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Chai JY, Shin EH, Lee SH, Rim HJ. Foodborne intestinal flukes in Southeast Asia. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2009; 47 Suppl:S69-102. [PMID: 19885337 PMCID: PMC2769220 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2009.47.s.s69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In Southeast Asia, a total of 59 species of foodborne intestinal flukes have been known to occur in humans. The largest group is the family Heterophyidae, which constitutes 22 species belonging to 9 genera (Centrocestus, Haplorchis, Heterophyes, Heterophyopsis, Metagonimus, Procerovum, Pygidiopsis, Stellantchasmus, and Stictodora). The next is the family Echinostomatidae, which includes 20 species in 8 genera (Artyfechinostomum, Acanthoparyphium, Echinochasmus, Echinoparyphium, Echinostoma, Episthmium, Euparyphium, and Hypoderaeum). The family Plagiorchiidae follows the next containing 5 species in 1 genus (Plagiorchis). The family Lecithodendriidae includes 3 species in 2 genera (Phaneropsolus and Prosthodendrium). In 9 other families, 1 species in 1 genus each is involved; Cathaemaciidae (Cathaemacia), Fasciolidae (Fasciolopsis), Gastrodiscidae (Gastrodiscoides), Gymnophallidae (Gymnophalloides), Microphallidae (Spelotrema), Neodiplostomidae (Neodiplostomum), Paramphistomatidae (Fischoederius), Psilostomidae (Psilorchis), and Strigeidae (Cotylurus). Various types of foods are sources of human infections. They include freshwater fish, brackish water fish, fresh water snails, brackish water snails (including the oyster), amphibians, terrestrial snakes, aquatic insects, and aquatic plants. The reservoir hosts include various species of mammals or birds.The host-parasite relationships have been studied in Metagonimus yokogawai, Echinostoma hortense, Fasciolopsis buski, Neodiplostomum seoulense, and Gymnophalloides seoi; however, the pathogenicity of each parasite species and host mucosal defense mechanisms are yet poorly understood. Clinical aspects of each parasite infection need more clarification. Differential diagnosis by fecal examination is difficult because of morphological similarity of eggs. Praziquantel is effective for most intestinal fluke infections. Continued efforts to understand epidemiological significance of intestinal fluke infections, with detection of further human cases, are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Yil Chai
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 110-799, Korea.
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Platt TR. The Course of a 300 Metacercarial Infection of Echinostoma caproni (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) in Institute for Cancer Research (ICR) Mice. COMP PARASITOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1654/4364.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Chapter 3 Recent Advances in the Biology of Echinostomes. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2009; 69:147-204. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(09)69003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Peoples RC, Fried B. Effects of prolonged worm storage on the viability of Echinostoma caproni eggs. Parasitol Res 2008; 104:471-3. [PMID: 18836744 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-008-1209-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of long-term worm storage on the viability of Echinostoma caproni eggs. Gravid adults (referred to as worm carcasses or WCs) were maintained in Locke's 1:1 at 4 degrees C for 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 months prior to use. When used, about 100 eggs at each time interval were tested for viability by embryonating them at either 22 +/- 1 degrees C for 14 days or 28 degrees C for 10 days in artificial spring water. Viability was determined by detecting fully developed miracidia in the eggs or miracidia in the cultures at the above-mentioned time periods. There was a high percentage of fully developed eggs from WCs stored in Locke's 1:1 at 4 degrees C for 2 and 4 months, 92% and 71%, respectively. Beyond these times, there was a marked decline in egg viability. We suggest that WCs should not be stored for longer than 4 months in Locke's 1:1 at 4 degrees C to obtain optimal embryonation and hatching of E. caproni.
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Molecular cloning and characterization ofEchinostoma caproniheat shock protein-70 and differential expression in the parasite derived from low- and high-compatible hosts. Parasitology 2008; 135:1469-77. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182008004927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYWe cloned and expressedEchinostoma caproniHSP70 inEscherichia coli. This molecule presents an open reading frame (ORF) of 655 amino acids, and a theoretical molecular weight of 71 kDa.E. caproniHSP70 protein showed a high homology to other helminth molecules, major differences being located in the C-terminal region of the molecule, with a hydrophobic portion. Studies of protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression revealed a distinct pattern, depending on the host (low- or high-compatible). Specific polyclonal antisera raised against the recombinant protein expressed inEscherichia colidemonstrated its selective presence in excretory/secretory products (ESP) of adult parasites obtained from high-compatible hosts. Immunological studies showed clearly the association of HSP70 with the parasite surface and other structures, including eggs.
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Saric J, Li JV, Wang Y, Keiser J, Bundy JG, Holmes E, Utzinger J. Metabolic profiling of an Echinostoma caproni infection in the mouse for biomarker discovery. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2008; 2:e254. [PMID: 18596973 PMCID: PMC2432044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic profiling holds promise with regard to deepening our understanding of infection biology and disease states. The objectives of our study were to assess the global metabolic responses to an Echinostoma caproni infection in the mouse, and to compare the biomarkers extracted from different biofluids (plasma, stool, and urine) in terms of characterizing acute and chronic stages of this intestinal fluke infection. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Twelve female NMRI mice were infected with 30 E. caproni metacercariae each. Plasma, stool, and urine samples were collected at 7 time points up to day 33 post-infection. Samples were also obtained from non-infected control mice at the same time points and measured using (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Spectral data were subjected to multivariate statistical analyses. In plasma and urine, an altered metabolic profile was already evident 1 day post-infection, characterized by reduced levels of plasma choline, acetate, formate, and lactate, coupled with increased levels of plasma glucose, and relatively lower concentrations of urinary creatine. The main changes in the urine metabolic profile started at day 8 post-infection, characterized by increased relative concentrations of trimethylamine and phenylacetylglycine and lower levels of 2-ketoisocaproate and showed differentiation over the course of the infection. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE The current investigation is part of a broader NMR-based metabonomics profiling strategy and confirms the utility of this approach for biomarker discovery. In the case of E. caproni, a diagnosis based on all three biofluids would deliver the most comprehensive fingerprint of an infection. For practical purposes, however, future diagnosis might aim at a single biofluid, in which case urine would be chosen for further investigation, based on quantity of biomarkers, ease of sampling, and the degree of differentiation from the non-infected control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Saric
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics (SORA), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jia V. Li
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics (SORA), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yulan Wang
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics (SORA), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Keiser
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jake G. Bundy
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics (SORA), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Holmes
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics (SORA), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland
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Sotillo J, Valero L, Sánchez Del Pino MM, Fried B, Esteban JG, Marcilla A, Toledo R. Identification of antigenic proteins from Echinostoma caproni (Trematoda) recognized by mouse immunoglobulins M, A and G using an immunoproteomic approach. Parasite Immunol 2008; 30:271-9. [PMID: 18221450 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2007.01019.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Antigenic proteins of Echinostoma caproni (Trematoda) against mouse IgM, IgA, IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a were investigated by immunoproteomics. Excretory/secretory products (ESP) of E. caproni separated by two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis were transferred to nitrocellulose membranes and probed with the different mouse immunoglobulin classes. A total of four proteins (enolase, 70 kDa heat-shock protein (HSP-70), actin and aldolase) were accurately identified. Enolase was recognized in eight different spots of which seven of them were detected in the expected molecular weight and were recognized by IgA, IgG or IgG and IgG1. Another spot identified as enolase at 72 kDa was only recognized by IgM. Digestion with N-glycosidase F of the 72 kDa band rendered a polypeptide with an apparent molecular weight similar to that expected for enolase recognized by Western immunoblotting using anti-enolase antibodies. This suggests that glycosylated forms of enolase may be involved in the early thymus-independent responses against E. caproni. Early IgM responses were also generated by actin and the HSP-70 which suggests that these proteins are exposed early to the host and may be of importance in the parasite establishment. The IgA responses also appear to be mediated by the HSP-70 and aldolase which could be related with the close contact of these proteins with the host mucosal surface after secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sotillo
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Excystation of the metacercarial cysts of Echinostoma caproni in a frozen and thawed trypsin–bile salts–cysteine medium. Parasitol Res 2007; 102:809-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0850-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 12/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Fried B, Peoples RC. EFFECTS OF VARIOUS PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL FACTORS ON EXCYSTATION OF THE ENCYSTED METACERCARIAE OF ECHINOSTOMA CAPRONI. J Parasitol 2007; 93:1388-91. [DOI: 10.1645/ge-1294.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Marcilla A, Pérez-García A, Espert A, Bernal D, Muñoz-Antolí C, Esteban JG, Toledo R. Echinostoma caproni: Identification of enolase in excretory/secretory products, molecular cloning, and functional expression. Exp Parasitol 2007; 117:57-64. [PMID: 17462631 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2007.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Revised: 03/12/2007] [Accepted: 03/14/2007] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate molecules that could be involved in host-trematode relationships, we have analysed the excretory/secretory products (ESP) of Echinostoma caproni following a proteomic approach. Actin, Gluthathione S-transferase (GST) and enolase have been identified in the ESP. Enolase, observed to be one of the most abundant proteins, was further characterized. The molecular cloning and in vitro expression in Escherichia coli of E. caproni enolase allowed us to determine that the protein contains 431 amino acids and a theoretical MW of 46272 Da. E. caproni enolase shows high homology to other trematode enolases. The recombinant protein binds specifically to human plasminogen in vitro, as observed for the native protein, confirming its properties as a host-interacting molecule.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cricetinae
- Echinostoma/enzymology
- Echinostoma/genetics
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Humans
- Male
- Mesocricetus
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phosphopyruvate Hydratase/chemistry
- Phosphopyruvate Hydratase/genetics
- Phosphopyruvate Hydratase/isolation & purification
- Phosphopyruvate Hydratase/metabolism
- Plasminogen/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Marcilla
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Parasitologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Valencia, Av. V.A. Estellés, s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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Sotillo J, Muñoz-Antoli C, Marcilla A, Fried B, Guillermo Esteban J, Toledo R. Echinostoma caproni: kinetics of IgM, IgA and IgG subclasses in the serum and intestine of experimentally infected rats and mice. Exp Parasitol 2007; 116:390-8. [PMID: 17418820 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2007.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Revised: 02/12/2007] [Accepted: 02/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of specific immunoglobulin M, A and IgG subclasses against Echinostoma caproni (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) were analyzed in serum and intestinal fluid of two host species (Wistar rats and ICR mice) in which the course of the infection markedly differs. In rats, the worms were rapidly expelled, whereas E. caproni evokes in mice long-lasting infection. The pattern of antibody responses in both serum and intestinal samples was different in each host species. Serum responses in mice were characterized by significant increases of IgM, IgA, total IgG, IgG1 and IgG3, but not IgG2a. In contrast, serum responses in rats showed elevated levels of IgM, probably in relation to thymus-independent antigens, and slight increases of total IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a. At the intestinal level, increases of IgM and IgA levels were observed in mice. In regard to IgG subclasses, increases in both IgG1 and IgG2a were detected. Later decreases to normal values in IgG2a were also detected. In rats, only increases in total IgG and IgG2a were found. According to our results the development of long-lasting E. caproni infections in mice appears to be associated with a dominance of Th2 responses at the systemic level and balanced Th1/Th2 responses at the local level, characterized by initial increases in IgG1 and IgG2a levels. In contrast, the worm expulsion appears to be related to increases in local IgG2a levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Sotillo
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot-Valencia, Spain
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Toledo R, Muñoz-Antoli C, Fried B. The use of echinostomes to study host-parasite relationships between larval trematodes and invertebrate and cold-blooded vertebrate hosts. Parasitol Res 2007; 100:1177-85. [PMID: 17279393 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0470-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2007] [Accepted: 01/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Echinostomes are intestinal trematodes with life cycles that are easy and inexpensive to maintain in the laboratory. For this reason, echinostomes have served for years as experimental models in different areas of parasitology. However, the usefulness of these trematodes in experimental parasitology has been under estimated. In this paper, we discuss the life cycles of echinostomes and the techniques used to maintain them in the laboratory. We further examine the characteristics of these trematodes that make them useful models for the analysis of larval parasite-host relationships. Echinostomes are useful for studies on the immunobiology of snails, host-finding processes of free-living larval stages, effects of larval trematode infections on anuran populations, and studies on analytes in the larval trematodes and their snail intermediate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Toledo
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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Toledo R, Esteban JG, Fried B. Immunology and pathology of intestinal trematodes in their definitive hosts. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2006; 63:285-365. [PMID: 17134655 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(06)63004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This review examines the significant literature on the immunology and pathology of intestinal trematodes in their definitive hosts. We emphasize information on selected species in six families for which the literature on these topics is extensive. The families are Brachylaimidae, Diplostomidae, Echinostomatidae, Gymnophallidae, Heterophyidae, and Paramphistomidae. For most of these families, coverage is considered under the following headings: (i) background; (ii) pathology of the infection; (iii) immunology of the infection; (iv) immunodiagnosis; and (v) human infection. Some of these heading have been subdivided further, based on the literature available on a particular topic. Following this coverage, we include a final section on the important topical literature on selected trematodes in families other than the six mentioned above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Toledo
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot-Valencia, Spain
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Bernal D, Carpena I, Espert AM, De la Rubia JE, Esteban JG, Toledo R, Marcilla A. Identification of proteins in excretory/secretory extracts of Echinostoma friedi (Trematoda) from chronic and acute infections. Proteomics 2006; 6:2835-43. [PMID: 16572468 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200500571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we describe the investigation of Echinostoma friedi excretory/secretory products using a proteomic approach combined with the use of heterologous antibodies. We have identified 18 protein spots corresponding to ten proteins, including cytoskeletal proteins like actin, tropomyosin, and paramyosin; glycolytic enzymes like enolase, glyceraldehyde 3P dehydrogenase, and aldolase; detoxifying enzymes like GSTs; and stress proteins like heat shock protein (Hsp) 70. Among these proteins, both actin and, to a lesser extent, Hsp70, exhibited differential expression patterns between chronic and acute infections in the Echinostoma-rodent model, suggesting that these proteins may play a role in the survival within the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Bernal
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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Toledo R, Monteagudo C, Espert A, Fried B, Esteban JG, Marcilla A. Echinostoma caproni: intestinal pathology in the golden hamster, a highly compatible host, and the Wistar rat, a less compatible host. Exp Parasitol 2005; 112:164-71. [PMID: 16356495 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2005.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2005] [Revised: 11/02/2005] [Accepted: 11/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The histopathological changes induced by Echinostoma caproni (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) in a high (golden hamster) and a low compatible host (rat) were compared at 15 and 30 days post-infection. Infection of rats was characterized by a progressive increase in erosion of villi and elevated numbers of goblet cells, which could be related to the early expulsion of the parasite in a host of low compatibility. In contrast to rats, the number of goblet cell in E. caproni-infected hamsters was low, but increased numbers of neutrophils and mesenteric inflammatory cells were observed. This indicated that local inflammatory responses in hamsters were greater than in rats. An immunohistochemical study using polyclonal IgG anti-E. caproni excretory-secretory antigens demonstrated a greater level of passage of E. caproni antigens through the intestinal mucosa in hamsters than in rats, probably in relation to the greater inflammatory response. Our results indicate the fact that early inflammatory responses could be important for the establishment of E. caproni chronic infections in highly compatible hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Toledo
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot-Valencia, Spain.
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