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Jewett KA, Krueger JM. Humoral sleep regulation; interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2012; 89:241-57. [PMID: 22640617 PMCID: PMC4030541 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394623-2.00013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Two substances, the cytokines interleukin-1 beta (IL1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), known for their many physiological roles, for example, cognition, synaptic plasticity, and immune function, are also well characterized in their actions of sleep regulation. These substances promote non-rapid eye movement sleep and can induce symptoms associated with sleep loss such as sleepiness, fatigue, and poor cognition. IL1β and TNFα are released from glia in response to extracellular ATP. They bind to their receptors on neurons resulting in neuromodulator and neurotransmitter receptor up/downregulation (e.g., adenosine and glutamate receptors) leading to altered neuronal excitability and function, that is, a state change in the local network. Synchronization of state between local networks leads to emergent whole brain oscillations, such as sleep/wake cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Jewett
- WWAMI Medical Education Program, Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
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52
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Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF), an important proinflammatory cytokine, plays a role in the regulation of cell differentiation, proliferation and death, as well as in inflammation, innate and adaptive immune responses, and also implicated in a wide variety of human diseases. The presence of DNA sequence variations in regulatory region might interfere with transcription of TNF gene, influencing the circulating level of TNF and thus increases the susceptibility to human diseases (infectious, cancer, autoimmune, neurodegenerative and other diseases). In this review, we have comprehensively analysed various published case-control studies of different types of human diseases, in which TNF gene polymorphism played a role, and computationally predicted several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) lie in transcription factor-binding sites (TFBS) of transcription factors (TFs). It has been observed that TNF enhancer polymorphism is implicated in several diseases, and TNF rs1800629 and rs361525 SNPs are the most important in human disease susceptibility as these might influence the transcription of TNF gene. Thirty-two SNPs lies in TFBS of 20 TFs have been detected in the TNF upstream region. It has been found that TNF enhancer polymorphism influences the serum level of TNF in different human diseases and thus affects the susceptibility to diseases. The presence of DNA sequence variation in TNF gene causes the modification of transcriptional regulation and thus responsible for association of susceptibility/resistance with human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Qidwai
- Metabolic and Structural Biology Department, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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53
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Vasunilashorn S, Glei DA, Lan CY, Brookmeyer R, Weinstein M, Goldman N. Apolipoprotein E is associated with blood lipids and inflammation in Taiwanese older adults. Atherosclerosis 2011; 219:349-54. [PMID: 21840004 PMCID: PMC3225086 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.07.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 07/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphisms of the apolipoprotein E gene (ApoE) have been associated with health and longevity. Numerous studies have linked ApoE to health outcomes including cardiovascular disease and mortality, but far fewer studies have examined the relationship of ApoE to other biological markers of health. This study investigates the relationship between ApoE and mortality, as well as ApoE and a set of biomarkers related to cardiovascular and immune function, in a population-based sample of Taiwanese adults ages 54+. ApoE £2 carriers were less likely to have at-risk levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) and total cholesterol (total-C) than non-carriers (odds ratio [OR] 0.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.25-0.83 and OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.29-0.71, respectively). ApoE £4 carriers were less likely to have elevated levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) than non-carriers (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.39-0.96). ApoE genotype was not, however, associated with mortality after 8 years of follow-up. Our findings confirm the association between ApoE £2and cholesterol levels, suggesting a potential protective effect of ApoE £2 on blood lipids. They also contribute to reports on the relationship between ApoE £4 carrier status and lower CRP levels.
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54
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Benke KS, Carlson MC, Doan BQ, Walston JD, Xue QL, Reiner AP, Fried LP, Arking DE, Chakravarti A, Fallin MD. The association of genetic variants in interleukin-1 genes with cognition: findings from the cardiovascular health study. Exp Gerontol 2011; 46:1010-9. [PMID: 21968104 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 (IL1) potentially plays a role in cognitive deterioration through pathology due to a dementing disorder or due to an aging process. Study of genetic variants in the IL1 genes has been mostly limited to diseases such as Alzheimer's, however, there may be benefit to studying a continuous measure of cognition. Using data from the Cardiovascular Health Study, we evaluate genetic variation in the genes encoding inflammatory agonists IL1A and IL1B, and the antagonist IL1RN, with repeated measures of global cognition (3MS) and processing speed (DSST), using mixed effects models. We found statistically significant minor allele SNP associations with baseline performance on the 3MS in the IL1RN gene for Caucasians (rs17042917: beta=0.47, 95%CI=0.09, 0.85, p=0.016; rs4251961: beta=-0.36, 95%CI=-0.13,-0.60, p=0.0027; rs931471: beta=0.39, 95%CI=0.13, 0.65, p=0.0032), and the IL1B gene for African Americans (rs1143627: beta=1.6, 95%CI=0.48, 2.8; p=0.006 and rs1143634: beta=2.09, 95%CI=0.39, 3.8; p=0.016). Associations appear to be weaker in a subgroup with higher education level. Upon removing those diagnosed with dementia, effect sizes and statistical significance attenuated. These results provide supporting evidence that genetic variants in IL1 genes may be involved in inflammatory-related lowered cognition, that higher education may modify genetic predisposition, and that these associations may be driven by a dementia process.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Benke
- Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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55
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Sasayama D, Hori H, Teraishi T, Hattori K, Ota M, Matsuo J, Kawamoto Y, Kinoshita Y, Amano N, Kunugi H. Association of cognitive performance with interleukin-6 receptor Asp358Ala polymorphism in healthy adults. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2011; 119:313-8. [PMID: 21879314 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-011-0709-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Wechsler adult intelligence scale-revised was performed in 576 healthy adults to examine whether a functional polymorphism (Asp358Ala) of the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) gene is associated with cognitive performance. Verbal intelligence quotient in Asp homozygotes was significantly higher compared to Ala carriers (P = 0.005). Compared to Ala carriers, Asp homozygotes performed better in the verbal subtests requiring long-term memory stores. Elevated IL-6 and soluble IL-6R levels in Ala carriers may have negative impact on acquiring verbal cognitive ability requiring long-term memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daimei Sasayama
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan.
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56
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Baune BT, Unwin SJ, Quirk F, Golledge J. Neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with aortic aneurysms. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22632. [PMID: 21799922 PMCID: PMC3142179 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Emerging evidence suggests that vascular disease confers vulnerability to a late-onset of depressive illness and the impairment of specific cognitive functions, most notably in the domains of memory storage and retrieval. Lower limb athero-thrombosis and abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) have both been previously associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms possibly due to associated intracerebral vascular disease or systemic inflammation, hence suggesting that these illnesses may be regarded as models to investigate the vascular genesis of neuropsychiatric symptoms. The aim of this study was to compare neuropsychiatric symptoms such as depression, anxiety and a variety of cognitive domains in patients who had symptoms of peripheral athero-thrombosis (intermittent claudication) and those who had an asymptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysm AAA. Methodology/Principal Findings In a cross-sectional study, 26 participants with either intermittent claudication or AAA were assessed using a detailed neuropsychiatric assessment battery for various cognitive domains and depression and anxiety symptoms (Hamilton Depression and Anxiety Scales). Student t test and linear regression analyses were applied to compare neuropsychiatric symptoms between patient groups. AAA participants showed greater levels of cognitive impairment in the domains of immediate and delayed memory as compared to patients who had intermittent claudication. Cognitive dysfunction was best predicted by increasing aortic diameter. CRP was positively related to AAA diameter, but not to cognitive function. AAA and aortic diameter in particular were associated with cognitive dysfunction in this study. Conclusions/Significance AAA patients are at a higher risk for cognitive impairment than intermittent claudication patients. Validation of this finding is required in a larger study, but if confirmed could suggest that systemic factors peculiar to AAA may impact on cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard T Baune
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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57
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Association of interleukin-1β genetic polymorphisms with cognitive performance in elderly females without dementia. J Hum Genet 2011; 56:613-6. [PMID: 21614008 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2011.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is considered to have a role in age-related cognitive decline. A recent study has shown that a promoter polymorphism of the IL-1β gene (rs16944) is associated with cognitive performance in elderly males without dementia. In this study, we examined whether polymorphisms of the IL-1β gene also influence cognitive functions in elderly females. Cognitive functions were assessed by the Wechsler adult intelligence scale-revised (WAIS-R) in 99 elderly (60 years) females without dementia. We selected five tagging polymorphisms from the IL-1β gene and examined the associations with the WAIS-R scores. Significant associations were found between verbal intelligence quotient (IQ) and the genotypes of rs1143634 and rs1143633 (P=0.0037 and P=0.010, respectively). No significant associations of rs16944 genotype were found with verbal or performance IQ. However, individuals homozygous for the G allele of rs16944 achieved higher scores in digit span compared with their counterpart, which is consistent with the previous findings in males. These results suggest that IL-1β gene variation may have a role in cognitive functions in aging females as well as males.
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58
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Krueger JM, Majde JA, Rector DM. Cytokines in immune function and sleep regulation. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2011; 98:229-40. [PMID: 21056190 PMCID: PMC5440845 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52006-7.00015-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James M Krueger
- Department of Veterinary and Comparetive Anatomy, Pharmacology and Physiology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6520, USA.
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Luciano M, Hansell NK, Lahti J, Davies G, Medland SE, Räikkönen K, Tenesa A, Widen E, McGhee KA, Palotie A, Liewald D, Porteous DJ, Starr JM, Montgomery GW, Martin NG, Eriksson JG, Wright MJ, Deary IJ. Whole genome association scan for genetic polymorphisms influencing information processing speed. Biol Psychol 2010; 86:193-202. [PMID: 21130836 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Processing speed is an important cognitive function that is compromised in psychiatric illness (e.g., schizophrenia, depression) and old age; it shares genetic background with complex cognition (e.g., working memory, reasoning). To find genes influencing speed we performed a genome-wide association scan in up to three cohorts: Brisbane (mean age 16 years; N = 1659); LBC1936 (mean age 70 years, N = 992); LBC1921 (mean age 82 years, N = 307), and; HBCS (mean age 64 years, N =1080). Meta-analysis of the common measures highlighted various suggestively significant (p < 1.21 × 10⁻⁵) SNPs and plausible candidate genes (e.g., TRIB3). A biological pathways analysis of the speed factor identified two common pathways from the KEGG database (cell junction, focal adhesion) in two cohorts, while a pathway analysis linked to the GO database revealed common pathways across pairs of speed measures (e.g., receptor binding, cellular metabolic process). These highlighted genes and pathways will be able to inform future research, including results for psychiatric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Luciano
- Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
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Labile anger during interferon alfa treatment is associated with a polymorphism in tumor necrosis factor alpha. Clin Neuropharmacol 2010; 33:191-7. [PMID: 20661026 DOI: 10.1097/wnf.0b013e3181de8966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammatory cytokines may influence both labile anger and depression. Both psychiatric conditions can occur during interferon alfa-based treatments. Evidence also indicates a central nervous system role for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), whose expression may be increased by interferon alfa. A polymorphism in the promoter region of TNF-alpha has been associated with various inflammatory illnesses. We therefore hypothesized that this TNF-alpha polymorphism would influence susceptibility to psychiatric symptoms during interferon alfa therapy. METHODS One hundred five patients with hepatitis C, initially without active major depression (major depressive disorder), were treated with interferon alfa and then prospectively monitored using the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, the Beck Depression Inventory II, the Anger Irritability and Assault Questionnaire, and circulating TNF-alpha levels. The A-308G polymorphism (rs1800629) was determined using the 5'-nuclease assay. Repeated-measure mixed-effect analyses compared changes in symptoms over time. RESULT Beck Depression Inventory II score increased during interferon alfa therapy (F = 6.2; P < 0.001), with 27% developing MDD. The TNF-alpha A allele was associated with worsened labile anger (F = 2.5; P < 0.05) and fatigue (F = 2.9; P < 0.05) during treatment but not with major depression incidence (chi = 0.0; P = 0.99) or increased Beck Depression Inventory II (F = 1.2; P = 0.31). Labile anger was not predicted by the serotonin transporter polymorphism (F = 0.8; P = 0.59). DISCUSSION During treatment with an exogenous cytokine, vulnerability to worsening labile anger-distinct from major depression-is associated with genetic variability in TNF-alpha. This has implications both for patients being treated with interferon alfa and our understanding of genetic vulnerability for different subtypes of dysphoric and mood disorders.
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61
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Beste C, Baune BT, Falkenstein M, Konrad C. Variations in the TNF-α Gene (TNF-α -308G→A) Affect Attention and Action Selection Mechanisms in a Dissociated Fashion. J Neurophysiol 2010; 104:2523-31. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00561.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing interest to understand the molecular basis of complex cognitive processes. While neurotransmitter systems have frequently been examined, other, for example neuroimmunological factors have attracted much less interest. Recent evidence suggests that the A allele of the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) 308G→A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP; rs1800629) enhances cognitive functions. However, it is also known that TNF-α exerts divergent, region-specific effects on neuronal functioning. Thus the finding that the A allele is associated with enhanced cognitive performance may be due to regionally specific effects of TNF-α. In this study, associations between the TNF-α −308G→A single nucleotide polymorphism (rs1800629) and cognitive function in an event-related potential (ERP) study in healthy participants ( n = 96) are investigated. We focus on subprocesses of stimulus-response compatibility that are known to be mediated by different brain systems. The results show a dissociative effect of the TNF- 308G→A SNP on ERPs reflecting attentional (N1) versus conflict and action selection processes [N2 and early-lateralized readiness potential (e-LRP)] between the AA/AG and the GG genotypes. Compared with the GG genotype group, attentional processes (N1) were enhanced in the combined AA/AG genotype group, while conflict processing functions (N2) and the selection of actions (LRP) were reduced. The results refine the picture of the effects of the TNF-α −308G→A SNP on cognitive functions and emphasize the known divergent effects of TNF-α on brain functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Beste
- Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Biopsychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany
| | - Bernhard T. Baune
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Michael Falkenstein
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany; and
| | - Carsten Konrad
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University of Münster, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Germany
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Cluett C, Brayne C, Clarke R, Evans G, Matthews F, Rubinsztein DC, Huppert F, Llewellyn DJ, Rice N, Henley W, Frayling TM, Murray A, Melzer D. Polymorphisms in LMNA and near a SERPINA gene cluster are associated with cognitive function in older people. Neurobiol Aging 2010; 31:1563-8. [PMID: 18848371 PMCID: PMC2975102 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Revised: 06/05/2008] [Accepted: 08/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A recent genome-wide association (GWA) study of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) identified 15 novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) independent of ApoE. We hypothesised that variants associated with LOAD are also associated with poor cognitive function in elderly populations. We measured additive associations between the five most strongly associated LOAD SNPs and grouped Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores. Variants were genotyped in respondents (mean age 79 years) from the Oxford Healthy Ageing project (OHAP) and other sites of the MRC Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (MRC-CFAS). In adjusted ordinal logistic models, two variants were associated with poorer cognitive function: rs11622883 (OR=1.14, 95% CI: 1.01-1.28, p=0.040) and rs505058 (OR=1.29, 95% CI: 1.02-1.64, p=0.036). These SNPs are close to a SERPINA gene cluster and within LMNA, respectively. The mechanisms underlying the associations with cognitive impairment and LOAD require further elucidation, but both genes are interesting candidates for involvement in age-related cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christie Cluett
- Peninsula Medical School, RD&E Wonford Site, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Carol Brayne
- Department of Public Health & Primary Care, University Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SR, UK
| | - Robert Clarke
- Clinical Trial Service Unit, University of Oxford, Richard Doll Building, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | | | - Fiona Matthews
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, Institute of Public Health, Robinson Way, University Forvie Site, CB2 0SR, Cambridge, UK
| | - David C Rubinsztein
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome/MRC Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2XY, UK
| | - Felicia Huppert
- Academic Department of Psychiatry, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2XY, UK
| | - David J Llewellyn
- Department of Public Health & Primary Care, University Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SR, UK
| | - Neil Rice
- Peninsula Medical School, RD&E Wonford Site, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - William Henley
- Peninsula Medical School, RD&E Wonford Site, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Timothy M Frayling
- Peninsula Medical School, RD&E Wonford Site, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Anna Murray
- Peninsula Medical School, RD&E Wonford Site, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - David Melzer
- Peninsula Medical School, RD&E Wonford Site, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
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Association between erythrocyte sedimentation rate and IQ in Swedish males aged 18-20. Brain Behav Immun 2010; 24:868-73. [PMID: 20226851 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Revised: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate if signs of inflammation are associated with performance on a contemporaneous IQ-test in males aged 18-20. DESIGN Cohort study using data from the conscript register on performance on an IQ-test and on erythrocyte sedimentation rates (ESR) measured in 1969/70. Data on cardiovascular risk factors measured at conscription and national register data on childhood circumstances at age 10 were considered as potential sources of confounding. Data from national registers was linked to the cohort in order to explore long term associations between ESR at age 18-20 and mortality between the years 1971-2006. SETTING 49,321 Swedish males aged 18-20, screened for general health and for mental and physical capacity at compulsory conscription examination before military service. RESULTS We found an inverse correlation between ESR and performance on an IQ-test. While an association was observed across IQ bands and ESR ranges, independent of cardiovascular risk factors or childhood circumstances, the association was slightly attenuated by adjustment for childhood socioeconomic position (SEP). An association between childhood SEP and ESR was detected that remained after adjusting for IQ. The ESR was also associated with future mortality following adjustment for childhood SEP. CONCLUSIONS Low-grade inflammation, as indicated by the ESR, is associated with reduced cognitive abilities already at age 18-20.
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Associations between the tumor necrosis factor alpha gene (-308G→A) and event-related potential indices of attention and mental rotation. Neuroscience 2010; 170:742-8. [PMID: 20682333 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is a cytokine that exerts neuroprotective and neurodegenerative effects. While some research suggests enhancing effects of the TNF-α gene (TNF-α -308G→A) on cognitive function, further research is needed to clarify the association between the TNF-α gene and specific areas of cognitive performance including their neurophysiological correlates. In this study we examine association of the TNF-α -308G→A single nucleotide polymorphism (rs1800629) with attention and mental rotation performance in an event-related potential (ERP) study in healthy participants (n=67). The results show that carriers of the -308 A allele display elevated attentional processes (i.e. a stronger N1) as compared to the GG genotype group. Mental rotation performance varied across genotypes when demands on mental rotation were high. Here, carriers of the -308 A allele performed better than the GG genotype group. This is paralleled by the neurophysiological data showing genotype-dependent variations in parietal positivities only under the condition of high demands on mental rotation. The finding of enhanced attentional and mental rotation performance in A allele carriers supports recent findings that the A allele of this single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) enhances cognitive performance on a general measure of cognitive processing speed.
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65
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Oades RD, Myint AM, Dauvermann MR, Schimmelmann BG, Schwarz MJ. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and glial integrity: an exploration of associations of cytokines and kynurenine metabolites with symptoms and attention. Behav Brain Funct 2010; 6:32. [PMID: 20534153 PMCID: PMC2900218 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-6-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In contrast to studies of depression and psychosis, the first part of this study showed no major differences in serum levels of cytokines and tryptophan metabolites between healthy children and those with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder of the combined type (ADHD). Yet, small decreases of potentially toxic kynurenine metabolites and increases of cytokines were evident in subgroups. Therefore we examined predictions of biochemical associations with the major symptom clusters, measures of attention and response variability. Methods We explored systematically associations of 8 cytokines (indicators of pro/anti-inflammatory function) and 5 tryptophan metabolites with symptom ratings (e.g. anxiety, opposition, inattention) and continuous performance test (CPT) measures (e.g. movement, response time (RT), variability) in 35 ADHD (14 on medication) and 21 control children. Predictions from linear regressions (controlled by the false discovery rate) confirmed or disconfirmed partial correlations accounting for age, body mass and socio-economic status. Results (1) Total symptom ratings were associated with increases of the interleukins IL-16 and IL-13, where relations of IL-16 (along with decreased S100B) with hyperactivity, and IL-13 with inattention were notable. Opposition ratings were predicted by increased IL-2 in ADHD and IL-6 in control children. (2) In the CPT, IL-16 related to motor measures and errors of commission, while IL-13 was associated with errors of omission. Increased RT variability related to lower TNF-α, but to higher IFN-γ levels. (3) Tryptophan metabolites were not significantly related to symptoms. But increased tryptophan predicted errors of omission, its breakdown predicted errors of commission and kynurenine levels related to faster RTs. Conclusions Many associations were found across diagnostic groups even though they were more marked in one group. This confirms the quantitative trait nature of these features. Conceptually the relationships of the pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines distinguished between behaviours associated more with cognitive or more with motor control respectively. Further study should extend the number of immunological and metabolic markers to confirm or refute the trends reported here and examine their stability from childhood to adolescence in a longitudinal design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Oades
- Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
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Derecki NC, Cardani AN, Yang CH, Quinnies KM, Crihfield A, Lynch KR, Kipnis J. Regulation of learning and memory by meningeal immunity: a key role for IL-4. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 207:1067-80. [PMID: 20439540 PMCID: PMC2867291 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20091419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 569] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokines have been shown to impair cognition; consequently, immune activity in the central nervous system was considered detrimental to cognitive function. Unexpectedly, however, T cells were recently shown to support learning and memory, though the underlying mechanism was unclear. We show that one of the steps in the cascade of T cell-based support of learning and memory takes place in the meningeal spaces. Performance of cognitive tasks led to accumulation of IL-4-producing T cells in the meninges. Depletion of T cells from meningeal spaces skewed meningeal myeloid cells toward a proinflammatory phenotype. T cell-derived IL-4 was critical, as IL-4(-/-) mice exhibited a skewed proinflammatory meningeal myeloid cell phenotype and cognitive deficits. Transplantation of IL-4(-/-) bone marrow into irradiated wild-type recipients also resulted in cognitive impairment and proinflammatory skew. Moreover, adoptive transfer of T cells from wild-type into IL-4(-/-) mice reversed cognitive impairment and attenuated the proinflammatory character of meningeal myeloid cells. Our results point to a critical role for T cell-derived IL-4 in the regulation of cognitive function through meningeal myeloid cell phenotype and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression. These findings might lead to the development of new immune-based therapies for cognitive impairment associated with immune decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noël C Derecki
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the serum levels of interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) in elderly depressed patients in comparison with nondepressed healthy elderly subjects. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Tertiary memory clinic. PARTICIPANTS Twenty-three antidepressant-free elderly depressed patients and 44 nondepressed healthy elderly comparison group were enrolled to this study. MEASUREMENT Serum IL-1beta levels were determined with highly sensitive colorimetric sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Severity of the depressive episode was determined by scores on the Hamilton Depression Scale-21 item and cognitive performance by the scores on the Cambridge Cognition Examination, Mini Mental State Examination clock drawing test, and verbal fluency. RESULTS IL-1beta serum levels were increased in elderly patients versus nondepressed elderly (t = 2.21, df = 65, p = 0.04). After categorizing elderly depressed subjects into late onset (LOD) versus early onset (EOD), patients with EOD had the highest IL-1beta levels, when compared with nondepressed elderly patients and patients with LOD in analysis of variance (F = 4.9, df = 2, 64, p <0.01). CONCLUSIONS Late-life depression is associated with higher IL-1beta levels suggesting that increased proinflammatory state may play a role in the physiopathology of depression in the elderly. The authors further show that this might be more prominent in those patients with EOD geriatric depression.
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Dato S, Krabbe KS, Thinggaard M, Pedersen BK, Christensen K, Bruunsgaard H, Christiansen L. Commonly studied polymorphisms in inflammatory cytokine genes show only minor effects on mortality and related risk factors in nonagenarians. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2010; 65:225-35. [PMID: 20083555 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glp210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic low-grade inflammation is consistently associated with functional status, cognitive functioning, multimorbidity, and survival in oldest olds. If inflammation is either a cause or a consequence of age-related pathology, genetic determinants of late-life survival can reside in cytokine genes polymorphisms, regulating inflammatory responses. The aim of this study was to test associations between commonly studied polymorphisms in interleukin (IL)6, IL10, IL15, and IL18, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha genes and late-life survival in a longitudinal cohort of nonagenarians: the Danish 1905 cohort. Additionally, associations were investigated between inflammatory markers and major predictors of mortality as cognitive and functional status. Modest sex-specific associations were found with survival, cognitive functioning, and handgrip strength. Evaluation of combined genotypes indicated that, in nonagenarian men, the balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory activity at IL18 and IL10 loci is protective against cognitive decline. In conclusion, in this large study with virtually complete follow-up, commonly studied polymorphisms in cytokine genes do not have a major impact on late-life survival or associated risk phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Dato
- The Danish Aging Research Center, Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 9, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark.
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69
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Associations between polymorphisms in five inflammation-related genes and cognitive ability in older persons. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2010; 9:348-52. [PMID: 20113359 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2010.00565.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have found associations between inflammatory biomarker levels and cognitive ability. This study tested the relationship between polymorphisms in genes that are associated with or encode the biomarkers and cognitive ability and estimated lifetime cognitive change. Data came from the aspirin for asymptomatic atherosclerosis trial (n = 2091, mean age = 67.2 years ). Twelve single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped from five genes (IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, HNF-1A and F13A1). Cognition was assessed via administration of a five-test battery of psychometric tests, which were used to derive a general intelligence factor, g. A vocabulary-based cognitive test was also administered and adjusted for in the analysis to enable an estimation of lifetime cognitive change. Age- and sex-adjusted analyses yielded one weakly significant association between the IL-1alpha rs2856838 SNP and a measure of mental flexibility/processing speed (P = 0.044). Adjustment for the vocabulary-based scores resulted in a single, significant association between the IL-1alpha rs3783546 SNP and a measure of processing speed (P = 0.048). There is little evidence to suggest an association between SNPs in the inflammation-related genes IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, TCF-1 and F13A1 and cognition in an elderly population of community-dwelling Scottish citizens.
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70
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Payton A. The Impact of Genetic Research on our Understanding of Normal Cognitive Ageing: 1995 to 2009. Neuropsychol Rev 2009; 19:451-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s11065-009-9116-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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McAfoose J, Koerner H, Baune BT. The effects of TNF deficiency on age-related cognitive performance. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009; 34:615-9. [PMID: 19028017 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2008] [Revised: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that 'pro-inflammatory' cytokines such as TNF play a role in cognitive processes and in aging. To test the effects of TNF on cognitive function throughout aging, we used transgenic mice which were TNF deficient. We then tested these mice along with wild-type mice, at 3, 6 and 12 months of age, using the Barnes maze. Wild-type controls showed better memory than TNF knock-out mice at 3 months of age, but not at 6 and 12 months of age. Results of our experiment show that endogenous TNF plays an important role in cognitive processes throughout aging processes. The implications of these findings are far-reaching and include a possible role for cytokines in the molecular and cellular mechanisms subserving age-related changes in learning, memory and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- J McAfoose
- Psychiatry and Psychiatric Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Queensland, Townsville 4811, Australia
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72
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Abstract
Interleukin-1 beta (IL1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) promote non-rapid eye movement sleep under physiological and inflammatory conditions. Additional cytokines are also likely involved but evidence is insufficient to conclude that they are sleep regulatory substances. Many of the symptoms induced by sleep loss, e.g. sleepiness, fatigue, poor cognition, enhanced sensitivity to pain, can be elicited by injection of exogenous IL1 or TNF. We propose that ATP, released during neurotransmission, acting via purine P2 receptors on glia releases IL1 and TNF. This mechanism may provide the means by which the brain keeps track of prior usage history. IL1 and TNF in turn act on neurons to change their intrinsic properties and thereby change input-output properties (i.e. state shift) of the local network involved. Direct evidence indicates that cortical columns oscillate between states, one of which shares properties with organism sleep. We conclude that sleep is a local use-dependent process influenced by cytokines and their effector molecules such as nitric oxide, prostaglandins and adenosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Krueger
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6520, USA.
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Tsai SJ, Hong CJ, Liu ME, Hou SJ, Yen FC, Hsieh CH, Liou YJ. Interleukin-1 beta (C-511T) genetic polymorphism is associated with cognitive performance in elderly males without dementia. Neurobiol Aging 2008; 31:1950-5. [PMID: 19013689 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Revised: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), a proinflammatory cytokine, plays a significant role in age-related changes in long-term potentiation (a biological substrate for learning and/or memory) in the hippocampus of experimental animals. This study tests the hypothesis that a biallelic functional polymorphism in the promoter region (position-511) (rs16944) of the IL-1 beta gene is associated with cognitive performance in elderly males without dementia. A total of 161 elderly male subjects without major psychiatric disorders or dementia participated in this research. Cognitive functions were assessed by the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instruments (CASI) test as well as The Wechsler Digit Span Task test. A significant association was found between the IL-1 beta C-511T polymorphism and CASI score (p=0.008), particularly in the abstraction and judgment subtest (p=0.010), and the backward digit span test (p=0.004). Post hoc tests indicated that the C/C genotype gained better cognitive function test results than T/T carriers, mainly in the non-apolipoprotein E allele epsilon 4 carriers. These results suggest that genetic variants of the IL-1 beta C-511T polymorphism may play a role in specific cognitive functions in normal aged males. Considering that cognitive decline in the elderly is associated with local inflammation processes, genetic variants of cytokines and their receptors should be tested to improve gene-based prediction of general cognitive function in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Jen Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Baune BT, Wiede F, Braun A, Golledge J, Arolt V, Koerner H. Cognitive dysfunction in mice deficient for TNF- and its receptors. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2008; 147B:1056-64. [PMID: 18286589 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests a role for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) in the functioning of the central nervous system (CNS). The aim of this work was to examine the effect of a deficiency of TNF (TNF(-/-)) and its main receptors (TNF-R1(-/-) and TNF-R2(-/-)) on cognitive function. A standardized survey on cognition-like behavior assessing learning and retention, spatial learning/memory, cognitive flexibility, and learning effectiveness was used in B6.WT and B6.TNF gene targeted mice strains (B6.wild-type, B6.TNF(-/-), B6.TNF-R1(-/-), B6.TNF-R2(-/-) mice). All studied mice strains demonstrated successful exploration and learning processes during the training phases of the tests, which made the specific cognition-like tests valid in these mice strains. In the specific cognition-like tests, the B6.TNF(-/-) mice demonstrated significantly poorer learning and retention in the novel object test compared to B6.WT, B6.TNF-R1(-/-) and B6.TNF-R2(-/-) mice. In addition, spatial learning and learning effectiveness were significantly poorer in B6.TNF(-/-) mice compared to B6.WT mice. Moreover, the moderately impaired cognitive performance with similar degrees in B6.TNF-R1(-/-) or B6.TNF-R2(-/-) mice was generally better than in TNF(-/-) mice but also poorer than in B6.WT mice. While the absence of TNF was correlated with poor cognitive functioning, the deletion of both TNF-receptors was involved in partially reduced cognitive functioning. Low-levels of TNF under non-inflammatory immune conditions appear essential for normal cognitive function. TNF displays an interesting candidate gene for cognitive function. Translational research is required to investigate associations between genetic variants of TNF and cognitive function in healthy subjects and neuropsychiatric samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard T Baune
- Psychogenetics Research Unit, School of Medicine and Comparative Genomics Centre, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.
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