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Community pharmacists' attitudes and opinions towards supplying clozapine. Int J Clin Pharm 2018; 40:1116-1130. [PMID: 29936642 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-018-0676-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Clozapine is very effective for treatment-resistant schizophrenia, but its use has been limited due to the risk of agranulocytosis. From July 2015, clozapine has been accessible from Australian community pharmacies following regulatory changes, but pharmacists' attitudes towards these changes remain unknown. Objective To explore pharmacists' perspectives and experiences in supplying clozapine. Setting Australian community pharmacists. Methods A cross-sectional study with a mixed methods approach involving two phases. An online survey containing Likert-type and open-response questions was distributed to community pharmacists (n = 134) via ClopineCentral™ (clozapine monitoring system). Participants were then invited to participate in semi-structured telephone interviews (n = 12) regarding clozapine supply. Quantitative data were statistically analysed, while qualitative responses were thematically content-analysed. Main outcome measures Pharmacists' responses to surveys and interviews. Results Community pharmacists were supportive towards supplying clozapine as it increased access for consumers. Better patient-pharmacist relationships and holistic care approach were identified to benefit both consumers and pharmacists. Pharmacists reported to be confident (89.6%), have adequate support (73.1%), knowledge (86.6%) and skills (93.3%) in dispensing clozapine. Training and support received facilitated pharmacists' roles, whereas administrative issues, especially in obtaining valid haematology results, posed challenges. Educational and technical improvements were suggested to improve service provision. Conclusion Community pharmacists welcomed the regulatory changes positively and were confident in supporting consumers taking clozapine. Despite challenges present, benefits and facilitators identified supported the feasibility of this service in community pharmacies. Future research should explore other aspects of clozapine supply, such as attitudes of other stakeholders, to improve current supply systems.
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Giannetti V, Caley CF, Kamal KM, Covvey JR, McKee J, Wells BG, Najarian DM, Dunn TJ, Vadagam P. Community pharmacists and mental illness: a survey of service provision, stigma, attitudes and beliefs. Int J Clin Pharm 2018; 40:1096-1105. [PMID: 29862460 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-018-0619-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Half of Americans experience mental illness during their lifetime. Significant opportunity exists for community pharmacists to deliver services to these patients; however, personal and practice-related barriers may prevent full engagement. Objective To assess the demographics, practice characteristics, service provision, stigma, attitudes and beliefs of a national sample of community pharmacists towards individuals with mental illness. Setting National random sample of 3008 community pharmacists in the USA. Method 101-item cross-sectional mailed survey questionnaire on: (1) demographics, (2) knowledge and practice characteristics, (3) provision of clinical pharmacy services, and (4) comparative opinions. Main outcome measure Scaled measures of service provision (comfort, confidence, willingness and interest) and comparative opinions (stigma, attitudes and beliefs) of mental illness, four linear regression models to predict service provision. Results A total of 239 responses were received (response rate 7.95%). Across pharmacy services, ratings for willingness/interest were higher than those for comfort/confidence. Pharmacists who reported providing medication therapy management (MTM) services for patients reported higher comfort (18.36 vs. 17.46, p < 0.05), confidence (17.73 vs. 16.01, p < 0.05), willingness (20.0 vs. 18.62, p < 0.05) and interest (19.13 vs. 17.66, p < 0.05). Pharmacists with personal experience with mental illness also resulted in higher scores across all four domains of service provision, lower levels of stigma (18.28 vs. 20.76, p < 0.05) and more positive attitudes (52.24 vs. 50.53, p < 0.01). Regression analyses demonstrated increased frequency of MTM service delivery and more positive attitudes as significantly predictive across all four models for comfort, confidence, willingness and interest. Increased delivery of pharmacy services was significantly associated with both willingness and interest to provide mental illness-specific services. Conclusion Despite willingness/interest to provide services to patients with mental illness, decreased levels of comfort/confidence remain service-related barriers for community pharmacists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Giannetti
- Division of Pharmaceutical, Administrative and Social Sciences, Duquesne University School of Pharmacy, 600 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA.
| | - Charles F Caley
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Western New England University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 1215 Wilbraham Road, Springfield, MA, 01119, USA
| | - Khalid M Kamal
- Division of Pharmaceutical, Administrative and Social Sciences, Duquesne University School of Pharmacy, 600 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Jordan R Covvey
- Division of Pharmaceutical, Administrative and Social Sciences, Duquesne University School of Pharmacy, 600 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Jerry McKee
- Community Care of North Carolina, 2300 Rexwoods Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Barbara G Wells
- The University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Dean M Najarian
- Janssen Scientific Affairs, 1771 West Street, Wrentham, MA, 02093, USA
| | - Tyler J Dunn
- The University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Pratyusha Vadagam
- Envision Pharma Group, 205 East 42nd Street, New York, NY, 10017, USA
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Cates ME, Woolley TW. Effects of a psychiatric clinical rotation on pharmacy students' attitudes toward mental illness and the provision of pharmaceutical care to the mentally ill. Ment Health Clin 2018; 7:194-200. [PMID: 29955523 DOI: 10.9740/mhc.2017.09.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Previous studies have found ineffectiveness of psychiatric clinical rotations to change pharmacy students' attitudes toward mental illness, but those studies had various limitations that cast doubt on this conclusion. Methods Pharmacy students who participated in a psychiatric clinical rotation over a 2-year time frame were invited to complete a survey at the beginning and end of their rotation. The survey included scales that measured attitudes toward dangerousness, social distance, stigmatization, suicide prevention, and provision of pharmaceutical care. Results Forty-one (100%) students participated in the study. Statistically significant positive changes in total scale scores from pre-rotation to post-rotation were seen in the areas of stigmatization toward patients with schizophrenia (P = .02), attitudes toward suicide prevention (P = .05), and provision of pharmaceutical care services to patients with schizophrenia (P < .00001) and depression (P = .0006). There were no statistically significant changes on the total scores of the other scales, but there was a moderate improvement in stigmatization toward patients with depression. Discussion Pharmacy students' participation in a psychiatric clinical rotation failed to have a major impact on their social distance from mentally ill patients. Findings were mixed in regards to stigmatization of mentally ill patients. However, pharmacy students' attitudes toward suicide prevention and providing pharmaceutical care services to mentally ill patients were significantly improved by participation in a psychiatric clinical rotation. Preceptors in the clinical setting should consider including educational techniques that address pharmacy students' attitudes toward mental illness, as improvement in such attitudes may further enhance their willingness to provide pharmaceutical care services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall E Cates
- Professor of Pharmacy Practice, Samford University McWhorter School of Pharmacy, Birmingham, Alabama,
| | - Thomas W Woolley
- Senior Associate Provost and Professor of Quantitative Methods, Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama
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Barrett M, Keating A, Lynch D, Scanlon G, Kigathi M, Corcoran F, Sahm LJ. Clozapine Patients at the Interface between Primary and Secondary Care. PHARMACY 2018; 6:E19. [PMID: 29495370 PMCID: PMC5874558 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy6010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients receiving clozapine must undergo routine blood monitoring to screen for neutropenia, and to monitor for potential agranulocytosis. In Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland, clozapine is dispensed in the hospital pharmacy and the pharmacists are not aware of co-prescribed medicines, potentially impacting upon patient safety. The aim of this study was to examine the continuity of care of patients prescribed clozapine. A retrospective audit was conducted on patients attending the clozapine clinic at Cork University Hospital and assessed patients' (i) independent living, (ii) co-prescribed medicines and (iii) knowledge of their community pharmacists regarding co-prescribed clozapine. A list of prescribed medicines for each patient was obtained, and potential drug-drug interactions between these medicines and clozapine were examined using Lexicomp® and Stockley's Interaction checker. Secondary outcomes included patients' physical health characteristics, and a review of co-morbidities. Data were collected between the 29 May 2017 and 20 June 2017. Local ethics committee approval was granted. Patients were eligible for inclusion if they were receiving clozapine treatment as part of a registered programme, were aged 18 years or more, and had the capacity to provide written informed consent. Microsoft Excel was used for data analysis. Of 112 patients, (33% female; mean age (SD) 43.9 (11.3) years; 87.5% living independently/in the family home) 86.6% patients reported that they were taking other prescribed medicines from community pharmacies. The mean (SD) number of co-prescribed medicines in addition to clozapine was 4.8 (4) per patient. Two thirds of community pharmacists were unaware of co-prescribed clozapine. Interactions with clozapine were present in all but 3 patients on co-prescribed medicines (n = 97). Lexicomp® reported 2.9 drug-drug interactions/patient and Stockley's Interaction Checker reported 2.5 drug-drug interactions/patient. Secondary outcomes for patients included BMI, total cholesterol, and HbA1c levels, which were elevated in 75%, 54% and 17% respectively. Patients prescribed clozapine did not receive a seamless service, between primary and secondary care settings. Community pharmacists were not informed of clozapine, prescribed for their patients, in two thirds of cases. Patients in this study were exposed to clozapine-related drug-drug interactions and hence potential adverse effects. This study supports reports in the literature of substandard management of the physical health of this patient group. This study shows that there is an opportunity for pharmacists to develop active roles in the management of all clozapine-related effects, in addition to their traditional obligatory role in haematological monitoring. This study supports the need for a clinical pharmacist to review inpatients commencing on clozapine, monitor for drug-drug interactions and provide counselling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marita Barrett
- Pharmacy Department, Cork University Hospital, Cork T12 DC4A, Ireland.
| | - Anna Keating
- Pharmacy Department, Cork University Hospital, Cork T12 DC4A, Ireland.
| | - Deirdre Lynch
- Pharmacy Department, Cork University Hospital, Cork T12 DC4A, Ireland.
| | - Geraldine Scanlon
- Adult Mental Health Unit, Cork University Hospital, Cork T12 DC4A, Ireland.
| | - Mary Kigathi
- Adult Mental Health Unit, Cork University Hospital, Cork T12 DC4A, Ireland.
| | - Fidelma Corcoran
- Adult Mental Health Unit, Cork University Hospital, Cork T12 DC4A, Ireland.
| | - Laura J Sahm
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland.
- Pharmacy Department, Mercy University Hospital, Cork T12 WE28, Ireland.
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Elkhodr S, Saba M, O'Reilly C, Saini B. The role of community pharmacists in the identification and ongoing management of women at risk for perinatal depression: A qualitative study. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2018; 64:37-48. [PMID: 29219031 DOI: 10.1177/0020764017746198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While pharmacists are among the most accessible primary health professionals within a mother's healthcare team to identify potential cases of perinatal depression (PND), very little in the literature suggests that this role has been explored. AIM The aim of this study was to explore community pharmacists' perspectives on their potential roles in perinatal mental health promotion (recognition and health education) and the factors affecting these roles. METHODS In total, 20 semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with community pharmacists. RESULTS Most pharmacists highlighted their significant roles in recognising PND symptoms and providing medication-related support to perinatal mothers. Barriers to service provision included inter-professional role boundaries, the lack of established referral systems and service remuneration and the lack of adequate training in mental health. CONCLUSION Pharmacists could potentially reinforce their involvement in mental health promotion activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrine Elkhodr
- 1 Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Maya Saba
- 1 Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Claire O'Reilly
- 1 Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bandana Saini
- 1 Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,2 Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, New South Wales, Australia
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Huang J, Chiovenda A, Shao Y, Ma H, Li H, Good MJD. Low level of knowledge regarding diagnosis and treatment among inpatients with schizophrenia in Shanghai. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2018; 14:185-191. [PMID: 29379291 PMCID: PMC5757975 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s152917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study was designed to measure the level of knowledge of the diagnosis of illness and its treatment among patients with schizophrenia in China, and to examine the association between the capacity to provide informed consent and participation in treatment. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted at three clinical inpatient sites in Shanghai, China, during 2015. Patients' knowledge of the illness, as well as the knowledge of the patients' families and psychiatrists, was determined. Logistic regression was used to determine the factors associated with patients' knowledge of schizophrenia. RESULTS Out of 109 enrolled schizophrenic inpatients (mean age 42.46±1.29 years), 60.6% were aware of their diagnosis and 67.0% knew details of their treatment plan. The group with unimpaired capacity for giving informed consent had a greater knowledge of their diagnosis (χ2=5.002, p=0.038) and of their treatment plan (χ2=11.196, p<0.01) in comparison with patients who were regarded to be impaired. Using logistic regression analysis, it was found that patients' capacity to give informed consent to treatment was associated with the level of knowledge surrounding the diagnosis (odds ratio =3.230, p<0.05) and the level of knowledge of treatment (odds ratio =4.962, p<0.01). CONCLUSION The level of knowledge reported by inpatients with schizophrenia was low with respect to the diagnosis of schizophrenia and of the treatment associated with this illness. An association between patients' capacities for giving informed consent and knowledge of their illness was confirmed in the present study. The results suggest that, in clinical practice, the informed consent process should be strengthened to protect the interests of patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Andrea Chiovenda
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yang Shao
- Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huajian Ma
- Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huafang Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Bamgbade BA, Barner JC, Ford KH. Evaluating the Impact of an Anti-stigma Intervention on Pharmacy Students' Willingness to Counsel People Living with Mental Illness. Community Ment Health J 2017; 53:525-533. [PMID: 27981413 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-016-0075-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Third-year pharmacy students (n = 88) participated in an anti-stigma intervention program consisting of presentations, videos, discussion and active-learning exercises. Willingness to counsel (WTC) people with mental illness (MI) was evaluated using immediate pre and post-tests comparing diabetes, depression and schizophrenia. At pre-test, WTC diabetes was highest (higher = increased WTC) while schizophrenia was the lowest. There were no statistically significant differences between pre/post-test WTC for diabetes and depression, while schizophrenia WTC increased significantly (p < 0.05). At post-test, diabetes WTC was significantly higher than depression and schizophrenia (p < 0.0001). Regression results for WTC depression showed that comfortability and gender were significant (p < 0.05) predictors. Regression results for WTC schizophrenia showed that comfortability was a significant (p < 0.05) predictor. As highly accessible healthcare providers, pharmacists have the potential to positively impact healthcare, but this depends on WTC. Colleges of pharmacy may consider instituting policies that support experiential education involving counseling people living with MI, as this may increase comfortability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benita A Bamgbade
- Health Outcomes and Pharmacy Practice Division, The University of Texas at Austin College of Pharmacy, 2409 University Ave., STOP A1930, Austin, TX, 78712-1120, USA
| | - Jamie C Barner
- Health Outcomes and Pharmacy Practice Division, The University of Texas at Austin College of Pharmacy, 2409 University Ave., STOP A1930, Austin, TX, 78712-1120, USA.
| | - Kentya H Ford
- Health Outcomes and Pharmacy Practice Division, The University of Texas at Austin College of Pharmacy, 2409 University Ave., STOP A1930, Austin, TX, 78712-1120, USA
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Watkins A, McKee J, Hughes C, Pfeiffenberger T. Community pharmacists’ attitudes toward providing care and services to patients with severe and persistent mental illness. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2017; 57:S217-S224.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2017.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Green TC, Case P, Fiske H, Baird J, Cabral S, Burstein D, Schwartz V, Potter N, Walley AY, Bratberg J. Perpetuating stigma or reducing risk? Perspectives from naloxone consumers and pharmacists on pharmacy-based naloxone in 2 states. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2017; 57:S19-S27.e4. [PMID: 28214219 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Little is known about attitudes of pharmacists and consumers to pharmacy naloxone. We examined perceptions and experiences of pharmacy naloxone from people with opioid use disorder, patients taking chronic opioids for pain, caregivers of opioid users, and pharmacists from 2 early pharmacy naloxone adopter states: Massachusetts and Rhode Island. DESIGN Eight focus groups (4 per state) were held in October to December 2015. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Participants were recruited from pharmacies, health clinics, and community organizations; pharmacists were recruited from professional organizations and pharmacy colleges. OUTCOME MEASURES Focus groups were led by trained qualitative researchers using a topic guide, and recorded and transcribed for analysis. Five analysts developed and applied a coding scheme to transcripts. Thematic analysis involved synthesis of coded data and connections between key themes, with comparisons across the groups. RESULTS Sixty-one participants included patients with chronic pain (n = 15), people with opioid use disorders (n = 19), caregivers (n = 16), and pharmacists (n = 11). A majority of pharmacists had dispensed naloxone to patients; a minority of all consumer participants had obtained pharmacy naloxone. Four themes emerged: consumer fear of future consequences if requesting naloxone; pharmacists' concerns about practice logistics related to naloxone; differing perceptions of how opioid safety is addressed in the pharmacy; and solutions to addressing these barriers. Whereas consumer groups differed in awareness of naloxone and availability at pharmacies, all groups expressed support for the pharmacist's role and preferences for a universal offer of naloxone based on clear criteria. CONCLUSION Pharmacies complement community naloxone provision to patients and caregivers. To overcome stigma of naloxone receipt, increased public awareness of naloxone and pharmacist training about naloxone and addiction are required. Pharmacists should offer naloxone via universal opt-out strategies-where all patients meeting evidence-based criteria are offered naloxone-rather than targeted or opt-in strategies-where only patients perceived as high risk or patients who request it are offered naloxone.
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Calogero S, Caley CF. Supporting patients with mental illness: Deconstructing barriers to community pharmacist access. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2017; 57:248-255. [PMID: 28153705 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2016.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To discuss the barriers faced by individuals with mental health conditions attempting to access their community pharmacists and to propose solutions toward deconstructing those barriers. SUMMARY Given the prevalence of mental illness and the frequency at which psychotropic medications are dispensed, community pharmacists have a daily opportunity to engage patients with mental illness and be active participants in community-based mental health care. Yet multiple barriers affect patient access to community pharmacists. Some barriers, such as heavy dispensing workload, can be considered as "external" to the pharmacist. Other barriers, such as negative attitudes about mental illness, are considered to be "internal." Research about mental illness stigma in pharmacy often reports that community pharmacists are uncomfortable with, or have little time for, mental health patients. Patients also report experiencing stigma from pharmacists and pharmacy staff. Expanded efforts are needed by the pharmacy profession to deconstruct barriers that patients with mental illness are faced with in community pharmacy, especially related to stigma. Specifically, these efforts should include critically evaluating and addressing the quality of didactic and experiential opportunities in psychiatric pharmacotherapy for pharmacy students, transforming the physical layout of community pharmacies to offer true counseling privacy, educating community pharmacists and pharmacy staff about mental illness, and educating patients about what to expect from community pharmacists. CONCLUSION There are opportunities for community pharmacy to improve its impact on mental health treatment outcomes by resolving mental illness stigma and other barriers that prevent patients with mental illness from accessing their community pharmacist.
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From personal crisis care to convenience shopping: an interpretive description of the experiences of people with mental illness and addictions in community pharmacies. BMC Health Serv Res 2016; 16:569. [PMID: 27729051 PMCID: PMC5059973 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-016-1817-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of community pharmacists is changing globally with pharmacists engaging in more clinically-oriented roles, including in mental health care. Pharmacists' interventions have been shown to improve mental health related outcomes but various barriers can limit pharmacists in their care of patients. We aimed to explore the experiences of people with lived experience of mental illness and addictions in community pharmacies to generate findings to inform practice improvements. METHODS We used interpretive description methodology with analytic procedures of thematic analysis to explore the experiences of people with lived experience of mental illness and addictions with community pharmacy services. Participants were recruited through multiple mechanisms (e.g., paper and online advertisements), offered honorarium for their time, and given the option of a focus group or interview for participation in our study. Data were gathered during July to September of 2012. Interviews and focus groups were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed by two researchers. RESULTS We collected approximately nine hours of audio data from 18 individuals in two focus groups (n = 12) and six individual interviews. Fourteen participants were female and the average age was 41 years (range 24 to 57 years). Expectations, decision-making, and supports were identified as central themes underlying the community pharmacy experiences of people with lived experience of mental illness and addictions. Eight subthemes were identified including: relationships with pharmacy staff; patient's role in the pharmacist-patient relationship; crisis and triage; privacy and confidentiality; time; stigma and judgment; medication-related and other services; and transparency. CONCLUSIONS People with lived experience of mental illness and addictions demonstrate a high regard and respect for pharmacist's knowledge and abilities but hold conservative expectations of pharmacy health services shaped by experience, observations, and assumptions. To some extent, expectation management occurs with the recognition of the demands on pharmacists and constraints inherent to community pharmacy practice. Relationships with pharmacy staff are critical to people with lived experience and influence their decision-making. Research in the area of pharmacists' roles in crises and triage, especially in the area of suicide assessment and mitigation, is needed urgently.
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Ye J, Chen TF, Paul D, McCahon R, Shankar S, Rosen A, O'Reilly CL. Stigma and discrimination experienced by people living with severe and persistent mental illness in assertive community treatment settings. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2016; 62:532-41. [PMID: 27335339 DOI: 10.1177/0020764016651459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To describe the perceived experiences of stigma and discrimination among people living with severe and persistent mental illness in assertive community treatment (ACT teams) settings in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. METHODS The Discrimination and Stigma Scale (DISC) was used in this cross-sectional study with people living with severe and persistent mental illness. The DISC is a reliable and valid, quantitative and qualitative instrument used to explore and measure levels of negative, anticipated and positive discrimination. Relevant clinical history and socio-demographic information were also collected. RESULTS A total of 50 clients participated, with 40 (80%) reporting experienced negative discrimination in at least one life area. Negative discrimination was most commonly experienced in being avoided or shunned (n=25, 50%), by neighbours (n=24, 48%) and family (n=23, 46%). Anticipated discrimination was common, with half of participants (n=25, 50%) feeling the need to conceal their mental health diagnosis. CONCLUSION Discrimination was highly prevalent in everyday aspects of life. While healthcare professionals often tend to increase perceived stigma and discrimination, this was only experienced in interactions with general health professionals, while interactions with ACT team members decreased perceived stigma and increased positive discrimination. This indicates that healthcare professionals potentially have a significant role in reducing stigma and discrimination in mental health and that such an effect may be optimised in an ACT team setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ye
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Timothy F Chen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Diane Paul
- Lower North Shore Assertive Outreach Team, North Shore Ryde Mental Health Service, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Rebecca McCahon
- Lower North Shore Assertive Outreach Team, North Shore Ryde Mental Health Service, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Sumitra Shankar
- Lower North Shore Assertive Outreach Team, North Shore Ryde Mental Health Service, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Alan Rosen
- Brain & Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia Illawarra Institute for Mental Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Claire L O'Reilly
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Bamgbade BA, Ford KH, Barner JC. Impact of a Mental Illness Stigma Awareness Intervention on Pharmacy Student Attitudes and Knowledge. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2016; 80:80. [PMID: 27402983 PMCID: PMC4937975 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe80580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To determine if exposure to an intervention course impacts pharmacy students' mental health stigma (MHS) and mental health knowledge (MHK). Methods. A one-group pre/posttest intervention study of third-year pharmacy students (N=120) was conducted. Dependent variables were subdomains of MHS (recovery, safety, disclosure, separation, comfort) which were measured on a 5-point Likert scale (1=strongly disagree; 5=strongly agree). Mental health knowledge was measured with 10 true/false questions. The 2.5-hour intervention included presentations, videos, discussions, and active-learning exercises. Pre/posttests were administered, and data were analyzed using paired t tests and McNemar's tests. Results. Among responding students (n=88; 73.3% response rate), the following stigma subdomains significantly decreased after the intervention for depression and schizophrenia: recovery, safety, separation, and comfort. Mental health knowledge scores significantly increased from 5.9 (1.5) to 6.8 (1.5). Conclusion. Pharmacy students' MHS and MHK related to depression and schizophrenia can be improved through a brief and interactive anti-stigma intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benita A Bamgbade
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Austin, Texas
| | - Kentya H Ford
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Austin, Texas
| | - Jamie C Barner
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Austin, Texas
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Knowles SA, Mcmillan SS, Wheeler AJ. Consumer access to clozapine in Australia: how does this compare to New Zealand and the United Kingdom? Pharm Pract (Granada) 2016; 14:722. [PMID: 27382426 PMCID: PMC4930860 DOI: 10.18549/pharmpract.2016.02.722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Clozapine is an antipsychotic medication used in treatment resistant schizophrenia. However, clozapine is associated with a significant adverse effect profile and extensive monitoring is required to optimise consumer safety. Traditionally, clozapine can only be prescribed by a psychiatrist and dispensed at a hospital or hospital affiliated pharmacy in Australia. These restrictions could result in significant treatment burden for consumers taking clozapine. Objective: To identify (1) the different models of supply that exist for people living in the community taking clozapine in Australia and compare to those in New Zealand and the United Kingdom, and (2) explore how these supply models may impact on consumer burden from the perspective of professionals involved in the supply of clozapine. Method: Key informants were interviewed (n=8) from Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom regarding how consumers, who lived in the community, accessed clozapine. Data were analysed and led to the development of four clozapine supply models. These four models were further validated by an online survey of a wider sample (n=30). Data were analysed thematically and via simple descriptive statistics. Results: Clozapine supply varied depending on location. A secondary care model was utilised in the United Kingdom compared to a community based (primary care) model in New Zealand; Australia utilised a mixture of both secondary and primary care. A key theme from all study participants was that community pharmacy should be utilised to dispense clozapine to consumers living in the community, provided adequate training and safeguards are in place. It was noted that the utilisation of community pharmacies could improve access and flexibility, thereby reducing treatment burden for these consumers. Conclusion: There are predominately two models for supply of clozapine to consumers living in the community in Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. One model utilises secondary care facilities and the other community services. Community pharmacy is ideally placed to increase access to clozapine for consumers living in the community, provided appropriate training and support is given to pharmacists providing this professional service.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara S Mcmillan
- School of Pharmacy, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University . Nathan, QLD ( Australia ).
| | - Amanda J Wheeler
- Professor of Mental Health, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University . Nathan, QLD ( Australia ).
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Kirschbaum M, Peterson G, Bridgman H. Mental health first aid training needs of Australian community pharmacists. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2016; 8:279-288. [PMID: 30070236 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacists are highly accessible health care professionals and have regular interactions with consumers that suffer acute mental illness. Though pharmacists are trained in psychopharmacology, they lack formal mental health intervention skills. A solution to address this gap is to up-skill pharmacists in mental health first aid (MHFA). OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to establish the mental health first aid training needs for Australian rural pharmacists in the community setting. In addition, barriers to pharmacists providing MHFA support were ascertained. METHODS This study was conducted in two parts. First, semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight rural community pharmacists to ascertain enablers and barriers to MHFA training. Second, an online survey was conducted to assess the attitudes of pharmacists to MHFA and their training requirements. Data from the interviews were thematically analyzed. RESULTS Six major themes were identified including evolving role of the pharmacist, importance of relationships, complexity of mental health, need for training in MHFA, low confidence and barriers to assisting in acute mental illness. Pharmacists were accepting of the need for MHFA, but expressed concern over their lack of training, time and resources. The survey results also supported these findings. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacists supported MHFA training, but expressed difficulties in balancing professional and business responsibilities. Given that pharmacists are accessible and regularly exposed to mental health, MHFA training should be a core component of pharmacists' training and their primary health care role. Further research is needed to evaluate the benefits of such training in terms of the consumers' mental health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Kirschbaum
- University of Tasmania, Centre for Rural Health, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia.
| | - Gregory Peterson
- University of Tasmania, School of Medicine, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Heather Bridgman
- University of Tasmania, Centre for Rural Health, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
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Murphy AL, Phelan H, Haslam S, Martin-Misener R, Kutcher SP, Gardner DM. Community pharmacists' experiences in mental illness and addictions care: a qualitative study. SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT PREVENTION AND POLICY 2016; 11:6. [PMID: 26821700 PMCID: PMC4730654 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-016-0050-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Community pharmacists are accessible health care professionals who encounter people with lived experience of mental illness and addictions in daily practice. Although some existing research supports that community pharmacists’ interventions result in improved patient mental health outcomes, gaps in knowledge regarding the pharmacists’ experiences with service provision to this population remain. Improving knowledge regarding the pharmacists’ experiences with mental illness and addictions service provision can facilitate a better understanding of their perspectives and be used to inform the development and implementation of interventions delivered by community pharmacists for people with lived experience of mental illness and addictions in communities. Methods We conducted a qualitative study using a directed content analysis and the Theoretical Domains Framework as part of our underlying theory of behaviour change and our analytic framework for theme development. The Theoretical Domains Framework facilitates understanding of behaviours of health care professionals and implementation challenges and opportunities for interventions in health care. Thematic analysis co-occurred throughout the process of the directed content analysis. We recruited community pharmacists, with experience dispensing psychotropics, at a minimum, through multiple mechanisms (e.g., professional associations) in a convenience sampling approach. Potential participants were offered the option of focus groups or interviews. Results Data were collected from one focus group and two interviews involving six pharmacists. Theoretical Domains Framework coding was primarily weighted in two domains: social/professional role and identity and environmental context and resources. We identified five main themes in the experiences of pharmacists in mental illness and addictions care: competing interests, demands, and time; relationships, rapport, and trust; stigma; collaboration and triage; and role expectations and clarity. Conclusions Pharmacists are not practicing to their full scope of practice in mental illness and addictions care for several reasons including limitations within the work environment and lack of structures and processes in place to be fully engaged as health care professionals. More research and policy work are needed to examine better integration of pharmacists as members of the mental health care team in communities. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13011-016-0050-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Murphy
- College of Pharmacy, Dalhousie University, 5968 College St., PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Heather Phelan
- College of Pharmacy, Dalhousie University, 5968 College St., PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Scott Haslam
- College of Pharmacy, Dalhousie University, 5968 College St., PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Ruth Martin-Misener
- School of Nursing, Dalhousie University, 5869 University Ave., PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Stan P Kutcher
- Sun Life Financial Chair in Adolescent Mental Health, Dalhousie University/IWK Health Centre, 5850 University Ave., PO Box 9700, Halifax, NS, B3K 6R8, Canada.
| | - David M Gardner
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, QEII HSC, AJLB 7517, 5909 Veterans' Memorial Lane, Halifax, NS, B3H 2E2, Canada.
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67
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Murphy AL, Gardner DM, Martin-Misener R, Naylor T, Kutcher SP. Partnering to enhance mental health care capacity in communities: A qualitative study of the More Than Meds program. Can Pharm J (Ott) 2015; 148:314-24. [PMID: 26600823 DOI: 10.1177/1715163515607310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community pharmacists care for and support people with lived experience of mental illness in their communities. We developed a program called More Than Meds to facilitate enhancing capacity of community pharmacists' roles in mental health care. METHODS We conducted a qualitative study and used a directed content analysis with application of the Theoretical Domains Framework as part of our underlying theory of behaviour change and our analytic framework. RESULTS Ten interviews (n = 6 pharmacists, n = 4 community members) were conducted with participants from the More Than Meds program. Three key themes were identified from the experiences of More Than Meds participants: networking and bridging, stigma, and expectations and permissions. The most frequently coded domains in the data from the Theoretical Domains Framework were social/professional role, skills, beliefs about capabilities, knowledge and environmental context and resources. CONCLUSIONS The More than Meds Program enabled community pharmacists to increase their capabilities, opportunities and motivation in providing mental health care and support. Involving community pharmacists together with people with lived experience of mental illness was identified as an innovative component of the program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Murphy
- College of Pharmacy (Murphy, Gardner, Naylor), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia
| | - David M Gardner
- College of Pharmacy (Murphy, Gardner, Naylor), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia
| | - Ruth Martin-Misener
- College of Pharmacy (Murphy, Gardner, Naylor), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia
| | - Ted Naylor
- College of Pharmacy (Murphy, Gardner, Naylor), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia
| | - Stan P Kutcher
- College of Pharmacy (Murphy, Gardner, Naylor), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia
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Rubio-Valera M, Chen TF, O'Reilly CL. New roles for pharmacists in community mental health care: a narrative review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:10967-90. [PMID: 25337943 PMCID: PMC4211017 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph111010967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Medicines are a major treatment modality for many mental illnesses, and with the growing burden of mental disorders worldwide pharmacists are ideally positioned to play a greater role in supporting people with a mental illness. This narrative review aims to describe the evidence for pharmacist-delivered services in mental health care and address the barriers and facilitators to increasing the uptake of pharmacist services as part of the broader mental health care team. This narrative review is divided into three main sections: (1) the role of the pharmacist in mental health care in multidisciplinary teams and in supporting early detection of mental illness; (2) the pharmacists' role in supporting quality use of medicines in medication review, strategies to improve medication adherence and antipsychotic polypharmacy, and shared decision making; and (3) barriers and facilitators to the implementation of mental health pharmacy services with a focus on organizational culture and mental health stigma. In the first section, the review presents new roles for pharmacists within multidisciplinary teams, such as in case conferencing or collaborative drug therapy management; and new roles that would benefit from increased pharmacist involvement, such as the early detection of mental health conditions, development of care plans and follow up of people with mental health problems. The second section describes the impact of medication review services and other pharmacist-led interventions designed to reduce inappropriate use of psychotropic medicines and improve medication adherence. Other new potential roles discussed include the management of antipsychotic polypharmacy and involvement in patient-centered care. Finally, barriers related to pharmacists' attitudes, stigma and skills in the care of patients with mental health problems and barriers affecting pharmacist-physician collaboration are described, along with strategies to reduce mental health stigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rubio-Valera
- Research and Development Unit, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08830, Spain.
| | - Timothy F Chen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia.
| | - Claire L O'Reilly
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia.
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Liekens S, Aslani P, Chen TF, Roter DL, Larson S, Smits T, Laekeman G, Foulon V. Content coding of pharmacist-patient interactions in medication counseling in mental health. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2014; 97:140-143. [PMID: 25023486 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Liekens
- KU Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical & Pharmacological Sciences, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Parisa Aslani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Timothy F Chen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Debra L Roter
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, USA
| | - Susan Larson
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, USA
| | - Tim Smits
- KU Leuven, Institute for Mediastudies, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gert Laekeman
- KU Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical & Pharmacological Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Foulon
- KU Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical & Pharmacological Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
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Perspective of community pharmacists on their practice with patients who have an antidepressant drug treatment: findings from a focus group study. Res Social Adm Pharm 2014; 11:e43-56. [PMID: 25443641 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2014.07.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Around 2/3 of patients with major depression discontinue their antidepressant drug treatment (ADT) prematurely. Community pharmacists can rely on their regular contacts with patients to identify and support those experiencing difficulties with their ADT. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to describe pharmacists' perceptions with respect to their practices related to patients having an ADT. METHODS A qualitative study was conducted based on 6 focus groups involving 43 community pharmacists in 5 regions of Quebec province, Canada. Verbatim transcripts of focus groups were analyzed using computer-assisted thematic analysis. RESULTS The discussions revealed three major aspects of the participants' pharmacy practice: convincing patients to initiate ADT, dealing with side effects in the first weeks of the treatment, and taking a reactive approach to managing the treatment for the remainder of the follow-up. Discussions also enabled participants to identify the challenges they face concerning their practice with patients who have an ADT, and voice their recommendations for improving pharmacy practice and ultimately patient adherence to ADT. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacists wishing to help their patients to adequately manage their ADT face important barriers. Potential solutions include tools designed to help pharmacists better detect and intervene in ADT-related problems. Study findings will guide the on-going development of training and tools to support pharmacists' practice in this context.
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Lessons from community mental health to drive implementation in health care systems for people with long-term conditions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:4714-28. [PMID: 24785742 PMCID: PMC4053874 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110504714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper aims to identify which lessons learned from the evidence and the experiences accruing from the transformation in mental health services in recent decades may have relevance for the future development of healthcare for people with long-term physical conditions. First, nine principles are discussed which we first identified to guide mental health service organisation, and all of which can be potentially applied to long term care as well (autonomy, continuity, effectiveness, accessibility, comprehensiveness, equity, accountability, co-ordination, and efficiency). Second, we have outlined innovative operational aspects of service user participation, many of which were first initiated and consolidated in the mental health field, and some of which are now also being implemented in long term care (including case management, and crisis plans). We conclude that long term conditions, whether mental or physical, deserve a long-term commitment from the relevant health services, and indeed where continuity and co-ordination are properly funded implemented, this can ensure that the symptomatic course is more stable, quality of life is enhanced, and the clinical outcomes are more favourable. Innovations such as self-management for long-term conditions (intended to promote autonomy and empowerment) need to be subjected to the same level of rigorous scientific scrutiny as any other treatment or service interventions.
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