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Callahan CL, Wang Y, Marian C, Weng DY, Eng KH, Tao MH, Ambrosone CB, Nie J, Trevisan M, Smiraglia D, Edge SB, Shields PG, Freudenheim JL. DNA methylation and breast tumor clinicopathological features: The Western New York Exposures and Breast Cancer (WEB) study. Epigenetics 2016; 11:643-652. [PMID: 27245195 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2016.1192735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the association between methylation of 9 genes, SCGB3A1, GSTP1, RARB, SYK, FHIT, CDKN2A, CCND2, BRCA1, and SFN in tumor samples from 720 breast cancer cases with clinicopathological features of the tumors and survival. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) of methylation and Cox proportional hazards models to estimate hazard ratios (HR) between methylation and breast cancer related mortality. Estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) positivity were associated with increased SCGB3A1 methylation among pre- and post-menopausal cases. Among premenopausal women, compared with Stage 0 cases, cases of invasive cancer were more likely to have increased methylation of RARB (Stage I OR = 4.7, 95% CI: 1.1-19.0; Stage IIA/IIB OR = 9.7, 95% CI: 2.4-39.9; Stage III/IV OR = 5.6, 95% CI: 1.1-29.4) and lower methylation of FHIT (Stage I OR = 0.2, 95% CI: 0.1-0.9; Stage IIA/IIB OR = 0.2, 95% CI: 0.1-0.8; Stage III/IV OR = 0.6, 95% CI: 0.1-3.4). Among postmenopausal women, methylation of SYK was associated with increased tumor size (OR = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.0-2.7) and higher nuclear grade (OR = 2.0, 95% CI 1.2-3.6). Associations between methylation and breast cancer related mortality were observed among pre- but not post-menopausal women. Methylation of SCGB3A1 was associated with reduced risk of death from breast cancer (HR = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.17-0.99) as was BRCA1 (HR = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.16-0.97). CCND2 methylation was associated with increased risk of breast cancer mortality (HR = 3.4, 95% CI: 1.1-10.5). We observed differences in methylation associated with tumor characteristics; methylation of these genes was also associated with breast cancer survival among premenopausal cases. Understanding of the associations of DNA methylation with other clinicopathological features may have implications for prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine L Callahan
- a Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health , School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Youjin Wang
- a Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health , School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Catalin Marian
- b Division of Cancer Prevention and Control , College of Medicine and The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center , Columbus , OH , USA.,c Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology , University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara , Timisoara , Romania
| | - Daniel Y Weng
- b Division of Cancer Prevention and Control , College of Medicine and The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Kevin H Eng
- d Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics , Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Meng-Hua Tao
- e Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology , University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth , TX , USA
| | - Christine B Ambrosone
- f Department of Cancer Prevention and Control , Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Jing Nie
- a Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health , School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | | | - Dominic Smiraglia
- h Department of Cancer Genetics , Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Stephen B Edge
- i Department of Healthcare Outcomes and Policy , Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Peter G Shields
- b Division of Cancer Prevention and Control , College of Medicine and The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Jo L Freudenheim
- a Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health , School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo , Buffalo , NY , USA
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Novío S, Cartea ME, Soengas P, Freire-Garabal M, Núñez-Iglesias MJ. Effects of Brassicaceae Isothiocyanates on Prostate Cancer. Molecules 2016; 21:E626. [PMID: 27187332 PMCID: PMC6272898 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21050626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the major progress made in the field of cancer biology, cancer is still one of the leading causes of mortality, and prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most encountered malignancies among men. The effective management of this disease requires developing better anticancer agents with greater efficacy and fewer side effects. Nature is a large source for the development of chemotherapeutic agents, with more than 50% of current anticancer drugs being of natural origin. Isothiocyanates (ITCs) are degradation products from glucosinolates that are present in members of the family Brassicaceae. Although they are known for a variety of therapeutic effects, including antioxidant, immunostimulatory, anti-inflammatory, antiviral and antibacterial properties, nowadays, cell line and animal studies have additionally indicated the chemopreventive action without causing toxic side effects of ITCs. In this way, they can induce cell cycle arrest, activate apoptosis pathways, increase the sensitivity of resistant PCa to available chemodrugs, modulate epigenetic changes and downregulate activated signaling pathways, resulting in the inhibition of cell proliferation, progression and invasion-metastasis. The present review summarizes the chemopreventive role of ITCs with a particular emphasis on specific molecular targets and epigenetic alterations in in vitro and in vivo cancer animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Novío
- Lennart Levi Stress and Neuroimmunology Laboratory, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, c/San Francisco, s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain.
| | - María Elena Cartea
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Misión Biológica de Galicia (CSIC) Aptdo. 28, 36080 Pontevedra, Spain.
| | - Pilar Soengas
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Misión Biológica de Galicia (CSIC) Aptdo. 28, 36080 Pontevedra, Spain.
| | - Manuel Freire-Garabal
- Lennart Levi Stress and Neuroimmunology Laboratory, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, c/San Francisco, s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain.
| | - María Jesús Núñez-Iglesias
- Lennart Levi Stress and Neuroimmunology Laboratory, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, c/San Francisco, s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain.
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53
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Zheng Y, Shao X, Huang Y, Shi L, Chen B, Wang X, Yang H, Chen Z, Zhang X. Role of estrogen receptor in breast cancer cell gene expression. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:4046-50. [PMID: 27035558 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to establish the underlying regulatory mechanism of estrogen receptor (ER) in breast cancer cell gene expression. A gene expression profile (accession no. GSE11324) was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from an estrogen treatment group and a control group were identified. Chromatin immunoprecipitation with high‑throughput sequencing data (series GSE25710) was obtained from the GEO for the ER binding sites, and binding and expression target analysis was performed. A total of 3,122 DEGs were obtained and ER was demonstrated to exhibit inhibition and activation roles during the regulation of its target gene expression. Motif analysis revealed that the upregulated target genes that demonstrated interactions with ER were meis homeobox 1 (MEIS1) and forkhead box P3 (FOXP3). The downregulated target genes, which demonstrated interactions with ER, were thyroid hormone receptor, β (THRB) and grainyhead‑like 1 (GRHL1). Thus, it was observed that ER stimulated gene expression by interacting with MEIS1 and FOXP3, and ER inhibited gene expression by interacting with THRB and GRHL1. However, additional experiments are required to provide further confirmation of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabing Zheng
- Department of Medical Oncology (Breast), Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Xiying Shao
- Department of Medical Oncology (Breast), Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology (Breast), Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Medical Oncology (Breast), Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojia Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology (Breast), Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Hongjian Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Zhanhong Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology (Breast), Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Xiping Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
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Walsh L, Gallagher WM, O’Connor DP, Ní Chonghaile T. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Implications of Histone Epigenetic Modulators in Breast Cancer. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2016; 16:541-51. [DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2016.1156534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Walsh
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - William M. Gallagher
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Laboratory, UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
- OncoMark Limited, NovaUCD, Belfield Innovation Park, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Darran P. O’Connor
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Tríona Ní Chonghaile
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
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miR-21 Might be Involved in Breast Cancer Promotion and Invasion Rather than in Initial Events of Breast Cancer Development. Mol Diagn Ther 2016; 20:97-110. [DOI: 10.1007/s40291-016-0186-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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56
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Haim A, Zubidat AE. Artificial light at night: melatonin as a mediator between the environment and epigenome. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:rstb.2014.0121. [PMID: 25780234 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The adverse effects of excessive use of artificial light at night (ALAN) are becoming increasingly evident and associated with several health problems including cancer. Results of epidemiological studies revealed that the increase in breast cancer incidents co-distribute with ALAN worldwide. There is compiling evidence that suggests that melatonin suppression is linked to ALAN-induced cancer risks, but the specific genetic mechanism linking environmental exposure and the development of disease is not well known. Here we propose a possible genetic link between environmental exposure and tumorigenesis processes. We discuss evidence related to the relationship between epigenetic remodelling and oncogene expression. In breast cancer, enhanced global hypomethylation is expected in oncogenes, whereas in tumour suppressor genes local hypermethylation is recognized in the promoter CpG chains. A putative mechanism of action involving epigenetic modifications mediated by pineal melatonin is discussed in relation to cancer prevalence. Taking into account that ALAN-induced epigenetic modifications are reversible, early detection of cancer development is of great significance in the treatment of the disease. Therefore, new biomarkers for circadian disruption need to be developed to prevent ALAN damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Haim
- The Israeli Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Chronobiology, Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel
| | - Abed E Zubidat
- The Israeli Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Chronobiology, Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel
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57
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Zhang L, Long X. Association of BRCA1 promoter methylation with sporadic breast cancers: Evidence from 40 studies. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17869. [PMID: 26643130 PMCID: PMC4672329 DOI: 10.1038/srep17869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1) located at chromosome 17q12-21 is a classic tumor suppressor gene, and has been considered as a significant role in hereditary breast cancers. Moreover, numerous studies demonstrated the methylation status of CpG islands in the promoter regions of BRCA1 gene was aberrant in patients with sporadic breast tumors compared with healthy females or patients with benign diseases. However, these conclusions were not always consistent. Hence, a meta-analysis was performed to get a more precise estimate for these associations. Crude odds ratio with 95% confidence interval were used to assess the association of BRCA1 promoter methylation and the risk or clinicopathologic characteristics of breast cancers under fixed or random effect model. A total of 40 studies were eligible for this present study. We observed the frequency of BRCA1 promoter methylation was statistically significant higher in breast cancers than non-cancer controls. Furthermore, BRCA1 methylation was statistically associated with lymph node metastasis, histological grade 3, ER(-), PR(-), triple-negative phenotype, and decreased or lack levels of BRCA1 protein expression. In conclusion, this study indicated that BRCA1 promoter methylation appeared to be a useful predictive or prognostic biomarker for breast cancers in clinical assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xinghua Long
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
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58
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Zhang M, Zhang S, Wen Y, Wang Y, Wei Y, Liu H, Zhang D, Su J, Wang F, Zhang Y. DNA Methylation Patterns Can Estimate Nonequivalent Outcomes of Breast Cancer with the Same Receptor Subtypes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142279. [PMID: 26550991 PMCID: PMC4638352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer has various molecular subtypes and displays high heterogeneity. Aberrant DNA methylation is involved in tumor origin, development and progression. Moreover, distinct DNA methylation patterns are associated with specific breast cancer subtypes. We explored DNA methylation patterns in association with gene expression to assess their impact on the prognosis of breast cancer based on Infinium 450K arrays (training set) from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). The DNA methylation patterns of 12 featured genes that had a high correlation with gene expression were identified through univariate and multivariable Cox proportional hazards models and used to define the methylation risk score (MRS). An improved ability to distinguish the power of the DNA methylation pattern from the 12 featured genes (p = 0.00103) was observed compared with the average methylation levels (p = 0.956) or gene expression (p = 0.909). Furthermore, MRS provided a good prognostic value for breast cancers even when the patients had the same receptor status. We found that ER-, PR- or Her2- samples with high-MRS had the worst 5-year survival rate and overall survival time. An independent test set including 28 patients with death as an outcome was used to test the validity of the MRS of the 12 featured genes; this analysis obtained a prognostic value equivalent to the training set. The predict power was validated through two independent datasets from the GEO database. The DNA methylation pattern is a powerful predictor of breast cancer survival, and can predict outcomes of the same breast cancer molecular subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Shaojun Zhang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yanhua Wen
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yihan Wang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yanjun Wei
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Dongwei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Jianzhong Su
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Fang Wang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
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59
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Meles S, Adega F, Castro J, Chaves R. Cytogenetic Assessment of the Rat Cell Line CLS-ACI-1: An in vitro Cell Model for Mycn Overexpression. Cytogenet Genome Res 2015; 146:285-95. [PMID: 26536200 DOI: 10.1159/000441374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a complex and heterogeneous disease, and the establishment of cell models in order to properly study the disease at the molecular and cellular level is of utmost importance. Here, we present the cytogenetic characterization and gene expression analysis of the tumoral mammary rat cell line CLS-ACI-1. The use of banding and molecular cytogenetic techniques allowed the description of the complex CLS-ACI-1 karyotype and the identification of breakpoints in clonal chromosome rearrangements. Moreover, a Mycn and Erbb2 comparative expression analysis by RT-qPCR was performed, revealing a high expression level of Mycn in CLS-ACI-1 cells. Moreover, a considerable number of putative mutated genes and chromosome alterations detected through cytogenetic analysis seem to be in the MYCN biological network. Therefore, the CLS-ACI-1 cell line is presented as a promising cell model for the study of the role of MYCN in breast cancer and also as a tool for developing appropriate cancer therapies, namely for Mycn targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Meles
- University of Trx00E1;s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Department of Genetics and Biotechnology (DGB), Laboratory of Cytogenomics and Animal Genomics, Vila Real, Portugal
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60
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Sayar N, Karahan G, Konu O, Bozkurt B, Bozdogan O, Yulug IG. Transgelin gene is frequently downregulated by promoter DNA hypermethylation in breast cancer. Clin Epigenetics 2015; 7:104. [PMID: 26421063 PMCID: PMC4587865 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-015-0138-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CpG hypermethylation in gene promoters is a frequent mechanism of tumor suppressor gene silencing in various types of cancers. It usually occurs at early steps of cancer progression and can be detected easily, giving rise to development of promising biomarkers for both detection and progression of cancer, including breast cancer. 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (AZA) is a DNA demethylating and anti-cancer agent resulting in induction of genes suppressed via DNA hypermethylation. Results Using microarray expression profiling of AZA- or DMSO-treated breast cancer and non-tumorigenic breast (NTB) cells, we identified for the first time TAGLN gene as a target of DNA hypermethylation in breast cancer. TAGLN expression was significantly and frequently downregulated via promoter DNA hypermethylation in breast cancer cells compared to NTB cells, and also in 13/21 (61.9 %) of breast tumors compared to matched normal tissues. Analyses of public microarray methylation data showed that TAGLN was also hypermethylated in 63.02 % of tumors compared to normal tissues; relapse-free survival of patients was worse with higher TAGLN methylation; and methylation levels could discriminate between tumors and healthy tissues with 83.14 % sensitivity and 100 % specificity. Additionally, qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry experiments showed that TAGLN expression was significantly downregulated in two more independent sets of breast tumors compared to normal tissues and was lower in tumors with poor prognosis. Colony formation was increased in TAGLN silenced NTB cells, while decreased in overexpressing BC cells. Conclusions TAGLN gene is frequently downregulated by DNA hypermethylation, and TAGLN promoter methylation profiles could serve as a future diagnostic biomarker, with possible clinical impact regarding the prognosis in breast cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13148-015-0138-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilufer Sayar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Faculty of Science, TR-06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gurbet Karahan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Faculty of Science, TR-06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozlen Konu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Faculty of Science, TR-06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Betul Bozkurt
- Department of General Surgery, Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Onder Bozdogan
- Department of Pathology, Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Isik G Yulug
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Faculty of Science, TR-06800 Ankara, Turkey
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Karsli-Ceppioglu S, Dagdemir A, Judes G, Ngollo M, Penault-Llorca F, Pajon A, Bignon YJ, Bernard-Gallon D. Epigenetic mechanisms of breast cancer: an update of the current knowledge. Epigenomics 2015; 6:651-64. [PMID: 25531258 DOI: 10.2217/epi.14.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic alterations are heritable changes in gene expression that occur without causing any change in DNA sequence. They are important key factors for cancer development and prognosis. Breast cancer is induced by the accumulation of altered gene regulation. Besides genetic mutations, epigenetics mechanisms have an important role in breast cancer tumorigenesis. Investigations related with aberrant epigenetic regulations in breast cancer focus on initiating molecular mechanisms in cancer development, identification of new biomarkers to predict breast cancer aggressiveness and the potential of epigenetic therapy. In this review, we will summarize the recent knowledge about the role of epigenetic alterations related with DNA methylation and histone modification in breast cancer. In addition, altered regulation of breast cancer specific genes and the potential of epigenetic therapy will be discussed according to epigenetic mechanisms.
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Abstract
Soy phytoestrogens are dietary components with considerable effects on reducing the incidence of prostate cancer. Epidemiological studies demonstrated that occurrence of prostate cancer is relatively low in Asia and Southern Europe, a status associated with consuming of soy isoflavones, such as genistein, daidzein, and glycitein. Soy phytoestrogens exert their activity on molecular mechanisms, including cell-cycle control, induction of apoptosis, inhibition of angiogenesis, and metastasis. In addition, they have antioxidant activity and show regulatory effect on the expression of genes involved in DNA damage and repair. Furthermore, the epigenetic regulation of gene expression can be modified by soy phytoestrogens. They show regulatory effects on gene activity by altering DNA methylation and/or histone modification patterns. In this chapter, we discuss the role of soy phytoestrogens on the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of prostate cancer. We attempt to provide further insight in order to understand the underlying mechanisms of protective effects of soy phytoestrogens in preventing prostate cancer.
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63
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Zhao XQ, Zhang YF, Xia YF, Zhou ZM, Cao YQ. Promoter demethylation of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 gene in drug-resistant colon cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:1287-1292. [PMID: 26622665 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying drug resistance in colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment remain to be fully elucidated. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the underlying mechanism resistance to a widely used anticancer drug, 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU). Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is an important transcription factor involved in cellular protection. In the present study, it was hypothesized that the epigenetic modification of Nrf2 may be a potential target for 5-FU resistance in CRC treatment. Protein and messenger RNA levels of Nrf2, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), DNA methylases and DNA methyltransferases were determined and DNA methylation analysis for the Nrf2 promoter was performed in a human CRC control (SNU-C5) and resistant (SNU-C5R) cell line. The results demonstrated that Nrf2 expression levels, nuclear translocation and promoter binding were significantly increased in SNU-C5R cells compared with SNU-C5 cells. Elevated levels of activated Nrf2 in SNU-C5R cells resulted in the increased protein expression and activity of HO-1. In addition, increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and upregulation of ten-eleven translocation (TET)1 were observed in SNU-C5R cells compared with SNU-C5 cells. Furthermore, methylation analysis revealed Nrf2 promoter cytosine-phosphate-guanine island hypomethylation in 5-FU-treated cells. In conclusion, the results indicated that 5-FU-induced ROS production resulted in the upregulation of TET1 expression and function. In addition, these results indicated that TET-dependent demethylation of the Nrf2 promoter upregulated Nrf2 and HO-1 expression, which induced cellular protection mechanisms, ultimately leading to drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qian Zhao
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Fei Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Fang Xia
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Sixth People's Hospital of Jinan City, Jinan, Shandong 250200, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Mei Zhou
- Department of Child Medicine, Taian Central Hospital, Taian, Shandong 271000, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Qing Cao
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Taian Central Hospital, Taian, Shandong 271000, P.R. China
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Karsli-Ceppioglu S, Ngollo M, Adjakly M, Dagdemir A, Judes G, Lebert A, Boiteux JP, Penault-LLorca F, Bignon YJ, Guy L, Bernard-Gallon D. Genome-wide DNA methylation modified by soy phytoestrogens: role for epigenetic therapeutics in prostate cancer? OMICS : A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2015; 19:209-19. [PMID: 25831061 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2014.0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In prostate cancer, DNA methylation is significantly associated with tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. Previous studies have suggested that soy phytoestrogens might regulate DNA methylation at individual candidate gene loci and that they play a crucial role as potential therapeutic agents for prostate cancer. The purpose of our study was to examine the modulation effects of phytoestrogens on a genome-wide scale in regards to DNA methylation in prostate cancer. Prostate cancer cell lines DU-145 and LNCaP were treated with 40 μM of genistein and 110 μM of daidzein. DNMT inhibitor 5-azacytidine (2 μM) and the methylating agent budesonide (2 μM) were used to compare their demethylation/methylation effects with phytoestrogens. The regulatory effects of phytoestrogens on DNA methylation were analyzed by using a methyl-DNA immunoprecipitation method coupled with Human DNA Methylation Microarrays (MeDIP-chip). We observed that the methylation profiles of 58 genes were altered by genistein and daidzein treatments in DU-145 and LNCaP prostate cancer cells. In addition, the methylation frequencies of the MAD1L1, TRAF7, KDM4B, and hTERT genes were remarkably modified by genistein treatment. Our results suggest that the modulation effects of phytoestrogens on DNA methylation essentially lead to inhibition of cell growth and induction of apoptosis. Genome-wide methylation profiling reported here suggests that epigenetic regulation mechanisms and, by extension, epigenetics-driven novel therapeutic candidates warrant further consideration in future "omics" studies of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seher Karsli-Ceppioglu
- 1 Department of Oncogenetics, Centre Jean Perrin-CBRV , Dunant, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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65
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Cooper CS, Eeles R, Wedge DC, Van Loo P, Gundem G, Alexandrov LB, Kremeyer B, Butler A, Lynch AG, Camacho N, Massie CE, Kay J, Luxton HJ, Edwards S, Kote-Jarai ZS, Dennis N, Merson S, Leongamornlert D, Zamora J, Corbishley C, Thomas S, Nik-Zainal S, O'Meara S, Matthews L, Clark J, Hurst R, Mithen R, Bristow RG, Boutros PC, Fraser M, Cooke S, Raine K, Jones D, Menzies A, Stebbings L, Hinton J, Teague J, McLaren S, Mudie L, Hardy C, Anderson E, Joseph O, Goody V, Robinson B, Maddison M, Gamble S, Greenman C, Berney D, Hazell S, Livni N, Fisher C, Ogden C, Kumar P, Thompson A, Woodhouse C, Nicol D, Mayer E, Dudderidge T, Shah NC, Gnanapragasam V, Voet T, Campbell P, Futreal A, Easton D, Warren AY, Foster CS, Stratton MR, Whitaker HC, McDermott U, Brewer DS, Neal DE. Analysis of the genetic phylogeny of multifocal prostate cancer identifies multiple independent clonal expansions in neoplastic and morphologically normal prostate tissue. Nat Genet 2015; 47:367-372. [PMID: 25730763 PMCID: PMC4380509 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide DNA sequencing was used to decrypt the phylogeny of multiple samples from distinct areas of cancer and morphologically normal tissue taken from the prostates of three men. Mutations were present at high levels in morphologically normal tissue distant from the cancer, reflecting clonal expansions, and the underlying mutational processes at work in morphologically normal tissue were also at work in cancer. Our observations demonstrate the existence of ongoing abnormal mutational processes, consistent with field effects, underlying carcinogenesis. This mechanism gives rise to extensive branching evolution and cancer clone mixing, as exemplified by the coexistence of multiple cancer lineages harboring distinct ERG fusions within a single cancer nodule. Subsets of mutations were shared either by morphologically normal and malignant tissues or between different ERG lineages, indicating earlier or separate clonal cell expansions. Our observations inform on the origin of multifocal disease and have implications for prostate cancer therapy in individual cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin S Cooper
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute Of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Department of Biological Sciences University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Rosalind Eeles
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute Of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London and Sutton, UK
| | - David C Wedge
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Peter Van Loo
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Human Genome Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics, VIB and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Gunes Gundem
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | | | - Barbara Kremeyer
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Adam Butler
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Andrew G Lynch
- Statistics and Computational Biology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Niedzica Camacho
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute Of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Charlie E Massie
- Urological Research Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jonathan Kay
- Urological Research Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hayley J Luxton
- Urological Research Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sandra Edwards
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute Of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - ZSofia Kote-Jarai
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute Of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Nening Dennis
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London and Sutton, UK
| | - Sue Merson
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute Of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | - Jorge Zamora
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | | | - Sarah Thomas
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London and Sutton, UK
| | | | - Sarah O'Meara
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Lucy Matthews
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute Of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Jeremy Clark
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Rachel Hurst
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Richard Mithen
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Robert G Bristow
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre-University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Paul C Boutros
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Informatics and Bio-Computing, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada
- Department Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael Fraser
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre-University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Susanna Cooke
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Keiran Raine
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - David Jones
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Andrew Menzies
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Lucy Stebbings
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Jon Hinton
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Jon Teague
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Stuart McLaren
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Laura Mudie
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Claire Hardy
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | | | - Olivia Joseph
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Victoria Goody
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Ben Robinson
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Mark Maddison
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Stephen Gamble
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | | | - Dan Berney
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Centre, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Steven Hazell
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London and Sutton, UK
| | - Naomi Livni
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London and Sutton, UK
| | - Cyril Fisher
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London and Sutton, UK
| | | | - Pardeep Kumar
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London and Sutton, UK
| | - Alan Thompson
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London and Sutton, UK
| | | | - David Nicol
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London and Sutton, UK
| | - Erik Mayer
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London and Sutton, UK
| | - Tim Dudderidge
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London and Sutton, UK
| | - Nimish C Shah
- Urological Research Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vincent Gnanapragasam
- Urological Research Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Thierry Voet
- Laboratory of Reproductive Genomics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Campbell
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Andrew Futreal
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Douglas Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anne Y Warren
- Department of Histopathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Hayley C Whitaker
- Urological Research Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ultan McDermott
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Daniel S Brewer
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute Of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- The Genome Analysis Centre, Norwich, UK
| | - David E Neal
- Urological Research Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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66
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Protein expression and methylation of MGMT, a DNA repair gene and their correlation with clinicopathological parameters in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:6485-96. [PMID: 25820821 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3339-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation are being increasingly recognized to play an important role in cancer and may serve as a cancer biomarker. The aim of this study was to evaluate the promoter methylation status of MGMT (O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase) and a possible correlation with the expression of MGMT and standard clinicopathological parameters in invasive ductal breast carcinoma patients (IDC) of Kashmir. Methylation-specific PCR was carried out to investigate the promoter methylation status of MGMT in breast tumors paired with the corresponding normal tissue samples from 128 breast cancer patients. The effect of promoter methylation on protein expression in the primary breast cancer and adjacent normal tissues was evaluated by immunohistochemistry (n = 128) and western blotting (n = 30). The frequency of tumor hypermethylation was 39.8 % and a significant difference in methylation frequency among breast tumors were found (p < 0.001) when compared with the corresponding normal tissue. Immunohistochemical analysis showed no detectable expression of MGMT in 68/128 (53.1 %) tumors. MGMT promoter methylation mediated gene silencing was associated with loss of its protein expression (rs = -0.285, p = 0.001, OR = 3.38, 95 % CI = 1.59-7.17). A significant correlation was seen between loss of MGMT and lymph node involvement (p = 0.030), tumor grade (p < 0.0001), loss of estrogen receptors (ER; p = 0.021) and progesterone receptors (PR) (p = 0.016). Also, MGMT methylation was found to be associated with tumor grade (p = 0.011), tumor stage (p = 0.009), and loss of ER (p = 0.003) and PR receptors (p = 0.009). To our knowledge, our findings, for the first time, in Kashmiri population, indicate that MGMT is aberrantly methylated in breast cancer and promoter hypermethylation could be attributed to silencing of MGMT gene expression in breast cancer. Our data suggests that MGMT promoter hypermethylation could have a potential function as molecular biomarker of breast oncogenesis. Also, based on their predictive value of response to therapy, the immunohistochemical evaluation and interpretation of MGMT may also help in future to establish therapeutic strategies for patients with breast cancer.
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Theophilou G, Paraskevaidi M, Lima KMG, Kyrgiou M, Martin-Hirsch PL, Martin FL. Extracting biomarkers of commitment to cancer development: potential role of vibrational spectroscopy in systems biology. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2015; 15:693-713. [DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2015.1028372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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68
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Zamanian-Azodi M, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Rahmati-Rad S, Hasanzadeh H, Rezaei Tavirani M, Seyyedi SS. Protein-Protein Interaction Network could reveal the relationship between the breast and colon cancer. GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY FROM BED TO BENCH 2015; 8:215-24. [PMID: 26328044 PMCID: PMC4553162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study is aimed to elicit the possible correlation between breast and colon cancer from molecular prospective by analyzing and comparing pathway-based biomarkers. BACKGROUND Breast and colon cancer are known to be frequent causes of morbidity and mortality in men and women around the world. There is some evidence that while the incident of breast cancer in young women is high, it is reported lower in the aged women. In fact, aged women are more prone to colorectal cancer than older men. . In addition, many studies showed that several biomarkers are common among these malignancies. PATIENTS AND METHODS The genes were retrieved and compared from KEGG database and WikiPathway, and subsequently, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed and analyzed using Cytoscape v:3.2.1 software and related algorithms. RESULTS More than forty common genes were identified among these malignancies; however, by pathways comparison, twenty genes are related to both breast and colon cancer. Centrality and cluster screening identified hub genes, including SMAD2, SMAD3, (SMAD4, MYC), JUN, BAD, TP53. These seven genes are enriched in regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway, positive regulation of Rac protein signal transduction, positive regulation of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in apoptotic signaling pathway, and positive regulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition respectively. CONCLUSION As there are numerous genes frequent between colorectal cancer and breast cancer, there may be a common molecular origin for these malignancies occurrences. It seems that breast cancer in females interferes with the rate of colorectal cancer incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Zamanian-Azodi
- Proteomics Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Sara Rahmati-Rad
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Hasanzadeh
- Cancer Research Center, Department of Medical Physics, Semnan University of Medical Science, Semnan, Iran
| | | | - Samaneh Sadat Seyyedi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus (TUMS- IC), Tehran, Iran
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69
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Basse C, Arock M. The increasing roles of epigenetics in breast cancer: Implications for pathogenicity, biomarkers, prevention and treatment. Int J Cancer 2014; 137:2785-94. [PMID: 25410431 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, the mechanisms governing the occurrence of cancer are thought to be the consequence not only of genetic defects but also of epigenetic modifications. Therefore, epigenetic has become a very attractive and increasingly investigated field of research in order to find new ways of prevention and treatment of neoplasia, and this is particularly the case for breast cancer (BC). Thus, this review will first develop the main known epigenetic modifications that can occur in cancer and then expose the future role that control of epigenetic modifications might play in prevention, prognostication, follow-up and treatment of BC. Indeed, epigenetic biomarkers found in peripheral blood might become new tools to detect BC, to define its prognostic and to predict its outcome, whereas epi-drugs might have an increasing potential of development in the next future. However, if DNA methyltransferase inhibitors and histone desacetylase inhibitors have shown encouraging results in BC, their action remains nonspecific. Thus, additional clinical studies are needed to evaluate more precisely the effects of these molecules, even if they have provided encouraging results in cotreatment and combined therapies. This review will also deal with the potential of RNA interference (RNAi) as epi-drugs. Finally, we will focus on the potential prevention of BC through epigenetic based on diet and we will particularly develop the possible place of isothiocyanates from cruciferous vegetables or of Genistein from soybean in a dietary program that might potentially reduce the risk of BC in large populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Basse
- Medical Oncology Unit, Anticancer Center Henri Becquerel, Rouen, France
| | - Michel Arock
- Molecular Oncology and Pharmacology, LBPA CNRS UMR8113, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, Cachan, France
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70
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Hill SJ, Rolland T, Adelmant G, Xia X, Owen MS, Dricot A, Zack TI, Sahni N, Jacob Y, Hao T, McKinney KM, Clark AP, Reyon D, Tsai SQ, Joung JK, Beroukhim R, Marto JA, Vidal M, Gaudet S, Hill DE, Livingston DM. Systematic screening reveals a role for BRCA1 in the response to transcription-associated DNA damage. Genes Dev 2014; 28:1957-75. [PMID: 25184681 PMCID: PMC4197947 DOI: 10.1101/gad.241620.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BRCA1 is a breast and ovarian tumor suppressor. Given its numerous incompletely understood functions and the possibility that more exist, we performed complementary systematic screens in search of new BRCA1 protein-interacting partners. New BRCA1 functions and/or a better understanding of existing ones were sought. Among the new interacting proteins identified, genetic interactions were detected between BRCA1 and four of the interactors: TONSL, SETX, TCEANC, and TCEA2. Genetic interactions were also detected between BRCA1 and certain interactors of TONSL, including both members of the FACT complex. From these results, a new BRCA1 function in the response to transcription-associated DNA damage was detected. Specifically, new roles for BRCA1 in the restart of transcription after UV damage and in preventing or repairing damage caused by stabilized R loops were identified. These roles are likely carried out together with some of the newly identified interactors. This new function may be important in BRCA1 tumor suppression, since the expression of several interactors, including some of the above-noted transcription proteins, is repeatedly aberrant in both breast and ovarian cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Hill
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Thomas Rolland
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Guillaume Adelmant
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; Blais Proteomics Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Xianfang Xia
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Matthew S Owen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Amélie Dricot
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Travis I Zack
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA; The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Nidhi Sahni
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Yves Jacob
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA; Département de Virologie, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, Institut Pasteur, F-75015 Paris, France; UMR3569, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-75015 Paris, France; Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, Université Paris Diderot, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Tong Hao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Kristine M McKinney
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Allison P Clark
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Deepak Reyon
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA; Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Shengdar Q Tsai
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA; Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - J Keith Joung
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA; Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Rameen Beroukhim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA; The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Jarrod A Marto
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; Blais Proteomics Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Marc Vidal
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Suzanne Gaudet
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - David E Hill
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - David M Livingston
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
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Li SY, Li R, Chen YL, Xiong LK, Wang HL, Rong L, Luo RC. Aberrant PTPRO methylation in tumor tissues as a potential biomarker that predicts clinical outcomes in breast cancer patients. BMC Genet 2014; 15:67. [PMID: 24919593 PMCID: PMC4062905 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-15-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrant hypermethylation of gene promoter regions is a primary mechanism by which tumor suppressor genes become inactivated in breast cancer. Epigenetic inactivation of the protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor-type O gene (PTPRO) has been described in several types of cancer. Results We screened primary breast cancer tissues for PTPRO promoter hypermethylation and assessed potential associations with pathological features and patient outcome. We also evaluated its potential as a breast cancer biomarker. PTPRO methylation was observed in 53 of 98 (54%) breast cancer tissues but not in adjacent normal tissue. Among matched peripheral blood samples from breast cancer patients, 33 of 98 (34%) exhibited methylated PTPRO in plasma. In contrast, no methylated PTPRO was observed in normal peripheral blood from 30 healthy individuals. PTPRO methylation was positively associated with lymph node involvement (P = 0.014), poorly differentiated histology (P = 0.037), depth of invasion (P = 0.004), and HER2 amplification (P = 0.001). Multivariate analysis indicated that aberrant PTPRO methylation could serve as an independent predictor for overall survival hazard ratio (HR): 2.7; 95% CI: 1.1-6.2; P = 0.023), especially for patients with HER2-positive (hazard ratio (HR): 7.5; 95% CI: 1.8-31.3; P = 0.006), but not in ER + and PR + subpopulation. In addition, demethylation induced by 5-azacytidine led to gene reactivation in PTPRO-methylated and -silenced breast cancer cell lines. Conclusions Here, we report that tumor PTPRO methylation is a strong prognostic factor in breast cancer. Methylation of PTPRO silences its expression and plays an important role in breast carcinogenesis. The data we present here may provide insight into the development of novel therapies for breast cancer treatment. Additionally, detection of PTPRO methylation in peripheral blood of breast cancer patients may provide a noninvasive means to diagnose and monitor the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-ying Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Bao'an Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.
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72
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Dotto GP. Multifocal epithelial tumors and field cancerization: stroma as a primary determinant. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:1446-53. [PMID: 24691479 DOI: 10.1172/jci72589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly evident that cancer results from altered organ homeostasis rather than from deregulated control of single cells or groups of cells. This applies especially to epithelial cancer, the most common form of human solid tumors and a major cause of cancer lethality. In the vast majority of cases, in situ epithelial cancer lesions do not progress into malignancy, even if they harbor many of the genetic changes found in invasive and metastatic tumors. While changes in tumor stroma are frequently viewed as secondary to changes in the epithelium, recent evidence indicates that they can play a primary role in both cancer progression and initiation. These processes may explain the phenomenon of field cancerization, i.e., the occurrence of multifocal and recurrent epithelial tumors that are preceded by and associated with widespread changes of surrounding tissue or organ "fields."
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73
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LAN VOTHITHUONG, HA NGOTHI, UYEN NGUYENQUYNH, DUONG NGUYENTHI, HUONG NGUYENTHITHU, THUAN TABICH, DUONG PHAMANHTHUY, VAN TO TA. Standardization of the methylation-specific PCR method for analyzing BRCA1 and ER methylation. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:1844-50. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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74
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Xie Q, Bai Q, Zou LY, Zhang QY, Zhou Y, Chang H, Yi L, Zhu JD, Mi MT. Genistein inhibits DNA methylation and increases expression of tumor suppressor genes in human breast cancer cells. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2014; 53:422-31. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xie
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene; Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Safety, College of Military Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Qian Bai
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene; Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Safety, College of Military Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Ling-Yun Zou
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene; Bioinformatics Center; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Qian-Yong Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene; Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Safety, College of Military Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene; Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Safety, College of Military Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Hui Chang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene; Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Safety, College of Military Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Long Yi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene; Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Safety, College of Military Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Jun-Dong Zhu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene; Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Safety, College of Military Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Man-Tian Mi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene; Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Safety, College of Military Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University; Chongqing China
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75
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A computational model for genetic and epigenetic signals in colon cancer. Interdiscip Sci 2013; 5:175-86. [PMID: 24307409 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-013-0172-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cancer, a class of diseases, characterized by abnormal cell growth, has one of the highest overall death rates world-wide. Its development has been linked to aberrant genetic and epigenetic events, affecting the regulation of key genes that control cellular mechanisms. However, a major issue in cancer research is the lack of precise information on tumour pathways; therefore, the delineation of these and of the processes underlying disease proliferation is an important area of investigation. A computational approach to modelling malignant system events can help to improve understanding likely "triggers", i.e. initiating abnormal micro-molecular signals that occur during cancer development. Here, we introduce a network-based model for genetic and epigenetic events observed at different stages of colon cancer, with a focus on the gene relationships and tumour pathways. Additionally, we describe a case study on tumour progression recorded for two gene networks on colon cancer, carcinoma in situ. Our results to date showed that tumour progression rate is higher for a small, closely-associated network of genes than for a larger, less-connected set; thus, disease development depends on assessment of network properties. The current work aims to provide improved insight on the way in which aberrant modifications characterize cancer initiation and progression. The framework dynamics are described in terms of interdependencies between three main layers: genetic and epigenetic events, gene relationships and cancer stage levels.
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76
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Salahshoor MR, Dastjerdi MN, Jalili C, Mardani M, Khazaei M, Darehdor AS, Valiani A, Roshankhah S. Combination of Salermide and Cholera Toxin B Induce Apoptosis in MCF-7 but Not in MRC-5 Cell Lines. Int J Prev Med 2013; 4:1402-13. [PMID: 24498496 PMCID: PMC3898446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sirtuin1 is an enzyme that deacetylates histones and several non-histone proteins including P53 during the stress. P300 is a member of the histone acetyl transferase family and enzyme that acetylates histones. Hereby, this study describes the potency combination of Salermide as a Sirtuin1 inhibitor and cholera toxin B (CTB) as a P300 activator to induce apoptosis Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) and MRC-5. METHODS Cells were cultured and treated with a combination of Salermide and CTB respectively at concentrations of 80.56 and 85.43 μmol/L based on inhibitory concentration 50 indexes at different times. The percentage of apoptotic cells were measured by flow cytometry. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to estimate the messenger ribonucleic acid expression of Sirtuin1 and P300 in cells. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and Bradford protein techniques were used to detect the endogenous levels of total and acetylated P53 protein generated in both cell lines. RESULTS Our findings indicated that the combination of two drugs could effectively induced apoptosis in MCF-7 significantly higher than MRC-5. We showed that expression of Sirtuin1 and P300 was dramatically down-regulated with increasing time by the combination of Salermide and CTB treatment in MCF-7, but not MRC-5. The acetylated and total P53 protein levels were increased more in MCF-7 than MRC-5 with incubated combination of drugs at different times. Combination of CTB and Salermide in 72 h through decreasing expression of Sirtuin1 and P300 genes induced acetylation of P53 protein and consequently showed the most apoptosis in MCF-7 cells, but it could be well-tolerated in MRC-5. CONCLUSION Therefore, combination of drugs could be used as an anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Salahshoor
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Medical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mehdi Nikbakht Dastjerdi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,Correspondence to: Dr. Mehdi Nikbakht Dastjerdi, Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. E-mail:
| | - Cyrus Jalili
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mardani
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mozafar Khazaei
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Medical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ahmad Shabanizadeh Darehdor
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Ali Valiani
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Medical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Shiva Roshankhah
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Medical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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77
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Jeong YJ, Jeong HY, Lee SM, Bong JG, Park SH, Oh HK. Promoter methylation status of the FHIT gene and Fhit expression: association with HER2/neu status in breast cancer patients. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:2270-8. [PMID: 23969757 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant DNA methylation has been recognized to contribute to breast carcinogenesis, and promoter hypermethylation of several tumor suppressor genes has been correlated with decreased gene expression. The fragile histidine triad (FHIT) gene is a putative tumor suppressor gene in breast and other types of cancer, and loss of Fhit expression has been observed in breast cancer. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between methylation of the FHIT gene and its expression in breast cancer, and to investigate whether methylation and expression of the FHIT gene correlates with clinicopathological characteristics in relation to human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status. Pyrosequencing of bisulfite-treated DNA was performed to study the methylation status of the FHIT gene in 60 breast cancer samples. We examined the expression of Fhit using tissue microarrays by immunohistochemical staining. FHIT methylation was detected in 96.7% and the positive expression rate of Fhit was 87.3% of the patients. The mean methylation level of the FHIT gene was associated with intratumoral inflammation. Methylation level of the FHIT gene had no significant differences according to molecular subtypes. Loss of Fhit expression was associated with large tumor size, basal-like subtype and positive expression of EGFR. In HER2-negative breast cancer, loss of Fhit expression was significantly associated with tumor size, estrogen receptor status and Ki-67 proliferation index. No significant correlation between methylation of the FHIT gene and its expression was observed in the present study. Our results suggest that loss of Fhit expression in breast cancer is associated with poor prognostic features, and it is also relevant to the results in HER2-negative breast cancer. Further studies with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up are required to clarify the predictive and prognostic value of Fhit expression and the FHIT gene methylation status in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ju Jeong
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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78
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Starlard-Davenport A, Kutanzi K, Tryndyak V, Word B, Lyn-Cook B. Restoration of the methylation status of hypermethylated gene promoters by microRNA-29b in human breast cancer: A novel epigenetic therapeutic approach. J Carcinog 2013; 12:15. [PMID: 23961262 PMCID: PMC3746452 DOI: 10.4103/1477-3163.115720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that transcriptional silencing of critical tumor-suppressor genes by DNA methylation is a fundamental component in the initiation of breast cancer. However, the involvement of microRNAs (miRNAs) in restoring abnormal DNA methylation patterns in breast cancer is not well understood. Therefore, we investigated whether miRNA-29b, due to its complimentarity to the 3’- untranslated region of DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) and DNMT3B, could restore normal DNA methylation patterns in human breast cancers and breast cancer cell lines. We demonstrated that transfection of pre-miRNA-29b into less aggressive MCF-7 cells, but not MDA-MB-231 mesenchymal cells, inhibited cell proliferation, decreased DNMT3A and DNMT3B messenger RNA (mRNA), and decreased promoter methylation status of ADAM23 , CCNA1, CCND2, CDH1, CDKN1C, CDKN2A, HIC1, RASSF1, SLIT2, TNFRSF10D, and TP73 tumor-suppressor genes. Using methylation polymerase chain reaction (PCR) arrays and real-time PCR, we also demonstrated that the methylation status of several critical tumor-suppressor genes increased as stage of breast disease increased, while miRNA-29b mRNA levels were significantly decreased in breast cancers versus normal breast. This increase in methylation status was accompanied by an increase in DNMT1 and DNMT3B mRNA in advanced stage of human breast cancers and in MCF-7, MDA-MB-361, HCC70, Hs-578T, and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells as compared to normal breast specimens and MCF-10-2A, a non-tumorigenic breast cell line, respectively. Our findings highlight the potential for a new epigenetic approach in improving breast cancer therapy by targeting DNMT3A and DNMT3B through miRNA-29b in non-invasive epithelial breast cancer cells.
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79
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Sarti M, Pinton S, Limoni C, Carbone GM, Pagani O, Cavalli F, Catapano CV. Differential expression of testin and survivin in breast cancer subtypes. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:824-32. [PMID: 23715752 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Testin (TES) is a putative tumour-suppressor gene downregulated in various types of cancers. Survivin is a nodal protein involved in multiple signalling pathways, tumour maintenance and inhibition of apoptosis. Previous studies indicate that TES and survivin can functionally interact and modulate cell death and proliferation in breast cancer cells. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression and prognostic relevance of TES and survivin in breast cancer subtypes examining a large cohort of breast cancer patients. We determined the expression of TES and survivin by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in tissue samples from 242 breast cancer patients diagnosed between 1981 and 2009. The expression of these proteins was compared with clinical and pathological data. There was a significant association of nuclear survivin overexpression and TES downregulation with triple-negative tumours [P=0.009; univariate odds ratio (OR), 3.20; 95% CI, 1.34-7.66] (P=0.018; multivariate OR, 2.90; 95% CI, 1.20‑6.97). A further significant correlation was observed between TES downregulation and the luminal B subtype (P=0.019, univariate OR: 2.90; 95% CI, 1.19‑7.06) (P=0.032, multivariate OR, 2.67; 95% CI, 1.09-6.65), independent of survivin expression. Our results demonstrated a statistically significant association between TES downregulation and highly aggressive breast tumour subtypes, such as triple-negative and luminal B tumours, along with the prognostic relevance of nuclear expression of survivin. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of such an association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Sarti
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.
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80
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Dastjerdi MN, Salahshoor MR, Mardani M, Hashemibeni B, Roshankhah S. The effect of CTB on P53 protein acetylation and consequence apoptosis on MCF-7 and MRC-5 cell lines. Adv Biomed Res 2013; 2:24. [PMID: 23977652 PMCID: PMC3748634 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.108005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: P300 is a member of the mammalian histone acetyl transferase (HAT) family, an enzyme that acetylates histones and several non-histone proteins including P53 (the most important tumor suppressor gene) during stress, which plays an important role in the apoptosis of tumor cells. Hereby, this study describes the potency of CTB (Cholera Toxin B subunit) as a P300 activator to induce apoptosis in a breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and a lung fibroblast cell line (MRC-5) as a non-tumorigenic control sample. Materials and Methods: MCF-7 and MRC-5 were cultured in RPMI-1640 and treated with or without CTB at a concentration of 85.43 μmol/L, based on half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) index at different times (24, 48 and 72 h). The percentage of apoptotic cells were measured by flow cytometry. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR was performed to estimate the mRNA expression of P300 in MCF-7 and MRC-5 with CTB at different times. ELISA and Bradford protein techniques were used to detect levels of total and acetylated P53 protein generated in MCF-7 and MRC-5. Results: Our findings indicated that CTB could effectively induce apoptosis in MCF-7 significantly higher than MRC-5. We showed that expression of P300 was up-regulated by increasing time of CTB treatment in MCF-7 but not in MRC-5 and the acetylated and total P53 protein levels were increased more in MCF-7 cells than MRC-5. Conclusion: CTB could induce acetylation of P53 protein through increasing expression of P300 and consequently induce the significant cell death in MCF-7 but it could be well tolerated in MRC-5. Therefore, CTB could be used as an anti-cancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Nikbakht Dastjerdi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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81
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JEONG YOUNGJU, JEONG HYEYEON, BONG JINGU, PARK SUNGHWAN, OH HOONKYU. Low methylation levels of the SFRP1 gene are associated with the basal-like subtype of breast cancer. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:1946-54. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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82
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Foschini MP, Morandi L, Leonardi E, Flamminio F, Ishikawa Y, Masetti R, Eusebi V. Genetic clonal mapping of in situ and invasive ductal carcinoma indicates the field cancerization phenomenon in the breast. Hum Pathol 2013; 44:1310-9. [PMID: 23337025 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2012.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Nearly 80% of well-differentiated in situ duct carcinomas (g1 DCIS) have been shown to be multicentric (multilobar) lesions, while most in situ poorly differentiated duct carcinomas (g3 DCIS) were unifocal (unilobar) lesions. Here we present a clonality study of 15 cases of DCIS, all showing multiple foci. Twelve of these cases were associated with an invasive duct carcinoma. Fifteen cases of female breast cancer patients all showing multiple DCIS foci (5 g1 DCIS, 5 g2 DCIS, 5 g3 DCIS) were randomly selected and histologically studied using large histological sections. Care was taken to laser-microdissect DCIS foci that were most distantly located from one another in the same large section, and pertinent cells were genetically studied. Invasive duct carcinoma and ipsilateral lymph node metastases and/or contralateral lesions, whenever present, were additionally microdissected. DNA of neoplastic cells was purified, and the mtDNA D-loop region was sequenced. Genetic distance of different foci from the same case was visualized by phylogenetic analyses using the neighbor-joining method. Patients ranged in age from 36 to 87 years (mean 65.1). All 9 cases of widely spread DCIS were not clonal. Four of 6 cases that showed multiple adjacent foci were clonally related on mtDNA analysis. In the present series, 11/15 DCIS appeared as multiple synchronous primary breast tumors, genetically not related to one another. The present data enhance the view that breast can also show the field cancerization phenomenon, paralleling what has already been proposed in other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P Foschini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromuscular Sciences, "M. Malpighi" Anatomic Pathology Section, University of Bologna, Italy
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83
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Alipour M, Zargar SJ, Safarian S, Fouladdel S, Azizi E, Jafargholizadeh N. The Study of DNA Methylation of bax Gene Promoter in Breast and Colorectal Carcinoma Cell Lines. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF CANCER PREVENTION 2013; 6:59-64. [PMID: 25250112 PMCID: PMC4142912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Bcl-2 protein family members have known as essential controllersof mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Bax has been implicated as potential tumor suppressor in certain solid tumors such as breast and colorectal carcinoma. DNA methylation of promoter associated CpG islands has known as a common mechanism for gene inactivation in tumor cells. METHODS The Methylation Specific PCR (MSP) has used to find the methylation profile of the bax gene promoter CpG islands in colorectal and breast cancer cell lines. RESULTS We have not detected any kind of "CpG islands hypermethylation" in promoter region of the bax gene in T47D, MCF7 (as ER positive), MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 (as ER negative) breast carcinoma-derived cell lines and colorectal cancer cell lines H29 and Caco II. CONCLUSION It seems that CpG island methylation could not play the main role in down-regulation of bax gene in breast and colon cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Alipour
- Dept. of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Jalal Zargar
- Dept. of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding Author:
Seyed Jalal Zargar, Ph.D;
Associate Professor of Biochemistry
Tel: (+98) 21 61 11 36 46
| | - Shahrokh Safarian
- Dept. of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shamileh Fouladdel
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Azizi
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Biotechnology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naser Jafargholizadeh
- Dept. of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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84
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Ben Gacem R, Hachana M, Ziadi S, Ben Abdelkarim S, Hidar S, Trimeche M. Clinicopathologic significance of DNA methyltransferase 1, 3a, and 3b overexpression in Tunisian breast cancers. Hum Pathol 2012; 43:1731-8. [PMID: 22520950 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2011.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
DNA methyltransferase 1, 3a, and 3b affect DNA methylation, and it is thought that they play an important role in the malignant transformation of various cancers. The current study was designed to analyze DNA methyltransferase expression by immunohistochemistry in a series of 94 Tunisian sporadic breast carcinomas. Results were correlated to clinicopathologic parameters and promoter methylation status of 8 tumor suppressor genes (BRCA1, BRCA2, RASSFA1, TIMP3, CDH1, P16, RARβ2, and DAPK). Overexpression of DNA methyltransferase 1, 3a, and 3b was detected in 46.8%, 32%, and 44.7% of cases, respectively. A significant correlation was found between DNA methyltransferase 1 overexpression and Scarff-Bloom-Richardson histologic grade III (P = .01). DNA methyltransferase 3a overexpression was significantly associated with menopausal status (P = .01), Scarff-Bloom-Richardson histologic grade III (P = .0001), estrogen (P = .04) and progesterone (P = .007) receptor negativity, and HER2 overexpression (P = .004). However, DNA methyltransferase 3a overexpression was found less frequently in the luminal A intrinsic breast cancer subtype (9.7%) than in luminal B (53%), HER2 (41%), and triple-negative (50%) subtypes (P = .001). DNA methyltransferase 3b overexpression shows significant correlation with promoter hypermethylation of BRCA1 (P = .03) and RASSFA1 (P = .04) and with the hypermethylator phenotype (more than 4 methylated genes, P = .01). These data suggest that overexpression of various DNA methyltransferases might represent a critical event responsible for the epigenetic inactivation of multiple tumor suppressor genes, leading to the development of aggressive forms of sporadic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riadh Ben Gacem
- Department of Pathology, Farhat-Hached Hospital, Sousse 4000, Tunisia
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85
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Huynh KT, Chong KK, Greenberg ES, Hoon DSB. Epigenetics of estrogen receptor-negative primary breast cancer. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2012; 12:371-82. [PMID: 22616702 DOI: 10.1586/erm.12.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Increasingly, breast cancer is being recognized as a heterogeneous disease comprised of molecularly and phenotypically distinct intrinsic tumor subtypes with different clinical outcomes. This biological heterogeneity has significant implications, particularly as it relates to expression profiling of estrogen receptor (ER) status, as classifying breast cancers based on hormone receptor expression impacts not only prognosis but also treatment options and long-term outcomes. Epigenetics has emerged as a promising field for the assessment of hormone receptor status. Epigenetic aberrations have been shown to regulate ER and offer reversible targets for development of new therapies. This review covers ER-negative breast tumor epigenetic aberrations and summarizes the major epigenetic mechanisms governing ER expression and how it impacts treatment of ER-negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly T Huynh
- Department of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute, 2200 Santa Monica Blvd, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA
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86
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Tammen SA, Friso S, Choi SW. Epigenetics: the link between nature and nurture. Mol Aspects Med 2012; 34:753-64. [PMID: 22906839 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
While the eukaryotic genome is the same throughout all somatic cells in an organism, there are specific structures and functions that discern one type of cell from another. These differences are due to the cell's unique gene expression patterns that are determined during cellular differentiation. Interestingly, these cell-specific gene expression patterns can be affected by an organism's environment throughout its lifetime leading to phenotypical changes that have the potential of altering risk of some diseases. Both cell-specific gene expression signatures and environment mediated changes in expression patterns can be explained by a complex network of modifications to the DNA, histone proteins and degree of DNA packaging called epigenetic marks. Several areas of research have formed to study these epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin remodeling and microRNA (miRNA). The original definition of epigenetics incorporates inheritable but reversible phenomena that affect gene expression without altering base pairs. Even though not all of the above listed epigenetic traits have demonstrated heritability, they can all alter gene transcription without modification to the underlying genetic sequence. Because these epigenetic patterns can also be affected by an organism's environment, they serve as an important bridge between life experiences and phenotypes. Epigenetic patterns may change throughout one's lifespan, by an early life experience, environmental exposure or nutritional status. Epigenetic signatures influenced by the environment may determine our appearance, behavior, stress response, disease susceptibility, and even longevity. The interaction between types of epigenetic modifications in response to environmental factors and how environmental cues affect epigenetic patterns will further elucidate how gene transcription can be affectively altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Tammen
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging - Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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87
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Branham MT, Marzese DM, Laurito SR, Gago FE, Orozco JI, Tello OM, Vargas-Roig LM, Roqué M. Methylation profile of triple-negative breast carcinomas. Oncogenesis 2012; 1:e17. [PMID: 23552734 PMCID: PMC3412652 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2012.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a group of clinically, histopathologically and molecularly heterogeneous diseases, with different outcomes and responses to treatment. Triple-negative (TN) breast cancers are defined as tumors that lack the expression of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor 2. This subgroup accounts for 15% of all types of breast cancer and its prevalence is higher among young African, African-American and Latino women. The hypermethylation of CpG islands (CpGI) is a common epigenetic alteration for suppressing gene expression in breast cancer and has been shown to be a key factor in breast carcinogenesis. In this study we analyzed the hypermethylation of 110 CpGI within 69 cancer-related genes in TN tumors. For the methylation analysis, we used the methyl-specific multiplex-ligation probe amplification assay. We found that the number of methylated CpGI is similar between TN and non-TN tumors, but the methylated genes between the groups are different. The methylation profile of TN tumors is defined by the methylation of five genes (that is, CDKN2B, CD44, MGMT, RB and p73) plus the non-methylation of 11 genes (that is, GSTP1, PMS2, MSH2, MLH1, MSH3, MSH6, DLC1, CACNA1A, CACNA1G, TWIST1 and ID4). We conclude that TN tumors have a specific methylation profile. Our findings give new information for better understanding tumor etiology and encourage future studies on potential drug targets for triple-negative breast tumors, which now lack a specific treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Branham
- 1] Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, IHEM-CCT-CONICET, School of Medical Sciences, National University of Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina [2] School of Medical Sciences, National University of Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
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88
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Nuclear nano-morphology markers of histologically normal cells detect the "field effect" of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012; 135:115-24. [PMID: 22706633 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-012-2125-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Accurate detection of breast malignancy from histologically normal cells ("field effect") has significant clinical implications in a broad base of breast cancer management, such as high-risk lesion management, personalized risk assessment, breast tumor recurrence, and tumor margin management. More accurate and clinically applicable tools to detect markers characteristic of breast cancer "field effect" that are able to guide the clinical management are urgently needed. We have recently developed a novel optical microscope, spatial-domain low-coherence quantitative phase microscopy, which extracts the nanoscale structural characteristics of cell nuclei (i.e., nuclear nano-morphology markers), using standard histology slides. In this proof-of-concept study, we present the use of these highly sensitive nuclear nano-morphology markers to identify breast malignancy from histologically normal cells. We investigated the nano-morphology markers from 154 patients with a broad spectrum of breast pathology entities, including normal breast tissue, non-proliferative benign lesions, proliferative lesions (without and with atypia), "malignant-adjacent" normal tissue, and invasive carcinoma. Our results show that the nuclear nano-morphology markers of "malignant-adjacent" normal tissue can detect the presence of invasive breast carcinoma with high accuracy and do not reflect normal aging. Further, we found that a progressive change in nuclear nano-morphology markers that parallel breast cancer risk, suggesting its potential use for risk stratification. These novel nano-morphology markers that detect breast cancerous changes from nanoscale structural characteristics of histologically normal cells could potentially benefit the diagnosis, risk assessment, prognosis, prevention, and treatment of breast cancer.
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89
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Van De Voorde L, Speeckaert R, Van Gestel D, Bracke M, De Neve W, Delanghe J, Speeckaert M. DNA methylation-based biomarkers in serum of patients with breast cancer. Mutat Res 2012; 751:304-325. [PMID: 22698615 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alterations of genetic and epigenetic features can provide important insights into the natural history of breast cancer. Although DNA methylation analysis is a rapidly developing field, a reproducible epigenetic blood-based assay for diagnosis and follow-up of breast cancer has yet to be successfully developed into a routine clinical test. The aim of this study was to review multiple serum DNA methylation assays and to highlight the value of those novel biomarkers in diagnosis, prognosis and prediction of therapeutic outcome. Serum is readily accessible for molecular diagnosis in all individuals from a peripheral blood sample. The list of hypermethylated genes in breast cancer is heterogeneous and no single gene is methylated in all breast cancer types. There is increasing evidence that a panel of epigenetic markers is essential to achieve a higher sensitivity and specificity in breast cancer detection. However, the reported percentages of methylation are highly variable, which can be partly explained by the different sensitivities and the different intra-/inter-assay coefficients of variability of the analysis methods. Moreover, there is a striking lack of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of the proposed biomarkers. Another point of criticism is the fact that 'normal' patterns of DNA methylation of some tumor suppressor and other cancer-related genes are influenced by several factors and are often poorly characterized. A relatively frequent methylation of those genes has been observed in high-risk asymptomatic women. Finally, there is a call for larger prospective cohort studies to determine methylation patterns during treatment and follow-up. Identification of patterns specific for a differential response to therapeutic interventions should be useful. Only in this way, it will be possible to evaluate the predictive and prognostic characteristics of those novel promising biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien Van De Voorde
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Dirk Van Gestel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marc Bracke
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wilfried De Neve
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joris Delanghe
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marijn Speeckaert
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
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90
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Vaiopoulos AG, Kostakis ID, Athanasoula KC, Papavassiliou AG. Targeting transcription factor corepressors in tumor cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:1745-53. [PMID: 22527719 PMCID: PMC11114811 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-0986-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
By being the "integration" center of transcriptional control as they move and target transcription factors, corepressors fine-tune the epigenetic status of the nucleus. Many of them utilize enzymatic activities to modulate chromatin through histone modification or chromatin remodeling. The clinical and etiological relevance of the corepressors to neoplastic growth is increasingly being recognized. Aberrant expression or function (both loss and gain of) of corepressors has been associated with malignancy and contribute to the generation of transcriptional "inflexibility" manifested as distorted signaling along certain axes. Understanding and predicting the consequences of corepressor alterations in tumor cells has diagnostic and prognostic value, and also have the capacity to be targeted through selective epigenetic regimens. Here, we evaluate corepressors with the most promising therapeutic potential based on their physiological roles and involvement in malignant development, and also highlight areas that can be exploited for molecular targeting of a large proportion of clinical cancers and their complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ioannis D. Kostakis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece
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91
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Korabecna M, Pazourkova E, Horinek A, Mokrejsova M, Tesar V. Alterations in methylation status of immune response genes promoters in cell-free DNA during a hemodialysis procedure. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2012; 12 Suppl 1:S27-33. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2012.676034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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92
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Abstract
Several of the active compounds in foods, poisons, drugs, and industrial chemicals may, by epigenetic mechanisms, increase or decrease the risk of breast cancers. Enzymes that are involved in DNA methylation and histone modifications have been shown to be altered in several types of breast and other cancers resulting in abnormal patterns of methylation and/or acetylation. Hypermethylation at the CpG islands found in estrogen response element (ERE) promoters occurs in conjunction with ligand-bonded alpha subunit estrogen receptor (Erα) dimers wherein the ligand ERα dimer complex acts as a transcription factor and binds to the ERE promoter. Ligands could be 17-β-estradiol (E2), phytoestrogens, heterocyclic amines, and many other identified food additives and heavy metals. The dimer recruits DNA methyltransferases which catalyze the transfer of methyl groups from S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) to 5'-cytosine on CpG islands. Other enzymes are recruited to the region by ligand-ERα dimers which activate DNA demethylases to act simultaneously to increase gene expression of protooncogenes and growth-promoting genes. Ligand-ERα dimers also recruit histone acetyltransferase to the ERE promoter region. Histone demethylases such as JMJD2B and histone methyltransferases are enzymes which demethylate lysine residues on histones H3 and/or H4. This makes the chromatin accessible for transcription factors and enzymes.
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93
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da Costa Prando E, Cavalli LR, Rainho CA. Evidence of epigenetic regulation of the tumor suppressor gene cluster flanking RASSF1 in breast cancer cell lines. Epigenetics 2012; 6:1413-24. [PMID: 22139571 DOI: 10.4161/epi.6.12.18271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms are frequently deregulated in cancer cells and can lead to the silencing of genes with tumor suppressor activities. The isoform A of the Ras-association domain family member 1 (RASSF1A) gene is one of the most frequently silenced transcripts in human tumors, however, few studies have simultaneously investigated epigenetic abnormalities associated with the 3p21.3 tumor suppressor gene cluster flanking RASSF1 (i.e., SEMA3B, HYAL3, HYAL2, HYAL1, TUSC2, RASSF1, ZMYND10, NPRL2, TMEM115, and CACNA2D2). This study aimed to investigate the role of epigenetic changes to these genes in seventeen breast cancer cell lines and in three non-tumorigenic epithelial breast cell lines (184A1, 184B5, and MCF 10A) and to evaluate the effect on gene expression of treatment with the demethylating agent 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine and/or Trichostatin A (TSA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor. We report that, although the RASSF1A isoform was determined to be epigenetically silenced in 15 of the 17 breast cancer cell lines, all the cell lines expressed the RASSF1C isoform. Five breast cancer cell lines overexpressed RASSF1C, when compared to the normal epithelial cell line 184A1. Furthermore, the genes HYAL1 and CACNA2D2 were significantly overexpressed after the treatments. After the combinated treatment, RASSF1A re-expression was accompanied by an increase in expression levels of the flanking genes. The Spearman's correlation coefficient indicated a positive co-regulation of the following gene pairs: RASSF1 and TUSC2 (r=0.64, p=0.002), RASSF1 and ZMYND10 (r=0.58, p=0.07), RASSF1 and NPRL2 (r=0.48, p=0.03), ZMYND10 and NPRL2 (r=0.71; p=0,0004), and NPRL2 and TMEM115 (r=0.66, p=0.001). Interestingly, the genes TUSC2, NPRL2 and TMEM115 were found to be unmethylated in each of the untreated cell lines. Chromatin immunoprecipitation using antibodies against the acetylated and trimethylated lysine 9 of histone H3 demonstrated low levels of histone methylation in these genes, which are located closest to RASSF1. These results provide evidence that epigenetic repression is involved in the down-regulation of multiple genes at 3p21.3 in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika da Costa Prando
- Department of Genetics, Biosciences Institute, Sao Paulo State University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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94
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Gong Y, Li Y, Abdolmaleky HM, Li L, Zhou JR. Tanshinones inhibit the growth of breast cancer cells through epigenetic modification of Aurora A expression and function. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33656. [PMID: 22485147 PMCID: PMC3317444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of tanshinones from a Chinese herb Salvia Miltiorrhiza on the growth of breast cancer cells, and to elucidate cellular and molecular mechanisms of action. Tanshinones showed the dose-dependent effect on the growth inhibition of breast cancer cells in vitro, with tanshinone I (T1) the most potent agent. T1 was also the only tanshinone to have potent activity in inhibiting the growth of the triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB231. T1 caused cell cycle arrests of both estrogen-dependent and estrogen-independent cell lines associated with alterations of cyclinD, CDK4 and cyclinB, and induced breast cancer cell apoptosis associated with upregulation of c-PARP and downregulation of survivin and Aurora A. Among these associated biomarkers, Aurora A showed the most consistent pattern with the anti-growth activity of tanshinones. Overexpression of Aurora A was also verified in breast tumors. The gene function assay showed that knockdown of Aurora A by siRNA dramatically reduced the growth-inhibition and apoptosis-induction activities of T1, suggesting Aurora A as an important functional target of T1 action. On the other hand, tanshinones had much less adverse effects on normal mammary epithelial cells. Epigenetic mechanism studies showed that overexpression of Aurora A gene in breast cancer cells was not regulated by gene promoter DNA methylation, but by histone acetylation. T1 treatment significantly reduced acetylation levels of histone H3 associated with Aurora A gene. Our results supported the potent activity of T1 in inhibiting the growth of breast cancer cells in vitro in part by downregulation of Aurora A gene function. Our previous studies also demonstrated that T1 had potent anti-angiogenesis activity and minimal side effects in vivo. Altogether, this study warrants further investigation to develop T1 as an effective and safe agent for the therapy and prevention of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Gong
- Nutrition/Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yanli Li
- Nutrition/Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Institute of Molecular and Experimental Therapeutics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hamid M. Abdolmaleky
- Nutrition/Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Linglin Li
- Nutrition/Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jin-Rong Zhou
- Nutrition/Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Institute of Molecular and Experimental Therapeutics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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95
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Development of a novel approach, the epigenome-based outlier approach, to identify tumor-suppressor genes silenced by aberrant DNA methylation. Cancer Lett 2012; 322:204-12. [PMID: 22433712 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 03/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Identification of tumor-suppressor genes (TSGs) silenced by aberrant methylation of promoter CpG islands (CGIs) is important, but hampered by a large number of genes methylated as passengers of carcinogenesis. To overcome this issue, we here took advantage of the fact that the vast majority of genes methylated in cancers lack, in normal cells, RNA polymerase II (Pol II) and have trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3) in their promoter CGIs. First, we demonstrated that three of six known TSGs in breast cancer and two of three in colon cancer had Pol II and lacked H3K27me3 in normal cells, being outliers to the general rule. BRCA1, HOXA5, MLH1, and RASSF1A had high Pol II, but were expressed only at low levels in normal cells, and were unlikely to be identified as outliers by their expression statuses in normal cells. Then, using epigenome statuses (Pol II binding and H3K27me3) in normal cells, we made a genome-wide search for outliers in breast cancers, and identified 14 outlier promoter CGIs. Among these, DZIP1, FBN2, HOXA5, and HOXC9 were confirmed to be methylated in primary breast cancer samples. Knockdown of DZIP1 in breast cancer cell lines led to increases of their growth, suggesting it to be a novel TSG. The outliers based on their epigenome statuses contained unique TSGs, including DZIP1, compared with those identified by the expression microarray data. These results showed that the epigenome-based outlier approach is capable of identifying a different set of TSGs, compared to the expression-based outlier approach.
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96
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Ramos EAS, Grochoski M, Braun-Prado K, Seniski GG, Cavalli IJ, Ribeiro EMSF, Camargo AA, Costa FF, Klassen G. Epigenetic changes of CXCR4 and its ligand CXCL12 as prognostic factors for sporadic breast cancer. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29461. [PMID: 22220212 PMCID: PMC3248418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors are involved in the development and cancer progression. The chemokine CXCL12 interacts with its receptor, CXCR4, to promote cellular adhesion, survival, proliferation and migration. The CXCR4 gene is upregulated in several types of cancers, including skin, lung, pancreas, brain and breast tumors. In pancreatic cancer and melanoma, CXCR4 expression is regulated by DNA methylation within its promoter region. In this study we examined the role of cytosine methylation in the regulation of CXCR4 expression in breast cancer cell lines and also correlated the methylation pattern with the clinicopathological aspects of sixty-nine primary breast tumors from a cohort of Brazilian women. RT-PCR showed that the PMC-42, MCF7 and MDA-MB-436 breast tumor cell lines expressed high levels of CXCR4. Conversely, the MDA-MB-435 cell line only expressed CXCR4 after treatment with 5-Aza-CdR, which suggests that CXCR4 expression is regulated by DNA methylation. To confirm this hypothesis, a 184 bp fragment of the CXCR4 gene promoter region was cloned after sodium bisulfite DNA treatment. Sequencing data showed that cell lines that expressed CXCR4 had only 15% of methylated CpG dinucleotides, while the cell line that not have CXCR4 expression, had a high density of methylation (91%). Loss of DNA methylation in the CXCR4 promoter was detected in 67% of the breast cancer analyzed. The absence of CXCR4 methylation was associated with the tumor stage, size, histological grade, lymph node status, ESR1 methylation and CXCL12 methylation, metastasis and patient death. Kaplan-Meier curves demonstrated that patients with an unmethylated CXCR4 promoter had a poorer overall survival and disease-free survival. Furthermore, patients with both CXCL12 methylation and unmethylated CXCR4 had a shorter overall survival and disease-free survival. These findings suggest that the DNA methylation status of both CXCR4 and CXCL12 genes could be used as a biomarker for prognosis in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edneia A. S. Ramos
- Epigenetic and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Parana, Parana, Brazil
| | - Mariana Grochoski
- Epigenetic and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Parana, Parana, Brazil
| | - Karin Braun-Prado
- Epigenetic and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Parana, Parana, Brazil
| | - Gerusa G. Seniski
- Epigenetic and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Parana, Parana, Brazil
| | | | | | - Anamaria A. Camargo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabrício F. Costa
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Children's Memorial Research Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinios, United States of America
- * E-mail: (FFC); (GK)
| | - Giseli Klassen
- Epigenetic and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Parana, Parana, Brazil
- * E-mail: (FFC); (GK)
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97
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Kim JH, Kim TW, Kim SJ. Downregulation of ARFGEF1 and CAMK2B by promoter hypermethylation in breast cancer cells. BMB Rep 2011; 44:523-8. [PMID: 21871176 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2011.44.8.523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
To identify novel genes that are regulated by promoter methylation, a combinational approach involving in silico mining followed by molecular assay was performed. From the expression microarray data registered in the European bioinformatics institute (EBI), genes showing downregulation in breast cancer cells were initially screened and then selected by e-Northern analysis using the Unigene database. A series of these in silico methods identified CAMK2B and ARFGEF1 as candidates, and the two genes were revealed to be hypermethylated in breast cancer cell lines and hypomethylated in normal breast cell lines. Additionally, cancer cell lines showed downregulated expression of these genes. Furthermore, treatment of the cancer cell lines with a demethylation agent, 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine, recovered expression of CAMK2B and ARFGEF1, implying that hypermethyaltion silenced gene activity in cancer cells. Taken together, promoter methylations of CAMK2B and ARFGEF1 are novel epigenetic markers identified in breast cancer cell lines and can be utilized for the application to clinical cancer tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hee Kim
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Korea
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98
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Global DNA hypomethylation coupled to repressive chromatin domain formation and gene silencing in breast cancer. Genome Res 2011; 22:246-58. [PMID: 22156296 DOI: 10.1101/gr.125872.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
While genetic mutation is a hallmark of cancer, many cancers also acquire epigenetic alterations during tumorigenesis including aberrant DNA hypermethylation of tumor suppressors, as well as changes in chromatin modifications as caused by genetic mutations of the chromatin-modifying machinery. However, the extent of epigenetic alterations in cancer cells has not been fully characterized. Here, we describe complete methylome maps at single nucleotide resolution of a low-passage breast cancer cell line and primary human mammary epithelial cells. We find widespread DNA hypomethylation in the cancer cell, primarily at partially methylated domains (PMDs) in normal breast cells. Unexpectedly, genes within these regions are largely silenced in cancer cells. The loss of DNA methylation in these regions is accompanied by formation of repressive chromatin, with a significant fraction displaying allelic DNA methylation where one allele is DNA methylated while the other allele is occupied by histone modifications H3K9me3 or H3K27me3. Our results show a mutually exclusive relationship between DNA methylation and H3K9me3 or H3K27me3. These results suggest that global DNA hypomethylation in breast cancer is tightly linked to the formation of repressive chromatin domains and gene silencing, thus identifying a potential epigenetic pathway for gene regulation in cancer cells.
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99
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Simpson NE, Tryndyak VP, Beland FA, Pogribny IP. An in vitro investigation of metabolically sensitive biomarkers in breast cancer progression. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 133:959-68. [PMID: 22101407 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1871-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic biomarkers are emerging as determinants of breast cancer prognosis. Breast cancer cells display unique alterations in major cellular metabolic pathways and it is becoming widely recognized that enzymes that regulate epigenetic alterations are metabolically sensitive. In this study, we used microarray data from the GEO database to compare gene expression for regulators of metabolism and epigenetic alterations among non-invasive epithelial (MCF-7, MDA-MB-361, and T-47D) and invasive mesenchymal (MDA-MB-231, Hs-578T, and BT-549) breast cancer cell lines. The expression of genes, including GLS1, GFPT2, LDHA, HDAC9, MYST2, and SUV420H2, was assessed using RT-PCR. There was differential expression between epithelial and mesenchymal cell lines. MYST2 and SUV420H2 regulate the levels of the epigenetic biomarkers histone H4 lysine 16 acetylation (H4K16ac) and histone H4 lysine 20 trimethylation (H4K20me3), respectively. Reduced amounts of H4K16ac and H4K20me3 correlated with lower levels of MYST2 and SUV420H2 in mesenchymal cells and, along with reduced amounts of histone H3 lysine 9 acetylation (H3K9ac), were found to distinguish epithelial from mesenchymal cells. In addition, both GLS1 and GFPT2 play roles in glutamine metabolism and were observed to be more highly expressed in mesenchymal cell lines, and when glutamine and glutamate levels reported in the NCI-60 metabolomics dataset were compared, the ratio of glutamate/glutamine was found to be higher in mesenchymal cells. Blocking the conversion of glutamine to glutamate using an allosteric inhibitor, Compound 968, against GLS1, increased H4K16ac in T-47D and MDA-MB-231 cells, linking glutamine metabolism to a particular histone modification in breast cancer. These findings support the concept that metabolically sensitive histone modifications and corresponding histone modifying enzymes can be used as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for breast cancer. It also further emphasizes the importance of glutamine metabolism in tumor progression and that inhibitors of cellular metabolic pathways may join histone deacetylase inhibitors as a form of epigenetic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie E Simpson
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
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100
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Sabatier R, Finetti P, Adelaide J, Guille A, Borg JP, Chaffanet M, Lane L, Birnbaum D, Bertucci F. Down-regulation of ECRG4, a candidate tumor suppressor gene, in human breast cancer. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27656. [PMID: 22110708 PMCID: PMC3218004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION ECRG4/C2ORF40 is a potential tumor suppressor gene (TSG) recently identified in esophageal carcinoma. Its expression, gene copy number and prognostic value have never been explored in breast cancer. METHODS Using DNA microarray and array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), we examined ECRG4 mRNA expression and copy number alterations in 353 invasive breast cancer samples and normal breast (NB) samples. A meta-analysis was done on a large public retrospective gene expression dataset (n = 1,387) in search of correlations between ECRG4 expression and histo-clinical features including survival. RESULTS ECRG4 was underexpressed in 94.3% of cancers when compared to NB. aCGH data revealed ECRG4 loss in 18% of tumors, suggesting that DNA loss is not the main mechanism of underexpression. Meta-analysis showed that ECRG4 expression was significantly higher in tumors displaying earlier stage, smaller size, negative axillary lymph node status, lower grade, and normal-like subtype. Higher expression was also associated with disease-free survival (DFS; HR = 0.84 [0.76-0.92], p = 0.0002) and overall survival (OS; HR = 0.72 [0.63-0.83], p = 5.0E-06). In multivariate analysis including the other histo-clinical prognostic features, ECRG4 expression remained the only prognostic factor for DFS and OS. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that ECRG4 is a candidate TSG in breast cancer, the expression of which may help improve the prognostication. If functional analyses confirm this TSG role, restoring ECRG4 expression in the tumor may represent a promising therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Sabatier
- Département d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, UMR891 INSERM and Institut Paoli-Calmettes Marseille, Marseille, France
- Département d'Oncologie Médicale, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Institut Paoli-Calmettes Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Pascal Finetti
- Département d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, UMR891 INSERM and Institut Paoli-Calmettes Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - José Adelaide
- Département d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, UMR891 INSERM and Institut Paoli-Calmettes Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Arnaud Guille
- Département d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, UMR891 INSERM and Institut Paoli-Calmettes Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Paul Borg
- Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
- Département de Polarité cellulaire, signalisation et cancer, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, U891 INSERM and Institut Paoli-Calmettes Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Max Chaffanet
- Département d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, UMR891 INSERM and Institut Paoli-Calmettes Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Lydie Lane
- SIB-Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Human Protein Science, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Birnbaum
- Département d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, UMR891 INSERM and Institut Paoli-Calmettes Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - François Bertucci
- Département d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, UMR891 INSERM and Institut Paoli-Calmettes Marseille, Marseille, France
- Département d'Oncologie Médicale, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Institut Paoli-Calmettes Marseille, Marseille, France
- Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
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