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Park JC, Han SH, Cho HJ, Byun MS, Yi D, Choe YM, Kang S, Jung ES, Won SJ, Kim EH, Kim YK, Lee DY, Mook-Jung I. Chemically treated plasma Aβ is a potential blood-based biomarker for screening cerebral amyloid deposition. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2017; 9:20. [PMID: 28330509 PMCID: PMC5361707 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-017-0248-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma β-amyloid (Aβ) is a potential candidate for an Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarker because blood is an easily accessible bio-fluid, which can be collected routinely, and Aβ is one of the major hallmarks of AD pathogenesis in the brain. However, the association between plasma Aβ levels and AD diagnosis is still unclear due to the instability and inaccurate measurements of plasma Aβ levels in the blood of patients with AD. If a consistent value of plasma Aβ from the blood can be obtained, this might help determine whether plasma Aβ is a potential biomarker for AD diagnosis. METHODS We predicted the brain amyloid deposit by measuring the plasma Aβ levels. This cross-sectional study included 353 participants (215 cognitively normal, 79 with mild cognitive impairment, and 59 with AD dementia) who underwent Pittsburgh-compound B positron emission tomography (PiB-PET) scans. We treated a mixture of protease inhibitors and phosphatase inhibitors (MPP) and detected plasma Aβ42 and Aβ40 (MPP-Aβ42 and MPP-Aβ40) in a stable manner using xMAP technology. RESULTS MPP-Aβ40 and MPP-Aβ42/40 (MPP-Aβs) were significantly different between subjects with positive amyloid deposition (PiB+) and those with negative amyloid deposition (PiB-) (P < 0.0001). Furthermore, MPP-Aβ40 (P < 0.0001, r = 0.23) and MPP-Aβ42/40 ratio (P < 0.0001, r = -0.23) showed significant correlation with global PiB deposition (standardized uptake value ratio). In addition, our integrated multivariable (MPP-Aβ42/40, gender, age, and apolipoprotein E genotypes) logistic regression model proposes a new standard for the prediction of cerebral amyloid deposition. CONCLUSIONS MPP-Aβ might be one of the potential blood biomarkers for the prediction of PiB-PET positivity in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Chan Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea
| | - Sun-Ho Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea
| | - Min Soo Byun
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Medical Research Center Seoul National University, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea
| | - Dahyun Yi
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Medical Research Center Seoul National University, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea
| | - Young Min Choe
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, 682-714, South Korea
| | - Seokjo Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea
| | - Eun Sun Jung
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea
| | - Su Jin Won
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea
| | - Eun Hye Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea
| | - Yu Kyeong Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, 156-707, South Korea
| | - Dong Young Lee
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-744, South Korea. .,Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-744, South Korea.
| | - Inhee Mook-Jung
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea. .,Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea.
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Jope RS, Cheng Y, Lowell JA, Worthen RJ, Sitbon YH, Beurel E. Stressed and Inflamed, Can GSK3 Be Blamed? Trends Biochem Sci 2017; 42:180-192. [PMID: 27876551 PMCID: PMC5336482 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Psychological stress has a pervasive influence on our lives. In many cases adapting to stress strengthens organisms, but chronic or severe stress is usually harmful. One surprising outcome of psychological stress is the activation of an inflammatory response that resembles inflammation caused by infection or trauma. Excessive psychological stress and the consequential inflammation in the brain can increase susceptibility to psychiatric diseases, such as depression, and impair learning and memory, including in some patients with cognitive deficits. An emerging target to control detrimental outcomes of stress and inflammation is glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3). GSK3 promotes inflammation, partly by regulating key transcription factors in the inflammation signaling pathway, and GSK3 can impair learning by promoting inflammation and by inhibiting long-term potentiation (LTP). Drugs inhibiting GSK3 may prove beneficial for controlling mood and cognitive impairments caused by excessive stress and the associated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Jope
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Yuyan Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Lowell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Ryan J Worthen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Yoel H Sitbon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Eleonore Beurel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW APOE4 genotype is the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Prevailing evidence suggests that amyloid β plays a critical role in Alzheimer's disease. The objective of this article is to review the recent findings about the metabolism of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and amyloid β and other possible mechanisms by which ApoE contributes to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. RECENT FINDINGS ApoE isoforms have differential effects on amyloid β metabolism. Recent studies demonstrated that ApoE-interacting proteins, such as ATP-binding cassette A1 (ABCA1) and LDL receptor, may be promising therapeutic targets for Alzheimer's disease treatment. Activation of liver X receptor and retinoid X receptor pathway induces ABCA1 and other genes, leading to amyloid β clearance. Inhibition of the negative regulators of ABCA1, such as microRNA-33, also induces ABCA1 and decreases the levels of ApoE and amyloid β. In addition, genetic inactivation of an E3 ubiquitin ligase, myosin regulatory light chain interacting protein, increases LDL receptor levels and inhibits amyloid accumulation. Although amyloid β-dependent pathways have been extensively investigated, there have been several recent studies linking ApoE with vascular function, neuroinflammation, metabolism, synaptic plasticity, and transcriptional regulation. For example, ApoE was identified as a ligand for a microglial receptor, TREM2, and studies suggested that ApoE may affect the TREM2-mediated microglial phagocytosis. SUMMARY Emerging data suggest that ApoE affects several amyloid β-independent pathways. These underexplored pathways may provide new insights into Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. However, it will be important to determine to what extent each mechanism contributes to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Liao
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Hyejin Yoon
- Neurobiology of Disease Graduate Program, Mayo Graduate School
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Jungsu Kim
- Neurobiology of Disease Graduate Program, Mayo Graduate School
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
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Qu F, Yang M, Rasooly A. Dual Signal Amplification Electrochemical Biosensor for Monitoring the Activity and Inhibition of the Alzheimer’s Related Protease β-Secretase. Anal Chem 2016; 88:10559-10565. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fengli Qu
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, China
| | - Minghui Yang
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Avraham Rasooly
- National
Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
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Talman V, Pascale A, Jäntti M, Amadio M, Tuominen RK. Protein Kinase C Activation as a Potential Therapeutic Strategy in Alzheimer's Disease: Is there a Role for Embryonic Lethal Abnormal Vision-like Proteins? Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2016; 119:149-60. [PMID: 27001133 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, is an irreversible and progressive neurodegenerative disorder. It affects predominantly brain areas that are critical for memory and learning and is characterized by two main pathological hallmarks: extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. Protein kinase C (PKC) has been classified as one of the cognitive kinases controlling memory and learning. By regulating several signalling pathways involved in amyloid and tau pathologies, it also plays an inhibitory role in AD pathophysiology. Among downstream targets of PKC are the embryonic lethal abnormal vision (ELAV)-like RNA-binding proteins that modulate the stability and the translation of specific target mRNAs involved in synaptic remodelling linked to cognitive processes. This MiniReview summarizes the current evidence on the role of PKC and ELAV-like proteins in learning and memory, highlighting how their derangement can contribute to AD pathophysiology. This last aspect emphasizes the potential of pharmacological activation of PKC as a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virpi Talman
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alessia Pascale
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Jäntti
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marialaura Amadio
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Raimo K Tuominen
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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