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Towards a new biological control approach for Photorhabdus temperata bioinsecticide production through the bioconversion of Tunisian industrial wastewater. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-020-00313-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractA novel bioconversion approach of Tunisian wastewater to low-cost Photorhabdus temperata bioinsecticide is presented in this study. Our results showed that when cultured on the food industry wastewater (WS4), P. temperata cells exhibited oral toxicity of about 42%, which is the same as those cultured in complex medium (CM), used as control. Moreover, variants small colony polymorphism (Vsm) of the strain K122 was completely avoided after a prolonged incubation. However, viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state was enhanced with the maximum colony-forming units (CFU) count of 9 × 106 cells/mL obtained after 48 h of incubation in the WS4. According to flow cytometry analysis, almost 100% of P. temperata cells were viable until 48 h of incubation. The appearance of propidium iodide (PI) positively stained cells was observed after a prolonged incubation with a maximum of 17% of damaged cells in WS1. In order to follow the progress of P. temperata fermentation process carried out in industrial wastewater, we established for the first time, the mathematical relationship between total cell counts, CFU counts and oral toxicity of P. temperata strain K122. Indeed, irrespective of the medium used, the relationship between CFU count and total cell count followed a power law. Additionally, when plotting CFU count, or total cell count against toxicity, a semi-log linear relationship was obtained. Our results proved the efficiency of this bioconversion approach to produce bioinsecticide based on the entomopathogenic bacterium P. temperata, with practical benefits in terms of cost production and wastewater management.
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Lead Toxicity: Health Hazards, Influence on Food Chain, and Sustainable Remediation Approaches. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17072179. [PMID: 32218253 PMCID: PMC7177270 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) toxicity has been a subject of interest for environmental scientists due to its toxic effect on plants, animals, and humans. An increase in several Pb related industrial activities and use of Pb containing products such as agrochemicals, oil and paint, mining, etc. can lead to Pb contamination in the environment and thereby, can enter the food chain. Being one of the most toxic heavy metals, Pb ingestion via the food chain has proven to be a potential health hazard for plants and humans. The current review aims to summarize the research updates on Pb toxicity and its effects on plants, soil, and human health. Relevant literature from the past 20 years encompassing comprehensive details on Pb toxicity has been considered with key issues such as i) Pb bioavailability in soil, ii) Pb biomagnification, and iii) Pb- remediation, which has been addressed in detail through physical, chemical, and biological lenses. In the review, among different Pb-remediation approaches, we have highlighted certain advanced approaches such as microbial assisted phytoremediation which could possibly minimize the Pb load from the resources in a sustainable manner and would be a viable option to ensure a safe food production system.
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Ahmad A, Arif MS, Yasmeen T, Riaz M, Rizwan M, Shahzad SM, Ali S, Riaz MA, Sarosh M. Seasonal variations of soil phosphorus and associated fertility indicators in wastewater-irrigated urban aridisol. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 239:124725. [PMID: 31499300 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Use of wastewater is known to provide nutrients for crop plants, but its potential to improve phosphorus (P) availability in semi-arid regions is poorly understood. In this study, seasonal changes in soil P availability as well as associated phyiscochemical and biochemical indicators were investigated from the wastewater irrigated urban soils of Faisalabad, Pakistan. Soil sampling was carried out during summer and winter season from four wastewater irrigated sites of varied stream flow i.e. upstream wastewater (UWW), midstream wastewater (MWW), lowerstream wastewater (LWW) and downstream wastewater (DWW), and canal water irrigation (CWI) as a reference site. Across seasons, MWW site had significantly higher soil organic carbon (SOC), water extractable organic carbon (WEOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass phosphorus (MBP) as well as the availability of phosphorus i.e. NaHCO3-P and H2O-P compared to CWI site. In both sampling seasons, MWW site also recorded significantly higher soil enzyme activities compared to the rest of wastewater sites. Moreover, significantly higher total P and electrical conductivity (EC) of soil was noticed at DWW site across both summer and winter seasons. Biplot principle component analysis also indicated seasonally a stronger shift in soil total P and EC at DWW site. On the other hand, availability of P was closely related to soil active carbon pools at MWW site. However, buildup of soil salinity particularly at DWW site along with lower P availability and associated changes in other soil properties, call for careful assessment of wastewater use in these urban soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqeel Ahmad
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saleem Arif
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Tahira Yasmeen
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Sher Muhammad Shahzad
- Department of Soil & Environmental Sciences, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Shafaqat Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asam Riaz
- Department of Entomology, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Mudassir Sarosh
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
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He X, Zhang J, Ren Y, Sun C, Deng X, Qian M, Hu Z, Li R, Chen Y, Shen Z, Xia Y. Polyaspartate and liquid amino acid fertilizer are appropriate alternatives for promoting the phytoextraction of cadmium and lead in Solanum nigrum L. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 237:124483. [PMID: 31404738 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Traditional metal chelators, such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), have been gradually replaced due to their poor biodegradability in soil and high risk of heavy metal leaching into groundwater, which pose high environmental risks to the health of humans and animals. In this study, a liquid amino acid fertilizer (LAAF, waste proteins from hydrolysates of animal carcasses) and polyaspartate (PASP) were used as additives to enhance the phytoextraction of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) from contaminated soil. We conducted pot experiments to investigate the phytoextraction capacity of Solanum nigrum, a Cd accumulator, grown on soil highly contaminated with Cd and Pb in the absence (as controls) or presence of PASP and LAAF. Both PASP and LAAF significantly improved plant growth, Cd accumulation, and total Cd and Pb content in S. nigrum shoots and roots. PASP and LAAF application promoted Cd translocation from roots to shoots in S. nigrum and Cd bio-accessibility in rhizosphere soils, but this was not the case for Pb. Both PASP and LAAF increased Cd and Pb phytoextraction by S. nigrum plants, and Cd phytoextraction was more effective in LAAF-assisted S. nigrum than in PASP-assisted S. nigrum. These findings demonstrate that the low cost and ecofriendly features of recycled waste proteins make them good candidates for chelant-enhanced phytoextraction from heavy metal-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoman He
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yingnan Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chuanyu Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaopeng Deng
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650021, China
| | - Meng Qian
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhubing Hu
- Institute of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Department of Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Rong Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yahua Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhenguo Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yan Xia
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Xu Q, Ye B, Mou X, Ye J, Liu W, Luo Y, Shi J. Lead was mobilized in acid silty clay loam paddy soil with potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) amendment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 255:113179. [PMID: 31542670 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The immobilization effectiveness between Pb and phosphorus in soil varies with soil types. To clarify the effect of phosphate on the availability of Pb in agricultural soil, a culture experiment with three types of paddy soil was performed with potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) added. EDTA, DGT and in-situ solution extraction methods were used to represent different available Pb content. Results showed that the concentration of EDTA-Pb in HN soil was slightly elevated after exogenous KDP added. The supplement of 300 mg/kg KDP significantly increased the content of soluble Pb in both acid silty clay loam soil and neutral silty loam soil (increased by 104.65% and 65.12%, respectively). However, there was no significant influence of KDP on the concentration of DGT extracted Pb. XANES results showed that Pb(OH)2, PbHPO4, humic acid-Pb and GSH-Pb were the major speciation of Pb in soil colloids. The proportion of Pb(OH)2 and humic acid-bounded Pb in soil colloids were elevated after exogenous KDP added. Our results indicated that there was a mobilization effect of KDP on Pb by increasing the amount of colloidal Pb in soil solution, especially in acid silty clay loam paddy soil. Such colloid-facilitated transport might promote the uptake of Pb in rice and pose a potential threat to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Xu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Binhui Ye
- Chengbang Eco-Environment Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 310002, China
| | - Xiaoyu Mou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jien Ye
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wenyu Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yating Luo
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiyan Shi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Zulfiqar U, Farooq M, Hussain S, Maqsood M, Hussain M, Ishfaq M, Ahmad M, Anjum MZ. Lead toxicity in plants: Impacts and remediation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 250:109557. [PMID: 31545179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is the second most toxic heavy metal after arsenic (As), which has no role in biological systems. Pb toxicity causes a range of damages to plants from germination to yield formation; however, its toxicity is both time and concentration dependent. Its exposure at higher rates disturbs the plant water and nutritional relations and causes oxidative damages to plants. Reduced rate of seed germination and plant growth under stress is mainly due to Pb interference with enzymatic activities, membrane damage and stomatal closure because of induction of absicic acid and negative correlation of Pb with potassium in plants. Pb induced structural changes in photosynthetic apparatus and reduced biosynthesis of chlorophyll pigments cause retardation of carbon metabolism. In this review, the noxious effects of Pb on germination, stand establishment, growth, water relations, nutrient uptake and assimilation, ultra-structural and oxidative damages, carbon metabolism and enzymatic activities in plants are reported. The Pb dynamics in soil rhizosphere and role of remediation strategies i.e. physical, chemical and biological to decontaminate the Pb polluted soils has also been described. Among them, biological strategies, including phytoremediation, microbe-assisted remediation and remediation by organic amendments, are cost effective and environmentally sound remedies for cleaning Pb contaminated soils. Use of organic manures and some agricultural practices have the potential to harvest better crops yield of good quality form Pb contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Zulfiqar
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan; Department of Crop Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, PO Box 34, Al-Khoud 123, Oman; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia.
| | - Saddam Hussain
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Maqsood
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Mubshar Hussain
- Department of Agronomy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan; Agriculture Discipline, College of Science Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Muhammad Ishfaq
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ahmad
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zohaib Anjum
- Department of Forestry and Range Management, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
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Ma C, Liu F, Jin K, Hu B, Wei M, Zhao J, Zhang H, Zhang K. Effects of Atmospheric Fallout on Lead Contamination of Wheat Tissues Based on Stable Isotope Ratios. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 103:676-682. [PMID: 31471656 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-019-02702-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In order to trace the source of Pb pollution in wheat, the contribution ratio of soil and atmospheric fallout source was quantified based on stable isotope ratios. Results showed that the average Pb content of soil was significantly lower than that of fallout, and Pb in the fallout had a higher weak acid fraction than soil. Pb in wheat had a distinct distribution in its tissues and the content of Pb in wheat roots was significantly higher than it in shoots. The 206Pb/207Pb ratio of soil was significantly higher than that in atmospheric fallout (p < 0.05). According to a binary mixing model, the 206Pb/207Pb ratio in wheat roots, leaves, and grains reflect 67%, 65%, and 90% of Pb content contributions from fallout, respectively. This results suggest that fallout Pb was absorbed by wheat leaves and transferred to other organs, and it is important to develop effective strategies to control fallout Pb risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Ma
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China.
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Fuyong Liu
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kai Jin
- Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Institute, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bin Hu
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mingbao Wei
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jihong Zhao
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongzhong Zhang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China
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Dang Q, Tan W, Zhao X, Li D, Li Y, Yang T, Li R, Zu G, Xi B. Linking the response of soil microbial community structure in soils to long-term wastewater irrigation and soil depth. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 688:26-36. [PMID: 31233911 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Irrigation with treated wastewater (TWW) has become a prevailing agricultural practice due to the scarcity of fresh water resources, which may have a significant impact on the microbial communities that are critical to many biogeochemical processes in soils. However, it is unclear whether there are links between soil microbial responses to long-term irrigation with different sources of wastewater and soil depth. Here we assess the influence of treated domestic (DTWW), leather industry (LTWW) and pharmaceutical (PTWW) wastewater on microbial communities in vertical soil profiles using high-throughput sequencing based on 16S rRNA and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene profiling. We found that microbial α-diversity in the vertical profiles of soils was significantly influenced by TWW irrigation. Bacteria and fungi in different soil depths showed distinct responses to TWW; irrigation with TWW markedly increased abundance of bacterial OTUs and inhibited abundance of fungal OTUs. β-diversity analysis showed that the effect of TWW irrigation on microbial communities was greater than the effect of soil depth, and microbes in subsurface soil were more sensitive to different sources of irrigation water. We also found that, based on β-diversity analysis, irrigation with treated industrial wastewater, including LTWW and PTWW, had a greater impact on microbial community structures than DTWW. TWW irrigation significantly affected the composition of indigenous soil microbial communities at different depths and might introduce exogenous microbes into the soil environment. Our work explicitly demonstrates the vertical responses of bacterial and fungal communities in soils to irrigation with TWW from different sources, which can provides insights into the microbial-dominated geochemical processes from the perspective of the entire soil profile under the context of wastewater irrigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuling Dang
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Wenbing Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yanping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Tianxue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Renfei Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Guofeng Zu
- Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation Industry Alliance, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Beidou Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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Simulation of Heavy Metals Migration in Soil-Wheat System of Mining Area. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16142550. [PMID: 31319513 PMCID: PMC6678532 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16142550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Heavy metals in the soil of mining areas have become a primary source of pollution, which could cause deleterious health effects in people exposed through soil-plant systems via multi-pathways. A long-term field experiment under natural conditions was carried out to explore the distribution characteristic and migration law of heavy metals in a soil-wheat system of a mining area in Xuzhou. According to the second level standard of environmental quality standards for soils of China (GB 15618-1995), 30.8 g of CrCl3·6H2O, 8.3 g of Pb(CH3COO)2·3H2O, and 16.5 g of ZnSO4·7H2O were added into the soil of three experimental sites, respectively. The other experimental site with no additional compounds was used as the control site. The Cr, Pb, and Zn concentrations in the soil-wheat system were counted and their corresponding migration models were constructed. From 2014 to 2017, the mean concentrations of Cr (49.09 mg·kg−1), Pb (20.08 mg·kg−1), and Zn (39.11 mg·kg−1) in the soil of the addition sites were higher than that of the control site. The mean concentrations of Cr, Pb, and Zn in wheat of the addition sites were greater than that of the control site with the values of 3.29, 0.06, and 29 mg·kg−1. In comparison, the Cr, Pb, and Zn concentrations in the soil of all experimental sites were lower than the second level standard of environmental quality standards for soils of China (GB 15618-1995), whereas the Cr concentration exceeded its corresponding soil background value of Xuzhou in 2017. The Pb concentration in soil of the addition site was greater than its corresponding background value from 2014 to 2016. The Pb and Zn concentrations in wheat of all experimental sites were lower than the national hygienic standard for grains of China (GB2715-2005) and the national guidelines for cereals of China (NY 861-2004), but the Cr concentration significantly exceeded the national guidelines for cereals of China (NY 861-2004). By constructing the Identical-Discrepant-Contrary (IDC) gray connection models, the result showed that there was a non-linear relationship of Cr, Pb, and Zn concentrations in the soil-wheat system, and the absolute values of most correlation coefficients r were lower than 0.5 and the values of greyness fG(r) were more than 0.5. The curvilinear regression models could not reflect the relationship of Cr, Pb, and Zn concentrations in the soil-wheat system with the regression coefficient r2 values far less than 1. Due to the values of regression coefficient r2 being close to 1, this study suggested that the allocation estimation models could be used for simulating the Cr, Pb, and Zn migration in the soil-wheat system of a mining area in Xuzhou.
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