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Birrer MJ, Moore KN, Betella I, Bates RC. Antibody-Drug Conjugate-Based Therapeutics: State of the Science. J Natl Cancer Inst 2020; 111:538-549. [PMID: 30859213 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djz035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are complex engineered therapeutics consisting of monoclonal antibodies, directed toward tumor-associated antigens, to which highly potent cytotoxic agents are attached using chemical linkers. This targeted drug delivery strategy couples the precision of the antibody targeting moiety with the cytocidal activity of the payload, which is generally too toxic on its own to be systemically administered. In this manner, ADCs confer a means to reduce off-target toxicities in patients by limiting the exposure of normal tissues to the payload, thus broadening the potential therapeutic window compared with traditional chemotherapy. The pace of ADC development is accelerating, with the number of investigational agents in human trials having more than tripled over the past 5 years, underscoring the enthusiasm for this transformative approach to cancer treatment. Here, we review the key structural elements of ADC design (antibody, linker, and payload), highlighting critical aspects and technological advances that have affected the clinical effectiveness of this class of biopharmaceuticals. The ADC field continues to evolve, including ongoing efforts aimed at improving target selection, developing payloads with varied mechanisms of action and increased potency, designing innovative bioconjugation strategies, as well as maximizing efficacy and tolerability in patients. An overview of the current clinical trial landscape is provided, with emphasis on the clinical experience of the four ADCs to have received regulatory approval to date, as well as additional promising candidates currently in late-stage clinical development in both solid tumor and hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Birrer
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center, Birmingham, AL
| | - Kathleen N Moore
- Stephenson Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oklahoma Cancer Center at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK.,Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN
| | - Ilaria Betella
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center, Birmingham, AL
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Amani N, Dorkoosh FA, Mobedi H. ADCs, as Novel Revolutionary Weapons for Providing a Step Forward in Targeted Therapy of Malignancies. Curr Drug Deliv 2020; 17:23-51. [DOI: 10.2174/1567201816666191121145109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
:Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs), as potent pharmaceutical trojan horses for cancer treatment, provide superior efficacy and specific targeting along with low risk of adverse reactions compared to traditional chemotherapeutics. In fact, the development of these agents combines the selective targeting capability of monoclonal antibody (mAb) with high cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutics for controlling the neoplastic mass growth. Different ADCs (more than 60 ADCs) in preclinical and clinical trials were introduced in this novel pharmaceutical field. Various design-based factors must be taken into account for improving the functionality of ADC technology, including selection of appropriate target antigen and high binding affinity of fragment (miniaturized ADCs) or full mAbs (preferentially use of humanized or fully human antibodies compared to murine and chimeric ones), use of bispecific antibodies for dual targeting effect, linker engineering and conjugation method efficacy to obtain more controlled drug to antibody ratio (DAR). Challenging issues affecting therapeutic efficacy and safety of ADCs, including bystander effect, on- and off-target toxicities, multi drug resistance (MDR) are also addressed. 4 FDA-approved ADCs in the market, including ADCETRIS ®, MYLOTARG®, BESPONSA ®, KADCYLA®. The goal of the current review is to evaluate the key parameters affecting ADCs development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nooshafarin Amani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farid Abedin Dorkoosh
- Medical Biomaterial Research Center (MBRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Mobedi
- Novel Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS) Department, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, Iran
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Sun R, Chen T, Li M, Liu Z, Qiu B, Li Z, Xu Y, Pan C, Zhang Z. PTPN3 suppresses the proliferation and correlates with favorable prognosis of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma by inhibiting AKT phosphorylation. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 121:109583. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Alteration of Physicochemical Properties for Antibody-Drug Conjugates and Their Impact on Stability. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:161-168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Ziaei E, Saghaeidehkordi A, Dill C, Maslennikov I, Chen S, Kaur K. Targeting Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cells with Novel Cytotoxic Peptide-Doxorubicin Conjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:3098-3106. [PMID: 31715102 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we have designed and synthesized two novel peptide-drug conjugates (PDCs) where the drug, doxorubicin (Dox), is linked to the peptide via a succinimidyl thioether bond or a hydrazone linker. A highly specific and proteolytically stable breast cancer cell targeting peptide (WxEAAYQrFL) is conjugated to Dox to synthesize peptide-Dox thioether (1) or hydrazone (2) conjugate. The evaluation of the stability in water, media, and human serum showed that the conjugate 1 with the succinimidyl thioether linkage is more stable compared to the acid-sensitive hydrazone containing conjugate 2. The cytotoxicity studies showed that the two PDCs were as toxic as free Dox toward the triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells and were 7-30 times less toxic (IC50 1.2-4.7 μM for TNBC cells versus 15-39 μM for noncancerous cells) toward the noncancerous breast cells compared to the free doxorubicin (IC50 0.35-1.5 μM for TNBC cells versus 0.24 μM for noncancerous cells). The results from the comparative study of the two PDCs suggest that both may have translational potential for TNBC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmira Ziaei
- Chapman University School of Pharmacy (CUSP), Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus , Chapman University , Irvine , California 92618-1908 , United States
| | - Azam Saghaeidehkordi
- Chapman University School of Pharmacy (CUSP), Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus , Chapman University , Irvine , California 92618-1908 , United States
| | - Cassandra Dill
- Chapman University School of Pharmacy (CUSP), Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus , Chapman University , Irvine , California 92618-1908 , United States
| | - Innokentiy Maslennikov
- Chapman University School of Pharmacy (CUSP), Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus , Chapman University , Irvine , California 92618-1908 , United States
| | - Shiuan Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology , Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope , Duarte , California 91010 , United States
| | - Kamaljit Kaur
- Chapman University School of Pharmacy (CUSP), Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus , Chapman University , Irvine , California 92618-1908 , United States
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Guan Y, Zhang Y, Zou J, Huang LP, Chordia MD, Yue W, Wu JJ, Pan DF. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Genistein-IR783 Conjugate: Cancer Cell Targeted Delivery in MCF-7 for Superior Anti-Cancer Therapy. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24224120. [PMID: 31739548 PMCID: PMC6891397 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The flavonoid-based natural product genistein is a biologically active compound possessing promising anti-oxidant and anti-cancer properties. Poor pharmacokinetics along with low potency limit however the therapeutic application of genistein in cancer therapy. In order to overcome those limitations and to expand its therapeutic window of efficacy, we sought to covalently attach genistein with a heptamethine cyanine dye—IR 783—for cancer cell targeting and enhanced delivery to tumors. Herein we report the synthesis, a selective detailed characterization and preliminary in vitro/in vivo biological evaluation of genistein-IR 783 conjugate 4. The conjugate 4 displayed improved potency against human breast cancer MCF-7 cells (10.4 ± 1.0 μM) as compared with the parent genistein (24.8 ± 0.5 μM) or IR 783 (25.7 ± 0.7 μM) and exhibited selective high uptake in MCF-7 as against the normal mammary gland MCF-10A cells in various assays. In the cell viability assay, conjugate 4 exhibited over threefold lower potency against MCF-10A cells (32.1 ± 1.1 μM) suggesting that the anti-cancer profile of parent genistein is significantly improved upon conjugation with the dye IR783. Furthermore, the genistein-IR783 conjugate 4 was shown to be especially accumulated in MCF-7 cancer cells by fluorescent intensity measurements and inverted fluorescence microscopy in fixed cells as well as in live cells with time via live cell confocal fluorescence imaging. The mechanism-based uptake inhibition of conjugate 4 was observed with OATPs inhibitor BSP and in part with amiloride, as a macropinocytosis inhibitor. For the first time we have shown amiloride inhibited uptake of cyanine dye by about ~40%. Finally, genistein-IR 783 conjugate 4 was shown to be localized in MCF-7 tumor xenografts of mice breast cancer model via in vivo near infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging. In conclusion, conjugation of genistein with cyanine dye IR783 indeed improved its pharmacological profile by cancer cell selective uptake and targeting and therefore warrants further investigations as a new anti-cancer therapeutics derived from natural product genistein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Guan
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330004, China; (Y.G.); (L.-P.H.)
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China;
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (Y.Z.); (M.D.C.)
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (Y.Z.); (M.D.C.)
| | - Juan Zou
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China;
| | - Li-Ping Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330004, China; (Y.G.); (L.-P.H.)
| | - Mahendra D. Chordia
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (Y.Z.); (M.D.C.)
| | - Wei Yue
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA;
| | - Jin-Jun Wu
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China;
- Correspondence: (J.-J.W.); (D.-F.P.); +86-159-1435-8366 (J.-J.W.); Tel.: +1-(434)-243-2893 (D.-F.P.)
| | - Dong-Feng Pan
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (Y.Z.); (M.D.C.)
- Correspondence: (J.-J.W.); (D.-F.P.); +86-159-1435-8366 (J.-J.W.); Tel.: +1-(434)-243-2893 (D.-F.P.)
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Pegram MD, Miles D, Tsui CK, Zong Y. HER2-Overexpressing/Amplified Breast Cancer as a Testing Ground for Antibody-Drug Conjugate Drug Development in Solid Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 26:775-786. [PMID: 31582515 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Efficacy data from the KATHERINE clinical trial, comparing the HER2-directed antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) ado-trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) to trastuzumab in patients with early-stage HER2-amplified/overexpressing breast cancer with residual disease after neoadjuvant therapy, demonstrates superiority of T-DM1 (HR for invasive disease or death, 0.50; P < 0.001). This establishes foundational precedent for ADCs as effective therapy for treatment of subclinical micrometastasis in an adjuvant (or post-neoadjuvant) early-stage solid tumor setting. Despite this achievement, general principles from proposed systems pharmacokinetic modeling for intracellular processing of ADCs indicate potential shortcomings of T-DM1: (i) C max limited by toxicities; (ii) slow internalization rate; (iii) resistance mechanisms due to defects in intracellular trafficking [loss of lysosomal transporter solute carrier family 46 member 3, (SLC46A3)], and increased expression of drug transporters MDR1 and MRP1; and (iv) lack of payload bystander effects limiting utility in tumors with heterogeneous HER2 expression. These handicaps may explain the inferiority of T-DM1-based therapy in the neoadjuvant and first-line metastatic HER2+ breast cancer settings, and lack of superiority to chemotherapy in HER2+ advanced gastric cancer. In this review, we discuss how each of these limitations is being addressed by manipulating internalization and trafficking using HER2:HER2 bispecific or biparatopic antibody backbones, using site-specific, fixed DAR conjugation chemistry, and payload swapping to exploit alternative intracellular targets and to promote bystander effects. Newer HER2-directed ADCs have impressive clinical activity even against tumors with lower levels of HER2 receptor expression. Finally, we highlight ongoing clinical efforts to combine HER2 ADCs with other treatment modalities, including chemotherapy, molecularly targeted therapies, and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Pegram
- Stanford Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
| | - David Miles
- Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, London, United Kingdom
| | - C Kimberly Tsui
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Yu Zong
- Stanford Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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Xu L, Zhang Z, Xu S, Xu J, Lin ZJ, Lee DH. Simultaneous quantification of total antibody and antibody-conjugated drug for XMT-1522 in human plasma using immunocapture-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 174:441-449. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Fei HR, Yuan C, Wang GL, Zhao Y, Li ZJ, Du X, Wang FZ. Caudatin potentiates the anti-tumor effects of TRAIL against human breast cancer by upregulating DR5. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 62:152950. [PMID: 31102888 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) to preferentially induce apoptosis in transformed cells while sparing most normal cells is well established. However, the intrinsic and acquired resistance of tumors to TRAIL-induced apoptosis limits its therapeutic applicability. PURPOSE We investigated the effect of caudatin, a species of C-21 steroidal glycosides isolated from the roots of Cynanchum auriculatum, on TRAIL-induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cells. METHODS Cell growth inhibition was evaluated by the CCK-8 assay. The cell cycle distribution was assessed by propidium iodide flow cytometry. Apoptosis was determined by TUNEL staining. Protein expression was detected by western blotting analysis. RESULTS Caudatin enhanced TRAIL-induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cells. This sensitization was achieved by upregulating death receptor 5 (DR5). Knockdown of DR5 abolished the enhancing effect of caudatin on TRAIL responses. The caudatin-induced upregulation of DR5 was accompanied by increased expression of CHOP and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and JNK. CHOP knockdown blocked caudatin-upregulated DR5 expression. Moreover, cotreatment of breast cancer cells with p38 MAPK and JNK inhibitors significantly counteracted the caudatin-induced expression of DR5. CONCLUSION Our results showed that caudatin sensitized breast cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis through activation of CHOP, p38 MAPK and JNK-mediated upregulation of DR5 expression. The combination of TRAIL and caudatin may be a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Rong Fei
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, 271016, PR China
| | - Chuang Yuan
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, 271016, PR China
| | - Gui-Ling Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, 271016, PR China
| | - Ying Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, 271016, PR China
| | - Zhao-Jun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, 271016, PR China; School of Life Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, 271016, PR China
| | - Xin Du
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, 271016, PR China
| | - Feng-Ze Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, 271016, PR China.
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Banerji U, van Herpen CML, Saura C, Thistlethwaite F, Lord S, Moreno V, Macpherson IR, Boni V, Rolfo C, de Vries EGE, Rottey S, Geenen J, Eskens F, Gil-Martin M, Mommers EC, Koper NP, Aftimos P. Trastuzumab duocarmazine in locally advanced and metastatic solid tumours and HER2-expressing breast cancer: a phase 1 dose-escalation and dose-expansion study. Lancet Oncol 2019; 20:1124-1135. [PMID: 31257177 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(19)30328-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trastuzumab duocarmazine is a novel HER2-targeting antibody-drug conjugate comprised of trastuzumab covalently bound to a linker drug containing duocarmycin. Preclinical studies showed promising antitumour activity in various models. In this first-in-human study, we assessed the safety and activity of trastuzumab duocarmazine in patients with advanced solid tumours. METHODS We did a phase 1 dose-escalation and dose-expansion study. The dose-escalation cohort comprised patients aged 18 years or older enrolled from three academic hospitals in Belgium, the Netherlands, and the UK with locally advanced or metastatic solid tumours with variable HER2 status who were refractory to standard cancer treatment. A separate cohort of patients were enrolled to the dose-expansion phase from 15 hospitals in Belgium, the Netherlands, Spain, and the UK. Dose-expansion cohorts included patients aged 18 years or older with breast, gastric, urothelial, or endometrial cancer with at least HER2 immunohistochemistry 1+ expression and measurable disease according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST). Trastuzumab duocarmazine was administered intravenously on day 1 of each 3-week cycle. In the dose-escalation phase, trastuzumab duocarmazine was given at doses of 0·3 mg/kg to 2·4 mg/kg (3 + 3 design) until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. The primary endpoint of the dose-escalation phase was to assess safety and ascertain the recommended phase 2 dose, which would be the dose used in the dose-expansion phase. The primary endpoint of the dose-expansion phase was the proportion of patients achieving an objective response (complete response or partial response), as assessed by the investigator using RECIST version 1.1. This ongoing study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02277717, and is fully recruited. FINDINGS Between Oct 30, 2014, and April 2, 2018, 39 patients were enrolled and treated in the dose-escalation phase and 146 patients were enrolled and treated in the dose-expansion phase. One dose-limiting toxic effect (death from pneumonitis) occurred at the highest administered dose (2·4 mg/kg) in the dose-escalation phase. One further death occurred in the dose-escalation phase (1·5 mg/kg cohort) due to disease progression, which was attributed to general physical health decline. Grade 3-4 treatment-related adverse events reported more than once in the dose-escalation phase were keratitis (n=3) and fatigue (n=2). Based on all available data, the recommended phase 2 dose was set at 1·2 mg/kg. In the dose-expansion phase, treatment-related serious adverse events were reported in 16 (11%) of 146 patients, most commonly infusion-related reactions (two [1%]) and dyspnoea (two [1%]). The most common treatment-related adverse events (grades 1-4) were fatigue (48 [33%] of 146 patients), conjunctivitis (45 [31%]), and dry eye (45 [31%]). Most patients (104 [71%] of 146) had at least one ocular adverse event, with grade 3 events reported in ten (7%) of 146 patients. No patients died from treatment-related adverse events and four patients died due to disease progression, which were attributed to hepatic failure (n=1), upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage (n=1), neurological decompensation (n=1), and renal failure (n=1). In the breast cancer dose-expansion cohorts, 16 (33%, 95% CI 20·4-48·4) of 48 assessable patients with HER2-positive breast cancer achieved an objective response (all partial responses) according to RECIST. Nine (28%, 95% CI 13·8-46·8) of 32 patients with HER2-low, hormone receptor-positive breast cancer and six (40%, 16·3-67·6) of 15 patients with HER2-low, hormone receptor-negative breast cancer achieved an objective response (all partial responses). Partial responses were also observed in one (6%, 95% CI 0·2-30·2) of 16 patients with gastric cancer, four (25%, 7·3-52·4) of 16 patients with urothelial cancer, and five (39%, 13·9-68·4) of 13 patients with endometrial cancer. INTERPRETATION Trastuzumab duocarmazine shows notable clinical activity in heavily pretreated patients with HER2-expressing metastatic cancer, including HER2-positive trastuzumab emtansine-resistant and HER2-low breast cancer, with a manageable safety profile. Further investigation of trastuzumab duocarmazine for HER2-positive breast cancer is ongoing and trials for HER2-low breast cancer and other HER2-expressing cancers are in preparation. FUNDING Synthon Biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udai Banerji
- Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden, London, UK.
| | | | - Cristina Saura
- Vall d'Hebrón University Hospital, Vall d'Hebrón Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fiona Thistlethwaite
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust and The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Christian Rolfo
- University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium; Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Maryland University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Jill Geenen
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Philippe Aftimos
- Institut Jules Bordet-Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Le Du F, Perrin C, Brunot A, Crouzet L, De La Motte Rouge T, Lefeuvre-Plesse C, Dieras V. Therapeutic innovations in breast cancer. Presse Med 2019; 48:1131-1137. [PMID: 31151842 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Managing endocrine resistance and resistance to endocrine therapy for ER+ HER2- breast cancer with the CDK 4/6 inhibitors in the metastatic setting. New antibodies drug conjugates for HER2+ and TNBC. Targeting DNA damage and synthetic lethality strategies with PARP inhibitors for breast cancer patients harboring BRCA mutation. Immunotherapies in 1st line metastatic setting of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Le Du
- Centre Eugène-Marquis, avenue Bataille Flandres-Dunkerque, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Christophe Perrin
- Centre Eugène-Marquis, avenue Bataille Flandres-Dunkerque, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Angélique Brunot
- Centre Eugène-Marquis, avenue Bataille Flandres-Dunkerque, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Laurence Crouzet
- Centre Eugène-Marquis, avenue Bataille Flandres-Dunkerque, 35000 Rennes, France
| | | | | | - Véronique Dieras
- Centre Eugène-Marquis, avenue Bataille Flandres-Dunkerque, 35000 Rennes, France.
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Abstract
Small-molecule and protein/antibody drugs mainly act on genome-derived proteins to exert pharmacological effects. RNA based therapies hold the promise to expand the range of druggable targets from proteins to RNAs and the genome, as evidenced by several RNA drugs approved for clinical practice and many others under active trials. While chemo-engineered RNA mimics have found their success in marketed drugs and continue dominating basic research and drug development, these molecules are usually conjugated with extensive and various modifications. This makes them completely different from cellular RNAs transcribed from the genome that usually consist of unmodified ribonucleotides or just contain a few posttranscriptional modifications. The use of synthetic RNA mimics for RNA research and drug development is also in contrast with the ultimate success of protein research and therapy utilizing biologic or recombinant proteins produced and folded in living cells instead of polypeptides or proteins synthesized in vitro. Indeed, efforts have been made recently to develop RNA bioengineering technologies for cost-effective and large-scale production of biologic RNA molecules that may better capture the structures, functions, and safety profiles of natural RNAs. In this article, we provide an overview on RNA therapeutics for the treatment of human diseases via RNA interference mechanisms. By illustrating the structural differences between natural RNAs and chemo-engineered RNA mimics, we focus on discussion of a novel class of bioengineered/biologic RNA agents produced through fermentation and their potential applications to RNA research and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ming Yu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
| | - Chao Jian
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Allan H Yu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Mei-Juan Tu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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Pernas S, Tolaney SM. HER2-positive breast cancer: new therapeutic frontiers and overcoming resistance. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2019; 11:1758835919833519. [PMID: 30911337 PMCID: PMC6425535 DOI: 10.1177/1758835919833519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of anti-HER2 therapies to the treatment of patients with HER2-positive breast cancer has led to dramatic improvements in survival in both early and advanced settings. Despite this breakthrough, nearly all patients with metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer eventually progress on anti-HER2 therapy due to de novo or acquired resistance. A better understanding not only of the underlying mechanisms of HER2 therapy resistance but of tumor heterogeneity as well as the host and tumor microenvironment is essential for the development of new strategies to further improve patient outcomes. One strategy has focused on inhibiting the HER2 signaling pathway more effectively with dual-blockade approaches and developing improved anti-HER2 therapies like antibody-drug conjugates, new anti-HER2 antibodies, bispecific antibodies, or novel tyrosine kinase inhibitors that might replace or be used in addition to some of the current anti-HER2 treatments. Combinations of anti-HER2 therapy with other agents like immune checkpoint inhibitors, CDK4/6 inhibitors, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors are also being extensively evaluated in clinical trials. These add-on strategies of combining optimized targeted therapies could potentially improve outcomes for patients with HER2-positive breast cancer but may also allow de-escalation of treatment in some patients, potentially sparing some from unnecessary treatments, and their related toxicities and costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Pernas
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medical Oncology-Breast Cancer Unit, Institut Catala d’Oncologia (ICO)-H.U. Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara M. Tolaney
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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64
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Khera E, Thurber GM. Pharmacokinetic and Immunological Considerations for Expanding the Therapeutic Window of Next-Generation Antibody-Drug Conjugates. BioDrugs 2019; 32:465-480. [PMID: 30132210 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-018-0302-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) development has evolved greatly over the last 3 decades, including the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of several new drugs. However, translating ADCs from the design stage and preclinical promise to clinical success has been a major hurdle for the field, particularly for solid tumors. The challenge in clinical development can be attributed to the difficulty in connecting the design of these multifaceted agents with the impact on clinical efficacy, especially with the accelerated development of 'next-generation' ADCs containing a variety of innovative biophysical developments. Given their complex nature, there is an urgent need to integrate holistic ADC characterization approaches. This includes comprehensive in vivo assessment of systemic, intratumoral and cellular pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, toxicodynamics, and interactions with the immune system, with the aim of optimizing the ADC therapeutic window. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic factors influencing the ADC therapeutic window include (1) selecting optimal target and ADC components for prolonged and stable plasma circulation to increase tumoral uptake with minimal non-specific systemic toxicity, (2) balancing homogeneous intratumoral distribution with efficient cellular uptake, and (3) translating improved ADC potency to better clinical efficacy. Balancing beneficial immunological effects such as Fc-mediated and payload-mediated immune cell activation against harmful immunogenic/toxic effects is also an emerging concern for ADCs. Here, we review practical considerations for tracking ADC efficacy and toxicity, as aided by high-resolution biomolecular and immunological tools, quantitative pharmacology, and mathematical models, all of which can elucidate the relative contributions of the multitude of interactions governing the ADC therapeutic window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshita Khera
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Greg M Thurber
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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65
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Liu T, Bessembayeva L, Chen J, Wei LJ, Hua Q. Development of an economical fermentation platform for enhanced ansamitocin P-3 production in Actinosynnema pretiosum. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-018-0235-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Abstract
Precision medicine approaches have found applications in the treatment of several tumor types and have led to rapid advancement in the number of available therapies for some difficult-to-treat diseases. In comparison to tumors like EGFR-mutated lung cancer, and BRAF-mutated melanoma for example, precision medicine in breast cancer is still in its infancy despite the much earlier identification of targets like ER and HER2. Though significant progress has been made in new therapies for hormone-receptor-positive and HER2-positive breast cancers, identification of molecular heterogeneity and lack of other valid reproducible targets in triple-negative breast cancer remain a challenge. In this chapter, we outline the recent advances in technology and targeted treatments for breast cancer, the remaining challenges and ongoing efforts to address these to make precision medicine a reality for all breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasgit C Sachdev
- HonorHealth Research Institute, Scottsdale, AZ, USA. .,Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, AZ, USA.
| | - Ana C Sandoval
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Mohammad Jahanzeb
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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Savard MF, Khan O, Hunt KK, Verma S. Redrawing the Lines: The Next Generation of Treatment in Metastatic Breast Cancer. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2019; 39:e8-e21. [PMID: 31099662 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_237419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although not considered curative in nature, new therapeutic advances in metastatic breast cancer (MBC) have substantially improved patient outcomes. This article discusses the state-of-the-art and emerging therapeutic options for management of MBC. BC systemic therapy targets multiple key pathways, including estrogen receptor signaling, HER2 signaling, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. Other therapeutic strategies include targeting DNA repair, inhibiting immune checkpoints, and developing antibody-drug conjugates. Although surgery historically was reserved for palliation of symptomatic, large, or ulcerating masses, some data suggest a possibly expanding role for more aggressive locoregional therapy in combination with systemic therapy. As technology develops, biomarker-specific, line-agnostic, and receptor-agnostic treatment strategies will redraw the current lines of MBC care. However, tumor heterogeneity remains a challenge. To effectively reshape our approach to MBC, careful consideration of the patient perspective, the costs and value of novel treatments, and accessibility (especially in developing countries) is paramount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-France Savard
- 1 Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Omar Khan
- 1 Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kelly K Hunt
- 2 Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, Division of Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, TX
| | - Sunil Verma
- 1 Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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68
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Naran K, Nundalall T, Chetty S, Barth S. Principles of Immunotherapy: Implications for Treatment Strategies in Cancer and Infectious Diseases. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:3158. [PMID: 30622524 PMCID: PMC6308495 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The advances in cancer biology and pathogenesis during the past two decades, have resulted in immunotherapeutic strategies that have revolutionized the treatment of malignancies, from relatively non-selective toxic agents to specific, mechanism-based therapies. Despite extensive global efforts, infectious diseases remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, necessitating novel, innovative therapeutics that address the current challenges of increasing antimicrobial resistance. Similar to cancer pathogenesis, infectious pathogens successfully fashion a hospitable environment within the host and modulate host metabolic functions to support their nutritional requirements, while suppressing host defenses by altering regulatory mechanisms. These parallels, and the advances made in targeted therapy in cancer, may inform the rational development of therapeutic interventions for infectious diseases. Although "immunotherapy" is habitually associated with the treatment of cancer, this review accentuates the evolving role of key targeted immune interventions that are approved, as well as those in development, for various cancers and infectious diseases. The general features of adoptive therapies, those that enhance T cell effector function, and ligand-based therapies, that neutralize or eliminate diseased cells, are discussed in the context of specific diseases that, to date, lack appropriate remedial treatment; cancer, HIV, TB, and drug-resistant bacterial and fungal infections. The remarkable diversity and versatility that distinguishes immunotherapy is emphasized, consequently establishing this approach within the armory of curative therapeutics, applicable across the disease spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krupa Naran
- Medical Biotechnology and Immunotherapy Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Trishana Nundalall
- Medical Biotechnology and Immunotherapy Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Shivan Chetty
- Medical Biotechnology and Immunotherapy Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Stefan Barth
- Medical Biotechnology and Immunotherapy Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Research Chair in Cancer Biotechnology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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69
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Surur AS, Schulig L, Link A. Interconnection of sulfides and sulfoxides in medicinal chemistry. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2018; 352:e1800248. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201800248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lukas Schulig
- Institute of Pharmacy; University of Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
| | - Andreas Link
- Institute of Pharmacy; University of Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
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Lyon R. Drawing lessons from the clinical development of antibody-drug conjugates. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2018; 30:105-109. [PMID: 30553514 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) field has seen a remarkable expansion in the number of entrants in clinical studies. Many of these agents employ newer conjugation technologies that have been developed over the last decade that confer various attributes to the ADCs prepared with them, including stability, potency, and homogeneity. In many cases, these new ADCs appear demonstrably superior to earlier technologies in preclinical models of activity and toxicology, but the degree to which these improvements will translate to the clinic is only starting to be seen. Many of these technologies are now competing head-to-head by targeting the same antigen in similar patient populations, allowing for a direct comparison of their clinical performance properties. As lessons from these experiences feed back into discovery research, future iterations of ADC design may be expected to bring improved therapeutics into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lyon
- Protein Sciences, Seattle Genetics, Bothell, WA, USA.
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71
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Khandelwal S, Boylan M, Spallholz JE, Gollahon L. Cytotoxicity of Selenium Immunoconjugates against Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3352. [PMID: 30373175 PMCID: PMC6274915 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the subtypes of breast cancer, those identified as triple negative for expression of estrogen receptor α (ESR1), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2), account for 10⁻20% of breast cancers, yet result in 30% of global breast cancer-associated deaths. Thus, it is critical to develop more targeted and efficacious therapies that also demonstrate less side effects. Selenium, an essential dietary supplement, is incorporated as selenocysteine (Sec) in vivo into human selenoproteins, some of which exist as anti-oxidant enzymes and are of importance to human health. Studies have also shown that selenium compounds hinder cancer cell growth and induce apoptosis in cancer cell culture models. The focus of this study was to investigate whether selenium-antibody conjugates could be effective against triple negative breast cancer cell lines using clinically relevant, antibody therapies targeted for high expressing breast cancers and whether selenium cytotoxicity was attenuated in normal breast epithelial cells. To that end, the humanized monoclonal IgG1 antibodies, Bevacizumab and Trastuzumab were conjugated with redox selenium to form Selenobevacizumab and Selenotrastuzumab and tested against the triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines MDA-MB-468 and MDA-MB-231 as well as a normal, immortalized, human mammary epithelial cell line, HME50-5E. VEGF and HER2 protein expression were assessed by Western. Although expression levels of HER2 were low or absent in all test cells, our results showed that Selenobevacizumab and Selenotrastuzumab produced superoxide (O2•-) anions in the presence of glutathione (GSH) and this was confirmed by a dihydroethidium (DHE) assay. Interestingly, superoxide was not elevated within HME50-5E cells assessed by DHE. The cytotoxicity of selenite and the selenium immunoconjugates towards triple negative cells compared to HME-50E cells was performed in a time and dose-dependent manner as measured by Trypan Blue exclusion, MTT assay and Annexin V assays. Selenobevacizumab and Selenotrastuzumab were shown to arrest the cancer cell growth but not the HME50-5E cells. These results suggest that selenium-induced toxicity may be effective in treating TNBC cells by exploiting different immunotherapeutic approaches potentially reducing the debilitating side effects associated with current TNBC anticancer drugs. Thus, clinically relevant, targeting antibody therapies may be repurposed for TNBC treatment by attachment of redox selenium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soni Khandelwal
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
| | - Mallory Boylan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
| | - Julian E Spallholz
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
| | - Lauren Gollahon
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
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72
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Bioprocess development of antibody-drug conjugate production for cancer treatment. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206246. [PMID: 30352095 PMCID: PMC6198984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) is a class of targeted cancer therapies that combine the advantages of monoclonal antibody (mAb)'s specific targeting and chemotherapy's potent cytotoxicity. The therapeutic effect of ADC is significantly affected by its bioproduction process. This study aims to develop an effective ADC production process using anti-HER2 mAb-drug as a model therapeutic. First, a high titer (>2 g/L) of mAb was produced by Chinese hamster ovary cells from fed-batch cell culture. Both live-cell confocal microscopy imaging and flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that the produced mAb and ADC had strong and specific binding to HER2+ cell line BT474. Second, various conjugation conditions of mAb and drug, including linker selection, ratio of drug and mAb, and conjugation approaches, were investigated to improve the production yield and product quality. Finally, the ADC structure and biological quality were evaluated by SDS-PAGE and anti-breast cancer toxicity study, respectively. The ADC with integral molecular structure and high cytotoxicity (IC50 of 1.95 nM) was produced using the optimized production process. The robust bioproduction process could guide the development of ADC-based biopharmaceuticals.
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73
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Theunissen JW, Cai AG, Bhatti MM, Cooper AB, Avery AD, Dorfman R, Guelman S, Levashova Z, Migone TS. Treating Tissue Factor-Positive Cancers with Antibody-Drug Conjugates That Do Not Affect Blood Clotting. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:2412-2426. [PMID: 30126944 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The primary function of tissue factor (TF) resides in the vasculature as a cofactor of blood clotting; however, multiple solid tumors aberrantly express this transmembrane receptor on the cell surface. Here, we developed anti-TF antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) that did not interfere with the coagulation cascade and benchmarked them against previously developed anti-TF ADCs. After screening an affinity-matured antibody panel of diverse paratopes and affinities, we identified one primary paratope family that did not inhibit conversion of Factor X (FX) to activated Factor X (FXa) and did not affect conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. The rest of the antibody panel and previously developed anti-TF antibodies were found to perturb coagulation to varying degrees. To compare the anticancer activity of coagulation-inert and -inhibitory antibodies as ADCs, a selection of antibodies was conjugated to the prototypic cytotoxic agent monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) through a protease-cleavable linker. The coagulation-inert and -inhibitory anti-TF ADCs both killed cancer cells effectively. Importantly, the coagulation-inert ADCs were as efficacious as tisotumab vedotin, a clinical stage ADC that affected blood clotting, including in patient-derived xenografts from three solid tumor indications with a need for new therapeutic treatments-squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN), ovarian, and gastric adenocarcinoma. Furthermore, a subset of the anti-TF antibodies could also be considered for the treatment of other diseases associated with upregulation of membranous TF expression, such as macular degeneration. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(11); 2412-26. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Allen G Cai
- Iconic Therapeutics, South San Francisco, California
| | | | | | | | - Ryan Dorfman
- Haematologic Technologies, Essex Junction, Vermont
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74
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Guo JC, Yang YJ, Guo M, Jiang XL. Ultrasound-guided intertumoral injection of contrast agents combined with human p53 gene for the treatment of breast cancer. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2018; 34:438-446. [PMID: 30041761 DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of ultrasound-guided injection of ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) and the p53 gene on the treatment of rats with breast cancer (BC). Assembly of the p53 expression vector as well as that of a rat model with BC consisted of 200 successfully modeled rats randomly divided into 5 groups: p53 gene introduction, p53 gene introduction + ultrasound irradiation, p53 gene introduction + UCAs, p53 gene introduction + UCA + ultrasound irradiation, and UCA + ultrasound irradiation groups. Expression of p53 was detected via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), western blotting and immunohistochemical staining. In the p53 gene introduction + ultrasound irradiation group, we observed increased tumor volume with blood flow signals around and necrotic tumor tissues with an inhibition rate of 36.30%, as well as higher expression of p53 than that in the p53 gene introduction group and p53 gene introduction + UCA group. In the p53 gene introduction + UCA + ultrasound irradiation group, tumor volume increased slightly with reduced blood flow signals and massive degenerative necrosis of tumor cells was identified with inhibition rate of 62.62%, and expression of p53 was higher than that in the rest groups. Taken together, the key findings obtained from the present study elucidate that injection of p53 gene and UCA microbubbles guided by ultrasound could increase the expression of p53, thus inhibiting the tumor growth in rats with BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Cheng Guo
- Graduate School of Central South University, Chang Sha, 410083, PR China
| | - Yi-Jun Yang
- Hospital Dean's Office, Haikou People's Hospital, Haikou, PR China
| | - Min Guo
- Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Provincial Academy of Clinical Medical Sciences, Haikou 570311, PR China.
| | - Xiang-Ling Jiang
- Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Provincial Academy of Clinical Medical Sciences, Haikou 570311, PR China
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75
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Wang Y, Yan L, Zhang L, Xu H, Chen T, Li Y, Wang H, Chen S, Wang W, Chen C, Yang Q. NT21MP negatively regulates paclitaxel-resistant cells by targeting miR‑155‑3p and miR‑155-5p via the CXCR4 pathway in breast cancer. Int J Oncol 2018; 53:1043-1054. [PMID: 30015868 PMCID: PMC6065429 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence has shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) are vital in cell growth, migration, and invasion by inhibiting their target genes. A previous study demonstrated that miRNA (miR)-155-3p and miR-155-5p exerted opposite effects on cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion in breast cancer cell lines. An miRNA microarray was used to show that miR-155-3p was downregulated whereas miR-155-5p was upregulated in paclitaxel-resistant (PR) cells compared with parental breast cancer cells. However, the role of miR-155 in breast cancer cell invasion and metastasis remains to be elucidated. A 21-residue peptide derived from the viral macrophage inflammatory protein II (NT21MP), competes with the ligand of CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and its ligand stromal cell-derived factor-1α, inducing cell apoptosis in breast cancer. The present study aimed to identify the underlying mechanism of action of miR-155-3p/5p and NT21MP in PR breast cancer cells. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, wound-healing, cell cycle and apoptosis assays, and Cell Counting kit-8 assay were used to achieve this goal. The combined overexpression of miR-155-3p with NT21MP decreased the migration and invasion ability and increased the number of apoptotic and arrested cells in the G0/G1 phase transition in vitro. The knockdown of miR-155-5p combined with NT21MP had a similar effect on PR breast cancer cells. Furthermore, the ectopic expression of their target gene myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MYD88) or tumor protein 53-induced nuclear protein 1 (TP53INP1) combined with NT21MP enhanced the sensitivity of the breast cancer cells to paclitaxel. Taken together, these findings suggested that miR-155-3p/5p and their target genes MYD88 and TP53INP1 may serve as novel biomarkers for NT21MP therapy through the CXCR4 pathway for improving sensitivity to paclitaxel in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyue Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
| | - Lei Yan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
| | - Lingyu Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
| | - Henan Xu
- Department of Biotechnology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
| | - Tiantian Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Biotechnology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
| | - Sulian Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
| | - Wenrui Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
| | - Changjie Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
| | - Qingling Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
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76
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Makhoul I, Atiq M, Alwbari A, Kieber-Emmons T. Breast Cancer Immunotherapy: An Update. BREAST CANCER-BASIC AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2018; 12:1178223418774802. [PMID: 29899661 PMCID: PMC5985550 DOI: 10.1177/1178223418774802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The immune system plays a major role in cancer surveillance. Harnessing its power to treat many cancers is now a reality that has led to cures in hopeless situations where no other solutions were available from traditional anticancer drugs. These spectacular achievements rekindled the oncology community's interest in extending the benefits to all cancers including breast cancer. The first section of this article reviews the biological foundations of the immune response to different subtypes of breast cancer and the ways cancer may overcome the immune attack leading to cancer disease. The second section is dedicated to the actual immune treatments including breast cancer vaccines, checkpoint inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, and the "unconventional" immune role of chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issam Makhoul
- Divisions of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Mohammad Atiq
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Ahmed Alwbari
- Divisions of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Thomas Kieber-Emmons
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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77
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Buecheler JW, Winzer M, Tonillo J, Weber C, Gieseler H. Impact of Payload Hydrophobicity on the Stability of Antibody–Drug Conjugates. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:2656-2664. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob W. Buecheler
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Discovery and Development Technologies, Merck KGaA, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Matthias Winzer
- Discovery and Development Technologies, Merck KGaA, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jason Tonillo
- Discovery and Development Technologies, Merck KGaA, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Discovery and Development Technologies, Merck KGaA, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
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78
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Taya M, Hammes SR. Glycoprotein Non-Metastatic Melanoma Protein B (GPNMB) and Cancer: A Novel Potential Therapeutic Target. Steroids 2018; 133:102-107. [PMID: 29097143 PMCID: PMC6166407 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Glycoprotein non-metastatic melanoma protein B (GPNMB) is a transmembrane protein enriched on the cell surface of cancer cells, including melanoma, glioblastoma, and triple-negative breast cancer. There is growing evidence identifying GPNMB as a tumor-promoter; however, despite its biological and clinical significance, the molecular mechanisms engaged by GPNMB to promote tumorigenesis are not well understood. GPNMB promotes aggressive behaviors such as tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. The extracellular domain of GPNMB shed from the cell surface interacts with integrins to facilitate in the recruitment of immune-suppressive and pro-angiogenic cells to the tumor microenvironment, thereby enhancing tumor migration and invasion. GPNMB also modulates receptor tyrosine kinases and integrin signaling in a cell autonomous fashion, leading to downstream kinase signaling that in turn triggers the expression and secretion of tumorigenic factors such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and cytokines. Therefore, GPNMB exerts its pro-tumorigenic role both intracellularly and in a paracrine fashion through shedding its extracellular domain. This review highlights the importance of GPNMB in cancer progression and discusses molecular mediators of GPNMB-induced tumor growth and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Taya
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Stephen R Hammes
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Abotaleb M, Kubatka P, Caprnda M, Varghese E, Zolakova B, Zubor P, Opatrilova R, Kruzliak P, Stefanicka P, Büsselberg D. Chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer: An update. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 101:458-477. [PMID: 29501768 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the second greatest cause of death among women worldwide; it comprises a group of heterogeneous diseases that evolves due to uncontrolled cellular growth and differentiation and the loss of normal programmed cell death. There are different molecular sub-types of breast cancer; therefore, various options are selected for treatment of different forms of metastatic breast cancer. However, the use of chemotherapeutic drugs is usually accompanied by deleterious side effects and the development of drug resistance when applied for a longer period. This review offers a classification of these chemotherapeutic agents according to their modes of action and therefore improves the understanding of molecular targets that are affected during treatment. Overall, it will allow the clinician to identify more specific targets to increase the effectiveness of a drug and to reduce general toxicity, resistance and other side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Abotaleb
- Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Qatar Foundation-Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Peter Kubatka
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia; Department of Experimental Carcinogenesis, Division of Oncology, Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Martin Caprnda
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Elizabeth Varghese
- Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Qatar Foundation-Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Barbora Zolakova
- Department of Experimental Carcinogenesis, Division of Oncology, Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Pavol Zubor
- Clinic of Gynecology and Obsterics, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Radka Opatrilova
- Department of Chemical Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Kruzliak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brothers of Mercy Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic; 2nd Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and St. Anne´s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Patrik Stefanicka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and University Hospital, Antolska 11, 851 07, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Dietrich Büsselberg
- Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Qatar Foundation-Education City, Doha, Qatar.
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80
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Marin-Acevedo JA, Soyano AE, Dholaria B, Knutson KL, Lou Y. Cancer immunotherapy beyond immune checkpoint inhibitors. J Hematol Oncol 2018; 11:8. [PMID: 29329556 PMCID: PMC5767051 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-017-0552-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant cells have the capacity to rapidly grow exponentially and spread in part by suppressing, evading, and exploiting the host immune system. Immunotherapy is a form of oncologic treatment directed towards enhancing the host immune system against cancer. In recent years, manipulation of immune checkpoints or pathways has emerged as an important and effective form of immunotherapy. Agents that target cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated molecule-4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death receptor-1 (PD-1), and programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) are the most widely studied and recognized. Immunotherapy, however, extends beyond immune checkpoint therapy by using new molecules such as chimeric monoclonal antibodies and antibody drug conjugates that target malignant cells and promote their destruction. Genetically modified T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors are able to recognize specific antigens on cancer cells and subsequently activate the immune system. Native or genetically modified viruses with oncolytic activity are of great interest as, besides destroying malignant cells, they can increase anti-tumor activity in response to the release of new antigens and danger signals as a result of infection and tumor cell lysis. Vaccines are also being explored, either in the form of autologous or allogenic tumor peptide antigens, genetically modified dendritic cells that express tumor peptides, or even in the use of RNA, DNA, bacteria, or virus as vectors of specific tumor markers. Most of these agents are yet under development, but they promise to be important options to boost the host immune system to control and eliminate malignancy. In this review, we have provided detailed discussion of different forms of immunotherapy agents other than checkpoint-modifying drugs. The specific focus of this manuscript is to include first-in-human phase I and phase I/II clinical trials intended to allow the identification of those drugs that most likely will continue to develop and possibly join the immunotherapeutic arsenal in a near future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aixa E Soyano
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Bhagirathbhai Dholaria
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Current address: Department of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Immunotherapy, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Keith L Knutson
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Yanyan Lou
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
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81
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Senoo A, Nagatoishi S, Moberg A, Babol LN, Mitani T, Tashima T, Kudo S, Tsumoto K. Inhibition of homophilic dimerization and disruption of cell adhesion by P-cadherin-specific small molecules from SPR-based assays. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:5350-5353. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc01964a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Our SPR-based screening identified a compound which was able to inhibit cell adhesion mediated by homophilic dimerization of P-cadherin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinobu Senoo
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology
- School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-8656
- Japan
| | - Satoru Nagatoishi
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology
- School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-8656
- Japan
| | - Anna Moberg
- GE Healthcare Bio-sciences AB
- SE-751 84 Uppsala
- Sweden
| | | | - Tomoya Mitani
- Life Science Division
- GE Healthcare Japan
- Tokyo 169-0073
- Japan
| | - Takumi Tashima
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology
- School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-8656
- Japan
| | - Shota Kudo
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology
- School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-8656
- Japan
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology
- School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-8656
- Japan
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