ in astrocytes, and protected against Aβ toxicity in cultured astrocytes and neurons. These findings suggest that the neuroprotective effect of IQM-622 is not only related to AChE inhibition, but also involves other mechanisms, including the modulation of Aβ-degradation pathways in AD brain. In this study we also compare the neuronal loss in CA1 hippocampal field of AD patients and of mice treated with domoic acid, giving similar patterns. Thus, we used a second experimental model by killing hippocampal neurons by domoic acid damage, in which IQM-622 increased survival in the CA1 and dentate gyrus regions of the hippocampus. Our observations suggest that administration of IQM-622 may have significant beneficial effects in neurodegenerative diseases, including AD, which course with acute or progressive neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desiree Antequera
- Neuroscience Group, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre i+12, Madrid, Spain
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61
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Tang H, Zhao HT, Zhong SM, Wang ZY, Chen ZF, Liang H. Novel oxoisoaporphine-based inhibitors of acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase-induced beta-amyloid aggregation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:2257-61. [PMID: 22341944 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.01.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 01/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huang Tang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, PR China
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62
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Fernández-Bachiller MI, Pérez C, Monjas L, Rademann J, Rodríguez-Franco MI. New Tacrine–4-Oxo-4H-chromene Hybrids as Multifunctional Agents for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease, with Cholinergic, Antioxidant, and β-Amyloid-Reducing Properties. J Med Chem 2012; 55:1303-17. [DOI: 10.1021/jm201460y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María Isabel Fernández-Bachiller
- Instituto de Química
Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP),
Campus Berlin-Buch, Robert-Rössle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin,
Germany
| | - Concepción Pérez
- Instituto de Química
Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Leticia Monjas
- Instituto de Química
Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jörg Rademann
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP),
Campus Berlin-Buch, Robert-Rössle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin,
Germany
- Medicinal Chemistry,
Institute
of Pharmacy, Leipzig University, Brüderstrasse
34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - María Isabel Rodríguez-Franco
- Instituto de Química
Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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63
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Bolognesi ML, Chiriano G, Bartolini M, Mancini F, Bottegoni G, Maestri V, Czvitkovich S, Windisch M, Cavalli A, Minarini A, Rosini M, Tumiatti V, Andrisano V, Melchiorre C. Synthesis of Monomeric Derivatives To Probe Memoquin’s Bivalent Interactions. J Med Chem 2011; 54:8299-304. [DOI: 10.1021/jm200691d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura Bolognesi
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro
6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - GianPaolo Chiriano
- Statistical and Biological Physics
Sector, SISSA-ISAS, Via Bonomea 265, 34136
Trieste, Italy
| | - Manuela Bartolini
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro
6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Mancini
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro
6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bottegoni
- Department
of Drug Discovery and
Development, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Valentina Maestri
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro
6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Andrea Cavalli
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro
6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Department
of Drug Discovery and
Development, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Anna Minarini
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro
6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Michela Rosini
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro
6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Tumiatti
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro
6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenza Andrisano
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro
6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlo Melchiorre
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro
6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Abstract
The treatment of moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease is reviewed with regard to mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, metabolism, safety/tolerability, and efficacy in reducing cognitive, behavioral/psychiatric, functional and global symptoms. The cholinesterase inhibitors donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine and the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor channel blocker memantine are moderately beneficial. Small improvements over a few months are followed by slowed mental decline. Concerning cognitive, functional and global functions, these drugs are similarly effective. Cholinesterase inhibitors also reduce apathy, memantine counteracts agitation and aggression. Serious adverse effects are rare with all four drugs. Cholinesterase inhibitors bear a risk for patients with cardiac diseases. Adverse emetic events are typical for oral formulations of these drugs, but less for rivastigmine transdermal patches. Other routes of administration and use of a galantamine prodrug are currently investigated. The superiority of combination therapies over monotherapies requires further support. Promising investigational drugs include the copper/zinc ionophore PBT2 and multifunctional hybrid molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Hardeland
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Berliner Str. 28, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
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65
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Hybrids of oxoisoaporphine-tacrine congeners: Novel acetylcholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase-induced β-amyloid aggregation inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:4970-9. [PMID: 21871694 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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66
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Bottegoni G, Favia AD, Recanatini M, Cavalli A. The role of fragment-based and computational methods in polypharmacology. Drug Discov Today 2011; 17:23-34. [PMID: 21864710 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polypharmacology-based strategies are gaining increased attention as a novel approach to obtaining potentially innovative medicines for multifactorial diseases. However, some within the pharmaceutical community have resisted these strategies because they can be resource-hungry in the early stages of the drug discovery process. Here, we report on fragment-based and computational methods that might accelerate and optimize the discovery of multitarget drugs. In particular, we illustrate that fragment-based approaches can be particularly suited for polypharmacology, owing to the inherent promiscuous nature of fragments. In parallel, we explain how computer-assisted protocols can provide invaluable insights into how to unveil compounds theoretically able to bind to more than one protein. Furthermore, several pragmatic aspects related to the use of these approaches are covered, thus offering the reader practical insights on multitarget-oriented drug discovery projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Bottegoni
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development (D3), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, I-16163 Genoa, Italy
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67
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León R, Garcia AG, Marco-Contelles J. Recent advances in the multitarget-directed ligands approach for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Med Res Rev 2011; 33:139-89. [PMID: 21793014 DOI: 10.1002/med.20248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
With 27 million cases worldwide documented in 2006, Alzheimer's disease (AD) constitutes an overwhelming health, social, economic, and political problem to nations. Unless a new medicine capable to delay disease progression is found, the number of cases will reach 107 million in 2050. So far, the therapeutic paradigm one-compound-one-target has failed. This could be due to the multiple pathogenic mechanisms involved in AD including amyloid β (Aβ) aggregation to form plaques, τ hyperphosphorylation to disrupt microtubule to form neurofibrillary tangles, calcium imbalance, enhanced oxidative stress, impaired mitochondrial function, apoptotic neuronal death, and deterioration of synaptic transmission, particularly at cholinergic neurons. Approximately 100 compounds are presently been investigated directed to single targets, namely inhibitors of β and γ secretase, vaccines or antibodies that clear Aβ, metal chelators to inhibit Aβ aggregation, blockers of glycogen synthase kinase 3β, enhancers of mitochondrial function, antioxidants, modulators of calcium-permeable channels such as voltage-dependent calcium channels, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors for glutamate, or enhancers of cholinergic neurotransmission such as inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase or butyrylcholinesterase. In view of this complex pathogenic mechanisms, and the successful treatment of chronic diseases such as HIV or cancer, with multiple drugs having complementary mechanisms of action, the concern is growing that AD could better be treated with a single compound targeting two or more of the pathogenic mechanisms leading to neuronal death. This review summarizes the current therapeutic strategies based on the paradigm one-compound-various targets to treat AD. A treatment that delays disease onset and/or progression by 5 years could halve the number of people requiring institutionalization and/or dying from AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael León
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Lensfield road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom.
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68
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Multitargeted drugs discovery: Balancing anti-amyloid and anticholinesterase capacity in a single chemical entity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:2655-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.12.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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69
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The emergence of designed multiple ligands for neurodegenerative disorders. Prog Neurobiol 2011; 94:347-59. [PMID: 21536094 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of neurodegenerative diseases has seen a constant increase in the global population, and is likely to be the result of extended life expectancy brought about by better health care. Despite this increase in the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases, there has been a dearth in the introduction of new disease-modifying therapies that are approved to prevent or delay the onset of these diseases, or reverse the degenerative processes in brain. Mounting evidence in the peer-reviewed literature shows that the etiopathology of these diseases is extremely complex and heterogeneous, resulting in significant comorbidity and therefore unlikely to be mitigated by any drug acting on a single pathway or target. A recent trend in drug design and discovery is the rational design or serendipitous discovery of novel drug entities with the ability to address multiple drug targets that form part of the complex pathophysiology of a particular disease state. In this review we discuss the rationale for developing such multifunctional drugs (also called designed multiple ligands or DMLs), and why these drug candidates seem to offer better outcomes in many cases compared to single-targeted drugs in pre-clinical studies for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Examples are drawn from the literature of drug candidates that have already reached the market, some unsuccessful attempts, and others that are still in the drug development pipeline.
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Ortega A, Rincón Á, Jiménez-Aliaga KL, Bermejo-Bescós P, Martín-Aragón S, Molina MT, Csákÿ AG. Synthesis and evaluation of arylquinones as BACE1 inhibitors, β-amyloid peptide aggregation inhibitors, and destabilizers of preformed β-amyloid fibrils. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:2183-7. [PMID: 21441028 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACE1 activity, inhibition of Aβ aggregation, and disaggregation of preformed Aβ fibrils constitute the three major targets in the development of small-molecule lipophilic new drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Quinones are widely distributed among natural products and possess relevant and varied biological activities including antitumor and antibiotic, inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, antidiabetic, or COX-inhibition, among others. We report herein the interaction of several arylquinones and their derivatives with the amyloidogenic pathway of the amyloid precursor protein processing. Our studies put forward that these compounds are promising candidates in the development of new drugs which are effective simultaneously towards the three major targets of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ortega
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, E28040 Madrid, Spain
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71
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Terry AV, Callahan PM, Hall B, Webster SJ. Alzheimer's disease and age-related memory decline (preclinical). Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 99:190-210. [PMID: 21315756 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
An unfortunate result of the rapid rise in geriatric populations worldwide is the increasing prevalence of age-related cognitive disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is a devastating neurodegenerative illness that is characterized by a profound impairment of cognitive function, marked physical disability, and an enormous economic burden on the afflicted individual, caregivers, and society in general. The rise in elderly populations is also resulting in an increase in individuals with related (potentially treatable) conditions such as "Mild Cognitive Impairment" (MCI) which is characterized by a less severe (but abnormal) level of cognitive impairment and a high-risk for developing dementia. Even in the absence of a diagnosable disorder of cognition (e.g., AD and MCI), the perception of increased forgetfulness and declining mental function is a clear source of apprehension in the elderly. This is a valid concern given that even a modest impairment of cognitive function is likely to be associated with significant disability in a rapidly evolving, technology-based society. Unfortunately, the currently available therapies designed to improve cognition (i.e., for AD and other forms of dementia) are limited by modest efficacy and adverse side effects, and their effects on cognitive function are not sustained over time. Accordingly, it is incumbent on the scientific community to develop safer and more effective therapies that improve and/or sustain cognitive function in the elderly allowing them to remain mentally active and productive for as long as possible. As diagnostic criteria for memory disorders evolve, the demand for pro-cognitive therapeutic agents is likely to surpass AD and dementia to include MCI and potentially even less severe forms of memory decline. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the contemporary therapeutic targets and preclinical pharmacologic approaches (with representative drug examples) designed to enhance memory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin V Terry
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Small Animal Behavior Core, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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72
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Brunhofer G, Studenik C, Ecker GF, Erker T. Synthesis, spasmolytic activity and structure–activity relationship study of a series of polypharmacological thiobenzanilides. Eur J Pharm Sci 2011; 42:37-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2010.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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73
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Bongarzone S, Tran HNA, Cavalli A, Roberti M, Carloni P, Legname G, Bolognesi ML. Parallel Synthesis, Evaluation, and Preliminary Structure−Activity Relationship of 2,5-Diamino-1,4-benzoquinones as a Novel Class of Bivalent Anti-Prion Compound. J Med Chem 2010; 53:8197-201. [DOI: 10.1021/jm100882t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Bongarzone
- Statistical and Biological Physics Sector, Neurobiology Sector, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
- Italian Institute of Technology, SISSA-ISAS Unit, 34151 Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Cavalli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Italian Institute of Technology, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Marinella Roberti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Carloni
- Statistical and Biological Physics Sector, Neurobiology Sector, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
- Italian Institute of Technology, SISSA-ISAS Unit, 34151 Trieste, Italy
- CNR-INFM-DEMOCRITOS Modeling Center for Research in Atomistic Simulation, 34151 Trieste, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Legname
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Bolognesi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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74
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Mangialasche F, Solomon A, Winblad B, Mecocci P, Kivipelto M. Alzheimer's disease: clinical trials and drug development. Lancet Neurol 2010; 9:702-16. [PMID: 20610346 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(10)70119-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 829] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia in elderly people. Research into Alzheimer's disease therapy has been at least partly successful in terms of developing symptomatic treatments, but has also had several failures in terms of developing disease-modifying therapies. These successes and failures have led to debate about the potential deficiencies in our understanding of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and potential pitfalls in diagnosis, choice of therapeutic targets, development of drug candidates, and design of clinical trials. Many clinical and experimental studies are ongoing, but we need to acknowledge that a single cure for Alzheimer's disease is unlikely to be found and that the approach to drug development for this disorder needs to be reconsidered. Preclinical research is constantly providing us with new information on pieces of the complex Alzheimer's disease puzzle, and an analysis of this information might reveal patterns of pharmacological interactions instead of single potential drug targets. Several promising randomised controlled trials are ongoing, and the increased collaboration between pharmaceutical companies, basic researchers, and clinical researchers has the potential to bring us closer to developing an optimum pharmaceutical approach for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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75
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Fernández-Bachiller MI, Pérez C, González-Muñoz GC, Conde S, López MG, Villarroya M, García AG, Rodríguez-Franco MI. Novel Tacrine−8-Hydroxyquinoline Hybrids as Multifunctional Agents for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease, with Neuroprotective, Cholinergic, Antioxidant, and Copper-Complexing Properties. J Med Chem 2010; 53:4927-37. [DOI: 10.1021/jm100329q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Concepción Pérez
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema C. González-Muñoz
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Conde
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuela G. López
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina
| | - Mercedes Villarroya
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina
| | - Antonio G. García
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina
- Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Diego de León 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Isabel Rodríguez-Franco
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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76
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Melchiorre C, Bolognesi ML, Minarini A, Rosini M, Tumiatti V. Polyamines in Drug Discovery: From the Universal Template Approach to the Multitarget-Directed Ligand Design Strategy. J Med Chem 2010; 53:5906-14. [DOI: 10.1021/jm100293f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Melchiorre
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Bolognesi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Minarini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Michela Rosini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Tumiatti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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77
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Bartolini M, Andrisano V. Strategies for the Inhibition of Protein Aggregation in Human Diseases. Chembiochem 2010; 11:1018-35. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200900666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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78
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Unveiling the role of network and systems biology in drug discovery. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2010; 31:115-23. [PMID: 20117850 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Revised: 11/22/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Network and systems biology offer a novel way of approaching drug discovery by developing models that consider the global physiological environment of protein targets, and the effects of modifying them, without losing the key molecular details. Here we review some recent advances in network and systems biology applied to human health, and discuss how they can have a big impact on some of the most interesting areas of drug discovery. In particular, we claim that network biology will play a central part in the development of novel polypharmacology strategies to fight complex multifactorial diseases, where efficacious therapies will need to center on altering entire pathways rather than single proteins. We briefly present new developments in the two areas where we believe network and system biology strategies are more likely to have an immediate contribution: predictive toxicology and drug repurposing.
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79
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Bolognesi ML, Cavalli A, Bergamini C, Fato R, Lenaz G, Rosini M, Bartolini M, Andrisano V, Melchiorre C. Toward a rational design of multitarget-directed antioxidants: merging memoquin and lipoic acid molecular frameworks. J Med Chem 2009; 52:7883-6. [PMID: 19813747 DOI: 10.1021/jm901123n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Novel multitargeted antioxidants 3-6 were designed by combining the antioxidant features, namely, a benzoquinone fragment and a lipoyl function, of two multifunctional lead candidates. They were then evaluated to determine their profile against Alzheimer's disease. They showed antioxidant activity, improved following enzymatic reduction, in mitochondria and T67 cell line. They also displayed a balanced inhibitory profile against amyloid-beta aggregation and acetylcholinesterase, emerging as promising molecules for neuroprotectant lead discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura Bolognesi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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80
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Investigation of the photostability properties of memoquin, a quinone derivative for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 50:164-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 04/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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81
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Bolognesi ML, Bartolini M, Rosini M, Andrisano V, Melchiorre C. Structure–activity relationships of memoquin: Influence of the chain chirality in the multi-target mechanism of action. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:4312-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.05.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Revised: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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82
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Bolognesi ML, Matera R, Minarini A, Rosini M, Melchiorre C. Alzheimer's disease: new approaches to drug discovery. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2009; 13:303-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.04.619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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83
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Zanzoni A, Soler-López M, Aloy P. A network medicine approach to human disease. FEBS Lett 2009; 583:1759-65. [PMID: 19269289 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput interaction discovery initiatives are providing thousands of novel protein interactions which are unveiling many unexpected links between apparently unrelated biological processes. In particular, analyses of the first draft human interactomes highlight a strong association between protein network connectivity and disease. Indeed, recent exciting studies have exploited the information contained within protein networks to disclose some of the molecular mechanisms underlying complex pathological processes. These findings suggest that both protein-protein interactions and the networks themselves could emerge as a new class of targetable entities, boosting the quest for novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Zanzoni
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine and Barcelona Supercomputing Center, c/ Baldiri i Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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