51
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Sagmeister P, Poms J, Williams JD, Kappe CO. Multivariate analysis of inline benchtop NMR data enables rapid optimization of a complex nitration in flow. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00048e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Multivariate analysis is applied to inline benchtop NMR data for a complex nitration in flow. This rapid quantification enables reaction optimization using advanced techniques in flow, such as design of experiments and dynamic experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sagmeister
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
- Institute of Chemistry
| | - Johannes Poms
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Jason D. Williams
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
- Institute of Chemistry
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
- Institute of Chemistry
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52
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Romero JA, Kazimierczuk K, Gołowicz D. Enhancing benchtop NMR spectroscopy by means of sample shifting. Analyst 2020; 145:7406-7411. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an01556c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Benchtop NMR sensitivity enhancement by cyclic, mechanical shifting of a sample to preserve high nuclear spin polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A. Romero
- Centre of New Technologies
- University of Warsaw
- 02-097 Warsaw
- Poland
| | | | - Dariusz Gołowicz
- Centre of New Technologies
- University of Warsaw
- 02-097 Warsaw
- Poland
- Faculty of Chemistry
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53
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Monaghan TW, Harding MJ, Christie SDR, Friel RJ. In-situ time resolved spectrographic measurement using an additively manufactured metallic micro-fluidic analysis platform. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224492. [PMID: 31765375 PMCID: PMC6876875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Microfluidic reactionware allows small volumes of reagents to be utilized for highly controlled flow chemistry applications. By integrating these microreactors with onboard analytical systems, the devices change from passive ones to active ones, increasing their functionality and usefulness. A pressing application for these active microreactors is the monitoring of reaction progress and intermediaries with respect to time, shedding light on important information about these real-time synthetic processes. Objective In this multi-disciplinary study the objective was to utilise advanced digital fabrication to research metallic, active microreactors with integrated fibre optics for reaction progress monitoring of solvent based liquids, incompatible with previously researched polymer devices, in combination with on-board Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy for real-time reaction monitoring. Method A solid-state, metal-based additive manufactured system (Ultrasonic Additive Manufacturing) combined with focussed ion beam milling, that permitted the accurate embedment of delicate sensory elements directly at the point of need within aluminium layers, was researched as a method to create active, metallic, flow reactors with on-board sensing. This outcome was then used to characterise and correctly identify concentrations of UV-active water-soluble B-vitamin nicotinamide and fluorescein. A dilution series was formed from 0.01–1.75 mM; which was pumped through the research device and monitored using UV-vis spectroscopy. Results The results uniquely showed the in-situ ion milling of ultrasonically embedded optical fibres resulted in a metallic microfluidic reaction and monitoring device capable of measuring solvent solutions from 18 μM to 18 mM of nicotinamide and fluorescein, in real time. This level of accuracy highlights that the researched device and methods are capable of real-time spectrographic analysis of a range of chemical reactions outside of those possible with polymer devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M. J. Harding
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S. D. R. Christie
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - R. J. Friel
- School of Information Technology, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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54
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Terenzi C, Sederman AJ, Mantle MD, Gladden LF. Enabling High Spectral Resolution of Liquid Mixtures in Porous Media by Antidiagonal Projections of Two-Dimensional 1H NMR COSY Spectra. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:5781-5785. [PMID: 31509420 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The noninvasive, in situ chemical identification of liquid mixtures confined in porous materials is experimentally challenging. NMR is chemically resolved and applicable to optically opaque systems but suffers from a significant loss in spectral resolution in the presence of the magnetic field inhomogeneities typical of porous media. In this work, we introduce a method of analysis of conventional two-dimensional (2D) 1H NMR correlation spectroscopy (COSY) spectra based on the extraction of 1D antidiagonal projections, which are free from line-broadening effects and can therefore be used for chemical species identification. Here, we show the application of the technique to the measurement of linear n-alkanes where the cross-to-diagonal peak ratios are shown to follow a power-law curve as a function of the chain length. This calibration enables quantifying mixtures of linear hydrocarbons confined in any porous material independently of temperature or inter-molecular dynamics. Thus, this is a promising tool for quantitative chemical reaction monitoring studies in heterogeneous systems under operando experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Terenzi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology , University of Cambridge , Philippa Fawcett Drive, West Cambridge Site , Cambridge CB3 0AS , U.K
| | - Andrew J Sederman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology , University of Cambridge , Philippa Fawcett Drive, West Cambridge Site , Cambridge CB3 0AS , U.K
| | - Michael D Mantle
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology , University of Cambridge , Philippa Fawcett Drive, West Cambridge Site , Cambridge CB3 0AS , U.K
| | - Lynn F Gladden
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology , University of Cambridge , Philippa Fawcett Drive, West Cambridge Site , Cambridge CB3 0AS , U.K
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55
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Taraban MB, Briggs KT, Merkel P, Yu YB. Flow Water Proton NMR: In-Line Process Analytical Technology for Continuous Biomanufacturing. Anal Chem 2019; 91:13538-13546. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc B. Taraban
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Katharine T. Briggs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Peter Merkel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Y. Bruce Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
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56
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Friebel A, von Harbou E, Münnemann K, Hasse H. Reaction Monitoring by Benchtop NMR Spectroscopy Using a Novel Stationary Flow Reactor Setup. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b03048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Friebel
- Laboratory of Engineering Thermodynamics (LTD), University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Erik von Harbou
- Laboratory of Engineering Thermodynamics (LTD), University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Kerstin Münnemann
- Laboratory of Engineering Thermodynamics (LTD), University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Hans Hasse
- Laboratory of Engineering Thermodynamics (LTD), University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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57
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Rayner PJ, Tickner BJ, Iali W, Fekete M, Robinson AD, Duckett SB. Relayed hyperpolarization from para-hydrogen improves the NMR detectability of alcohols. Chem Sci 2019; 10:7709-7717. [PMID: 31588319 PMCID: PMC6764278 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc02765c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The detection of alcohols by magnetic resonance techniques is important for their characterization and the monitoring of chemical change. Hyperpolarization processes can make previously inpractical measurements, such as the determination of low concentration intermediates, possible. Here, we investigate the SABRE-Relay method in order to define its key characteristics and improve the resulting 1H NMR signal gains which subsequently approach 103 per proton. We identify optimal amine proton transfer agents for SABRE-Relay and show how catalyst structure influences the outcome. The breadth of the method is revealed by expansion to more complex alcohols and the polarization of heteronuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Rayner
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance , Department of Chemistry , University of York , Heslington , YO10 5DD , UK .
| | - Ben J Tickner
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance , Department of Chemistry , University of York , Heslington , YO10 5DD , UK .
| | - Wissam Iali
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance , Department of Chemistry , University of York , Heslington , YO10 5DD , UK .
| | - Marianna Fekete
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance , Department of Chemistry , University of York , Heslington , YO10 5DD , UK .
| | - Alastair D Robinson
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance , Department of Chemistry , University of York , Heslington , YO10 5DD , UK .
| | - Simon B Duckett
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance , Department of Chemistry , University of York , Heslington , YO10 5DD , UK .
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58
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Blümich B. Low-field and benchtop NMR. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2019; 306:27-35. [PMID: 31311709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2019.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
NMR started at low field. Important discoveries like the first observation of NMR in condensed matter, the spin echo, NMR for chemical analysis, Fourier NMR spectroscopy, 2D NMR spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging happened at field strengths considered low today. With time the footprint of the NMR instruments at these field strengths shrunk from the laboratory floor to the tabletop. The first commercial tabletop NMR instruments were compact relaxometers for food analysis followed by mobile relaxometers for materials testing and oil-well exploration culminating in tabletop spectrometers for chemical analysis, capable of performing nearly the whole methodical portfolio of today's high-field instruments. The increasing sensitivity afforded by the lower noise of modern electronics and the unfolding richness of hyperpolarization scenarios along with detection schemes alternative to nuclear induction enable NMR at ultra-low field strengths down to zero applied field, where spin-spin couplings in local fields dominate the residual Zeeman interaction. Miniaturization and cost-reduction of NMR instruments outline current development goals along with the development of smart-phone-like apps to conduct standard NMR analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Blümich
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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59
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Ezeanaka MC, Nsor-Atindana J, Zhang M. Online Low-field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (LF-NMR) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) for Food Quality Optimization in Food Processing. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-019-02296-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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60
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Tang Y, McCowan D, Song YQ. A miniaturized spectrometer for NMR relaxometry under extreme conditions. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11174. [PMID: 31371756 PMCID: PMC6673705 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47634-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advent of integrated electronics, microfabrication and novel chemistry, NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) methods, embodied in miniaturized spectrometers, have found profound uses in recent years that are beyond their conventional niche. In this work, we extend NMR relaxometry on a minute sample below 20 μL to challenging environment of 150 °C in temperature and 900 bar in pressure. Combined with a single-board NMR spectrometer, we further demonstrate multidimensional NMR relaxometries capable of resolving compositions of complex fluids. The confluence of HTHP (high-pressure high-temperature) capability, minimal sample volume, and reduced sensor envelop and power budget creates a new class of mobile NMR platforms, bringing the powerful analytical toolkit in a miniaturized footprint to extreme operating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiao Tang
- Schlumberger-Doll Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - David McCowan
- Schlumberger-Doll Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Yi-Qiao Song
- Schlumberger-Doll Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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61
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Rudszuck T, Förster E, Nirschl H, Guthausen G. Low-field NMR for quality control on oils. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2019; 57:777-793. [PMID: 30790362 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Oil is a prominent, but multifaceted material class with a wide variety of applications. Technical oils, crude oils as well as edibles are main subclasses. In this review, the question is addressed how low-field NMR can contribute in oil characterization as an analytical tool, mainly with respect to quality control. Prerequisite in the development of a quality control application, however, is a detailed understanding of the oils and of the measurement. Low-field NMR is known as a rich methodical toolbox that was and is explored and further developed to address questions about oils, their quality, and usability as raw materials, during production and formulation as well as in use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rudszuck
- Institute for Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruher Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Eva Förster
- Institute for Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruher Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hermann Nirschl
- Institute for Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruher Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gisela Guthausen
- Institute for Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruher Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
- Engler-Bunte Institute, Water Science and Technology, Karlsruher Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
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62
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Legner R, Wirtz A, Koza T, Tetzlaff T, Nickisch-Hartfiel A, Jaeger M. Application of green analytical chemistry to a green chemistry process: Magnetic resonance and Raman spectroscopic process monitoring of continuous ethanolic fermentation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:2874-2883. [PMID: 31286482 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Compact 1 H NMR and Raman spectrometers were used for real-time process monitoring of alcoholic fermentation in a continuous flow reactor. Yeast cells catalyzing the sucrose conversion were immobilized in alginate beads floating in the reactor. The spectrometers proved to be robust and could be easily attached to the reaction apparatus. As environmentally friendly analysis methods, 1 H NMR and Raman spectroscopy were selected to match the resource- and energy-saving process. Analyses took only a few seconds to minutes compared to chromatographic procedures and were, therefore, suitable for real-time control realized as a feedback loop. Both compact spectrometers were successfully implemented online. Raman spectroscopy allowed for faster spectral acquisition and higher quantitative precision, NMR yielded more resolved signals thus higher specificity. By using the software Matlab for automated data loading and processing, relevant parameters such as the ethanol, glycerol, and sugar content could be easily obtained. The subsequent multivariate data analysis using partial linear least-squares regression type 2 enabled the quantitative monitoring of all reactants within a single model in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Legner
- Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Frankenring, Krefeld, Germany.,University Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstraße, Essen, Germany
| | - Alexander Wirtz
- Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Frankenring, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Tim Koza
- Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Frankenring, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Till Tetzlaff
- Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Frankenring, Krefeld, Germany
| | | | - Martin Jaeger
- Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Frankenring, Krefeld, Germany
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63
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Solids Content of Black Liquor Measured by Online Time-Domain NMR. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9102169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Black liquor, a valuable by-product of the pulp production process, is used for the recovery of chemicals and serves as an energy source for the pulp mill. Before entering the recovery unit, black liquor runs through several stages of evaporation, wherein the solids content (SC) can be used to control the evaporation effectiveness. In the current study, the time-domain nuclear magnetic resonance (TD-NMR) technique was applied to determine the SC of black liquor. The TD-NMR system was modified for flowing samples, so that the black liquor could be pumped through the system, followed by the measurement of the spin-spin relaxation rate, R2. A temperature correction was also applied to reduce deviations in the R2 caused by the sample temperature. The SC was calculated based on a linear model between the R2 and the SC values determined gravimetrically, where good agreement was shown. The online TD-NMR system was tested at a pulp mill for the SC estimation of weak black liquor over seven days without any fouling, which demonstrated the feasibility of the method in a harsh industrial environment. Therefore, the potential of the TD-NMR technology as a technique for controlling the black liquor evaporation process was demonstrated.
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64
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Detection of P. polymyxa biofilm, dairy biofouling and CIP-cleaning agents using low-field NMR. Eur Food Res Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-019-03288-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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65
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Abdiaj I, Horn CR, Alcazar J. Scalability of Visible-Light-Induced Nickel Negishi Reactions: A Combination of Flow Photochemistry, Use of Solid Reagents, and In-Line NMR Monitoring. J Org Chem 2019; 84:4748-4753. [PMID: 30336017 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The scale up of light-induced nickel-catalyzed Negishi reactions is reported herein, with output rates reaching multigram quantities per hour. This level of throughput is suitable to support preclinical medicinal chemistry programs in late lead optimization, where tens of grams to hundreds of grams of final product is needed. Adjusting reaction times and concentrations was critical in achieving this robust output. This example demonstrates how visible photochemistry and use of solid metal reagent can be used and how the progress of the reaction can be followed by in-line NMR monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irini Abdiaj
- Lead Discovery, Janssen Research and Development , Janssen-Cilag, S.A. , Jarama 75A , 45007 Toledo , Spain
| | - Clemens R Horn
- Corning S.A.S , Corning European Technology Center , 7 bis avenue de Valvins , CS 70156 Samois sur Seine, Avon , 77215 Cedex , France
| | - Jesus Alcazar
- Lead Discovery, Janssen Research and Development , Janssen-Cilag, S.A. , Jarama 75A , 45007 Toledo , Spain
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66
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Abstract
Benchtop NMR spectrometers with sub-ppm spectral resolution have opened up new opportunities for performing NMR outside of the standard laboratory environment. However, the relatively weak magnetic fields of these devices (1–2 T) results in low sensitivity and significant peak overlap in 1H NMR spectra. Here, we use hyperpolarised 13C{1H} NMR to overcome these challenges. Specifically, we demonstrate the use of the signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) parahydrogen-based hyperpolarisation technique to enhance the sensitivity of natural abundance 1D and 2D 13C{1H} benchtop NMR spectra. We compare two detection methods for SABRE-enhanced 13C NMR and observe an optimal 13C{1H} signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for a refocused INEPT approach, where hyperpolarisation is transferred from 1H to 13C. In addition, we exemplify SABRE-enhanced 2D 13C benchtop NMR through the acquisition of a 2D HETCOR spectrum of 260 mM of 4-methylpyridine at natural isotopic abundance in a total experiment time of 69 min. In theory, signal averaging for over 300 days would be required to achieve a comparable SNR for a thermally polarised benchtop NMR spectrum acquired of a sample of the same concentration at natural abundance.
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67
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Chakrapani SB, Minkler MJ, Beckingham BS. Low-field 1H-NMR spectroscopy for compositional analysis of multicomponent polymer systems. Analyst 2019; 144:1679-1686. [PMID: 30656299 DOI: 10.1039/c8an01810c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The accurate characterization of relative composition in multicomponent polymer systems such as statistical copolymers, block copolymers, and polymer blends is critical to understanding and predicting their behavior. Typically, polymer compositional analysis is performed using 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy which provides quantitative chemical group concentrations without prior calibration. This utility has led 1H NMR spectroscopy to become a routine method for the molecular characterization of polymers. Unfortunately, due to cost constraints, NMR spectroscopy is rarely used for routine materials verification such as quality control in industrial settings that commonly lack on-site advanced instrumentation facilities. Recently, low-field or so-called benchtop NMR spectrometers have been introduced commercially as a less expensive alternative to higher field, and costlier, NMR spectrometers. Here, we examine the capability of a low-field 1H NMR spectrometer (60 MHz) for the compositional analysis of select block copolymers and polymer blends by direct comparison with results obtained using a 400 MHz NMR spectrometer. In the analysis of high 1,4-content polyisoprene we find quantitative agreement between the 400 and 60 MHz spectrometers. Furthermore, quantitative agreement is demonstrated for compositional analysis of commercially available poly(styrene-b-isoprene-b-styrene) (SIS) and poly(styrene-b-butadiene-b-styrene) (SBS) triblock copolymers and polymer blends of polystyrene/polyisoprene (PS/PI) and polystyrene/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS/PMMA) that also serve as proxies for statistical and block copolymer analysis. Overall, we find low-field 1H NMR spectroscopy to be an accessible, powerful and useful tool for polymer characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha B Chakrapani
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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68
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Mitchell J. Magnetic resonance diffusion measurements of droplet size in drilling fluid emulsions on a benchtop instrument. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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69
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Terenzi C, Sederman AJ, Mantle MD, Gladden LF. Spatially-resolved 1H NMR relaxation-exchange measurements in heterogeneous media. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2019; 299:101-108. [PMID: 30593999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, the 1H NMR T2-T2 relaxation-exchange (REXSY) technique has become an essential tool for the molecular investigation of simple and complex fluids in heterogeneous porous solids and soft matter, where the mixing-time-evolution of cross-correlated T2-T2 peaks enables a quantitative study of diffusive exchange kinetics in multi-component systems. Here, we present a spatially-resolved implementation of the T2-T2 correlation technique, named z-T2-T2, based on one-dimensional spatial mapping along z using a rapid frequency-encode imaging scheme. Compared to other phase-encoding methods, the adopted MRI technique has two distinct advantages: (i) is has the same experimental duration of a standard (bulk) T2-T2 measurement, and (ii) it provides a high spatial resolution. The proposed z-T2-T2 method is first validated against bulk T2-T2 measurements on homogeneous phantom consisting of cyclohexane uniformly imbibed in finely-sized α-Al2O3 particles at a spatial resolution of 0.47 mm; thereafter, its performance is demonstrated, on a layered bed of multi-sized α-Al2O3 particles, for revealing spatially-dependent molecular exchange kinetics properties of intra- and inter-particle cyclohexane as a function of particle size. It is found that localised z-T2-T2 spectra provide well resolved cross peaks whilst such resolution is lost in standard bulk T2-T2 data. Future prospective applications of the method lie, in particular, in the local characterisation of mass transport phenomena in multi-component porous media, such as rock cores and heterogeneous catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Terenzi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Andrew J Sederman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Michael D Mantle
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK.
| | - Lynn F Gladden
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
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70
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Gołowicz D, Kazimierczuk K, Urbańczyk M, Ratajczyk T. Monitoring Hydrogenation Reactions using Benchtop 2D NMR with Extraordinary Sensitivity and Spectral Resolution. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:196-200. [PMID: 30815327 PMCID: PMC6376214 DOI: 10.1002/open.201800294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-field benchtop nuclear magnetic resonance (BT-NMR) spectrometers with Halbach magnets are being increasingly used in science and industry as cost-efficient tools for the monitoring of chemical reactions, including hydrogenation. However, their use of low-field magnets limits both resolution and sensitivity. In this paper, we show that it is possible to alleviate these two problems through the combination of parahydrogen-induced polarization (PHIP) and fast correlation spectroscopy with time-resolved non-uniform sampling (TR-NUS). PHIP can enhance NMR signals so that substrates are easily detectable on BT-NMR spectrometers. The interleaved acquisition of one- and two-dimensional spectra with TR-NUS provides unique insight into the consecutive moments of hydrogenation reactions, with a spectral resolution unachievable in a standard approach. We illustrate the potential of the technique with two examples: the hydrogenation of ethylphenyl propiolate and the hydrogenation of a mixture of two substrates - ethylphenyl propiolate and ethyl 2-butynoate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Gołowicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research CentreUniversity of WarsawŻwirki i Wigury 10102-089WarsawPoland
- Centre of New TechnologiesUniversity of WarsawBanacha 2 C02-097WarsawPoland
| | | | - Mateusz Urbańczyk
- Centre of New TechnologiesUniversity of WarsawBanacha 2 C02-097WarsawPoland
- NMR Research UnitUniversity of Oulu90014OuluFinland
| | - Tomasz Ratajczyk
- Institute of Physical ChemistryPolish Academy of SciencesKasprzaka 44/5201-224WarsawPoland
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71
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Urbańczyk M, Shchukina A, Gołowicz D, Kazimierczuk K. TReNDS-Software for reaction monitoring with time-resolved non-uniform sampling. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2019; 57:4-12. [PMID: 30255516 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy, used routinely for structure elucidation, has also become a widely applied tool for process and reaction monitoring. However, the most informative of NMR methods-correlation experiments-are often useless in this kind of applications. The traditional sampling of a multidimensional FID is usually time-consuming, and thus, the reaction-monitoring toolbox was practically limited to 1D experiments (with rare exceptions, e.g., single-scan or fast-sampling experiments). Recently, the technique of time-resolved non-uniform sampling (TR-NUS) has been proposed, which allows to use standard multidimensional pulse sequences preserving the temporal resolution close to that achievable in 1D experiments. However, the method existed only as a prototype and did not allow on-the-fly processing during the reaction. In this paper, we introduce TReNDS: free, user-friendly software kit for acquisition and processing of TR-NUS data. The program works on Bruker, Agilent, and Magritek spectrometers, allowing to carry out up to four experiments with interleaved TR-NUS. The performance of the program is demonstrated on the example of enzymatic hydrolysis of sucrose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Urbańczyk
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Spektrino Sp. z o.o., Warsaw, Poland
- NMR Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Dariusz Gołowicz
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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72
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Jeong K, Min S, Chae H, Namgoong SK. Monitoring of hydrogenation by benchtop NMR with parahydrogen-induced polarization. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2019; 57:44-48. [PMID: 30118555 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Keunhong Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Military Academy, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sein Min
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Heelim Chae
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
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73
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Knox ST, Parkinson S, Stone R, Warren NJ. Benchtop flow-NMR for rapid online monitoring of RAFT and free radical polymerisation in batch and continuous reactors. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00982e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A “Benchtop” NMR spectrometer is used for detailed monitoring of controlled and free radical polymerisations performed in batch and continuous reactors both offline and in real-time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T. Knox
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- West Yorkshire
| | - Sam Parkinson
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- West Yorkshire
| | - Raphael Stone
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- West Yorkshire
| | - Nicholas J. Warren
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- West Yorkshire
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74
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Serial M, Velasco MI, Maldonado Ochoa SA, Zanotto FM, Dassie SA, Acosta RH. Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Situ Visualization of an Electrochemical Reaction under Forced Hydrodynamic Conditions. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:18630-18638. [PMID: 31458430 PMCID: PMC6643744 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has proven to be a powerful tool for the characterization and investigation of in situ chemical reactions. This is more relevant when dealing with complex systems, where the spatial distribution of the species, partition equilibrium, flow patterns, among other factors have a determining effect over mass transport and therefore over the reaction rate. The advantage of MRI is that it provides spatial information in a noninvasive way and does not require any molecular sensor or sample extraction. In this work, MRI is used to fully characterize an electrochemical reaction under forced hydrodynamic conditions. Reaction rates, flow patterns, and quantitative concentration of the chemical species involved are spatially monitored in situ in a complex system that involves metallic pieces and a heterogeneous cementation reaction. Experimental data are compared with numerical simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- María
Raquel Serial
- Facultad
de Matemática, Física, Astronomía y Computación, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Medina Allende s/n, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto
de Física Enrique Gaviola (IFEG), CONICET, Medina Allende
s/n, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Manuel Isaac Velasco
- Facultad
de Matemática, Física, Astronomía y Computación, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Medina Allende s/n, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto
de Física Enrique Gaviola (IFEG), CONICET, Medina Allende
s/n, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Santiago Agustín Maldonado Ochoa
- Facultad
de Matemática, Física, Astronomía y Computación, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Medina Allende s/n, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto
de Física Enrique Gaviola (IFEG), CONICET, Medina Allende
s/n, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Franco Martín Zanotto
- Departamento
de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto
de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba
(INFIQC), CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Sergio Alberto Dassie
- Departamento
de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto
de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba
(INFIQC), CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Rodolfo Hector Acosta
- Facultad
de Matemática, Física, Astronomía y Computación, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Medina Allende s/n, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto
de Física Enrique Gaviola (IFEG), CONICET, Medina Allende
s/n, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
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75
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Assemat G, Gouilleux B, Bouillaud D, Farjon J, Gilard V, Giraudeau P, Malet-Martino M. Diffusion-ordered spectroscopy on a benchtop spectrometer for drug analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 160:268-275. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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76
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Richardson PM, Parrott AJ, Semenova O, Nordon A, Duckett SB, Halse ME. SABRE hyperpolarization enables high-sensitivity 1H and 13C benchtop NMR spectroscopy. Analyst 2018; 143:3442-3450. [PMID: 29917031 PMCID: PMC6040279 DOI: 10.1039/c8an00596f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Benchtop NMR spectrometers operating with low magnetic fields of 1-2 T at sub-ppm resolution show great promise as analytical platforms that can be used outside the traditional laboratory environment for industrial process monitoring. One current limitation that reduces the uptake of benchtop NMR is associated with the detection fields' reduced sensitivity. Here we demonstrate how para-hydrogen (p-H2) based signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE), a simple to achieve hyperpolarization technique, enhances agent detectability within the environment of a benchtop (1 T) NMR spectrometer so that informative 1H and 13C NMR spectra can be readily recorded for low-concentration analytes. SABRE-derived 1H NMR signal enhancements of up to 17 000-fold, corresponding to 1H polarization levels of P = 5.9%, were achieved for 26 mM pyridine in d4-methanol in a matter of seconds. Comparable enhancement levels can be achieved in both deuterated and protio solvents but now the SABRE-enhanced analyte signals dominate due to the comparatively weak thermally-polarized solvent response. The SABRE approach also enables the acquisition of 13C NMR spectra of analytes at natural isotopic abundance in a single scan as evidenced by hyperpolarized 13C NMR spectra of tens of millimolar concentrations of 4-methylpyridine. Now the associated signal enhancement factors are up to 45 500 fold (P = 4.0%) and achieved in just 15 s. Integration of an automated SABRE polarization system with the benchtop NMR spectrometer framework produces renewable and reproducible NMR signal enhancements that can be exploited for the collection of multi-dimensional NMR spectra, exemplified here by a SABRE-enhanced 2D COSY NMR spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Richardson
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance
, Department of Chemistry
, University of York
,
UK
.
;
| | - Andrew J. Parrott
- WestCHEM
, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry and CPACT
, University of Strathclyde
,
Glasgow
, UK
| | - Olga Semenova
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance
, Department of Chemistry
, University of York
,
UK
.
;
| | - Alison Nordon
- WestCHEM
, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry and CPACT
, University of Strathclyde
,
Glasgow
, UK
| | - Simon B. Duckett
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance
, Department of Chemistry
, University of York
,
UK
.
;
| | - Meghan E. Halse
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance
, Department of Chemistry
, University of York
,
UK
.
;
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77
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Galaverna R, Ribessi RL, Rohwedder JJR, Pastre JC. Coupling Continuous Flow Microreactors to MicroNIR Spectroscopy: Ultracompact Device for Facile In-Line Reaction Monitoring. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renan Galaverna
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael L. Ribessi
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Jarbas J. R. Rohwedder
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Julio C. Pastre
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas-SP, Brazil
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78
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Online low-field NMR spectroscopy for process control of an industrial lithiation reaction—automated data analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:3349-3360. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1020-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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79
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Kim JH, Lee HJ, Kwon K, Chun HS, Ahn S, Kim BH. A 43 MHz Low-Field Benchtop 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Method to Discriminate Perilla Oil Authenticity. J Oleo Sci 2018; 67:507-513. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess17243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University
| | | | - Kisung Kwon
- National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety
| | - Hyang Sook Chun
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University
| | - Sangdoo Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University
| | - Byung Hee Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women’s University
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80
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Osman KS, Taylor SE. Insight into Liquid Interactions with Fibrous Absorbent Filter Media Using Low-Field NMR Relaxometry. Prospective Application to Water/Jet Fuel Filter–Coalescence. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b03837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Korhan S. Osman
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Centre for Petroleum and Surface Chemistry, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey,GU2
7XH, U.K
| | - Spencer E. Taylor
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Centre for Petroleum and Surface Chemistry, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey,GU2
7XH, U.K
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81
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Blümich B, Singh K. Desktop NMR and Its Applications From Materials Science To Organic Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 57:6996-7010. [PMID: 29230908 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy is an indispensable method of analysis in chemistry, which until recently suffered from high demands for space, high costs for acquisition and maintenance, and operational complexity. This has changed with the introduction of compact NMR spectrometers suitable for small-molecule analysis on the chemical workbench. These spectrometers contain permanent magnets giving rise to proton NMR frequencies between 40 and 80 MHz. The enabling technology is to make small permanent magnets with homogeneous fields. Tabletop instruments with inhomogeneous fields have been in use for over 40 years for characterizing food and hydrogen-containing materials by relaxation and diffusion measurements. Related NMR instruments measure these parameters in the stray field outside the magnet. They are used to inspect the borehole walls of oil wells and to test objects nondestructively. The state-of-the-art of NMR spectroscopy, imaging and relaxometry with compact instruments is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Blümich
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kawarpal Singh
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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82
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Blümich B, Singh K. NMR mit Tischgeräten und deren Anwendungen von der Materialwissenschaft bis zur organischen Chemie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Blümich
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Deutschland
| | - Kawarpal Singh
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Deutschland
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83
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Advances in Electronics Prompt a Fresh Look at Continuous Wave (CW) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). ELECTRONICS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/electronics6040089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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84
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Zühlke M, Sass S, Riebe D, Beitz T, Löhmannsröben HG. Real-Time Reaction Monitoring of an Organic Multistep Reaction by Electrospray Ionization-Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Chempluschem 2017; 82:1266-1273. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201700296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Zühlke
- University of Potsdam; Physical Chemistry; Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25 14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
| | - Stephan Sass
- University of Potsdam; Physical Chemistry; Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25 14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
| | - Daniel Riebe
- University of Potsdam; Physical Chemistry; Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25 14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
| | - Toralf Beitz
- University of Potsdam; Physical Chemistry; Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25 14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
| | - Hans-Gerd Löhmannsröben
- University of Potsdam; Physical Chemistry; Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25 14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
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85
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Killner MHM, Tosin G, Carvalho AS, Firme Bernardes D, Colnago LA. Increasing the detection distance of remote NMR using wireless inductive coupling coil. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12686. [PMID: 28978913 PMCID: PMC5627268 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12854-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Unilateral nuclear magnetic resonance (UNMR) spectrometers have been applied in a variety of fields such as petrochemistry, materials science, and process control1. In UNMR measurements the sample is placed outside of the UNMR sensor and the signal intensity is reduced almost exponentially as the sample-to-sensor distances increases. To expand the detection limits of remote UNMR sensors, wireless inductive coupling was proposed and tested. This strategy was proved to reduce signal attenuation due to sample detachment from sensor, resulting in an increase in detection distance by one order of magnitude (i.e., from few millimeters to few centimeters). This novel approach broadens the potential applications of UNMR sensors and opens new opportunities in several areas, from chemical to biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Henrique M Killner
- Embrapa Instrumentação, Rua XV de Novembro 1452, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil.,Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Pr 445-km 380, Londrina, PR, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Giancarlo Tosin
- LMA Magnet Consultancy, Rua Filomeno Rispoli 509, 13564-200, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André S Carvalho
- Instituto de Química de Sao Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-carlense 400, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Alberto Colnago
- Embrapa Instrumentação, Rua XV de Novembro 1452, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil.
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86
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Nikolskaya E, Hiltunen Y. Determination of Carbon Chain Lengths of Fatty Acid Mixtures by Time Domain NMR. APPLIED MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2017; 49:185-193. [PMID: 29391665 PMCID: PMC5775386 DOI: 10.1007/s00723-017-0953-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Average carbon chain length is a key parameter that defines the quality of liquid biofuels. In this paper, a method for the determination of carbon chain lengths of fatty acid mixtures is presented. The approach is based on proton relaxation rates measured by time domain nuclear magnetic resonance. The spin-spin relaxation rates R2 were used for the estimation of the carbon chain lengths. The method was examined for the set of samples with different mean lengths of the main linear carbon chain. Samples were prepared using four different fatty acids and mixtures of two, three or four of these fatty acids. The correlation coefficient between the known and measured values was equal to 0.994. Based on the relaxation theory, a linear-like dependence between the relaxation rate and carbon chain length was briefly shown, which endorses the experimental results. The developed methodology for determining carbon chain lengths offers robustness and rapidity, which are significant advantages when it comes to online use of the method in real industrial environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Nikolskaya
- Fiber Laboratory, South-Eastern Finland University of Applied Sciences, Vipusenkatu 10, 57200 Savonlinna, Finland
| | - Y. Hiltunen
- Fiber Laboratory, South-Eastern Finland University of Applied Sciences, Vipusenkatu 10, 57200 Savonlinna, Finland
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87
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Britton MM. MRI of chemical reactions and processes. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 101:51-70. [PMID: 28844221 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
As magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can spatially resolve a wealth of molecular information available from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), it is able to non-invasively visualise the composition, properties and reactions of a broad range of spatially-heterogeneous molecular systems. Hence, MRI is increasingly finding applications in the study of chemical reactions and processes in a diverse range of environments and technologies. This article will explain the basic principles of MRI and how it can be used to visualise chemical composition and molecular properties, providing an overview of the variety of information available. Examples are drawn from the disciplines of chemistry, chemical engineering, environmental science, physics, electrochemistry and materials science. The review introduces a range of techniques used to produce image contrast, along with the chemical and molecular insight accessible through them. Methods for mapping the distribution of chemical species, using chemical shift imaging or spatially-resolved spectroscopy, are reviewed, as well as methods for visualising physical state, temperature, current density, flow velocities and molecular diffusion. Strategies for imaging materials with low signal intensity, such as those containing gases or low sensitivity nuclei, using compressed sensing, para-hydrogen or polarisation transfer, are discussed. Systems are presented which encapsulate the diversity of chemical and physical parameters observable by MRI, including one- and two-phase flow in porous media, chemical pattern formation, phase transformations and hydrodynamic (fingering) instabilities. Lastly, the emerging area of electrochemical MRI is discussed, with studies presented on the visualisation of electrochemical deposition and dissolution processes during corrosion and the operation of batteries, supercapacitors and fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie M Britton
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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88
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Stueber D, Jehle S. Quantitative Component Analysis of Solid Mixtures by Analyzing Time Domain 1H and 19F T1 Saturation Recovery Curves (qSRC). J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:1828-1838. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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89
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Picard B, Gouilleux B, Lebleu T, Maddaluno J, Chataigner I, Penhoat M, Felpin FX, Giraudeau P, Legros J. Oxidative Neutralization of Mustard-Gas Simulants in an On-Board Flow Device with In-Line NMR Monitoring. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:7568-7572. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201702744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Picard
- Normandie Université, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS; COBRA laboratory (UMR 6014 & FR3038); 76000 Rouen France
| | - Boris Gouilleux
- CEISAM CNRS, UMR6230; Université de Nantes, BP 92208; 2 rue de la Houssinière 44322 Nantes France
| | - Thomas Lebleu
- Normandie Université, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS; COBRA laboratory (UMR 6014 & FR3038); 76000 Rouen France
| | - Jacques Maddaluno
- Normandie Université, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS; COBRA laboratory (UMR 6014 & FR3038); 76000 Rouen France
| | - Isabelle Chataigner
- Normandie Université, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS; COBRA laboratory (UMR 6014 & FR3038); 76000 Rouen France
| | - Maël Penhoat
- Université de Lille, CNRS, USR 3290, MSAP; Miniaturisation pour la Synthèse l'Analyse et la Protéomique; 59000 Lille France
| | - François-Xavier Felpin
- CEISAM CNRS, UMR6230; Université de Nantes, BP 92208; 2 rue de la Houssinière 44322 Nantes France
- Institut Universitaire de France; 1 rue Descartes 75005 Paris France
| | - Patrick Giraudeau
- CEISAM CNRS, UMR6230; Université de Nantes, BP 92208; 2 rue de la Houssinière 44322 Nantes France
- Institut Universitaire de France; 1 rue Descartes 75005 Paris France
| | - Julien Legros
- Normandie Université, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS; COBRA laboratory (UMR 6014 & FR3038); 76000 Rouen France
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90
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Picard B, Gouilleux B, Lebleu T, Maddaluno J, Chataigner I, Penhoat M, Felpin FX, Giraudeau P, Legros J. Oxidative Neutralization of Mustard-Gas Simulants in an On-Board Flow Device with In-Line NMR Monitoring. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201702744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Picard
- Normandie Université, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS; COBRA laboratory (UMR 6014 & FR3038); 76000 Rouen France
| | - Boris Gouilleux
- CEISAM CNRS, UMR6230; Université de Nantes, BP 92208; 2 rue de la Houssinière 44322 Nantes France
| | - Thomas Lebleu
- Normandie Université, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS; COBRA laboratory (UMR 6014 & FR3038); 76000 Rouen France
| | - Jacques Maddaluno
- Normandie Université, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS; COBRA laboratory (UMR 6014 & FR3038); 76000 Rouen France
| | - Isabelle Chataigner
- Normandie Université, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS; COBRA laboratory (UMR 6014 & FR3038); 76000 Rouen France
| | - Maël Penhoat
- Université de Lille, CNRS, USR 3290, MSAP; Miniaturisation pour la Synthèse l'Analyse et la Protéomique; 59000 Lille France
| | - François-Xavier Felpin
- CEISAM CNRS, UMR6230; Université de Nantes, BP 92208; 2 rue de la Houssinière 44322 Nantes France
- Institut Universitaire de France; 1 rue Descartes 75005 Paris France
| | - Patrick Giraudeau
- CEISAM CNRS, UMR6230; Université de Nantes, BP 92208; 2 rue de la Houssinière 44322 Nantes France
- Institut Universitaire de France; 1 rue Descartes 75005 Paris France
| | - Julien Legros
- Normandie Université, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS; COBRA laboratory (UMR 6014 & FR3038); 76000 Rouen France
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91
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Blanazs A, Bristow TWT, Coombes SR, Corry T, Nunn M, Ray AD. Coupling and optimisation of online nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry for process monitoring to cover the broad range of process concentration. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2017; 55:274-282. [PMID: 27392109 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Real time online monitoring of chemical processes can be carried out by a number of analytical techniques, including optical and vibrational spectroscopies, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (MS). As each technique has unique advantages and challenges, combinations are an attractive option. The combination of a 500-MHz 1 H NMR and a small footprint mass spectrometer to monitor a batch reaction at process concentration was investigated. The mass spectrometer was coupled into the flow path of an online reaction monitoring NMR. Reaction mixture was pumped from a 100-ml vessel to an NMR flow tube before returning to the vessel. Small aliquots were diverted into a sampling make-up flow using an active flow splitter and passed to the mass spectrometer. Advantages of the combination were observed. 1 H NMR was ideal for quantitation of high level components, whereas MS showed a greater capability for detecting those at low level. In preliminary experiments MS produced a limited linear relationship with concentration (0.02% to 2% relative concentration, 0.01 mg/ml-1.25 mg/ml), because of signal saturation at the higher concentrations. NMR was unable to detect components below 0.1% relative to concentration maximum. Optimisation of sample transfer to the MS extended the linearity to 10% relative to the concentration maximum. Therefore, the combination of online NMR and MS allows both qualitative and quantitative analysis of reaction components over the full process range. The application of the combination was demonstrated by monitoring a batch chemical reaction and this is described. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Blanazs
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK
| | - Tony W T Bristow
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK
| | - Steven R Coombes
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK
| | - Tom Corry
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK
| | - Mike Nunn
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK
| | - Andrew D Ray
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK
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92
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Michalik-Onichimowska A, Kern S, Riedel J, Panne U, King R, Maiwald M. "Click" analytics for "click" chemistry - A simple method for calibration-free evaluation of online NMR spectra. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2017; 277:154-161. [PMID: 28288418 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Driven mostly by the search for chemical syntheses under biocompatible conditions, so called "click" chemistry rapidly became a growing field of research. The resulting simple one-pot reactions are so far only scarcely accompanied by an adequate optimization via comparably straightforward and robust analysis techniques possessing short set-up times. Here, we report on a fast and reliable calibration-free online NMR monitoring approach for technical mixtures. It combines a versatile fluidic system, continuous-flow measurement of 1H spectra with a time interval of 20s per spectrum, and a robust, fully automated algorithm to interpret the obtained data. As a proof-of-concept, the thiol-ene coupling between N-boc cysteine methyl ester and allyl alcohol was conducted in a variety of non-deuterated solvents while its time-resolved behaviour was characterized with step tracer experiments. Overlapping signals in online spectra during thiol-ene coupling could be deconvoluted with a spectral model using indirect hard modeling and were subsequently converted to either molar ratios (using a calibration-free approach) or absolute concentrations (using 1-point calibration). For various solvents the kinetic constant k for pseudo-first order reaction was estimated to be 3.9h-1 at 25°C. The obtained results were compared with direct integration of non-overlapping signals and showed good agreement with the implemented mass balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Michalik-Onichimowska
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstaetter-Str. 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany; Physical Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Zum Groβen Windkanal 6, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Kern
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstaetter-Str. 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Riedel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstaetter-Str. 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Panne
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstaetter-Str. 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany; Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany; School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Zum Groβen Windkanal 6, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rudibert King
- Department Measurement and Control, Institute of Process Engineering, Berlin University of Technology, Hardenbergstr. 36a, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Maiwald
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstaetter-Str. 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
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93
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Laske S, Paudel A, Scheibelhofer O, Sacher S, Hoermann T, Khinast J, Kelly A, Rantannen J, Korhonen O, Stauffer F, De Leersnyder F, De Beer T, Mantanus J, Chavez PF, Thoorens B, Ghiotti P, Schubert M, Tajarobi P, Haeffler G, Lakio S, Fransson M, Sparen A, Abrahmsen-Alami S, Folestad S, Funke A, Backx I, Kavsek B, Kjell F, Michaelis M, Page T, Palmer J, Schaepman A, Sekulic S, Hammond S, Braun B, Colegrove B. A Review of PAT Strategies in Secondary Solid Oral Dosage Manufacturing of Small Molecules. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:667-712. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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94
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Zhou X, Su G, Wang L, Nie S, Ge X. The inversion of 2D NMR relaxometry data using L1 regularization. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2017; 275:46-54. [PMID: 28006675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
NMR relaxometry has been used as a powerful tool to study molecular dynamics. Many algorithms have been developed for the inversion of 2D NMR relaxometry data. Unlike traditional algorithms implementing L2 regularization, high order Tikhonov regularization or iterative regularization, L1 penalty term is involved to constrain the sparsity of resultant spectra in this paper. Then fast iterative shrinkage-thresholding algorithm (FISTA) is proposed to solve the L1 regularization problem. The effectiveness, noise vulnerability and practical utility of the proposed algorithm are analyzed by simulations and experiments. The results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm has a more excellent capability to reveal narrow peaks than traditional inversion algorithms. The L1 regularization implemented by our algorithm can be a useful complementary to the existing algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Zhou
- Institute of Medical Imaging Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Guanqun Su
- Institute of Medical Imaging Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Lijia Wang
- Institute of Medical Imaging Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Shengdong Nie
- Institute of Medical Imaging Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Xinmin Ge
- School of Geosciences in China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, Shandong Province, China
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95
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Gouilleux B, Charrier B, Akoka S, Giraudeau P. Gradient-based solvent suppression methods on a benchtop spectrometer. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2017; 55:91-98. [PMID: 27469081 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Benchtop NMR emerges as an appealing alternative to widely extend the scope of NMR spectroscopy in harsh environments and for on-line monitoring. Obviously, the use of low-field magnets induces a dramatic reduction of the spectral resolution leading to frequent peak overlaps. This issue is even more serious because applications such as chemical process monitoring involve the use of non-deuterated solvents, leading to intense and broad peaks overlapping with the signals of interest. In this article, we highlight the need for efficient suppression methods compatible with flowing samples, which is not the case of the common pre-saturation approaches. Thanks to a gradient coil included in our benchtop spectrometer, we were able to implement modern and efficient solvent suppression blocks such as WET or excitation sculpting to deliver quantitative spectra in the conditions of the on-line monitoring. While these methods are commonly used at high field, this is the first time that they are investigated on a benchtop setting. Their analytical performance is evaluated and compared under static and on-flow conditions. The results demonstrate the superiority of gradient-based methods, thus highlighting the relevance of implementing this device on benchtop spectrometers. The comparison of major solvent suppression methods reveals an optimum performance for the WET-180-NOESY experiment, both under static and on-flow conditions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Serge Akoka
- CEISAM CNRS, UMR6230, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Patrick Giraudeau
- CEISAM CNRS, UMR6230, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
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96
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Rehm TH, Hofmann C, Reinhard D, Kost HJ, Löb P, Besold M, Welzel K, Barten J, Didenko A, Sevenard DV, Lix B, Hillson AR, Riegel SD. Continuous-flow synthesis of fluorine-containing fine chemicals with integrated benchtop NMR analysis. REACT CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7re00023e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluorine fine chemical synthesis takes a step ahead using integrated NMR online-analysis with a benchtop NMR spectrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jan Barten
- Hansa Fine Chemicals GmbH, BITZ
- 28359 Bremen
- Germany
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97
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Rachineni K, Rao Kakita VM, Hosur R. Ultra-high resolution in low field tabletop NMR spectrometers. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra09594e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An approach for resolution enhancement is proposed, for data acquired on low field tabletop NMR spectrometers by employing processing-based (generalized indirect covariance) advancements in pure shift NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Rachineni
- UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences
- University of Mumbai
- Mumbai 400 098
- India
| | | | - Ramakrishna V. Hosur
- UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences
- University of Mumbai
- Mumbai 400 098
- India
- Department of Chemical Sciences
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98
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New frontiers in in vitro medical diagnostics by low field T2 magnetic resonance relaxometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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99
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Gouilleux B, Charrier B, Akoka S, Felpin FX, Rodriguez-Zubiri M, Giraudeau P. Ultrafast 2D NMR on a benchtop spectrometer: Applications and perspectives. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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100
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