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Magalhães CP, de Freitas MFL, Nogueira MI, Campina RCDF, Takase LF, de Souza SL, de Castro RM. Modulatory role of serotonin on feeding behavior. Nutr Neurosci 2011; 13:246-55. [PMID: 21040622 DOI: 10.1179/147683010x12611460764723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The appearance, the odor, and the flavor of foods, all send messages to the encephalic area of the brain. The hypothalamus, in particular, plays a key role in the mechanisms that control the feeding behavior. These signals modulate the expression and the action of anorexigenic or orexigenic substances that influence feeding behavior. The serotonergic system of neurotransmission consists of neurons that produce and liberate serotonin as well as the serotonin-specific receptor. It has been proven that some serotonergic drugs are effective in modulating the mechanisms of control of feeding behavior. Obesity and its associated illnesses have become significant public health problems. Some drugs that manipulate the serotonergic systems have been demonstrated to be effective interventions in the treatment of obesity. The complex interplay between serotonin and its receptors, and the resultant effects on feeding behavior have become of great interest in the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Peixoto Magalhães
- Centro Acadêmico de Vitoria/Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Rua do Alto do Reservatório, S/N - Bela Vista - CEP 55608-680, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brasil.
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de Oliveira JC, Scomparin DX, Andreazzi AE, Branco RCS, Martins AG, Gravena C, Grassiolli S, Rinaldi W, Barbosa FB, Mathias PCF. Metabolic imprinting by maternal protein malnourishment impairs vagal activity in adult rats. J Neuroendocrinol 2011; 23:148-57. [PMID: 21091554 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2010.02095.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Protein restriction during lactation has been suggested to diminish parasympathetic activity, whereas sympathetic activity is enhanced in adult rats. The present study analyses whether dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system is involved in the impairment of insulin secretion from perinatally undernourished rats. Male neonates were reared by mothers fed a low- (4%) protein (LP group) or normal- (23%) protein diet (NP group). At 81 days of age, LP rats showed less body mass than NP rats (318 ± 4 g versus 370 ± 5 g) (P < 0.001). Fat tissue accumulation decreased in LP [0.8 ± 0.03 g/100 g body weight (BW)] compared to NP rats (1.1 ± 0.04 g/100 g BW) (P < 0.001). LP were glucose-intolerant as registered by the area under the curve of an i.v. glucose tolerance test (37 ± 3) compared to NP rats (29 ± 2) (P < 0.05); however, LP animals showed fasting normoglycaemia (LP, 5.0 ± 0.1; NP, 4.9 ± 0.03 mm) and hypoinsulinaemia (LP, 0.10 ± 0.02 ng/ml; NP, 0.17 ± 0.02 ng/ml). LP also showed glucose tissue uptake 60% higher than NP rats (P < 0.05). Vagus firing rate from LP was lower (7.1 ± 0.8 spikes/5 s) than that in NP rats (12.3 ± 0.7 spikes/5 s) (P < 0.001); however, there was no difference in sympathetic nervous activity. The cholinergic insulinotrophic effect was lower in pancreatic islets from LP (0.07 ± 0.01 ng/min/islet) than in NP rats (0.3 ± 0.06 ng/min/islet), whereas the levels of adrenaline-mediated inhibition of glucose-induced insulin release were similar. Perinatal protein restriction inhibited the activity of the vagus nerve, thus reducing the insulinotrophic effect of parasympathetic pathways on pancreatic β-cells, which inhibit insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, State University of Maringá, Maringá/PR, Brazil
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Early weaning programs rats to have a dietary preference for fat and palatable foods in adulthood. Behav Processes 2011; 86:75-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2010.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Oliveira LDS, da Silva LP, da Silva AI, Magalhães CP, de Souza SL, de Castro RM. Effects of early weaning on the circadian rhythm and behavioral satiety sequence in rats. Behav Processes 2011; 86:119-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Coupé B, Delamaire E, Hoebler C, Grit I, Even P, Fromentin G, Darmaun D, Parnet P. Hypothalamus integrity and appetite regulation in low birth weight rats reared artificially on a high-protein milk formula. J Nutr Biochem 2010; 22:956-63. [PMID: 21167701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2009] [Revised: 06/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
High-protein (HP) milk formulas are routinely used in infants born with a low birth weight (LBW) to enhance growth and ensure a better verbal IQ development. Indirect evidence points to a link between an HP intake during early life and the prevalence of obesity in later life. We hypothesized that HP milk supplementation to LBW pups during early postnatal life would impact hypothalamic appetite neuronal pathways development with consequences, at adulthood, on energy homeostasis regulation. Rat pups born with a LBW were equipped with gastrostomy tubes on the fifth day of life. They received a milk formula with either normal protein (NP, 8.7 g protein/dl) or high protein content (HP; 13.0 g protein/dl) and were subsequently weaned to a standard, solid diet at postnatal day 21. Rats that had been fed HP content milk gained more weight at adulthood associated with an increase of plasma insulin, leptin and triglycerides concentrations compared to NP rats. Screening performed on hypothalamus in development from the two groups of rats identified higher gene expression for cell proliferation and neurotrophin markers in HP rats. Despite these molecular differences, appetite neuronal projections emanating from the arcuate nucleus did not differ between the groups. Concerning feeding behavior at adulthood, rats that had been fed HP or NP milk exhibited differences in the satiety period, resting postprandial duration and nocturnal meal pattern. The consequences of HP milk supplementation after LBW will be discussed in regard to neural development and metabolic anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bérengère Coupé
- INRA, Laboratoire de Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, Université de Nantes, Nantes atlantique, CHU Hôtel Dieu, place Alexis Ricordeau, France
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Orozco-Solís R, Matos RJB, Lopes de Souza S, Grit I, Kaeffer B, Manhães de Castro R, Bolaños-Jiménez F. Perinatal nutrient restriction induces long-lasting alterations in the circadian expression pattern of genes regulating food intake and energy metabolism. Int J Obes (Lond) 2010; 35:990-1000. [PMID: 21060311 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2010.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several lines of evidence indicate that nutrient restriction during perinatal development sensitizes the offspring to the development of obesity, insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease in adulthood via the programming of hyperphagia and reduced energy expenditure. Given the link between the circadian clock and energy metabolism, and the resetting action of food on the circadian clock, in this study, we have investigated whether perinatal undernutrition affects the circadian expression rhythms of genes regulating food intake in the hypothalamus and energy metabolism in the liver. DESIGN Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were fed ad libitum either a control (20% protein) or a low-protein (8% protein) diet throughout pregnancy and lactation. At weaning, pups received a standard diet and at 17 and 35 days of age, their daily patterns of gene expression were analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR experiments. RESULTS 17-day-old pups exposed to perinatal undernutrition exhibited significant alterations in the circadian expression profile of the transcripts encoding diverse genes regulating food intake, the metabolic enzymes fatty acid synthase and glucokinase as well as the clock genes BMAL1 and Period1. These effects persisted after weaning, were associated with hyperphagia and mirrored the results of the behavioral analysis of feeding. Thus, perinatally undernourished rats exhibited an increased hypothalamic expression of the orexigenic peptides agouti-related protein and neuropeptide Y. Conversely, the mRNA levels of the anorexigenic peptides pro-opiomelanocortin and cocaine and amphetamine-related transcripts were decreased. CONCLUSION These observations indicate that the circadian clock undergoes nutritional programming. The programming of the circadian clock may contribute to the alterations in feeding and energy metabolism associated with malnutrition in early life, which might promote the development of metabolic disorders in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Orozco-Solís
- INRA, UMR1280 Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, Nantes, France
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Orozco-Solís R, Matos RJB, Guzmán-Quevedo O, Lopes de Souza S, Bihouée A, Houlgatte R, Manhães de Castro R, Bolaños-Jiménez F. Nutritional programming in the rat is linked to long-lasting changes in nutrient sensing and energy homeostasis in the hypothalamus. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13537. [PMID: 20975839 PMCID: PMC2958833 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nutrient deficiency during perinatal development is associated with an increased risk to develop obesity, diabetes and hypertension in the adulthood. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the developmental programming of the metabolic syndrome remain largely unknown. Methodology/Principal Findings Given the essential role of the hypothalamus in the integration of nutritional, endocrine and neuronal cues, here we have analyzed the profile of the hypothalamus transcriptome in 180 days-old rats born to dams fed either a control (200 g/kg) or a low-protein (80 g/kg) diet through pregnancy and lactation. From a total of 26 209 examined genes, 688 were up-regulated and 309 down-regulated (P<0.003) by early protein restriction. Further bioinformatic analysis of the data revealed that perinatal protein restriction permanently alters the expression of two gene clusters regulating common cellular processes. The first one includes several gate keeper genes regulating insulin signaling and nutrient sensing. The second cluster encompasses a functional network of nuclear receptors and co-regulators of transcription involved in the detection and use of lipid nutrients as fuel which, in addition, link temporal and nutritional cues to metabolism through their tight interaction with the circadian clock. Conclusions/Significance Collectively, these results indicate that the programming of the hypothalamic circuits regulating energy homeostasis is a key step in the development of obesity associated with malnutrition in early life and provide a valuable resource for further investigating the role of the hypothalamus in the programming of the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Orozco-Solís
- INRA, UMR1280 Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Université, Nantes, France
| | - Rhowena J. B. Matos
- INRA, UMR1280 Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Université, Nantes, France
| | - Omar Guzmán-Quevedo
- INRA, UMR1280 Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Université, Nantes, France
| | - Sandra Lopes de Souza
- Departamento de Anatomia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Audrey Bihouée
- INSERM, U915, IFR26, l'institut du Thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Rémi Houlgatte
- INSERM, U915, IFR26, l'institut du Thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Raul Manhães de Castro
- Departamento de Nutriçao, Centro de Ciências da Saude, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Francisco Bolaños-Jiménez
- INRA, UMR1280 Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Université, Nantes, France
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Child and adolescent psychiatrists frequently encounter children who are obese in their practices and may be asked to work alongside primary care physicians and other specialists who treat youngsters with obesity. To offer expert consultation, they must understand all aspects of the pediatric obesity epidemic. By summarizing the relevant endocrinology, cardiology, nutrition, exercise science, and public health literature, this review of pediatric obesity assesses the epidemic's background, delineates the challenges of clinical care, and appraises the therapeutic recommendations for this population of patients and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann E Maloney
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME 04074-7205, USA.
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59
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Supplementation of a maternal low-protein diet in rat pregnancy with folic acid ameliorates programming effects upon feeding behaviour in the absence of disturbances to the methionine-homocysteine cycle. Br J Nutr 2009; 103:996-1007. [PMID: 19941678 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114509992662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Maternal protein restriction in rat pregnancy is associated with altered feeding behaviour in later life. When allowed to self-select their diet, rats subject to prenatal undernutrition show an increased preference for fatty foods. The main aim of the present study was to evaluate the contribution of folic acid in the maternal diet to programming of appetite, since disturbances of the folate and methionine-homocysteine cycles have been suggested to impact upon epigenetic regulation of gene expression and hence programme long-term physiology and metabolism. Pregnant rats were fed diets containing either 9 or 18 % casein by weight, with folate provided at either 1 or 5 mg/kg diet. Adult male animals exposed to low protein (LP) in fetal life exhibited increased preference for high-fat food. Providing the higher level of folate in the maternal diet prevented this effect of LP, but offspring of rats fed 18 % casein diet with additional folate behaved in a similar manner to LP-exposed animals. Among day 20 gestation fetuses, it was apparent that both protein restriction and maternal folate supplementation could have adverse effects upon placental growth. Examination of methionine-homocysteine and folate cycle intermediates, tissue glutathione concentrations and expression of mRNA for methionine synthase, DNA methyltransferase 1 and methyltetrahydrofolate reductase revealed no gross disturbances of folate and one-carbon metabolism in either maternal or fetal tissue. The present findings indicated that any role for DNA methylation in programming of physiology is not related to major perturbations of folate metabolism, and is likely to be gene-specific rather than genome-wide.
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He Z, Sun Z, Liu S, Zhang Q, Tan Z. Effects of early malnutrition on mental system, metabolic syndrome, immunity and the gastrointestinal tract. J Vet Med Sci 2009; 71:1143-50. [PMID: 19801893 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.71.1143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The notion of how malnutrition early in life affects ontogenesis has evolved considerably since the mid-1960s. Since then, there have been many studies on the effects of early malnutrition. Nutritional and metabolic exposure during critical periods in early human and animal development may have long-term programming effects in adulthood. This is supported by evidence from epidemiological studies, numerous animal models and clinical intervention trials. In this paper, we review the effects of early malnutrition on cognitive function, metabolic syndrome, immunity and the gastrointestinal tract, as well as possible underlying mechanisms, and consider diarrhoeal disease and poor cognitive function as examples for understanding the interrelation of the harmful effects caused by early malnutrition. Previous studies on early malnutrition have mainly concentrated on humans and rats. Therefore, the main aim of the present review was to give animal scientists a clear understanding of the harmful effects of early malnutrition on animal growth and animal production, and to help identify appropriate feeding techniques to prevent early malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiong He
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, CAS, Hunan, P.R. China
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61
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Coupé B, Grit I, Darmaun D, Parnet P. The timing of "catch-up growth" affects metabolism and appetite regulation in male rats born with intrauterine growth restriction. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 297:R813-24. [PMID: 19605764 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00201.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies demonstrated a relationship between low birth weight mainly caused by intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and adult metabolic disorders. The concept of metabolic programming centers on the idea that nutritional and hormonal status during the key period of development determines the long-term control of energy balance by programming future feeding behavior and energy expenditure. The present study examined the consequence of early or late "catch-up growth" after IUGR on feeding behavior and metabolic cues of male offspring of rat dams exposed to protein restriction during gestation and/or lactation. Our results suggest that early catch-up growth may be favorable for fasting metabolic parameters at weaning, as no differences were observed on plasma leptin, triglyceride, glucose, and insulin levels compared with controls. In contrast, if pups remained malnourished until weaning, low insulin concentration was detected and was accompanied by hyperphagia associated with a large increase in hypothalamic NPY and AgRP mRNA expression. At adult age, on a regular chow diet, only the meal structure was modified by fetal programming. The two IUGR groups demonstrated a reduced meal duration that enhanced the speed of food ingestion and consequently increased the rest period associated to the satiety state without changes in the hypothalamic expression of appetite neuropeptides. Our findings demonstrate that in IUGR, regardless of postnatal growth magnitude, metabolic programming occurred in utero and was responsible for both feeding behavior alteration and postprandial higher insulin level in adults. Additionally, catch-up growth immediately after early malnutrition could be a key point for the programming of postprandial hyperleptinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bérengère Coupé
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1280 Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
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Amorim MF, Dos Santos JA, Hirabara SM, Nascimento E, De Souza SL, De Castro RM, Curi R, Leandro CG. Can physical exercise during gestation attenuate the effects of a maternal perinatal low-protein diet on oxygen consumption in rats? Exp Physiol 2009; 94:906-13. [DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2009.047621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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