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Yamamoto T, Uchiyama T, Sakakibara R, Taniguchi J, Kuwabara S. The subthalamic activity and striatal monoamine are modulated by subthalamic stimulation. Neuroscience 2014; 259:43-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Revised: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Dvorzhak A, Gertler C, Harnack D, Grantyn R. High frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus leads to presynaptic GABA(B)-dependent depression of subthalamo-nigral afferents. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82191. [PMID: 24376521 PMCID: PMC3871646 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with akinesia benefit from chronic high frequency stimulation (HFS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN). Among the mechanisms contributing to the therapeutic success of HFS-STN might be a suppression of activity in the output region of the basal ganglia. Indeed, recordings in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) of fully adult mice revealed that HFS-STN consistently produced a reduction of compound glutamatergic excitatory postsynaptic currents at a time when the tetrodotoxin-sensitive components of the local field potentials had already recovered after the high frequency activation. These observations suggest that HFS-STN not only alters action potential conduction on the way towards the SNr but also modifies synaptic transmission within the SNr. A classical conditioning-test paradigm was then designed to better separate the causes from the indicators of synaptic depression. A bipolar platinum-iridium macroelectrode delivered conditioning HFS trains to a larger group of fibers in the STN, while a separate high-ohmic glass micropipette in the rostral SNr provided test stimuli at minimal intensity to single fibers. The conditioning-test interval was set to 100 ms, i.e. the time required to recover the excitability of subthalamo-nigral axons after HFS-STN. The continuity of STN axons passing from the conditioning to the test sites was examined by an action potential occlusion test. About two thirds of the subthalamo-nigral afferents were occlusion-negative, i.e. they were not among the fibers directly activated by the conditioning STN stimulation. Nonetheless, occlusion-negative afferents exhibited signs of presynaptic depression that could be eliminated by blocking GABA(B) receptors with CGP55845 (1 µM). Further analysis of single fiber-activated responses supported the proposal that the heterosynaptic depression of synaptic glutamate release during and after HFS-STN is mainly caused by the tonic release of GABA from co-activated striato-nigral afferents to the SNr. This mechanism would be consistent with a gain-of-function hypothesis of DBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Dvorzhak
- Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Department of Experimental Neurology, University Medicine Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Gertler
- Department of Experimental Neurology, University Medicine Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Harnack
- Department of Experimental Neurology, University Medicine Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rosemarie Grantyn
- Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Department of Experimental Neurology, University Medicine Charité, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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La Corte G, Wei Y, Chernyy N, Gluckman BJ, Schiff SJ. Frequency dependence of behavioral modulation by hippocampal electrical stimulation. J Neurophysiol 2013; 111:470-80. [PMID: 24198322 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00523.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrical stimulation offers the potential to develop novel strategies for the treatment of refractory medial temporal lobe epilepsy. In particular, direct electrical stimulation of the hippocampus presents the opportunity to modulate pathological dynamics at the ictal focus, although the neuroanatomical substrate of this region renders it susceptible to altering cognition and affective processing as a side effect. We investigated the effects of three electrical stimulation paradigms on separate groups of freely moving rats (sham, 8-Hz and 40-Hz sine-wave stimulation of the ventral/intermediate hippocampus, where 8- and 40-Hz stimulation were chosen to mimic naturally occurring hippocampal oscillations). Animals exhibited attenuated locomotor and exploratory activity upon stimulation at 40 Hz, but not at sham or 8-Hz stimulation. Such behavioral modifications were characterized by a significant reduction in rearing frequency, together with increased freezing behavior. Logistic regression analysis linked the observed changes in animal locomotion to 40-Hz electrical stimulation independently of time-related variables occurring during testing. Spectral analysis, conducted to monitor the electrophysiological profile in the CA1 area of the dorsal hippocampus, showed a significant reduction in peak theta frequency, together with reduced theta power in the 40-Hz vs. the sham stimulation animal group, independent of locomotion speed (theta range: 4-12 Hz). These findings contribute to the development of novel and safe medical protocols by indicating a strategy to constrain or optimize parameters in direct hippocampal electrical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio La Corte
- Center for Neural Engineering, Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania
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Low-Gain, Low-Noise Integrated Neuronal Amplifier for Implantable Artifact-Reduction Recording System. JOURNAL OF LOW POWER ELECTRONICS AND APPLICATIONS 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/jlpea3030279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Consecutive 15min is necessary for focal low frequency stimulation to inhibit amygdaloid-kindling seizures in rats. Epilepsy Res 2013; 106:47-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Arulpragasam AR, Chou T, Kaur N, Corse AK, Deckersbach T, Camprodon JA. Future Directions of Deep Brain Stimulation: Current Disorders, New Technologies. Psychiatr Ann 2013. [DOI: 10.3928/00485713-20130806-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Deep brain stimulation for addiction: why the subthalamic nucleus should be favored. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2013; 23:713-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2013.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Lindemann C, Alam M, Krauss JK, Schwabe K. Neuronal activity in the medial associative-limbic and lateral motor part of the rat subthalamic nucleus and the effect of 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesions of the dorsolateral striatum. J Comp Neurol 2013; 521:3226-40. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Lindemann
- Department of Neurosurgery; Hannover Medical School; 30625; Hannover; Germany
| | - Mesbah Alam
- Department of Neurosurgery; Hannover Medical School; 30625; Hannover; Germany
| | - Joachim K. Krauss
- Department of Neurosurgery; Hannover Medical School; 30625; Hannover; Germany
| | - Kerstin Schwabe
- Department of Neurosurgery; Hannover Medical School; 30625; Hannover; Germany
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Huh Y, Cho J. Discrete pattern of burst stimulation in the ventrobasal thalamus for anti-nociception. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67655. [PMID: 23950787 PMCID: PMC3732121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The thalamus has been proposed to play a role in sensory modulation via switching between tonic and burst dual firing of individual neurons. Of the two firing modes, altered burst firing has been repeatedly implicated with pathological pain conditions, which suggests that maintaining a certain form of thalamic burst could be crucial for controlling pain. However, specific elements of burst firing that may contribute to pain control have not yet been actively investigated. Utilizing the deep brain stimulation (DBS) technique, we explored the effects of bursting properties in pain control by electrically stimulating the ventrobasal (VB) thalamus in forms of burst patterned to test different aspects of bursts during the formalin induced nociception in mice. Our results demonstrated that electrical stimulations mimicking specific burst firing properties are important in producing an anti-nociceptive effect and found that the ≤ 3 ms interval between burst pluses (intra-burst-interval: IntraBI) and ≥ 3 pulses per burst were required to reliably reduce formalin induced nociceptive responses in mice. Periodicity of IntraBI was also suggested to contribute to anti-nociception to a limited extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeowool Huh
- Center for Neural Science, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jeiwon Cho
- Center for Neural Science, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Low-frequency stimulation inhibits epileptogenesis by modulating the early network of the limbic system as evaluated in amygdala kindling model. Brain Struct Funct 2013; 219:1685-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-013-0594-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Reymann JM, Naudet F, Pihan M, Saïkali S, Laviolle B, Bentué-Ferrer D. Subthalamic nucleus modulates social and anxogenic-like behaviors. Behav Brain Res 2013; 252:356-62. [PMID: 23748197 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease, global social maladjustment and anxiety are frequent after subthalamic nucleus (STN) stimulation and are generally considered to be linked with sociofamilial alterations induced by the motor effects of stimulation. We hypothesized that the STN is per se involved in these changes and aimed to explore the role of STN in social and anxogenic-like behaviors using an animal model. Nineteen male Wistar rats with bilateral lesions of the STN were compared with 26 sham-lesioned rats by synchronizing an ethological approach based upon direct observation of social behaviors and a standardized approach, the elevated plus maze (EPM). Comparisons between groups were performed by a Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test. Lesioned rats showed impairments in their social (P=0.05) and aggressive behaviors with a diminution of attacking (P=0.04) and chasing (P=0.06). In the EPM, concerning the open arms, the percentage of distance, time, inactive time, and entry were significantly decreased in lesioned rats (P=0.02, P=0.01, P=0.04, and P=0.05). The time spent in non-protected head dips was also diminished in the lesioned rats (P=0.01). These results strongly implicate the STN in social behavior and anxogenic-like behavior. In human, as DBS induces changes in the underlying dynamics of the stimulated brain networks, it could create an abnormal brain state in which anxiety and social behavior are altered. These results highlight another level of complexity of the behavioral changes after stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Reymann
- Université de Rennes 1, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Expérimentale et Clinique, Faculté de Médecine, France
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Abstract
The GABAergic projection neurons in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) are key basal ganglia output neurons. The activity of these neurons is critically influenced by the glutamatergic projection from the subthalamic nucleus (STN). The SNr also receives an intense serotonin (5-HT) innervation, raising the possibility that 5-HT may regulate the STN→SNr glutamatergic transmission and the consequent STN-triggered spike firing in SNr neurons. Here we show that 5-HT reduced STN stimulation-evoked long-lasting polysynaptic complex EPSCs in SNr GABA neurons. This inhibitory 5-HT effect was mimicked by the 5-HT1B receptor agonist CP93129 and blocked by the 5-HT1B antagonist NAS-181. 5-HT1A receptor ligands were ineffective. Additionally, 5-HT and CP93129 reduced the frequency but not the amplitude of miniature EPSCs, suggesting a reduced vesicular release. 5-HT and CP93129 also decreased the amplitude but increased the paired pulse ratio of the monosynaptic EPSCs in SNr GABA neurons, indicating a presynaptic 5-HT1B receptor-mediated inhibition of glutamate release. Furthermore, 5-HT and CP93129 inhibited STN-triggered burst firing in SNr GABA neurons, and CP93129's inhibitory effect was strongest when puffed to STN→SNr axon terminals in SNr, indicating a primary role of the 5-HT1B receptors in these axon terminals. Finally, the 5-HT1B receptor antagonist NAS-181 increased the STN-triggered complex EPSCs and burst firing in SNr GABA neurons, demonstrating the effects of endogenous 5-HT. These results suggest that nigral 5-HT, via presynaptic 5-HT1B receptor activation, gates the excitatory STN→SNr projection, reduces burst firing in SNr GABA neurons, and thus may play a critical role in movement control.
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63
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Rocha L. Interaction between electrical modulation of the brain and pharmacotherapy to control pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 138:211-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Kim J, Eun Lee S, Sik Min K, Jung HH, Lee JE, Kim SJ, Chang JW. Ventral posterolateral deep brain stimulation treatment for neuropathic pain shortens pain response after cold stimuli. J Neurosci Res 2013; 91:997-1004. [PMID: 23606542 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is often severe. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a treatment method for neuropathic pain, but its mechanism of action remains unclear. Patients with neuropathic pain are affected by various stimulations, such as mechanical and cold stimuli, but studies of cold allodynia showed the associated pain to be less than that caused by mechanical stimuli. This study focused on the effects of DBS on cold allodynia in rats. To observe the effects of DBS, we established three groups: a normal group (normal), a neuropathic pain group (pain), and a DBS with neuropathic pain group (DBS). The stimulation target was the ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL). We observed differences in the degree of cold allodynia elicited between a conventional method that measured the number of pain responses and our altered novel method that measured the duration of pain responses. Cold allodynia after DBS did not differ when conventional analysis was applied, but the pain response duration was decreased. We suggest that VPL DBS was partially effective in cold allodynia, implicating complex pathways of pain signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhyung Kim
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science and Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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65
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Lortet S, Lacombe E, Boulanger N, Rihet P, Nguyen C, Kerkerian-Le Goff L, Salin P. Striatal molecular signature of subchronic subthalamic nucleus high frequency stimulation in parkinsonian rat. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60447. [PMID: 23593219 PMCID: PMC3617149 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study addresses the molecular mechanisms underlying the action of subthalamic nucleus high frequency stimulation (STN-HFS) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and its interaction with levodopa (L-DOPA), focusing on the striatum. Striatal gene expression profile was assessed in rats with nigral dopamine neuron lesion, either treated or not, using agilent microarrays and qPCR verification. The treatments consisted in anti-akinetic STN-HFS (5 days), chronic L-DOPA treatment inducing dyskinesia (LIDs) or the combination of the two treatments that exacerbated LIDs. STN-HFS modulated 71 striatal genes. The main biological processes associated with the differentially expressed gene products include regulation of growth, of apoptosis and of synaptic transmission, and extracellular region is a major cellular component implicated. In particular, several of these genes have been shown to support survival or differentiation of striatal or of dopaminergic neurons. These results indicate that STN HFS may induce widespread anatomo-functional rearrangements in the striatum and create a molecular environment favorable for neuroprotection and neuroplasticity. STN-HFS and L-DOPA treatment share very few common gene regulation features indicating that the molecular substrates underlying their striatal action are mostly different; among the common effects is the down-regulation of Adrb1, which encodes the adrenergic beta-1-receptor, supporting a major role of this receptor in Parkinson's disease. In addition to genes already reported to be associated with LIDs (preprodynorphin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, metabotropic glutamate receptor 4, cannabinoid receptor 1), the comparison between DOPA and DOPA/HFS identifies immunity-related genes as potential players in L-DOPA side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylviane Lortet
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM UMR 7288, Marseille, France.
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66
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Li Q, Ke Y, Chan DCW, Qian ZM, Yung KKL, Ko H, Arbuthnott GW, Yung WH. Therapeutic deep brain stimulation in Parkinsonian rats directly influences motor cortex. Neuron 2013; 76:1030-41. [PMID: 23217750 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Much recent discussion about the origin of Parkinsonian symptoms has centered around the idea that they arise with the increase of beta frequency waves in the EEG. This activity may be closely related to an oscillation between subthalamic nucleus (STN) and globus pallidus. Since STN is the target of deep brain stimulation, it had been assumed that its action is on the nucleus itself. By means of simultaneous recordings of the firing activities from populations of neurons and the local field potentials in the motor cortex of freely moving Parkinsonian rats, this study casts doubt on this assumption. Instead, we found evidence that the corrective action is upon the cortex, where stochastic antidromic spikes originating from the STN directly modify the firing probability of the corticofugal projection neurons, destroy the dominance of beta rhythm, and thus restore motor control to the subjects, be they patients or rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
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67
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Xie Y, Bonin T, Löffler S, Hüttmann G, Tronnier V, Hofmann UG. Coronalin vivoforward-imaging of rat brain morphology with an ultra-small optical coherence tomography fiber probe. Phys Med Biol 2013; 58:555-68. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/58/3/555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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68
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Low-frequency stimulation depresses the primate anterior-cingulate-cortex and prevents spontaneous recovery of aversive memories. J Neurosci 2012; 32:8589-97. [PMID: 22723700 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.6481-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional abnormalities in the dorsal-anterior-cingulate-cortex (dACC) underlie anxiety disorders and specifically post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Promising and common behavioral approaches have limited effectiveness and many subjects exhibit spontaneous recovery of fear, as also evident in animal models following extinction training. Here, we use low-frequency stimulation (LFS), a protocol shown to induce long-term depression, with the aim of affecting synaptic plasticity induced by fear acquisition and extinction. We use aversive conditioning of either tone or visual stimuli paired with an aversive air-puff to the eye in a trace-conditioning paradigm. We find that LFS in the nonhuman primate (Macaca fascicularis) dACC, when combined with extinction training, was successful in preventing spontaneous recovery of the memory 24-72 h following extinction. We simultaneously record single-units and local-field-potentials across the dACC, and show that LFS gradually depressed evoked responses. Moreover, this decrease in neural excitability predicted the successful reduction of overnight spontaneous recovery on a day-by-day basis. Finally, we show that this effect occurs when using either visual or auditory modality as the conditioned stimulus, and that the reduction was specific to the conditioned modality. Our results suggest that the primate dACC is actively involved in maintaining the original aversive memory, and propose that a combination of LFS with behavioral therapy might significantly improve treatment in severe cases.
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70
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Elwassif MM, Datta A, Rahman A, Bikson M. Temperature control at DBS electrodes using a heat sink: experimentally validated FEM model of DBS lead architecture. J Neural Eng 2012; 9:046009. [PMID: 22764359 PMCID: PMC3406231 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/9/4/046009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in the use of deep brain stimulation (DBS) for the treatment of medically refractory movement disorders and other neurological and psychiatric conditions. The extent of temperature increases around DBS electrodes during normal operation (joule heating and increased metabolic activity) or coupling with an external source (e.g. magnetic resonance imaging) remains poorly understood and methods to mitigate temperature increases are being actively investigated. We developed a heat transfer finite element method (FEM) simulation of DBS incorporating the realistic architecture of Medtronic 3389 leads. The temperature changes were analyzed considering different electrode configurations, stimulation protocols and tissue properties. The heat-transfer model results were then validated using micro-thermocouple measurements during DBS lead stimulation in a saline bath. FEM results indicate that lead design (materials and geometry) may have a central role in controlling temperature rise by conducting heat. We show how modifying lead design can effectively control temperature increases. The robustness of this heat-sink approach over complimentary heat-mitigation technologies follows from several features: (1) it is insensitive to the mechanisms of heating (e.g. nature of magnetic coupling); (2) it does not interfere with device efficacy; and (3) can be practically implemented in a broad range of implanted devices without modifying the normal device operations or the implant procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged M Elwassif
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York of The City University of New York, NY, USA
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71
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Aliane V, Pérez S, Deniau JM, Kemel ML. Raclopride or high-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus stops cocaine-induced motor stereotypy and restores related alterations in prefrontal basal ganglia circuits. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 36:3235-45. [PMID: 22845853 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08245.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Motor stereotypy is a key symptom of various neurological or neuropsychiatric disorders. Neuroleptics or the promising treatment using deep brain stimulation stops stereotypies but the mechanisms underlying their actions are unclear. In rat, motor stereotypies are linked to an imbalance between prefrontal and sensorimotor cortico-basal ganglia circuits. Indeed, cortico-nigral transmission was reduced in the prefrontal but not sensorimotor basal ganglia circuits and dopamine and acetylcholine release was altered in the prefrontal but not sensorimotor territory of the dorsal striatum. Furthermore, cholinergic transmission in the prefrontal territory of the dorsal striatum plays a crucial role in the arrest of motor stereotypy. Here we found that, as previously observed for raclopride, high-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (HFS STN) rapidly stopped cocaine-induced motor stereotypies in rat. Importantly, raclopride and HFS STN exerted a strong effect on cocaine-induced alterations in prefrontal basal ganglia circuits. Raclopride restored the cholinergic transmission in the prefrontal territory of the dorsal striatum and the cortico-nigral information transmissions in the prefrontal basal ganglia circuits. HFS STN also restored the N-methyl-d-aspartic-acid-evoked release of acetylcholine and dopamine in the prefrontal territory of the dorsal striatum. However, in contrast to raclopride, HFS STN did not restore the cortico-substantia nigra pars reticulata transmissions but exerted strong inhibitory and excitatory effects on neuronal activity in the prefrontal subdivision of the substantia nigra pars reticulata. Thus, both raclopride and HFS STN stop cocaine-induced motor stereotypy, but exert different effects on the related alterations in the prefrontal basal ganglia circuits.
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Forni C, Mainard O, Melon C, Goguenheim D, Kerkerian-Le Goff L, Salin P. Portable microstimulator for chronic deep brain stimulation in freely moving rats. J Neurosci Methods 2012; 209:50-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2012.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Musa S, Rand DR, Cott DJ, Loo J, Bartic C, Eberle W, Nuttin B, Borghs G. Bottom-up SiO2 embedded carbon nanotube electrodes with superior performance for integration in implantable neural microsystems. ACS NANO 2012; 6:4615-4628. [PMID: 22551016 DOI: 10.1021/nn201609u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The reliable integration of carbon nanotube (CNT) electrodes in future neural probes requires a proper embedding of the CNTs to prevent damage and toxic contamination during fabrication and also to preserve their mechanical integrity during implantation. Here we describe a novel bottom-up embedding approach where the CNT microelectrodes are encased in SiO(2) and Parylene C with lithographically defined electrode openings. Vertically aligned CNTs are grown on microelectrode arrays using low-temperature plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition compatible with wafer-scale CMOS processing. Electrodes with 5, 10, and 25 μm diameter are realized. The CNT electrodes are characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry and compared against cofabricated Pt and TiN electrodes. The superior performance of the CNTs in terms of impedance (≤4.8 ± 0.3 kΩ at 1 kHz) and charge-storage capacity (≥513.9 ± 61.6 mC/cm(2)) is attributed to an increased wettability caused by the removal of the SiO(2) embedding in buffered hydrofluoric acid. Infrared spectroscopy reveals an unaltered chemical fingerprint of the CNTs after fabrication. Impedance monitoring during biphasic current pulsing with increasing amplitudes provides clear evidence of the onset of gas evolution at CNT electrodes. Stimulation is accordingly considered safe for charge densities ≤40.7 mC/cm(2). In addition, prolonged stimulation with 5000 biphasic current pulses at 8.1, 40.7, and 81.5 mC/cm(2) increases the CNT electrode impedance at 1 kHz only by 5.5, 1.2, and 12.1%, respectively. Finally, insertion of CNT electrodes with and without embedding into rat brains demonstrates that embedded CNTs are mechanically more stable than non-embedded CNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Musa
- Imec, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
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74
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Luigjes J, van den Brink W, Feenstra M, van den Munckhof P, Schuurman PR, Schippers R, Mazaheri A, De Vries TJ, Denys D. Deep brain stimulation in addiction: a review of potential brain targets. Mol Psychiatry 2012; 17:572-83. [PMID: 21931318 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2011.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an adjustable, reversible, non-destructive neurosurgical intervention using implanted electrodes to deliver electrical pulses to areas in the brain. DBS is currently investigated in psychiatry for the treatment of refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder, Tourette syndrome and depressive disorder. Although recent research in both animals and humans has indicated that DBS may be an effective intervention for patients with treatment-refractory addiction, it is not yet entirely clear which brain areas should be targeted. The objective of this review is to provide a systematic overview of the published literature on DBS and addiction and outline the most promising target areas using efficacy and adverse event data from both preclinical and clinical studies. We found 7 animal studies targeting six different brain areas: nucleus accumbens (NAc), subthalamic nucleus (STN), dorsal striatum, lateral habenula, medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and hypothalamus, and 11 human studies targeting two different target areas: NAc and STN. Our analysis of the literature suggests that the NAc is currently the most promising DBS target area for patients with treatment-refractory addiction. The mPFC is another promising target, but needs further exploration to establish its suitability for clinical purposes. We conclude the review with a discussion on translational issues in DBS research, medical ethical considerations and recommendations for clinical trials with DBS in patients with addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Luigjes
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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75
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Xu Z, Wang Y, Jin M, Yue J, Xu C, Ying X, Wu D, Zhang S, Chen Z. Polarity-dependent effect of low-frequency stimulation on amygdaloid kindling in rats. Brain Stimul 2012; 6:190-7. [PMID: 22659019 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-frequency stimulation (LFS, <5 Hz) has been proposed as an alternative option for the treatment of epilepsy. The stimulation pole, anode and cathode, may make different contributions to the anti-epileptic effect of LFS. OBJECTIVE To determine whether electrode polarity influences the anti-epileptic effect of LFS at the kindling focus in amygdaloid kindling rats. METHODS The effect of bipolar and monopolar (or unipolar) LFS at the amygdala in different polarity directions on amygdaloid kindling acquisition, kindled seizures and electroencephalogram (EEG) were tested. RESULTS Bipolar LFS in the same direction of polarity as the kindling stimulation but not in the reverse direction retarded kindling acquisition. Anodal rather than cathodal monopolar LFS attenuated kindling acquisition and kindled seizures. Bipolar LFS showed a stronger anti-epileptic effect than monopolar LFS. Furthermore, anodal LFS (both bipolar and monopolar) decreased, while cathodal LFS increased the power of the EEG from the amygdala; the main changes in power were in the delta (0.5-4 Hz) band, which was specifically increased during kindling acquisition. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide the first evidence that the effect of LFS at the kindling focus on amygdaloid kindling in rats is polarity-dependent, and this may be due to the different effects of anodal and cathodal LFS on the activity in the amygdala, especially on the delta band activity. So, It is likely that the electrode polarity, especially that for anodal current, is a key factor affecting the clinical effects of LFS on epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghao Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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76
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Bennouar KE, Uberti MA, Melon C, Bacolod MD, Jimenez HN, Cajina M, Kerkerian-Le Goff L, Doller D, Gubellini P. Synergy between L-DOPA and a novel positive allosteric modulator of metabotropic glutamate receptor 4: implications for Parkinson's disease treatment and dyskinesia. Neuropharmacology 2012; 66:158-69. [PMID: 22491024 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Group III metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors are localized in presynaptic terminals within basal ganglia (BG) circuitry that become hyperactive due to dopamine depletion in Parkinson's disease (PD). For this reason, group III mGlu receptors, in particular mGlu4, have been considered as key strategic targets for non-dopaminergic pharmacological treatments aimed at modulating these synapses, without producing the well known side-effects of l-DOPA, in particular the highly disabling l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). Herein we add physiological and functional support to this hypothesis using Lu AF21934, a novel selective and brain-penetrant mGlu4 receptor positive allosteric modulator (PAM) tool compound. By in vitro electrophysiological recordings we demonstrate that Lu AF21934 inhibits corticostriatal synaptic transmission and enhances the effect of the orthosteric mGlu4 receptor-preferred agonist LSP1-2111. In naïve rats, Lu AF21934 dose-dependently (10 and 30 mg/kg) alleviated haloperidol-induced catalepsy. In hemiparkinsonian rats (unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of the substantia nigra pars compacta), Lu AF21934 alone did not affect akinesia at the doses tested (10 and 30 mg/kg). However, when Lu AF21934 was combined with sub-threshold doses of l-DOPA (1 and 5 mg/kg), it acted synergistically in alleviating akinesia in a dose-dependent manner and, notably, also reduced the incidence of LID but not its severity. Interestingly, these effects occurred at Lu AF21934 brain free concentrations that showed functional activity in in vitro screens (calcium flux and electrophysiology assays). These results support the potential for antiparkinsonian clinical use of a combined treatment consisting in l-DOPA and a mGlu4 receptor PAM to reduce efficacious l-DOPA doses (generally known as l-DOPA sparing), while maintaining the same benefit on PD motor troubles, and at the same time minimizing the development of LID. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled-Ezaheir Bennouar
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille-Luminy (IBDML), UMR 7288, 13009 Marseille, France
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77
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Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has emerged as a powerful surgical therapy for the management of treatment-resistant movement disorders, epilepsy and neuropsychiatric disorders. Although DBS may be clinically effective in many cases, its mode of action is still elusive. It is unclear which neural cell types are involved in the mechanism of DBS, and how high-frequency stimulation of these cells may lead to alleviation of the clinical symptoms. Neurons have commonly been a main focus in the many theories explaining the working mechanism of DBS. Recent data, however, demonstrates that astrocytes may be active players in the DBS mechanism of action. In this review article, we will discuss the potential role of reactive and neurogenic astrocytes (neural progenitors) in DBS.
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78
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Rosa M, Giannicola G, Marceglia S, Fumagalli M, Barbieri S, Priori A. Neurophysiology of Deep Brain Stimulation. EMERGING HORIZONS IN NEUROMODULATION - NEW FRONTIERS IN BRAIN AND SPINE STIMULATION 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-404706-8.00004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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79
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Closed-loop deep brain stimulation is superior in ameliorating parkinsonism. Neuron 2011; 72:370-84. [PMID: 22017994 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 496] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Continuous high-frequency deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a widely used therapy for advanced Parkinson's disease (PD) management. However, the mechanisms underlying DBS effects remain enigmatic and are the subject of an ongoing debate. Here, we present and test a closed-loop stimulation strategy for PD in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) primate model of PD. Application of pallidal closed-loop stimulation leads to dissociation between changes in basal ganglia (BG) discharge rates and patterns, providing insights into PD pathophysiology. Furthermore, cortico-pallidal closed-loop stimulation has a significantly greater effect on akinesia and on cortical and pallidal discharge patterns than standard open-loop DBS and matched control stimulation paradigms. Thus, closed-loop DBS paradigms, by modulating pathological oscillatory activity rather than the discharge rate of the BG-cortical networks, may afford more effective management of advanced PD. Such strategies have the potential to be effective in additional brain disorders in which a pathological neuronal discharge pattern can be recognized.
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80
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Zhou FM, Lee CR. Intrinsic and integrative properties of substantia nigra pars reticulata neurons. Neuroscience 2011; 198:69-94. [PMID: 21839148 PMCID: PMC3221915 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The GABA projection neurons of the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) are output neurons for the basal ganglia and thus critical for movement control. Their most striking neurophysiological feature is sustained, spontaneous high frequency spike firing. A fundamental question is: what are the key ion channels supporting the remarkable firing capability in these neurons? Recent studies indicate that these neurons express tonically active type 3 transient receptor potential (TRPC3) channels that conduct a Na-dependent inward current even at hyperpolarized membrane potentials. When the membrane potential reaches -60 mV, a voltage-gated persistent sodium current (I(NaP)) starts to activate, further depolarizing the membrane potential. At or slightly below -50 mV, the large transient voltage-activated sodium current (I(NaT)) starts to activate and eventually triggers the rapid rising phase of action potentials. SNr GABA neurons have a higher density of I(NaT), contributing to the faster rise and larger amplitude of action potentials, compared with the slow-spiking dopamine neurons. I(NaT) also recovers from inactivation more quickly in SNr GABA neurons than in nigral dopamine neurons. In SNr GABA neurons, the rising phase of the action potential triggers the activation of high-threshold, inactivation-resistant Kv3-like channels that can rapidly repolarize the membrane. These intrinsic ion channels provide SNr GABA neurons with the ability to fire spontaneous and sustained high frequency spikes. Additionally, robust GABA inputs from direct pathway medium spiny neurons in the striatum and GABA neurons in the globus pallidus may inhibit and silence SNr GABA neurons, whereas glutamate synaptic input from the subthalamic nucleus may induce burst firing in SNr GABA neurons. Thus, afferent GABA and glutamate synaptic inputs sculpt the tonic high frequency firing of SNr GABA neurons and the consequent inhibition of their targets into an integrated motor control signal that is further fine-tuned by neuromodulators including dopamine, serotonin, endocannabinoids, and H₂O₂.
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Affiliation(s)
- F-M Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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81
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Baunez C, Yelnik J, Mallet L. Six questions on the subthalamic nucleus: lessons from animal models and from stimulated patients. Neuroscience 2011; 198:193-204. [PMID: 22001680 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Baunez
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie de la Cognition-LNC, UMR6155 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-CNRS, 3 Place Victor Hugo, F-13000 Marseille, France.
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82
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Sultan F, Augath M, Murayama Y, Tolias AS, Logothetis N. esfMRI of the upper STS: further evidence for the lack of electrically induced polysynaptic propagation of activity in the neocortex. Magn Reson Imaging 2011; 29:1374-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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83
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Emerging dysfunctions consequent to combined monoaminergic depletions in Parkinsonism. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 45:763-73. [PMID: 22079236 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The loss of dopamine (DA) neurons has been the pathophysiological focus of the devastating conditions of Parkinson's disease, but depletion of DA alone in animal models has failed to simultaneously elicit both the motor and non-motor deficits of PD. The present study aimed to investigate, in rats, the respective role of dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA) and serotonin (5-HT) depletions on motor and non-motor behaviors and on subthalamic (STN) neuronal activity. We show that NA or DA depletion significantly decreased locomotor activity and enhanced the proportion of bursty and irregular STN neurons. Anxiety-like states required DA depletion plus the depletion of 5-HT or NA. Anhedonia and "depressive-like" behavior emerged only from the combined depletion of all three monoamines, an effect paralleled by an increase in the firing rate and the proportion of bursty and irregular STN neurons. Here, we provide evidence for the exacerbation of behavioral deficits when NA and/or 5-HT depletions are combined with DA depletion, bringing new insight into the combined roles of the three monoamines in PD.
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84
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c-Fos expression after deep brain stimulation of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in the rat 6-hydroxydopamine Parkinson model. J Chem Neuroanat 2011; 42:210-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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85
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Baunez C, Lardeux S. Frontal cortex-like functions of the subthalamic nucleus. Front Syst Neurosci 2011; 5:83. [PMID: 22013416 PMCID: PMC3190186 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2011.00083 10.3389/fnsys.2011.00083/abstract] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The subthalamic nucleus (STN) has been considered a motor structure for a long time. Over the last 20 years, anatomical and behavioral data have highlighted the position of the STN within a prefrontal-associative and a limbic loops, suggesting that the STN should play a critical role in frontal functions such as attention, inhibitory control (including impulsive action, compulsivity, impulsive choice), and motivation. Here we will review the work highlighting these functions of the STN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Baunez
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie de la Cognition, UMR6155 CNRS, Université de Provence MarseilleMarseille, Frances
- Pôle3C, UMR6155, Université de ProvenceMarseille, France
| | - Sylvie Lardeux
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie de la Cognition, UMR6155 CNRS, Université de Provence MarseilleMarseille, Frances
- Pôle3C, UMR6155, Université de ProvenceMarseille, France
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86
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Baunez C, Lardeux S. Frontal cortex-like functions of the subthalamic nucleus. Front Syst Neurosci 2011; 5:83. [PMID: 22013416 PMCID: PMC3190186 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2011.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The subthalamic nucleus (STN) has been considered a motor structure for a long time. Over the last 20 years, anatomical and behavioral data have highlighted the position of the STN within a prefrontal-associative and a limbic loops, suggesting that the STN should play a critical role in frontal functions such as attention, inhibitory control (including impulsive action, compulsivity, impulsive choice), and motivation. Here we will review the work highlighting these functions of the STN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Baunez
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie de la Cognition, UMR6155 CNRS, Université de Provence Marseille Marseille, Frances
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87
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Hartung H, Tan SKH, Steinbusch HMW, Temel Y, Sharp T. High-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus inhibits the firing of juxtacellular labelled 5-HT-containing neurones. Neuroscience 2011; 186:135-45. [PMID: 21515342 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
High-frequency stimulation (HFS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is an established neurosurgical therapy for movement disability in advanced Parkinson's disease (PD), but some patients experience psychiatric side-effects like depression. In a previous electrophysiological study, we observed that HFS of the STN inhibited a population of neurones in the rat dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), with firing properties characteristic of 5-HT neurones. The present study extended these findings to a second population of neurones, and combined extracellular recording with juxtacellular-labelling to investigate the chemical identity of the neurones affected by HFS. Bilateral HFS (130 Hz, 100-200 μA, 5 min) of the STN inhibited (26.0±2.9%) the firing of 37/74 DRN neurones displaying a slow, regular firing pattern. Slower firing neurones were more strongly inhibited than those firing faster. Importantly, 10 inhibited DRN neurones were juxtacellular-labelled with neurobiotin, and all neurones contained 5-HT as shown by post-mortem 5-HT immunocytochemistry. A minority of slow firing DRN neurones (18/74) were activated by STN HFS (37.9±8.3%) which was not observed previously. Of these neurones, three were juxtacellular-labelled and one was 5-HT immunopositive. Also a small number of DRN neurones (19/74) did not respond to HFS, four of which were juxtacellular-labelled and all contained 5-HT. These data show that individual chemically-identified 5-HT-containing neurones in the DRN were modulated by STN HFS, and that the majority were inhibited but some were activated and some failed to respond. These data extend previous findings of modulation of the 5-HT system by STN HFS but suggest a destabilisation of the 5-HT system rather than simple inhibition as indicated previously. Although the mechanism is not yet known, such changes may contribute to the psychiatric side-effects of STN stimulation in some PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hartung
- University Department of Pharmacology, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
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88
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Bosch C, Degos B, Deniau JM, Venance L. Subthalamic nucleus high-frequency stimulation generates a concomitant synaptic excitation-inhibition in substantia nigra pars reticulata. J Physiol 2011; 589:4189-207. [PMID: 21690190 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.211367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation is an efficient treatment for various neurological pathologies and a promising tool for neuropsychiatric disorders. This is particularly exemplified by high-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN-HFS), which has emerged as an efficient symptomatic treatment for Parkinson's disease. How STN-HFS works is still not fully elucidated. With dual patch-clamp recordings in rat brain slices, we analysed the cellular responses of STN stimulation on SNr neurons by simultaneously recording synaptic currents and firing activity. We showed that STN-HFS caused an increase of the spontaneous spiking activity in half of SNr neurons while the remaining ones displayed a decrease. At the synaptic level, STN stimulation triggered inward current in 58% of whole-cell recorded neurons and outward current in the remaining ones. Using a pharmacological approach, we showed that STN-HFS-evoked responses were mediated in all neurons by a balance between AMPA/NMDA receptors and GABA(A) receptors, whose ratio promotes either a net excitation or a net inhibition. Interestingly, we observed a higher excitation occurrence in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-treated rats. In vivo injections of phaseolus revealed that GABAergic pallido-nigral fibres travel through the STN whereas striato-nigral fibres travel below it. Therefore, electrical stimulation of the STN does not only recruit glutamatergic axons from the STN, but also GABAergic passing fibres probably from the globus pallidus. For the first time, we showed that STN-HFS induces concomitant excitatory-inhibitory synaptic currents in SNr neurons by recruitment of efferences and passing fibres allowing a tight control on basal ganglia outflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Bosch
- Dynamics and Pathophysiology of Neuronal Networks, INSERM U-1050, College de France, 75005 Paris, France
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89
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Khaindrava V, Salin P, Melon C, Ugrumov M, Kerkerian-Le-Goff L, Daszuta A. High frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus impacts adult neurogenesis in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 42:284-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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90
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Nowak K, Mix E, Gimsa J, Strauss U, Sriperumbudur KK, Benecke R, Gimsa U. Optimizing a rodent model of Parkinson's disease for exploring the effects and mechanisms of deep brain stimulation. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2011; 2011:414682. [PMID: 21603182 PMCID: PMC3096058 DOI: 10.4061/2011/414682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has become a treatment for a growing number of neurological and psychiatric disorders, especially for therapy-refractory Parkinson's disease (PD). However, not all of the symptoms of PD are sufficiently improved in all patients, and side effects may occur. Further progress depends on a deeper insight into the mechanisms of action of DBS in the context of disturbed brain circuits. For this, optimized animal models have to be developed. We review not only charge transfer mechanisms at the electrode/tissue interface and strategies to increase the stimulation's energy-efficiency but also the electrochemical, electrophysiological, biochemical and functional effects of DBS. We introduce a hemi-Parkinsonian rat model for long-term experiments with chronically instrumented rats carrying a backpack stimulator and implanted platinum/iridium electrodes. This model is suitable for (1) elucidating the electrochemical processes at the electrode/tissue interface, (2) analyzing the molecular, cellular and behavioral stimulation effects, (3) testing new target regions for DBS, (4) screening for potential neuroprotective DBS effects, and (5) improving the efficacy and safety of the method. An outlook is given on further developments of experimental DBS, including the use of transgenic animals and the testing of closed-loop systems for the direct on-demand application of electric stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Nowak
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
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91
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Sassi M, Porta M, Servello D. Deep brain stimulation therapy for treatment-refractory Tourette's syndrome: A review. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2011; 153:639-45. [PMID: 20853121 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-010-0803-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Tourette's syndrome is a chronic neurobehavioral disorder that can demonstrate refractoriness to conservative treatments, or to invasive nonsurgical treatments such as botulinum toxin infiltration, or to psychobehavioral treatments. In these cases, the surgical option is often proposed, either with lesional interventions, or more recently with deep brain stimulation (DBS). This latter modality is currently preferred because of its reversibility and modularity. Some relevant issues, however, still persist in terms of appropriate indication to treatment, selection of target, and follow-up evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Sassi
- Functional Neurosurgery Unit, IRCCS Galeazzi, Via Galeazzi 4, 20161, Milan, Italy.
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92
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Zaidel A, Bergman H, Ritov Y, Israel Z. Levodopa and subthalamic deep brain stimulation responses are not congruent. Mov Disord 2011; 25:2379-86. [PMID: 20824733 DOI: 10.1002/mds.23294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a consensus that in Parkinson's disease, the extent of preoperative levodopa responsiveness predicts the efficacy of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN DBS). However, this may be the result of statistical methods and primary assumptions. We were able to reproduce previously published correlation results on our data (N = 49 patients). Yet, these same results were demonstrated even after random shuffling of our data. Notably, we did not observe a correlation between STN DBS efficacy and preoperative levodopa responsiveness when using their respective baselines and fractional scores of motor improvement. Furthermore, postoperative responses were not limited by preoperative scores, with tremor demonstrating the greatest discrepancy. We conclude that preoperative levodopa responsiveness does not predict or limit the outcome of STN DBS. These results imply different therapeutic mechanisms for levodopa and STN DBS and therefore question the validity of using substantial preoperative levodopa responsiveness as a selection criterion for STN DBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Zaidel
- The Interdisciplinary Center for Neural Computation, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
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93
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Fuentes R, Petersson P, Nicolelis MAL. Restoration of locomotive function in Parkinson's disease by spinal cord stimulation: mechanistic approach. Eur J Neurosci 2011; 32:1100-8. [PMID: 21039949 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07417.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Specific motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) can be treated effectively with direct electrical stimulation of deep nuclei in the brain. However, this is an invasive procedure, and the fraction of eligible patients is rather low according to currently used criteria. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS), a minimally invasive method, has more recently been proposed as a therapeutic approach to alleviate PD akinesia, in light of its proven ability to rescue locomotion in rodent models of PD. The mechanisms accounting for this effect are unknown but, from accumulated experience with the use of SCS in the management of chronic pain, it is known that the pathways most probably activated by SCS are the superficial fibers of the dorsal columns. We suggest that the prokinetic effect of SCS results from direct activation of ascending pathways reaching thalamic nuclei and the cerebral cortex. The afferent stimulation may, in addition, activate brainstem nuclei, contributing to the initiation of locomotion. On the basis of the striking change in the corticostriatal oscillatory mode of neuronal activity induced by SCS, we propose that, through activation of lemniscal and brainstem pathways, the locomotive increase is achieved by disruption of antikinetic low-frequency (<30 Hz) oscillatory synchronization in the corticobasal ganglia circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romulo Fuentes
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke Medical Center, 311 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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94
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Deniau JM, Degos B, Bosch C, Maurice N. Deep brain stimulation mechanisms: beyond the concept of local functional inhibition. Eur J Neurosci 2011; 32:1080-91. [PMID: 21039947 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07413.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Deep brain electrical stimulation has become a recognized therapy in the treatment of a variety of motor disorders and has potentially promising applications in a wide range of neurological diseases including neuropsychiatry. Behavioural observation that electrical high-frequency stimulation of a given brain area induces an effect similar to a lesion suggested a mechanism of functional inhibition. In vitro and in vivo experiments as well as per operative recordings in patients have revealed a variety of effects involving local changes of neuronal excitability as well as widespread effects throughout the connected network resulting from activation of axons, including antidromic activation. Here we review current data regarding the local and network activity changes induced by high-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus and discuss this in the context of motor restoration in Parkinson's disease. Stressing the important functional consequences of axonal activation in deep brain stimulation mechanisms, we highlight the importance of developing anatomical knowledge concerning the fibre connections of the putative therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Deniau
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U.667, Dynamique et Physiopathologie des Réseaux Neuronaux, Collège de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231 Paris Cedex 05 France.
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95
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Hamani C, Nóbrega JN. Deep brain stimulation in clinical trials and animal models of depression. Eur J Neurosci 2011; 32:1109-17. [PMID: 21039950 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07414.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is currently being investigated as a therapy for the treatment of depression. Despite promising results of recent clinical trials, neural and chemical mechanisms responsible for the effects of stimulation are still unclear. In this article, we review clinical and laboratory findings on DBS for depression. Particular emphasis will be given to aspects involved in the translation of data from animal models to humans and in our findings on the potential substrates involved in the antidepressant effects of DBS in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Hamani
- Neuroimaging Research Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada.
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96
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Dianas quirúrgicas en el tratamiento de enfermedades psiquiátricas. Desde el movimiento a las emociones. Neurocirugia (Astur) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1130-1473(11)70001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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97
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Baunez C. A few examples of the contribution of animal research in rodents for clinical application of deep brain stimulation. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2011; 194:105-16. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53815-4.00013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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98
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Fuentes R, Petersson P, Nicolelis MAL. Restoration of locomotive function in Parkinson's disease by spinal cord stimulation: mechanistic approach. THE EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE 2010. [PMID: 21039949 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07417.x.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Specific motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) can be treated effectively with direct electrical stimulation of deep nuclei in the brain. However, this is an invasive procedure, and the fraction of eligible patients is rather low according to currently used criteria. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS), a minimally invasive method, has more recently been proposed as a therapeutic approach to alleviate PD akinesia, in light of its proven ability to rescue locomotion in rodent models of PD. The mechanisms accounting for this effect are unknown but, from accumulated experience with the use of SCS in the management of chronic pain, it is known that the pathways most probably activated by SCS are the superficial fibers of the dorsal columns. We suggest that the prokinetic effect of SCS results from direct activation of ascending pathways reaching thalamic nuclei and the cerebral cortex. The afferent stimulation may, in addition, activate brainstem nuclei, contributing to the initiation of locomotion. On the basis of the striking change in the corticostriatal oscillatory mode of neuronal activity induced by SCS, we propose that, through activation of lemniscal and brainstem pathways, the locomotive increase is achieved by disruption of antikinetic low-frequency (<30 Hz) oscillatory synchronization in the corticobasal ganglia circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romulo Fuentes
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke Medical Center, 311 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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99
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Spieles-Engemann AL, Collier TJ, Sortwell CE. A functionally relevant and long-term model of deep brain stimulation of the rat subthalamic nucleus: advantages and considerations. Eur J Neurosci 2010; 32:1092-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07416.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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100
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Krack P, Hariz MI, Baunez C, Guridi J, Obeso JA. Deep brain stimulation: from neurology to psychiatry? Trends Neurosci 2010; 33:474-84. [PMID: 20832128 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Functional stereotaxy was introduced in the late 1940s to reduce the morbidity of lobotomy in psychiatric disease by using more focal lesions. The advent of neuroleptics led to a drastic decline in psychosurgery for several decades. Functional stereotactic neurosurgery has recently been revitalized, starting with treatment of Parkinson's disease, in which deep brain stimulation (DBS) facilitates reversible focal neuromodulation of altered basal ganglia circuits. DBS is now being extended to treatment of neuropsychiatric conditions such as Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression and addiction. In this review, we discuss the concept that dysfunction of motor, limbic and associative cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical loops underlies these various disorders, which might now be amenable to DBS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Krack
- Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, University Hospital Grenoble, France.
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