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Shan S, Liu F, Ford E, Caldwell RB, Narayanan SP, Somanath PR. Triciribine attenuates pathological neovascularization and vascular permeability in a mouse model of proliferative retinopathy. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114714. [PMID: 37080089 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Proliferative retinopathies are the leading cause of irreversible blindness in all ages, and there is a critical need to identify novel therapies. We investigated the impact of triciribine (TCBN), a tricyclic nucleoside analog and a weak Akt inhibitor, on retinal neurovascular injury, vascular permeability, and inflammation in oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR). Post-natal day 7 (P7) mouse pups were subjected to OIR, and treated (i.p.) with TCBN or vehicle from P14-P16 and compared with age-matched, normoxic, vehicle or TCBN-treated controls. P17 retinas were processed for flat mounts, immunostaining, Western blotting, and qRT-PCR studies. Fluorescein angiography, electroretinography, and spectral domain optical coherence tomography were performed on days P21, P26, and P30, respectively. TCBN treatment significantly reduced pathological neovascularization, vaso-obliteration, and inflammation marked by reduced TNFα, IL6, MCP-1, Iba1, and F4/80 (macrophage/microglia markers) expression compared to the vehicle-treated OIR mouse retinas. Pathological expression of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), and claudin-5 compromised the blood-retinal barrier integrity in the OIR retinas correlating with increased vascular permeability and neovascular tuft formation, which were blunted by TCBN treatment. Of note, there were no changes in the retinal architecture or retinal cell function in response to TCBN in the normoxia or OIR mice. We conclude that TCBN protects against pathological neovascularization, restores blood-retinal barrier homeostasis, and reduces retinal inflammation without adversely affecting the retinal structure and neuronal function in a mouse model of OIR. Our data suggest that TCBN may provide a novel therapeutic option for proliferative retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengshuai Shan
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA; Research Department, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, 30901, USA; Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA; Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Fang Liu
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA; Research Department, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, 30901, USA; Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA; Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Edith Ford
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Ruth B Caldwell
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA; Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - S Priya Narayanan
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA; Research Department, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, 30901, USA; Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA; Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
| | - Payaningal R Somanath
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA; Research Department, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, 30901, USA; Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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52
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Yang X, Huang Z, Xu M, Chen Y, Cao M, Yi G, Fu M. Autophagy in the retinal neurovascular unit: New perspectives into diabetic retinopathy. J Diabetes 2023; 15:382-396. [PMID: 36864557 PMCID: PMC10172025 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.13373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most prevalent retinal disorders worldwide, and it is a major cause of vision impairment in individuals of productive age. Research has demonstrated the significance of autophagy in DR, which is a critical intracellular homeostasis mechanism required for the destruction and recovery of cytoplasmic components. Autophagy maintains the physiological function of senescent and impaired organelles under stress situations, thereby regulating cell fate via various signals. As the retina's functional and fundamental unit, the retinal neurovascular unit (NVU) is critical in keeping the retinal environment's stability and supporting the needs of retinal metabolism. However, autophagy is essential for the normal NVU structure and function. We discuss the strong association between DR and autophagy in this review, as well as the many kinds of autophagy and its crucial physiological activities in the retina. By evaluating the pathological changes of retinal NVU in DR and the latest advancements in the molecular mechanisms of autophagy that may be involved in the pathophysiology of DR in NVU, we seek to propose new ideas and methods for the prevention and treatment of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongyi Yang
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- The Second Clinical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Zexin Huang
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- The Second Clinical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Mei Xu
- The Second People's Hospital of Jingmen, Jingmen, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanxia Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Mingzhe Cao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Guoguo Yi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Min Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
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53
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Cammalleri M, Amato R, Dal Monte M, Filippi L, Bagnoli P. The β3 adrenoceptor in proliferative retinopathies: "Cinderella" steps out of its family shadow. Pharmacol Res 2023; 190:106713. [PMID: 36863427 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
In the retina, hypoxic condition leads to overgrowing leaky vessels resulting in altered metabolic supply that may cause impaired visual function. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is a central regulator of the retinal response to hypoxia by activating the transcription of numerous target genes, including vascular endothelium growth factor, which acts as a major player in retinal angiogenesis. In the present review, oxygen urge by the retina and its oxygen sensing systems including HIF-1 are discussed in respect to the role of the beta-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) and their pharmacologic manipulation in the vascular response to hypoxia. In the β-AR family, β1- and β2-AR have long been attracting attention because their pharmacology is intensely used for human health, while β3-AR, the third and last cloned receptor is no longer increasingly emerging as an attractive target for drug discovery. Here, β3-AR, a main character in several organs including the heart, the adipose tissue and the urinary bladder, but so far a supporting actor in the retina, has been thoroughly examined in respect to its function in retinal response to hypoxia. In particular, its oxygen dependence has been taken as a key indicator of β3-AR involvement in HIF-1-mediated responses to oxygen. Hence, the possibility of β3-AR transcription by HIF-1 has been discussed from early circumstantial evidence to the recent demonstration that β3-AR acts as a novel HIF-1 target gene by playing like a putative intermediary between oxygen levels and retinal vessel proliferation. Thus, targeting β3-AR may implement the therapeutic armamentarium against neovascular pathologies of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosario Amato
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Luca Filippi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paola Bagnoli
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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MAPK Pathways in Ocular Pathophysiology: Potential Therapeutic Drugs and Challenges. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040617. [PMID: 36831285 PMCID: PMC9954064 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways represent ubiquitous cellular signal transduction pathways that regulate all aspects of life and are frequently altered in disease. Once activated through phosphorylation, these MAPKs in turn phosphorylate and activate transcription factors present either in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus, leading to the expression of target genes and, as a consequence, they elicit various biological responses. The aim of this work is to provide a comprehensive review focusing on the roles of MAPK signaling pathways in ocular pathophysiology and the potential to influence these for the treatment of eye diseases. We summarize the current knowledge of identified MAPK-targeting compounds in the context of ocular diseases such as macular degeneration, cataract, glaucoma and keratopathy, but also in rare ocular diseases where the cell differentiation, proliferation or migration are defective. Potential therapeutic interventions are also discussed. Additionally, we discuss challenges in overcoming the reported eye toxicity of some MAPK inhibitors.
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Nishida S, Takashima Y, Udagawa R, Ibaraki H, Seta Y, Ishihara H. A Multifunctional Hybrid Nanocarrier for Non-Invasive siRNA Delivery to the Retina. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020611. [PMID: 36839933 PMCID: PMC9962392 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug therapy for retinal diseases (e.g., age-related macular degeneration, the leading cause of blindness) is generally performed by invasive intravitreal injection because of poor drug delivery caused by the blood-retinal barrier (BRB). This study aimed to develop a nanocarrier for the non-invasive delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) to the posterior segment of the eye (i.e., the retina) by eyedrops. To this end, we prepared a hybrid nanocarrier based on a multifunctional peptide and liposomes, and the composition was optimized. A cytoplasm-responsive stearylated peptide (STR-CH2R4H2C) was used as the multifunctional peptide because of its superior ability to enhance the complexation, cell permeation, and intracellular dynamics of siRNA. By adding STR-CH2R4H2C to the surface of liposomes, intracellular uptake increased regardless of the liposome surface charge. The STR-CH2R4H2C-modified cationic nanocarrier demonstrated significant siRNA transfection efficiency with no cytotoxicity, enhanced siRNA release from endosomes, and effectively suppressed vascular endothelial growth factor expression in rat retinal pigment epithelium cells. The 2.0 mol% STR-CH2R4H2C-modified cationic nanocarrier enhanced intraocular migration into the retina after instillation into rat eyes.
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56
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Bianchetti G, Clementi ME, Sampaolese B, Serantoni C, Abeltino A, De Spirito M, Sasson S, Maulucci G. Metabolic Imaging and Molecular Biology Reveal the Interplay between Lipid Metabolism and DHA-Induced Modulation of Redox Homeostasis in RPE Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:339. [PMID: 36829896 PMCID: PMC9952658 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes-induced oxidative stress induces the development of vascular complications, which are significant causes of morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients. Among these, diabetic retinopathy (DR) is often caused by functional changes in the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) due to harmful oxidative stress events in lipids, proteins, and DNA. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has a potential therapeutic effect against hyperglycemia-induced oxidative damage and apoptotic pathways in the main constituents of BRB, retinal pigment epithelium cells (ARPE-19). Effective antioxidant response elicited by DHA is driven by the activation of the Nrf2/Nqo1 signaling cascade, which leads to the formation of NADH, a reductive agent found in the cytoplasm. Nrf2 also induces the expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in lipid metabolism. This study, therefore, aims at investigating the modulation of lipid metabolism induced by high-glucose (HG) on ARPE-19 cells through the integration of metabolic imaging and molecular biology to provide a comprehensive functional and molecular characterization of the mechanisms activated in the disease, as well the therapeutic role of DHA. This study shows that HG augments RPE metabolic processes by enhancing lipid metabolism, from fatty acid uptake and turnover to lipid biosynthesis and β-oxidation. DHA exerts its beneficial effect by ameliorating lipid metabolism and reducing the increased ROS production under HG conditions. This investigation may provide novel insight for formulating novel treatments for DR by targeting lipid metabolism pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Bianchetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Biophysics Sections, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito, 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Elisabetta Clementi
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (SCITEC)-CNR, Largo Francesco Vito, 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Beatrice Sampaolese
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (SCITEC)-CNR, Largo Francesco Vito, 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Cassandra Serantoni
- Department of Neuroscience, Biophysics Sections, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito, 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessio Abeltino
- Department of Neuroscience, Biophysics Sections, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito, 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco De Spirito
- Department of Neuroscience, Biophysics Sections, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito, 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Shlomo Sasson
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 911210, Israel
| | - Giuseppe Maulucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Biophysics Sections, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito, 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
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Yang X, Xu C, Yao F, Ding Q, Liu H, Luo C, Wang D, Huang J, Li Z, Shen Y, Yang W, Li Z, Yu F, Fu Y, Wang L, Ma Q, Zhu J, Xu F, Cong X, Kong W. Targeting endothelial tight junctions to predict and protect thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection. Eur Heart J 2023; 44:1248-1261. [PMID: 36638776 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Whether changes in endothelial tight junctions (TJs) lead to the formation of thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection (TAAD) and serve as an early indicator and therapeutic target remains elusive. METHODS AND RESULTS Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis showed aberrant endothelial TJ expressions in the thoracic aortas of patients with TAAD. In a β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN)-induced TAAD mouse model, endothelial TJ function was disrupted in the thoracic aortas at an early stage (5 and 10 days) as observed by a vascular permeability assay, while the intercellular distribution of crucial TJ components was significantly decreased by en face staining. For the non-invasive detection of endothelial TJ function, two dextrans of molecular weights 4 and 70 kDa were conjugated with the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent Gd-DOTA to synthesize FITC-dextran-DOTA-Gd and rhodamine B-dextran-DOTA-Gd. MRI images showed that both probes accumulated in the thoracic aortas of the BAPN-fed mice. Particularly, the mice with increased accumulated signals from 5 to 10 days developed TAAD at 14 days, whereas the mice with similar signals between the two time points did not. Furthermore, the protease-activated receptor 2 inhibitor AT-1001, which seals TJs, alleviated the BAPN-induced impairment of endothelial TJ function and expression and subsequently reduced TAAD incidence. Notably, endothelial-targeted ZO-1 conditional knockout increased TAAD incidence. Mechanistically, vascular inflammation and edema were observed in the thoracic aortas of the BAPN-fed mice, whereas these phenomena were attenuated by AT-1001. CONCLUSION The disruption of endothelial TJ function is an early event prior to TAAD formation, herein serving as a potential indicator and a promising target for TAAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyuan Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Key Lab of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules (Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education), Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Fang Yao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen 518057, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China.,Key Laboratory of Pluripotent Stem Cells in Cardiac Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Qianhui Ding
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Vascular Prostheses, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Congcong Luo
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Vascular Prostheses, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Daidai Wang
- Department of Emergency, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jiaqi Huang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhiqing Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yicong Shen
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Weijie Yang
- Key Lab of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules (Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education), Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhuofan Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Fang Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yi Fu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Li Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen 518057, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China.,Key Laboratory of Pluripotent Stem Cells in Cardiac Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Qingbian Ma
- Department of Emergency, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Junming Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Vascular Prostheses, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Fujian Xu
- Key Lab of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules (Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education), Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xin Cong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wei Kong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
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Peluzzo AM, Bkhache M, Do LNH, Autieri MV, Liu X. Differential regulation of lymphatic junctional morphology and the potential effects on cardiovascular diseases. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1198052. [PMID: 37187962 PMCID: PMC10175597 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1198052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature provides an essential route to drain fluid, macromolecules, and immune cells from the interstitium as lymph, returning it to the bloodstream where the thoracic duct meets the subclavian vein. To ensure functional lymphatic drainage, the lymphatic system contains a complex network of vessels which has differential regulation of unique cell-cell junctions. The lymphatic endothelial cells lining initial lymphatic vessels form permeable "button-like" junctions which allow substances to enter the vessel. Collecting lymphatic vessels form less permeable "zipper-like" junctions which retain lymph within the vessel and prevent leakage. Therefore, sections of the lymphatic bed are differentially permeable, regulated in part by its junctional morphology. In this review, we will discuss our current understanding of regulating lymphatic junctional morphology, highlighting how it relates to lymphatic permeability during development and disease. We will also discuss the effect of alterations in lymphatic permeability on efficient lymphatic flux in health and how it may affect cardiovascular diseases, with a focus on atherosclerosis.
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Di S, Yao C, Qiao L, Li X, Pang B, Lin J, Wang J, Li M, Tong X. Exploration of the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effect of Luo Tong formula on retinal function in diabetic rats via the "gut microbiota-inflammation-retina" axis. Chin Med 2022; 17:133. [PMID: 36461068 PMCID: PMC9717245 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-022-00688-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common microvascular complication of diabetes. Luo Tong formula (LTF), a classical traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription, consists of four plants that have been widely and effectively used to treat DR. Previous work in our laboratory has confirmed that LTF can effectively ameliorate DR. However, the potential mechanism underlying the therapeutic effect of LTF on DR has not been fully elucidated. To explore the potential mechanism of action through which LTF prevents and alleviates DR from an inflammation and gut microbiota perspective. MATERIALS AND METHODS Metabolite profiling of LTF was performed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Type 1 diabetes was induced in male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats via tail vein injection of 45 mg/kg streptozotocin. Next, 100 SD rats were randomly divided into four groups, normal control; diabetic control; diabetic + insulin + calcium dobesilate; and diabetic + insulin + LTF. After 12 weeks of treatment, glucose metabolism, fundus oculi, blood-retinal barrier permeability, retinal thickness, microvascular damage, as well as cell junction expression in retinas were measured and the changes observed in different groups were compared. Finally, the alteration in gut microbiota and inflammatory cytokine expression in serum and tissues were monitored, and their correlation was analyzed. RESULTS A total of 1024 valid peaks were obtained for LTF using GC-MS. The HbA1c and fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels in the LTF group were slightly decreased. LTF exerted protective effects on fundus oculi and the retina structure to different degrees. LTF attenuated systemic and local retinal inflammation by significantly decreasing the levels of seven pro-inflammatory cytokines, including ICAM-1, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, VCAM-1, VEGF, and IL-1β. LTF restored the intestinal microbiota of diabetic rats to levels that were similar to those of normal rats. Further analysis revealed that Enterobacteriales, Prevotellaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Bacteroides, and Klebsiella were significantly and positively correlated with the inflammatory factors in DR after LTF treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed the mechanisms underlying the preventive effects of LTF on DR development and progression. LTF inhibited pathological changes in retinal histopathology, cell composition, and cell junction proteins while effectively ameliorating systemic and local retinal inflammation via regulating pivotal gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Di
- grid.410318.f0000 0004 0632 3409Department of Endocrinology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053 China
| | - Chensi Yao
- grid.410318.f0000 0004 0632 3409Department of Endocrinology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053 China
| | - Liping Qiao
- grid.410318.f0000 0004 0632 3409Department of Endocrinology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053 China
| | - Xiuyang Li
- grid.410318.f0000 0004 0632 3409Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053 China
| | - Bing Pang
- grid.410318.f0000 0004 0632 3409Department of Endocrinology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053 China
| | - Jiaran Lin
- grid.24695.3c0000 0001 1431 9176Clinical Medical College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Jia Wang
- grid.410318.f0000 0004 0632 3409General Department, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053 China
| | - Min Li
- grid.410318.f0000 0004 0632 3409Molecular Biology Laboratory, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053 China
| | - Xiaolin Tong
- grid.410318.f0000 0004 0632 3409Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053 China
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Mandal M, Banerjee I, Mandal M. Nanoparticle-mediated gene therapy as a novel strategy for the treatment of retinoblastoma. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 220:112899. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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61
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GRP75 Modulates Endoplasmic Reticulum-Mitochondria Coupling and Accelerates Ca 2+-Dependent Endothelial Cell Apoptosis in Diabetic Retinopathy. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121778. [PMID: 36551205 PMCID: PMC9776029 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondrial dysfunction play fundamental roles in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR). However, the interrelationship between the ER and mitochondria are poorly understood in DR. Here, we established high glucose (HG) or advanced glycosylation end products (AGE)-induced human retinal vascular endothelial cell (RMEC) models in vitro, as well as a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DR rat model in vivo. Our data demonstrated that there was increased ER-mitochondria coupling in the RMECs, which was accompanied by elevated mitochondrial calcium ions (Ca2+) and mitochondrial dysfunction under HG or AGE incubation. Mechanistically, ER-mitochondria coupling was increased through activation of the IP3R1-GRP75-VDAC1 axis, which transferred Ca2+ from the ER to the mitochondria. Elevated mitochondrial Ca2+ led to an increase in mitochondrial ROS and a decline in mitochondrial membrane potential. These events resulted in the elevation of mitochondrial permeability and induced the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm, which further activated caspase-3 and promoted apoptosis. The above phenomenon was also observed in tunicamycin (TUN, ER stress inducer)-treated cells. Meanwhile, BAPTA-AM (calcium chelator) rescued mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in DR, which further confirmed of our suspicions. In addition, 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA), an ER stress inhibitor, was shown to reverse retinal dysfunction in STZ-induced DR rats in vivo. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that DR fueled the formation of ER-mitochondria coupling via the IP3R1-GRP75-VDAC1 axis and accelerated Ca2+-dependent cell apoptosis. Our results demonstrated that inhibition of ER-mitochondrial coupling, including inhibition of GRP75 or Ca2+ overload, may be a potential therapeutic target in DR.
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Diabetic Macular Edema: Current Understanding, Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications. Cells 2022; 11:cells11213362. [PMID: 36359761 PMCID: PMC9655436 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), with increasing incidence, is the major cause of vision loss and blindness worldwide in working-age adults. Diabetic macular edema (DME) remains the main cause of vision impairment in diabetic patients, with its pathogenesis still not completely elucidated. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of DR and DME. Currently, intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF agents remains as the first-line therapy in DME treatment due to the superior anatomic and functional outcomes. However, some patients do not respond satisfactorily to anti-VEGF injections. More than 30% patients still exist with persistent DME even after regular intravitreal injection for at least 4 injections within 24 weeks, suggesting other pathogenic factors, beyond VEGF, might contribute to the pathogenesis of DME. Recent advances showed nearly all the retinal cells are involved in DR and DME, including breakdown of blood-retinal barrier (BRB), drainage dysfunction of Müller glia and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), involvement of inflammation, oxidative stress, and neurodegeneration, all complicating the pathogenesis of DME. The profound understanding of the changes in proteomics and metabolomics helps improve the elucidation of the pathogenesis of DR and DME and leads to the identification of novel targets, biomarkers and potential therapeutic strategies for DME treatment. The present review aimed to summarize the current understanding of DME, the involved molecular mechanisms, and the changes in proteomics and metabolomics, thus to propose the potential therapeutic recommendations for personalized treatment of DME.
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Liu Y, Yamagishi R, Honjo M, Kurano M, Yatomi Y, Igarashi K, Aihara M. Role of Autotaxin in High Glucose-Induced Human ARPE-19 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169181. [PMID: 36012446 PMCID: PMC9409272 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is an enzymatic with lysophospholipase D (lysoPLD) activity. We investigated the role of ATX in high glucose (HG)-induced human retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE-19) cells to explore the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR). We performed a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, immunocytochemistry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, cell permeability assay, and transepithelial electrical resistance measurement in HG-induced ARPE-19 cells and compared their results with those of normal glucose and osmotic pressure controls. ATX expression and its lysoPLD activity, barrier function, and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 were downregulated, while fibrotic responses, cytoskeletal reorganization, and transforming growth factor-β expression were upregulated, in the HG group. Our results suggest that HG induces intracellular ATX downregulation, barrier dysfunction, and fibrosis, which are involved in early DR and can be targeted for DR treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Reiko Yamagishi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Megumi Honjo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Makoto Kurano
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yatomi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Koji Igarashi
- Bioscience Division, Reagent Development Department, AIA Research Group, TOSOH Corporation, Ayase 252-1123, Japan
| | - Makoto Aihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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Gong Q, Zhang R, Wei F, Fang J, Zhang J, Sun J, Sun Q, Wang H. SGLT2 inhibitor-empagliflozin treatment ameliorates diabetic retinopathy manifestations and exerts protective effects associated with augmenting branched chain amino acids catabolism and transportation in db/db mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 152:113222. [PMID: 35671581 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Empagliflozin (EMPA) is the first sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor to significantly reduce cardiovascular and kidney complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Given this, we speculate that EMPA may have the potential to intervene in diabetic retinopathy (DR), which is another diabetes-specific microvascular complication. Db/db mice were treated with EMPA for different periods to observe the retinas and related mechanisms. EMPA effectively balanced body weight and blood glucose levels, mitigated ocular edema and microaneurysm in db/db mice. EMPA significantly inhibited oxidative stress, apoptosis and recovered tight junction in diabetic retinas. MS/MS analyses showed that EMPA suppressed aberrant branched-chain amino acid (BCAAs) accumulation in db/db retinas, which led to the inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin activation, downregulation of inflammation, and angiogenic factors, including TNF-ɑ, IL-6, VCAM-1, and VEGF induced by diabetes. Furthermore, branched-chain α-keto acids (BCKAs), which are catabolites of BCAAs, were increased in diabetic retinas and decreased with EMPA application. Moreover, branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase (BCKDK) was enhanced, BCKDHA and BCKDHB were decreased in diabetic retinas. This could be reversed by EMPA treatment, thus promoting BCAAs catabolism to decrease BCAAs and BCKAs accumulation in diabetic retinas. The high levels of BCAAs in the plasma and enhanced L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) were responsible for the high levels of BCAAs in diabetic retinas, which could be inhibited by EMPA. Overall, EMPA could ameliorate DR manifestations. The normalization of BCAAs catabolism and intake may play a role in this process. This study supports EMPA as a protective drug against DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyun Gong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rulin Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junwei Fang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingfa Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China.
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Liang Y, Yan B, Xie M, Meng Z, Ma J, Ma B, Luo J. One-Month Outcomes of Intravitreal Anti-VEGF vs. Dexamethasone Implant in the Treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema in Vitrectomized Eyes. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:895220. [PMID: 35774995 PMCID: PMC9237330 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.895220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To compare short-term effect of intravitreal ranibizumab with dexamethasone implant for diabetic macular edema (DME) in vitrectomized eyes. Methods Single-center, prospective, randomized study of vitrectomized eyes with DME. Study eyes were divided into two groups, receiving ranibizumab (IVV group, n = 35 eyes) or dexamethasone implant (IVD group, n = 35 eyes) respectively. Patients were evaluated at baseline, Week 1 and Month 1. The main outcome measures included best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central retinal thickness (CRT) and intraocular pressure (IOP). Results BCVA and CRT were similar in the two groups at baseline. At Week 1, the CRT improvement was significant in two groups (P = 0.041 in IVV group, P = 0.030 in IVD group), but at Month 1, only IVD group had significant improvement in CRT (P < 0.001). And BCVA gains were significant at Week 1 (P = 0.029) and Month 1 (P = 0.001) in IVD group, whereas IVV group did not show significant BCVA gains (P = 0.056 at Week1, P = 0.166 at Month 1). The changes of BCVA and CRT were significantly higher in IVD group than IVV group at Month1, but the changes were not significant at Week1. Conclusions Comparing to anti-VEGF therapy, DEX implant is more effect in improving BCVA and reducing CRT in vitrectomized eyes at 1 month, which indicated DEX implant is a better strategy.
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Claudin-17 Deficiency in Mice Results in Kidney Injury Due to Electrolyte Imbalance and Oxidative Stress. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111782. [PMID: 35681477 PMCID: PMC9180152 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The multi-gene claudin (CLDN) family of tight junction proteins have isoform-specific roles in blood–tissue barrier regulation. CLDN17, a putative anion pore-forming CLDN based on its structural characterization, is assumed to regulate anion balance across the blood-tissue barriers. However, our knowledge about CLDN17 in physiology and pathology is limited. The current study investigated how Cldn17 deficiency in mice affects blood electrolytes and kidney structure. Cldn17−/− mice revealed no breeding abnormalities, but the newborn pups exhibited delayed growth. Adult Cldn17−/− mice displayed electrolyte imbalance, oxidative stress, and injury to the kidneys. Ingenuity pathway analysis followed by RNA-sequencing revealed hyperactivation of signaling pathways and downregulation of SOD1 expression in kidneys associated with inflammation and reactive oxygen species generation, demonstrating the importance of Cldn17 in the maintenance of electrolytes and reactive oxygen species across the blood-tissue barrier.
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Matsuo H, Kamatani T, Hamba Y, Boroevich KA, Tsunoda T. Association between high immune activity and worse prognosis in uveal melanoma and low-grade glioma in TCGA transcriptomic data. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:351. [PMID: 35525921 PMCID: PMC9078026 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08586-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune status in the tumor microenvironment is an important determinant of cancer progression and patient prognosis. Although a higher immune activity is often associated with a better prognosis, this trend is not absolute and differs across cancer types. We aimed to give insights into why some cancers do not show better survival despite higher immunity by assessing the relationship between different biological factors, including cytotoxicity, and patient prognosis in various cancer types using RNA-seq data collected by The Cancer Genome Atlas. RESULTS Results showed that a higher immune activity was associated with worse overall survival in patients with uveal melanoma and low-grade glioma, which are cancers of immune-privileged sites. In these cancers, epithelial or endothelial mesenchymal transition and inflammatory state as well as immune activation had a notable negative correlation with patient survival. Further analysis using additional single-cell data of uveal melanoma and glioma revealed that epithelial or endothelial mesenchymal transition was mainly induced in retinal pigment cells or endothelial cells that comprise the blood-retinal and blood-brain barriers, which are unique structures of the eye and central nervous system, respectively. Inflammation was mainly promoted by macrophages, and their infiltration increased significantly in response to immune activation. Furthermore, we found the expression of inflammatory chemokines, particularly CCL5, was strongly correlated with immune activity and associated with poor survival, particularly in these cancers, suggesting that these inflammatory mediators are potential molecular targets for therapeutics. CONCLUSIONS In uveal melanoma and low-grade glioma, inflammation from macrophages and epithelial or endothelial mesenchymal transition are particularly associated with a poor prognosis. This implies that they loosen the structures of the blood barrier and impair homeostasis and further recruit immune cells, which could result in a feedback loop of additional inflammatory effects leading to runaway conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Matsuo
- Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takashi Kamatani
- Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Department of AI Technology Development, M&D Data Science Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
- Division of Precision Cancer Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital, 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 160-8582, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu Hamba
- Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Keith A Boroevich
- Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 230-0045, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Tsunoda
- Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
- Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 230-0045, Yokohama, Japan.
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan.
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Cosert KM, Kim S, Jalilian I, Chang M, Gates BL, Pinkerton KE, Van Winkle LS, Raghunathan VK, Leonard BC, Thomasy SM. Metallic Engineered Nanomaterials and Ocular Toxicity: A Current Perspective. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14050981. [PMID: 35631569 PMCID: PMC9145553 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14050981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The ocular surface, comprised of the transparent cornea, conjunctiva, and protective tear film, forms a protective barrier defending deeper structures of the eye from particulate matter and mechanical trauma. This barrier is routinely exposed to a multitude of naturally occurring and engineered nanomaterials (ENM). Metallic ENMs are particularly ubiquitous in commercial products with a high risk of ocular exposure, such as cosmetics and sunscreens. Additionally, there are several therapeutic uses for metallic ENMs owing to their attractive magnetic, antimicrobial, and functionalization properties. The increasing commercial and therapeutic applications of metallic ENMs come with a high risk of ocular exposure with poorly understood consequences to the health of the eye. While the toxicity of metallic ENMs exposure has been rigorously studied in other tissues and organs, further studies are necessary to understand the potential for adverse effects and inform product usage for individuals whose ocular health may be compromised by injury, disease, or surgical intervention. This review provides an update of current literature on the ocular toxicity of metallic ENMs in vitro and in vivo, as well as the risks and benefits of therapeutic applications of metallic ENMs in ophthalmology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista M. Cosert
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (K.M.C.); (S.K.); (I.J.); (M.C.); (B.L.G.); (B.C.L.)
| | - Soohyun Kim
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (K.M.C.); (S.K.); (I.J.); (M.C.); (B.L.G.); (B.C.L.)
| | - Iman Jalilian
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (K.M.C.); (S.K.); (I.J.); (M.C.); (B.L.G.); (B.C.L.)
| | - Maggie Chang
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (K.M.C.); (S.K.); (I.J.); (M.C.); (B.L.G.); (B.C.L.)
| | - Brooke L. Gates
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (K.M.C.); (S.K.); (I.J.); (M.C.); (B.L.G.); (B.C.L.)
| | - Kent E. Pinkerton
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (K.E.P.); (L.S.V.W.)
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Laura S. Van Winkle
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (K.E.P.); (L.S.V.W.)
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Vijay Krishna Raghunathan
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA;
- The Ocular Surface Institute, College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Brian C. Leonard
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (K.M.C.); (S.K.); (I.J.); (M.C.); (B.L.G.); (B.C.L.)
| | - Sara M. Thomasy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (K.M.C.); (S.K.); (I.J.); (M.C.); (B.L.G.); (B.C.L.)
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-530-752-0926
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Yan L, Vaghari-Tabari M, Malakoti F, Moein S, Qujeq D, Yousefi B, Asemi Z. Quercetin: an effective polyphenol in alleviating diabetes and diabetic complications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:9163-9186. [PMID: 35468007 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2067825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Various studies, especially in recent years, have shown that quercetin has beneficial therapeutic effects in various human diseases, including diabetes. Quercetin has significant anti-diabetic effects and may be helpful in lowering blood sugar and increasing insulin sensitivity. Quercetin appears to affect many factors and signaling pathways involved in insulin resistance and the pathogenesis of type 2 of diabetes. TNFα, NFKB, AMPK, AKT, and NRF2 are among the factors that are affected by quercetin. In addition, quercetin can be effective in preventing and ameliorating the diabetic complications, including diabetic nephropathy, cardiovascular complications, neuropathy, delayed wound healing, and retinopathy, and affects the key mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of these complications. These positive effects of quercetin may be related to its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. In this article, after a brief review of the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, we will review the latest findings on the anti-diabetic effects of quercetin with a molecular perspective. Then we will review the effects of quercetin on the key mechanisms of pathogenesis of diabetes complications including nephropathy, cardiovascular complications, neuropathy, delayed wound healing, and retinopathy. Finally, clinical trials investigating the effect of quercetin on diabetes and diabetes complications will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yan
- Clinical Experimental Centre, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi'an, China
- Department of Pre-Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang, Malaysia
| | - Mostafa Vaghari-Tabari
- Student's Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Faezeh Malakoti
- Student's Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Soheila Moein
- Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Durdi Qujeq
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center (CMBRC), Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Collares-Buzato CB, Carvalho CP. Is type 2 diabetes mellitus another intercellular junction-related disorder? Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2022; 247:743-755. [PMID: 35466731 DOI: 10.1177/15353702221090464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is nowadays a worldwide epidemic and has become a major challenge for health systems around the world. It is a multifactorial disorder, characterized by a chronic state of hyperglycemia caused by defects in the production as well as in the peripheral action of insulin. This minireview highlights the experimental and clinical evidence that supports the novel idea that intercellular junctions (IJs)-mediated cell-cell contacts play a role in the pathogenesis of T2D. It focuses on IJs repercussion for endocrine pancreas, intestinal barrier, and kidney dysfunctions that contribute to the onset and evolution of this metabolic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla B Collares-Buzato
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Carolina Pf Carvalho
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, SP, CEP 11015-020, Brazil
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Di S, An X, Pang B, Wang T, Wu H, Wang J, Li M. Yiqi Tongluo Fang could preventive and delayed development and formation of diabetic retinopathy through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 148:112254. [PMID: 35183405 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yiqi Tongluo Fang (YQTLF) is an effective prescription for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy (DR), but its mechanism of action remains unclear. METHOD The content of YQTLF was determined using liquid and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS and GC-MS, respectively). Twenty-five Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly selected as the normal control group. One hundred SD streptozotocin-induced diabetes (type 1) rats were randomly divided into diabetic control, diabetic+insulin+ calcium dobesilate (CaD), and diabetic+insulin+ YQTLF groups, with 25 rats in each group. Bodyweight level was measured every 2 weeks. After 12 weeks of gavage, the glucose levels, lipids, oxidative stress, inflammation, retinal histopathology, and the blood-retinal barrier were assessed in each group. The p38 MAPK pathway was changed to explore its internal mechanism. The measurement data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation, and different statistical methods were used according to a normal distribution, square error, or not. RESULTS A total of 1024 valid peaks were identified in YQTLF using GC-MS. YQTLF significantly lowered the fasting blood glucose levels in diabetic rats. YQTLF early inhibited changes in retinal histology, capillaries, cells, and tight junction proteins (such as ZO-1, occludin, claudin-5, and VE-cadherin) before the formation and development of DR. These findings correlated with the alleviation of glucolipid metabolism, inflammation, and oxidative stress. The lncRNA MALAT1 and the PRC 2/p38 MAPK-related pathway, such as the expression of EZH2, SUZ12, EED, p38 MAPK, MMP-9, and VEGFR, were also correlated. CONCLUSION We have demonstrated the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the preventive and delayed development and formation of DR. YQTLF prevents changes in dyslipidemia, retinal histology, capillaries, cells, and tight junction proteins. These protective effects appear to be linked to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, which prevent the activation of intracellular signaling pathways, such as the lncRNA MALAT1 and PRC 2/p38 MAPK-related pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Di
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital of China, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xuedong An
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital of China, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Bing Pang
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital of China, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Tiange Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital of China, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Haohan Wu
- Clinical Medical College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jia Wang
- General Department, Guang'anmen Hospital of China, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China.
| | - Min Li
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Guang'anmen Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China.
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Sun Y, Kong L, Zhang AH, Han Y, Sun H, Yan GL, Wang XJ. A Hypothesis From Metabolomics Analysis of Diabetic Retinopathy: Arginine-Creatine Metabolic Pathway May Be a New Treatment Strategy for Diabetic Retinopathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:858012. [PMID: 35399942 PMCID: PMC8987289 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.858012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is one of the serious complications of diabetes, which the leading causes of blindness worldwide, and its irreversibility renders the existing treatment methods unsatisfactory. Early detection and timely intervention can effectively reduce the damage caused by diabetic retinopathy. Metabolomics is a branch of systems biology and a powerful tool for studying pathophysiological processes, which can help identify the characteristic metabolic changes marking the progression of diabetic retinopathy, discover potential biomarkers to inform clinical diagnosis and treatment. This review provides an update on the known metabolomics biomarkers of diabetic retinopathy. Through comprehensive analysis of biomarkers, we found that the arginine biosynthesis is closely related to diabetic retinopathy. Meanwhile, creatine, a metabolite with arginine as a precursor, has attracted our attention due to its important correlation with diabetic retinopathy. We discuss the possibility of the arginine-creatine metabolic pathway as a therapeutic strategy for diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Sun
- National Chinmedomics Research Center and National Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Ling Kong
- National Chinmedomics Research Center and National Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Ai-Hua Zhang
- National Chinmedomics Research Center and National Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Han
- National Chinmedomics Research Center and National Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Hui Sun
- National Chinmedomics Research Center and National Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Guang-Li Yan
- National Chinmedomics Research Center and National Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Xi-Jun Wang
- National Chinmedomics Research Center and National Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, Macau SAR, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for the Development of Southwestern Endangered Medicinal Materials, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plant, Nanning, China
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Qin YJ, Xiao K, Zhong Z, Zhao Y, Yu T, Sun XF. LECT2 Ameliorates Blood-Retinal Barrier Impairment Secondary to Diabetes Via Activation of the Tie2/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:7. [PMID: 35262733 PMCID: PMC8934553 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.3.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Current treatments for diabetic retinopathy (DR) have considerable limitations, emphasizing the need for new therapeutic options. The effect of leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2 (LECT2) on diabetes-induced blood–retinal barrier impairment and the possible underlying mechanism were investigated both in vivo and in vitro. Methods Twenty diabetic and 22 nondiabetic eyes were included in this study. Additionally, we established a streptozotocin-induced diabetic mouse model and observed vascular leakage in mice treated with or without recombinant LECT2 (rLECT2) intravitreal injection (40 µg/mL, 1 µL). The levels of LECT2 and interendothelial junction proteins (ZO1, VE-cadherin, and occludin) were analyzed by western blot and/or immunofluorescence. Endothelial junctions in mouse retinas were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Moreover, confluent human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated (0–72 hours) with glucose (0 or 30 mM) in the presence or absence of rLECT2 (40–360 ng/mL). After treatment, intact cell monolayers were monitored for permeability to 40-kD FITC-dextran. Interendothelial junction targets and Tie2/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway components were investigated by western blot. Results In diabetic human and mouse retinas and high-glucose (30 mM)–treated HRMECs and HUVECs, the levels of LECT2 and interendothelial junction proteins were decreased. rLECT2 treatment (80 ng/mL) significantly attenuated the hyperglycemia-induced reduction in endothelial cell barrier function and inhibited the migration and tube formation of HRMECs and HUVECs. In addition, rLECT2 increased the levels of interendothelial junction proteins via activation of the Tie2/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Furthermore, intravitreal rLECT2 injections increased the levels of interendothelial junction proteins and reversed diabetes-induced junction disruption. Conclusions rLECT2 can increase the levels of interendothelial tight junction proteins through activation of the Tie2/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and can ameliorate inner blood–retinal barrier impairment secondary to diabetes. LECT2 might be a potential target to prevent the progression of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Jun Qin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Zhong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu-Fang Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
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Manley PW, Huth F, Moussaoui S, Schoepfer J. A kinase inhibitor which specifically targets the ABL myristate pocket (STAMP), but unlike asciminib crosses the blood–brain barrier. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 59:128577. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Qin X, Zou H. The role of lipopolysaccharides in diabetic retinopathy. BMC Ophthalmol 2022; 22:86. [PMID: 35193549 PMCID: PMC8862382 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-022-02296-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex metabolic syndrome characterized by hyperglycemia. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common complication of DM and the leading cause of blindness in the working-age population of the Western world. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) is an essential ingredient of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, which induces systemic inflammatory responses and cellular apoptotic changes in the host. High-level serum LPS has been found in diabetic patients at the advanced stages, which is mainly due to gut leakage and dysbiosis. In this light, increasing evidence points to a strong correlation between systemic LPS challenge and the progression of DR. Although the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been fully elucidated yet, LPS-related pathobiological events in the retina may contribute to the exacerbation of vasculopathy and neurodegeneration in DR. In this review, we focus on the involvement of LPS in the progression of DR, with emphasis on the blood-retina barrier dysfunction and dysregulated glial activation. Eventually, we summarize the recent advances in the therapeutic strategies for antagonising LPS activity, which may be introduced to DR treatment with promising clinical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Qin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haidong Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Eye Diseases Prevention & Treatment Center, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China.
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Wang S, Yu Q, Wang Y, Xu C, Niu G, Liu R. CircSLC16A12 absence inhibits high glucose-induced dysfunction in retinal microvascular endothelial cells through mediating miR-140-3p/FGF2 axis in diabetic retinopathy. Curr Eye Res 2022; 47:759-769. [PMID: 35179428 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2022.2025845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus which can cause irreversible visual impairment and blindness. We intended to investigate the function of circular RNA (circRNA) solute carrier family 16 member 12 (SLC16A12) in DR progression. METHODS Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blot assay were applied to measure RNA and protein expression. Cell apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM) analysis. The angiogenesis ability was assessed by tube formation assay. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to analyze the release of inflammatory cytokines. Cell oxidative stress status was evaluated using commercial kits. Dual-luciferase reporter assay, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay, and RNA-pull down assay were conducted to confirm the intermolecular interactions. RESULTS CircSLC16A12 level was enhanced in the serum samples of DR patients and high glucose (HG)-treated HRECs. CircSLC16A12 absence protected HRECs from HG-induced apoptosis, blood-retinal barrier (BRB) injury, tube formation, inflammatory response, and oxidative stress. CircSLC16A12 acted as a sponge for microRNA-140-3p (miR-140-3p), and circSLC16A12 knockdown-mediated effects were largely reversed by the absence of miR-140-3p in HRECs under HG condition. miR-140-3p interacted with the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), and the overexpression of FGF2 largely overturned miR-140-3p overexpression-mediated effects in HRECs. CircSLC16A12 interference reduced the expression of FGF2 by up-regulating miR-140-3p in HRECs. CONCLUSION CircSLC16A12 silencing suppressed HG-induced dysfunction in HRECs partly by targeting miR-140-3p/FGF2 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmic Clinic, Harbin Eye Hospital, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qing Yu
- Department of Eye Care, Harbin Eye Hospital, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yujue Wang
- Department of Ophthalmic Clinic, Harbin Eye Hospital, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Chunyue Xu
- Department of Ophthalmic Clinic, Harbin Eye Hospital, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Guoxiang Niu
- Department of Eye Care, Harbin Eye Hospital, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Ophthalmic Clinic, Harbin Eye Hospital, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, China
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Yilmaz M, Citirik M, Rahmanlar H, Alkan A, Gursoz H. Off-label uses of Aflibercept, Ranibizumab and Dexamethasone implant for diabetic retinopathy in Turkey. Rom J Ophthalmol 2022; 66:304-309. [PMID: 36589330 PMCID: PMC9773121 DOI: 10.22336/rjo.2022.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Diabetic retinopathy (DRP) is the most common retinal vascular disease leading to blindness. There is limited data about the off-label drug use for DRP and diabetic macular edema (DME) in literature. The aim of the article was to evaluate the applications for off-label drug use in patients with DME and DRP in Turkey in terms of demographic and clinical characteristics. Methods: Applications for off-label drug use from hospitals across Turkey to the Turkish Medicines and Medical Devices Agency for DRP in 2018 were reviewed retrospectively. Results: 112 approved applications for 167 eyes were included in our study. The mean age of the cases was 61.24 ± 10.23 years, of them 57.1% were males and 42.9% were females. Of these applications, 41.1% were for aflibercept (n:46), 33.9% for ranibizumab (n:38), and 25% for dexamethasone implant (n:28). There was no application for bevacizumab. In terms of referring hospitals, public university hospitals were in the first place with a rate of 70.5%. The most common reasons for applications were drug switchback request and failure to complete loading dose, respectively. Discussions: DRP treatment can sometimes be challenging. The effectiveness of the intravitreal drugs may decrease over time and drug switching may be necessary. In Turkey, intravitreal drugs are only approved and reimbursed for DRP patients in case of macular edema. Off-label drug use may be preferred in non-approved indications and for reasons such as the need for additional drug doses to the determined limits. However, permission must be obtained from TMMDA for off-label drug use in Turkey. Conclusion: Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs are the first-line treatment options for DME. TMMDA currently approves stepwise therapy for diabetic macular edema, initiated with bevacizumab. Bevacizumab administration does not require approval for off-label application. Additionally, ranibizumab, aflibercept, and dexamethasone implant are reimbursed only in case of failure to respond to 3 doses of bevacizumab injection. Our report provides information about off-label drug preferences and drug use regulations in DRP treatment in Turkey. Abbreviations:DME = diabetic macular edema, DRP = Diabetic retinopathy, FFA = fundus fluorescein angiography, TMMDA = Turkish Medicines and Medical Devices Agency, VEGF = vascular endothelial growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mevlut Yilmaz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Health Sciences, Ankara Ulucanlar Eye Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Citirik
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Health Sciences, Ankara Ulucanlar Eye Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hanife Rahmanlar
- Turkish Medicines and Medical Devices Agency, Turkish Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ali Alkan
- Turkish Medicines and Medical Devices Agency, Turkish Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hakki Gursoz
- Turkish Medicines and Medical Devices Agency, Turkish Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey
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Huang J, Zhou Q. CD8+T Cell-Related Gene Biomarkers in Macular Edema of Diabetic Retinopathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:907396. [PMID: 35937822 PMCID: PMC9355330 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.907396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD8+T lymphocytes have a strong pro-inflammatory effect in all parts of the tissue, and some studies have demonstrated that its concentration in the vitreous increased significantly, suggesting that CD8+T cells play a pivotal role in the inflammatory response of diabetic retinopathy (DR). However, the infiltration of CD8+T cells in the DR retina, especially in diabetic macular edema (DME), and its related genes are still unclear. METHODS Download the GSE16036 dataset from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The ImmuCellAI program was performed to evaluate the abundance of 24 immune cells including CD8+T cells. The CD8+T cell-related genes (DECD8+TRGs) between non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) and DME were detected via difference analysis and correlation analysis. Enrichment analysis and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network mapping were implemented to explore the potential function of DECD8+TRGs. Lasso regression, support vector machine recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE), CytoHubba plug-in and MCODE plug-in in Cytoscape software, and Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) were performed to comprehensively analyze and obtain Hub DECD8+TRGs. Hub DECD8+TRGs expression patterns were further validated in other two DR-related independent datasets. The CD8+TRG score was defined as the genetic characterization of Hub DECD8+TRGs using the GSVA sample scoring method, which can be administered to distinguish early and advanced diabetic nephropathy (DN) as well as normal and DN. Finally, the transcription level of DECD8+TRGs in DR model mouse were verified by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). RESULTS A total of 371 DECD8+TRGs were identified, of which 294 genes were positively correlated and only 77 genes were negatively correlated. Eight genes (IKZF1, PTPRC, ITGB2, ITGAX, TLR7, LYN, CD74, SPI1) were recognized as Hub DECD8+TRGs. DR and DN, which have strong clinical correlation, have been proved to be associated with CD8+T cell-related hub genes by multiple independent data sets. Hub DECD8+TRGs can not only distinguish PDR from normal and DN from normal, but also play a role in the early and progressive stages of the two diseases (NPDR vs DME, Early DN vs Advanced DN). The qPCR transcription level and trend of Hub DECD8+TRGs in DR mouse model was basically the same as that in human transcriptome. CONCLUSION This study not only increases our understanding of the molecular mechanism of CD8+T cells in the progression of DME, but also expands people's cognitive vision of the molecular mechanism of crosstalk of CD8+T cells in the eyes and kidneys of patients with diabetes.
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79
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Xie Z, Xiao X. Novel biomarkers and therapeutic approaches for diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy: Recent progress and future perspectives. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1065856. [PMID: 36506068 PMCID: PMC9732104 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1065856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The global burden due to microvascular complications in patients with diabetes mellitus persists and even increases alarmingly, the intervention and management are now encountering many difficulties and challenges. This paper reviews the recent advancement and progress in novel biomarkers, artificial intelligence technology, therapeutic agents and approaches of diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy, providing more insights into the management of microvascular complications.
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80
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Wei L, Mo W, Lan S, Yang H, Huang Z, Liang X, Li L, Xian J, Xie X, Qin Y, Lin F, Luo Z. GLP-1 RA Improves Diabetic Retinopathy by Protecting the Blood-Retinal Barrier through GLP-1R-ROCK-p-MLC Signaling Pathway. J Diabetes Res 2022; 2022:1861940. [PMID: 36387940 PMCID: PMC9649324 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1861940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) are common clinical agents that are clinically protective against diabetic complications, such as diabetic retinopathy (DR). Previous studies have shown that the RhoA/ROCK pathway plays an important role in the development of DR. However, the specific mechanism of action between GLP-1RA and DR remains unclear. The aim of this study was thus to investigate the main mechanism involved in the protective effect of GLP-1RA on DR. METHODS Type 2 diabetic mice were fed a high-sugar, high-fat diet. Changes in the retinal structure were observed via HE staining and transmission electron microscopy. The expression of retinal GLP-1R, blood-retinal barrier- (BRB-) related proteins, inflammatory factors, and related pathway proteins were studied via Western blot or immunohistochemistry/immunofluorescence analysis. RESULTS GLP-1RA treatment reduced the blood glucose and lipid levels as well as the body weight of the diabetic mice while also improving retinal thickness, morphology, and vascular ultrastructure. Moreover, restored GLP-1R expression, increased Occludin and ZO-1 levels, and decreased albumin expression led to reduced retinal leakage and improved the BRB by inhibiting the RhoA/ROCK pathway. CONCLUSIONS We found that the protective effect of GLP-1RA on the retina may be realized through the GLP-1R-ROCK-p-MLC signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liufeng Wei
- Department of Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi, China
| | - Weiwei Mo
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi, China
- Department of Renal Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 1 Liushi Road, Liuzhou, 545000 Guangxi, China
| | - Shanshan Lan
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi, China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi, China
| | - Zhenxing Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi, China
| | - Xinghuan Liang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi, China
| | - Jing Xian
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi, China
| | - Xuemei Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi, China
| | - Yingfen Qin
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi, China
| | - Faquan Lin
- Department of Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi, China
| | - Zuojie Luo
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi, China
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Rudraraju M, Narayanan SP, Somanath PR. Distinct Mechanisms of Human Retinal Endothelial Barrier Modulation In Vitro by Mediators of Diabetes and Uveitis. Life (Basel) 2021; 12:life12010033. [PMID: 35054426 PMCID: PMC8779223 DOI: 10.3390/life12010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular diseases such as diabetic retinopathy (DR) and uveitis are associated with injury to the blood–retinal barrier (BRB). Whereas high glucose (HG) and advanced glycation end products (AGE) contribute to DR, bacterial infections causing uveitis are triggered by endotoxins such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). It is unclear how HG, AGE, and LPS affect human retinal endothelial cell (HREC) junctions. Moreover, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) is elevated in both DR and ocular infections. In the current study, we determined the direct effects of HG, AGE, TNFα, and LPS on the expression and intracellular distribution of claudin-5, VE-cadherin, and β-catenin in HRECs and how these mediators affect Akt and P38 MAP kinase that have been implicated in ocular pathologies. In our results, whereas HG, AGE, and TNFα activated both Akt and P38 MAPK, LPS treatment suppressed Akt but increased P38 MAPK phosphorylation. Furthermore, while treatment with AGE and HG increased cell-junction protein expression in HRECs, LPS elicited a paradoxical effect. By contrast, when HG treatment increased HREC-barrier resistance, AGE and LPS stimulation compromised it, and TNFα had no effect. Together, our results demonstrated the differential effects of the mediators of diabetes and infection on HREC-barrier modulation leading to BRB injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuri Rudraraju
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
- Research Division, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - S. Priya Narayanan
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
- Research Division, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Correspondence: (S.P.N.); (P.R.S.); Tel.: +1-706-721-4250 (P.R.S.)
| | - Payaningal R. Somanath
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
- Research Division, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Correspondence: (S.P.N.); (P.R.S.); Tel.: +1-706-721-4250 (P.R.S.)
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Giurdanella G, Longo A, Distefano A, Olivieri M, Cristaldi M, Cosentino A, Agafonova A, Caporarello N, Lupo G, Anfuso CD. The Anti-Inflammatory Effect of the β1-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonist Metoprolol on High Glucose Treated Human Microvascular Retinal Endothelial Cells. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010051. [PMID: 35011613 PMCID: PMC8750370 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia-induced impairment of the blood-retinal barrier represents the main pathological event in diabetic retinopathy that is elicited by a reduced cellular response to an accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased inflammation. The purpose of the study was to evaluate whether the selective β1-adrenoreceptor (β1-AR) antagonist metoprolol could modulate the inflammatory response to hyperglycemic conditions. For this purpose, human retinal endothelial cells (HREC) were treated with normal (5 mM) or high glucose (25 mM, HG) in the presence of metoprolol (10 μM), epinephrine (1 μM), or both compounds. Metoprolol prevented both the HG-induced reduction of cell viability (MTT assays) and the modulation of the angiogenic potential of HREC (tube formation assays) reducing the TNF-α, IL-1β, and VEGF mRNA levels (qRT-PCR). Moreover, metoprolol prevented the increase in phospho-ERK1/2, phospho-cPLA2, COX2, and protein levels (Western blot) as well as counteracting the translocation of ERK1/2 and cPLA2 (high-content screening). Metoprolol reduced ROS accumulation in HG-stimulated HREC by activating the anti-oxidative cellular response mediated by the Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. In conclusion, metoprolol exerted a dual effect on HG-stimulated HREC, decreasing the activation of the pro-inflammatory ERK1/2/cPLA2/COX2 axis, and counteracting ROS accumulation by activating the Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Giurdanella
- Biochemistry Section, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.G.); (A.L.); (A.D.); (A.C.); (A.A.); (C.D.A.)
| | - Anna Longo
- Biochemistry Section, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.G.); (A.L.); (A.D.); (A.C.); (A.A.); (C.D.A.)
| | - Alfio Distefano
- Biochemistry Section, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.G.); (A.L.); (A.D.); (A.C.); (A.A.); (C.D.A.)
| | - Melania Olivieri
- U.O. Clinical Pathology, Department of Hematology, AUSL Romagna, 47522 Cesena, Italy;
| | | | - Alessia Cosentino
- Biochemistry Section, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.G.); (A.L.); (A.D.); (A.C.); (A.A.); (C.D.A.)
| | - Aleksandra Agafonova
- Biochemistry Section, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.G.); (A.L.); (A.D.); (A.C.); (A.A.); (C.D.A.)
| | - Nunzia Caporarello
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | - Gabriella Lupo
- Biochemistry Section, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.G.); (A.L.); (A.D.); (A.C.); (A.A.); (C.D.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Carmelina Daniela Anfuso
- Biochemistry Section, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.G.); (A.L.); (A.D.); (A.C.); (A.A.); (C.D.A.)
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Du A, Xie Y, Ouyang H, Lu B, Jia W, Xu H, Ji L. Si-Miao-Yong-An Decoction for Diabetic Retinopathy: A Combined Network Pharmacological and In Vivo Approach. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:763163. [PMID: 34899317 PMCID: PMC8661904 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.763163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Si-Miao-Yong-An decoction (SMYAD), a traditional Chinese medicine formula, is mainly used to clear away heat and detoxify and to promote blood circulation and relieve pain. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common type of microvascular complication caused by diabetes. This study is designed to examine the protective effect of SMYAD against DR and further to reveal the engaged mechanism via integrating network pharmacology and in vivo experimental evidence. Streptozotocin (STZ) was intraperitoneally injected into mice to induce diabetes. The dysfunction of the blood retina barrier (BRB) was observed by conducting Evan's blue leakage assay, detecting tight junction (TJ) protein expression and counting the number of acellular capillaries in retinas. Our results showed that SMYAD alleviated BRB breakdown in vivo. Network pharmacology results demonstrated that regulating inflammation, immune responses, and angiogenesis might be associated with the efficacy of SMYAD in alleviating DR, in which the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF1) signal pathways were involved. Next, immunofluorescence staining results showed that SMYAD decreased microglia activation in retinas and reduced the enhanced adhesion of leukocytes into retinal vessels. SMYAD reduced the elevated serum TNFα content and retinal TNFα expression. SMYAD abrogated the activation of nuclear factor κB (NFκB) and HIF1α and consequently decreased the enhanced expression of some pro-inflammatory molecules and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in retinas. These results indicate that SMYAD attenuated DR development through suppressing retinal inflammation and angiogenesis via abrogating NFκB-TNFα and HIF1α-VEGF signal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Du
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yumin Xie
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Ouyang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Lu
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wangya Jia
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Xu
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Ji
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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84
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Meng C, Gu C, He S, Su T, Lhamo T, Draga D, Qiu Q. Pyroptosis in the Retinal Neurovascular Unit: New Insights Into Diabetic Retinopathy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:763092. [PMID: 34737754 PMCID: PMC8560732 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.763092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is prevalent among people with long-term diabetes mellitus (DM) and remains the leading cause of visual impairment in working-aged people. DR is related to chronic low-level inflammatory reactions. Pyroptosis is an emerging type of inflammatory cell death mediated by gasdermin D (GSDMD), NOD-like receptors and inflammatory caspases that promote interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 release. In addition, the retinal neurovascular unit (NVU) is the functional basis of the retina. Recent studies have shown that pyroptosis may participate in the destruction of retinal NVU cells in simulated hyperglycemic DR environments. In this review, we will clarify the importance of pyroptosis in the retinal NVU during the development of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunren Meng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Chufeng Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai He
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Su
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Thashi Lhamo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shigatse People’s Hospital, Shigatse, China
| | - Deji Draga
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shigatse People’s Hospital, Shigatse, China
| | - Qinghua Qiu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shigatse People’s Hospital, Shigatse, China
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85
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Marchesi N, Fahmideh F, Boschi F, Pascale A, Barbieri A. Ocular Neurodegenerative Diseases: Interconnection between Retina and Cortical Areas. Cells 2021; 10:2394. [PMID: 34572041 PMCID: PMC8469605 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The possible interconnection between the eye and central nervous system (CNS) has been a topic of discussion for several years just based on fact that the eye is properly considered an extension of the brain. Both organs consist of neurons and derived from a neural tube. The visual process involves photoreceptors that receive light stimulus from the external environment and send it to retinal ganglionic cells (RGC), one of the cell types of which the retina is composed. The retina, the internal visual membrane of the eye, processes the visual stimuli in electric stimuli to transfer it to the brain, through the optic nerve. Retinal chronic progressive neurodegeneration, which may occur among the elderly, can lead to different disorders of the eye such as glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and diabetic retinopathy (DR). Mainly in the elderly population, but also among younger people, such ocular pathologies are the cause of irreversible blindness or impaired, reduced vision. Typical neurodegenerative diseases of the CSN are a group of pathologies with common characteristics and etiology not fully understood; some risk factors have been identified, but they are not enough to justify all the cases observed. Furthermore, several studies have shown that also ocular disorders present characteristics of neurodegenerative diseases and, on the other hand, CNS pathologies, i.e., Alzheimer disease (AD) and Parkinson disease (PD), which are causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, show peculiar alterations at the ocular level. The knowledge of possible correlations could help to understand the mechanisms of onset. Moreover, the underlying mechanisms of these heterogeneous disorders are still debated. This review discusses the characteristics of the ocular illnesses, focusing on the relationship between the eye and the brain. A better comprehension could help in future new therapies, thus reducing or avoiding loss of vision and improve quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Annalisa Barbieri
- Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 14, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (N.M.); (F.F.); (F.B.); (A.P.)
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86
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Zhang CL, Wang HL, Li PC, Hong CD, Chen AQ, Qiu YM, Zeng AP, Zhou YF, Hu B, Li YN. Mfsd2a overexpression alleviates vascular dysfunction in diabetic retinopathy. Pharmacol Res 2021; 171:105755. [PMID: 34229049 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the common complications in diabetic patients. Nowadays, VEGF pathway is subject to extensive research. However, about 27% of the patients have a poor visual outcome, with 50% still having edema after two years' treatment of diabetic macular edema (DME) with ranibizumab. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the primary ω-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA), reduces abnormal neovascularization and alleviates neovascular eye diseases. A study reported that fish oil reduced the incidence of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) by about 27.5% in preterm infants. Although ω-3 LC-PUFAs protects against pathological retinal neovascularization, the treatment effectiveness is low. It is interesting to investigate why DHA therapy fails in some patients. In human vitreous humor samples, we found that the ratio of DHA and DHA-derived metabolites to total fatty acids was higher in vitreous humor from DR patients than that from macular hole patients; however, the ratio of DHA metabolites to DHA and DHA-derived metabolites was lower in the diabetic vitreous humor. The expression of Mfsd2a, the LPC-DHA transporter, was reduced in the oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model and streptozotocin (STZ) model. In vitro, Mfsd2a overexpression inhibited endothelial cell proliferation, migration and vesicular transcytosis. Moreover, Mfsd2a overexpression in combination with the DHA diet obviously reduced abnormal retinal neovascularization and vascular leakage, which is more effective than Mfsd2a overexpression alone. These results suggest that DHA therapy failure in some DR patients is linked to low expression of Mfsd2a, and the combination of Mfsd2a overexpression and DHA therapy may be an effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Hai-Ling Wang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Peng-Cheng Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Can-Dong Hong
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - An-Qi Chen
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yan-Mei Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Ai-Ping Zeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yi-Fan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Ya-Nan Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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87
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Brinks J, van Dijk EHC, Klaassen I, Schlingemann RO, Kielbasa SM, Emri E, Quax PHA, Bergen AA, Meijer OC, Boon CJF. Exploring the choroidal vascular labyrinth and its molecular and structural roles in health and disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 87:100994. [PMID: 34280556 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The choroid is a key player in maintaining ocular homeostasis and plays a role in a variety of chorioretinal diseases, many of which are poorly understood. Recent advances in the field of single-cell RNA sequencing have yielded valuable insights into the properties of choroidal endothelial cells (CECs). Here, we review the role of the choroid in various physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms, focusing on the role of CECs. We also discuss new insights regarding the phenotypic properties of CECs, CEC subpopulations, and the value of measuring transcriptomics in primary CEC cultures derived from post-mortem eyes. In addition, we discuss key phenotypic, structural, and functional differences that distinguish CECs from other endothelial cells such as retinal vascular endothelial cells. Understanding the specific clinical and molecular properties of the choroid will shed new light on the pathogenesis of the broad clinical range of chorioretinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, central serous chorioretinopathy and other diseases within the pachychoroid spectrum, uveitis, and diabetic choroidopathy. Although our knowledge is still relatively limited with respect to the clinical features and molecular pathways that underlie these chorioretinal diseases, we summarise new approaches and discuss future directions for gaining new insights into these sight-threatening diseases and highlight new therapeutic strategies such as pluripotent stem cell‒based technologies and gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brinks
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - E H C van Dijk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - I Klaassen
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Departments of Ophthalmology and Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R O Schlingemann
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Departments of Ophthalmology and Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Jules Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - S M Kielbasa
- Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - E Emri
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Section of Ophthalmogenetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - P H A Quax
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - A A Bergen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Section of Ophthalmogenetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - O C Meijer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - C J F Boon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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88
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Fu SH, Lai MC, Zheng YY, Sun YW, Qiu JJ, Gui F, Zhang Q, Liu F. MiR-195 inhibits the ubiquitination and degradation of YY1 by Smurf2, and induces EMT and cell permeability of retinal pigment epithelial cells. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:708. [PMID: 34267179 PMCID: PMC8282777 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03956-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The dysregulated microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in diabetic retinopathy progression. Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell permeability are important events in diabetic retinopathy. However, the function and mechanism of miR-195 in EMT and cell permeability in diabetic retinopathy remain largely unclear. Diabetic retinopathy models were established using streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice and high glucose (HG)-stimulated ARPE-19 cells. Retina injury was investigated by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. EMT and cell permeability were analyzed by western blotting, immunofluorescence, wound healing, and FITC-dextran assays. MiR-195 expression was detected via qRT-PCR. YY1, VEGFA, Snail1, and Smurf2 levels were detected via western blotting. The interaction relationship was analyzed via ChIP, Co-IP, or dual-luciferase reporter assay. The retina injury, EMT, and cell permeability were induced in STZ-induced diabetic mice. HG induced EMT and cell permeability in ARPE-19 cells. MiR-195, YY1, VEGFA, and Snail1 levels were enhanced, but Smurf2 abundance was reduced in STZ-induced diabetic mice and HG-stimulated ARPE-19 cells. VEGFA knockdown decreased Snail1 expression and attenuated HG-induced EMT and cell permeability. YY1 silence reduced VEGFA and Snail1 expression, and mitigated HG-induced EMT and cell permeability. YY1 could bind with VEGFA and Snail1, and it was degraded via Smurf2-mediated ubiquitination. MiR-195 knockdown upregulated Smurf2 to decrease YY1 expression and inhibited HG-induced EMT and cell permeability. MiR-195 targeted Smurf2, increased expression of YY1, VEGFA, and Snail1, and promoted HG-induced EMT and cell permeability. MiR-195 promotes EMT and cell permeability of HG-stimulated ARPE-19 cells by increasing VEGFA/Snail1 via inhibiting the Smurf2-mediated ubiquitination of YY1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hua Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, P. R. China
| | - Mei-Chen Lai
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Yao Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Wen Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Jing Qiu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, P. R. China
| | - Fu Gui
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, P. R. China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, P. R. China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, P. R. China.
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89
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Leley SP, Ciulla TA, Bhatwadekar AD. Diabetic Retinopathy in the Aging Population: A Perspective of Pathogenesis and Treatment. Clin Interv Aging 2021; 16:1367-1378. [PMID: 34290499 PMCID: PMC8289197 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s297494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The elderly population in the United States is projected to almost double by the year 2050. In addition, the numbers of diabetics are rising, along with its most common complication, diabetic retinopathy (DR). To effectively treat DR within the elderly population, it is essential first to consider the retinal changes that occur due to aging, such as decreased blood flow, retinal thinning, and microglial changes, and understand that these changes can render the retina more vulnerable to oxidative and ischemic damage. Given these considerations, as well as the pathogenesis of DR, specific pathways could play a heightened role in DR progression in elderly patients, such as the polyol pathway and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) axis. Current ocular treatments include intravitreal corticosteroids, intravitreal anti-VEGF agents, laser photocoagulation and surgical interventions, in addition to better control of underlying diabetes with an expanding range of systemic treatments. While using therapeutics, it is also essential to consider how pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics change with aging; oral drug absorption can decrease, and ocular drug metabolism might affect the dosing and delivery methods. Also, elderly patients may more likely be nonadherent to their medication regimen or appointments than younger patients, and undertreatment with anti-VEGF drugs often leads to suboptimal outcomes. With a rising number of elderly DR patients, understanding how aging affects disease progression, pharmacological metabolism, and adherence are crucial to ensuring that this population receives adequate care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer P Leley
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Thomas A Ciulla
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Clearside Biomedical, Inc., Alpharetta, GA, USA
- Midwest Eye Institute, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ashay D Bhatwadekar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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90
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Adil MS, Narayanan SP, Somanath PR. Cell-cell junctions: structure and regulation in physiology and pathology. Tissue Barriers 2020; 9:1848212. [PMID: 33300427 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2020.1848212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial and endothelial cell-cell contacts are established and maintained by several intercellular junctional complexes. These structurally and biochemically differentiated regions on the plasma membrane primarily include tight junctions (TJs), and anchoring junctions. While the adherens junctions (AJs) provide essential adhesive and mechanical properties, TJs hold the cells together and form a near leak-proof intercellular seal by the fusion of adjacent cell membranes. AJs and TJs play essential roles in vascular permeability. Considering their involvement in several key cellular functions such as barrier formation, proliferation, migration, survival, and differentiation, further research is warranted on the composition and signaling pathways regulating cell-cell junctions to develop novel therapeutics for diseases such as organ injuries. The current review article presents our current state of knowledge on various cell-cell junctions, their molecular composition, and mechanisms regulating their expression and function in endothelial and epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir S Adil
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center , Augusta, GA, USA
| | - S Priya Narayanan
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center , Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Payaningal R Somanath
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center , Augusta, GA, USA
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91
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Ai X, Yu P, Hou Y, Song X, Luo J, Li N, Lai X, Wang X, Meng X. A review of traditional Chinese medicine on treatment of diabetic retinopathy and involved mechanisms. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 132:110852. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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