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O'Meara S, Ye Y. The microbiologist working to understand how oceans absorb carbon dioxide. Nature 2022:10.1038/d41586-022-00804-1. [PMID: 35383302 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-022-00804-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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O'Meara S, Ye Y. Turning industrial CO 2 into battery fuel. Nature 2022:10.1038/d41586-022-00803-2. [PMID: 35383301 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-022-00803-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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O'Meara S, Cullivan O, Galvin D, Sadlier D. The Inclusion of Practical Urology Skills in Intern Induction: A Pilot Programme. Ir Med J 2022; 115:538. [PMID: 35416472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Intern is the first postgraduate year of training and gives interns the opportunity to practice skills in real-life settings. We aim to examine the undergraduate exposure to urology across all Irish Medical Schools and assess the impact of a mandatory urology training skills session delivered during induction on the preparedness of interns ahead of starting their intern year. Methods In July 2020 all interns mandated to attend the Dublin/Mid-Leinster (DML) network intern induction underwent a 120-minute urology teaching session. The session comprised of formal teaching, followed by practical training and an informal question and answer session. All interns were asked to complete a survey before and after the session that examined undergraduate urology exposure and confidence around practical skills. Results All interns (n=74) who attended induction completed the survey. Less than half [43% (n=32]) reported a compulsory urology placement in medical school and 57% (n=42) reported previous practical training sessions in urology. There was low level of confidence in the management of urological scenarios with only 45 % (n = 33) reporting confidence in the management of urosepsis and 26 % (n = 19) in the insertion of a male catheter. There was a significant increase in self-reported confidence following the teaching session with 78 % (n = 58) interns reporting confidence in the management of urosepsis and 81 % (n = 60) in the insertion of a male catheter. Conclusion To ensure best patient care interns need to be trained in the management of common urology presentations, but our results suggest the current undergraduate curriculum is not sufficient. A dedicated theory and practical urology teaching session during intern induction was able to improve self-reported confidence and better prepare interns. Therefore we support inclusion of practical urology skills session in network intern induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S O'Meara
- Department of Urology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin
| | - O Cullivan
- Department of Urology, University College Hospital Galway
| | - D Galvin
- Department of Urology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin
| | - D Sadlier
- Department of Nephrology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin
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O'Meara S. An IPCC reviewer shares his thoughts on the climate debate. Nature 2021:10.1038/d41586-021-03673-2. [PMID: 34880484 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-021-03673-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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O'Meara S. The wearable device that could help to detect cancer. Nature 2021:10.1038/d41586-021-02733-x. [PMID: 34625734 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-021-02733-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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O'Meara S. The gene-editing engineer working to boost expertise in China. Nature 2021:10.1038/d41586-021-02732-y. [PMID: 34616088 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-021-02732-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Brennan E, O'Meara S, Hayes B. Anxiety and Depression Scores Amongst NCHDs During the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic. Ir Med J 2021; 114:428. [PMID: 35476387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Brennan
- Occupational Health Department, Beaumont University Hospital
| | - S O'Meara
- Occupational Health Department, Beaumont University Hospital
| | - B Hayes
- Occupational Health Department, Beaumont University Hospital
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O'Meara S. Back to the lab bench for Chinese entrepreneur. Nature 2021:10.1038/d41586-021-02175-5. [PMID: 34363063 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-021-02175-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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O'Meara S. China's economic approach to protecting its ecology. Nature 2021:10.1038/d41586-021-01741-1. [PMID: 34188243 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-021-01741-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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O'Meara S. Technology Feature | Small images, big picture: Artificial intelligence to revolutionize microscopy. Science 2021. [DOI: 10.1126/science.372.6540.425b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Researchers hope that bringing deep learning techniques to cell imaging and analysis could turn messy biological problems into solvable computations.
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O'Meara S, Bhatt NR, Flynn RJ, Manecksha RP, Thomas AZ. Bladder cancer in Ireland: a 21-year review. Ir J Med Sci 2020; 190:531-538. [PMID: 32725349 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-020-02318-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bladder carcinoma is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide; however, various studies have reported on marked international variation in incidence and mortality rates. The aim of this study was to report national figures on incidence, survival and risk factors of bladder cancer. This retrospective review is the first to offer a comprehensive analysis of incidence rates, mortality and potential risk factors in the Irish population from 1994 to 2015. METHODS This was a retrospective study of incidence and survival trends in bladder cancer in the Irish population from 1994 to 2014 based on data from the National Cancer Registry of Ireland (NCRI). Patient demographics, pathology and survival data, as well as potential contributing factors, were studied. RESULTS A total of 9656 cases of bladder cancer were diagnosed from 1994 to 2015, with majority of cases occurring in males (71%). Survival decreased with increasing age, higher grade and higher stage. Bladder cancer is more common in those with a smoking history and with a higher deprivation score. Urothelial cell carcinoma was the most common pathology (95%), with the majority of patients being stage 1 or 2 (44.7%). CONCLUSION The overall incidence of bladder cancer in Ireland has fallen, in line with reducing smoking rates. Our data reflects international trends in incidence, survival and contributing risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S O'Meara
- Department of Urology, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - N R Bhatt
- Department of Urology, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - R J Flynn
- Department of Urology, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - R P Manecksha
- Department of Urology, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A Z Thomas
- Department of Urology, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Gundem G, Van Loo P, Kremeyer B, Alexandrov LB, Tubio JMC, Papaemmanuil E, Brewer DS, Kallio HML, Hägnäs G, Annala M, Kivinummi K, Goody V, Latimer C, O'Meara S, Dawson KJ, Isaacs W, Emmert-Buck MR, Nykter M, Foster C, Kote-Jarai Z, Easton D, Whitaker HC, Neal DE, Cooper CS, Eeles RA, Visakorpi T, Campbell PJ, McDermott U, Wedge DC, Bova GS. Author Correction: The evolutionary history of lethal metastatic prostate cancer. Nature 2020; 584:E18. [PMID: 32728210 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2581-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunes Gundem
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Peter Van Loo
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK.,Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 602, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, WC2A3LY, UK
| | - Barbara Kremeyer
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Ludmil B Alexandrov
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jose M C Tubio
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Elli Papaemmanuil
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Daniel S Brewer
- Norwich Medical School and Department of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.,The Genome Analysis Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Heini M L Kallio
- Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, BioMediTech, University of Tampere and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, FI-33520, Finland
| | - Gunilla Hägnäs
- Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, BioMediTech, University of Tampere and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, FI-33520, Finland
| | - Matti Annala
- Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, BioMediTech, University of Tampere and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, FI-33520, Finland
| | - Kati Kivinummi
- Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, BioMediTech, University of Tampere and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, FI-33520, Finland
| | - Victoria Goody
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Calli Latimer
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Sarah O'Meara
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Kevin J Dawson
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - William Isaacs
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
| | - Michael R Emmert-Buck
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, 20892, USA.,Avoneaux Medical Institute, Oxford, Maryland, 21654, USA
| | - Matti Nykter
- Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, BioMediTech, University of Tampere and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, FI-33520, Finland
| | - Christopher Foster
- University of Liverpool andHCA Pathology Laboratories, London, WC1E6JA, UK
| | - Zsofia Kote-Jarai
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute Of Cancer Research, London, SW73RP, UK
| | - Douglas Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB18RN, UK
| | - Hayley C Whitaker
- Uro-oncology Research Group, Cancer ResearchUKCambridge Institute, Cambridge, CB20RE, UK
| | | | - David E Neal
- Uro-oncology Research Group, Cancer ResearchUKCambridge Institute, Cambridge, CB20RE, UK.,Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Colin S Cooper
- Norwich Medical School and Department of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.,Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute Of Cancer Research, London, SW73RP, UK
| | - Rosalind A Eeles
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute Of Cancer Research, London, SW73RP, UK.,Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6JJ, UK; and, Sutton, SM2 5PT, UK
| | - Tapio Visakorpi
- Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, BioMediTech, University of Tampere and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, FI-33520, Finland
| | - Peter J Campbell
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Ultan McDermott
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - David C Wedge
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK.
| | - G Steven Bova
- Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, BioMediTech, University of Tampere and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, FI-33520, Finland
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Abstract
Biomarkers for neurological diseases used to be few and far between, but better technology is making it easier for researchers to track brain health by measuring molecules. This means less invasive testing, earlier diagnosis, faster drug development, and—hopefully—more effective treatments.
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O'Meara S. Deflecting the heat of climate change. Nature 2020:10.1038/d41586-020-00774-2. [PMID: 32203354 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-020-00774-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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McCullagh R, O'Connell E, O'Meara S, Dahly D, O'Reilly E, O'Connor K, Horgan NF, Timmons S. Augmented exercise in hospital improves physical performance and reduces negative post hospitalization events: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Geriatr 2020; 20:46. [PMID: 32033532 PMCID: PMC7007685 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-020-1436-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To measure the effects of an augmented prescribed exercise programme versus usual care, on physical performance, quality of life and healthcare utilisation for frail older medical patients in the acute setting. METHODS This was a parallel single-blinded randomised controlled trial. Within 2 days of admission, older medical inpatients with an anticipated length of stay ≥3 days, needing assistance/aid to walk, were blindly randomly allocated to the intervention or control group. Until discharge, both groups received twice daily, Monday-to-Friday half-hour assisted exercises, assisted by a staff physiotherapist. The intervention group completed tailored strengthening and balance exercises; the control group performed stretching and relaxation exercises. Length of stay was the primary outcome measure. Blindly assessed secondary measures included readmissions within 3 months, and physical performance (Short Physical Performance Battery) and quality of life (EuroQOL-5D-5 L) at discharge and at 3 months. Time-to-event analysis was used to measure differences in length of stay, and regression models were used to measure differences in physical performance, quality of life, adverse events (falls, deaths) and negative events (prolonged hospitalisation, institutionalisation). RESULTS Of the 199 patients allocated, 190 patients' (aged 80 ± 7.5 years) data were analysed. Groups were comparable at baseline. In intention-to-treat analysis, length of stay did not differ between groups (HR 1.09 (95% CI, 0.77-1.56) p = 0.6). Physical performance was better in the intervention group at discharge (difference 0.88 (95% CI, 0.20-1.57) p = 0.01), but lost at follow-up (difference 0.45 (95% CI, - 0.43 - 1.33) p = 0.3). An improvement in quality of life was detected at follow-up in the intervention group (difference 0.28 (95% CI, 0.9-0.47) p = 0.004). Overall, fewer negative events occurred in the intervention group (OR 0.46 (95% CI 0.23-0.92) p = 0.03). CONCLUSION Improvements in physical performance, quality of life and fewer negative events suggest that this intervention is of value to frail medical inpatients. Its effect on length of stay remains unclear. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02463864, registered prospectively 26.05.2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth McCullagh
- Centre for Gerontology & Rehabilitation, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Eimear O'Connell
- Physiotherapy Department, Mercy University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sarah O'Meara
- Clinical Research Facility, Mercy University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Darren Dahly
- School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eilis O'Reilly
- School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kieran O'Connor
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Mercy University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - N Frances Horgan
- School of Physiotherapy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Suzanne Timmons
- Centre for Gerontology & Rehabilitation, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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O'Meara S. The neurobiologist studying how the brain changes as it ages. Nature 2020; 578:S3. [PMID: 32025020 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-020-00280-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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O'Meara S. Big data helps to tackle diabetes in Shanghai. Nature 2020:10.1038/d41586-020-00281-4. [PMID: 33536593 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-020-00281-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Petljak M, Alexandrov LB, Brammeld JS, Price S, Wedge DC, Grossmann S, Dawson KJ, Ju YS, Iorio F, Tubio JMC, Koh CC, Georgakopoulos-Soares I, Rodríguez-Martín B, Otlu B, O'Meara S, Butler AP, Menzies A, Bhosle SG, Raine K, Jones DR, Teague JW, Beal K, Latimer C, O'Neill L, Zamora J, Anderson E, Patel N, Maddison M, Ng BL, Graham J, Garnett MJ, McDermott U, Nik-Zainal S, Campbell PJ, Stratton MR. Characterizing Mutational Signatures in Human Cancer Cell Lines Reveals Episodic APOBEC Mutagenesis. Cell 2020; 176:1282-1294.e20. [PMID: 30849372 PMCID: PMC6424819 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Multiple signatures of somatic mutations have been identified in cancer genomes. Exome sequences of 1,001 human cancer cell lines and 577 xenografts revealed most common mutational signatures, indicating past activity of the underlying processes, usually in appropriate cancer types. To investigate ongoing patterns of mutational-signature generation, cell lines were cultured for extended periods and subsequently DNA sequenced. Signatures of discontinued exposures, including tobacco smoke and ultraviolet light, were not generated in vitro. Signatures of normal and defective DNA repair and replication continued to be generated at roughly stable mutation rates. Signatures of APOBEC cytidine deaminase DNA-editing exhibited substantial fluctuations in mutation rate over time with episodic bursts of mutations. The initiating factors for the bursts are unclear, although retrotransposon mobilization may contribute. The examined cell lines constitute a resource of live experimental models of mutational processes, which potentially retain patterns of activity and regulation operative in primary human cancers. Annotation of mutational signatures across 1,001 cancer cell lines and 577 PDXs Activities of mutational processes determined over time in cancer cell lines APOBEC-associated mutagenesis is often ongoing and can be episodic Detection of mutational signatures by single-cell sequencing
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Petljak
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Ludmil B Alexandrov
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Department of Bioengineering, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jonathan S Brammeld
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Stacey Price
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - David C Wedge
- Oxford Big Data Institute, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK; Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, OX4 2PG, UK
| | - Sebastian Grossmann
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Kevin J Dawson
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Young Seok Ju
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Francesco Iorio
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK; European Molecular Biology Laboratory - European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jose M C Tubio
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK; Mobile Genomes and Disease, Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases Centre (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; The Biomedical Research Centre (CINBIO), Universidade de Vigo, Vigo 36310, Spain
| | - Ching Chiek Koh
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | - Bernardo Rodríguez-Martín
- Mobile Genomes and Disease, Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases Centre (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; The Biomedical Research Centre (CINBIO), Universidade de Vigo, Vigo 36310, Spain
| | - Burçak Otlu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Department of Bioengineering, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sarah O'Meara
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Adam P Butler
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Andrew Menzies
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Shriram G Bhosle
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Keiran Raine
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - David R Jones
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jon W Teague
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Kathryn Beal
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Calli Latimer
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Laura O'Neill
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jorge Zamora
- Mobile Genomes and Disease, Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases Centre (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; The Biomedical Research Centre (CINBIO), Universidade de Vigo, Vigo 36310, Spain
| | - Elizabeth Anderson
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Nikita Patel
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Mark Maddison
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Bee Ling Ng
- Cytometry Core Facility, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jennifer Graham
- Cytometry Core Facility, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Mathew J Garnett
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Ultan McDermott
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Serena Nik-Zainal
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK; Department of Medical Genetics, The Clinical School, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Peter J Campbell
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Michael R Stratton
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK.
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Keppler S, O'Meara S, Bakalis S, Fryer P, Bornhorst G. Characterization of individual particle movement during in vitro gastric digestion in the Human Gastric Simulator (HGS). J FOOD ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2019.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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O'Meara S. Syrian biochemist finds security in UK research culture. Nature 2019:10.1038/d41586-019-03195-y. [PMID: 33082547 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-019-03195-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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O'Meara S. How biomaterials will support China's ageing population. Nature 2019:10.1038/d41586-019-00888-2. [PMID: 32203335 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-019-00888-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Broekhuis F, O'Meara RH, O'Meara S, Barton M, Harrell C, Western G, Elliot NB. An assessment of mammals in Naimina Enkiyio Forest, Kenya. Afr J Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Femke Broekhuis
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit; Department of Zoology; Recanati-Kaplan Centre; University of Oxford; Tubney UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Guy Western
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit; Department of Zoology; Recanati-Kaplan Centre; University of Oxford; Tubney UK
- Rebuilding the Pride; South Rift Association of Land Owners (SORALO); Nairobi Kenya
| | - Nicholas B. Elliot
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit; Department of Zoology; Recanati-Kaplan Centre; University of Oxford; Tubney UK
- Mara Lion Project; Kenya Wildlife Trust; Nairobi Kenya
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Grinfeld J, Nangalia J, Baxter EJ, Wedge DC, Angelopoulos N, Cantrill R, Godfrey AL, Papaemmanuil E, Gundem G, MacLean C, Cook J, O'Neil L, O'Meara S, Teague JW, Butler AP, Massie CE, Williams N, Nice FL, Andersen CL, Hasselbalch HC, Guglielmelli P, McMullin MF, Vannucchi AM, Harrison CN, Gerstung M, Green AR, Campbell PJ. Classification and Personalized Prognosis in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms. N Engl J Med 2018; 379:1416-1430. [PMID: 30304655 PMCID: PMC7030948 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1716614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myeloproliferative neoplasms, such as polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and myelofibrosis, are chronic hematologic cancers with varied progression rates. The genomic characterization of patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms offers the potential for personalized diagnosis, risk stratification, and treatment. METHODS We sequenced coding exons from 69 myeloid cancer genes in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms, comprehensively annotating driver mutations and copy-number changes. We developed a genomic classification for myeloproliferative neoplasms and multistage prognostic models for predicting outcomes in individual patients. Classification and prognostic models were validated in an external cohort. RESULTS A total of 2035 patients were included in the analysis. A total of 33 genes had driver mutations in at least 5 patients, with mutations in JAK2, CALR, or MPL being the sole abnormality in 45% of the patients. The numbers of driver mutations increased with age and advanced disease. Driver mutations, germline polymorphisms, and demographic variables independently predicted whether patients received a diagnosis of essential thrombocythemia as compared with polycythemia vera or a diagnosis of chronic-phase disease as compared with myelofibrosis. We defined eight genomic subgroups that showed distinct clinical phenotypes, including blood counts, risk of leukemic transformation, and event-free survival. Integrating 63 clinical and genomic variables, we created prognostic models capable of generating personally tailored predictions of clinical outcomes in patients with chronic-phase myeloproliferative neoplasms and myelofibrosis. The predicted and observed outcomes correlated well in internal cross-validation of a training cohort and in an independent external cohort. Even within individual categories of existing prognostic schemas, our models substantially improved predictive accuracy. CONCLUSIONS Comprehensive genomic characterization identified distinct genetic subgroups and provided a classification of myeloproliferative neoplasms on the basis of causal biologic mechanisms. Integration of genomic data with clinical variables enabled the personalized predictions of patients' outcomes and may support the treatment of patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms. (Funded by the Wellcome Trust and others.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Grinfeld
- From the Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.G., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G., P.J.C.), the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge (J.G., E.J.B., C.M., J.C., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G.), and the Department of Haematology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (J.G., E.J.B., A.L.G., C.M., J.C., A.R.G.), Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus (J.N., D.C.W., N.A., E.P., G.G., L.O., S.O., J.W.T., A.P.B., N.W., P.J.C.), and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (R.C., M.G.), Hinxton, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford (D.C.W.), the Department of Haematology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast (M.F.M.), and the Department of Haematology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London (C.N.H.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P., G.G.); the Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, and the University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.L.A., H.C.H.); and the Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Research and Innovation of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (P.G., A.M.V.)
| | - Jyoti Nangalia
- From the Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.G., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G., P.J.C.), the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge (J.G., E.J.B., C.M., J.C., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G.), and the Department of Haematology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (J.G., E.J.B., A.L.G., C.M., J.C., A.R.G.), Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus (J.N., D.C.W., N.A., E.P., G.G., L.O., S.O., J.W.T., A.P.B., N.W., P.J.C.), and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (R.C., M.G.), Hinxton, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford (D.C.W.), the Department of Haematology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast (M.F.M.), and the Department of Haematology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London (C.N.H.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P., G.G.); the Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, and the University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.L.A., H.C.H.); and the Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Research and Innovation of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (P.G., A.M.V.)
| | - E Joanna Baxter
- From the Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.G., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G., P.J.C.), the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge (J.G., E.J.B., C.M., J.C., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G.), and the Department of Haematology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (J.G., E.J.B., A.L.G., C.M., J.C., A.R.G.), Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus (J.N., D.C.W., N.A., E.P., G.G., L.O., S.O., J.W.T., A.P.B., N.W., P.J.C.), and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (R.C., M.G.), Hinxton, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford (D.C.W.), the Department of Haematology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast (M.F.M.), and the Department of Haematology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London (C.N.H.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P., G.G.); the Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, and the University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.L.A., H.C.H.); and the Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Research and Innovation of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (P.G., A.M.V.)
| | - David C Wedge
- From the Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.G., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G., P.J.C.), the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge (J.G., E.J.B., C.M., J.C., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G.), and the Department of Haematology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (J.G., E.J.B., A.L.G., C.M., J.C., A.R.G.), Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus (J.N., D.C.W., N.A., E.P., G.G., L.O., S.O., J.W.T., A.P.B., N.W., P.J.C.), and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (R.C., M.G.), Hinxton, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford (D.C.W.), the Department of Haematology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast (M.F.M.), and the Department of Haematology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London (C.N.H.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P., G.G.); the Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, and the University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.L.A., H.C.H.); and the Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Research and Innovation of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (P.G., A.M.V.)
| | - Nicos Angelopoulos
- From the Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.G., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G., P.J.C.), the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge (J.G., E.J.B., C.M., J.C., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G.), and the Department of Haematology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (J.G., E.J.B., A.L.G., C.M., J.C., A.R.G.), Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus (J.N., D.C.W., N.A., E.P., G.G., L.O., S.O., J.W.T., A.P.B., N.W., P.J.C.), and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (R.C., M.G.), Hinxton, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford (D.C.W.), the Department of Haematology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast (M.F.M.), and the Department of Haematology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London (C.N.H.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P., G.G.); the Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, and the University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.L.A., H.C.H.); and the Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Research and Innovation of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (P.G., A.M.V.)
| | - Robert Cantrill
- From the Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.G., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G., P.J.C.), the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge (J.G., E.J.B., C.M., J.C., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G.), and the Department of Haematology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (J.G., E.J.B., A.L.G., C.M., J.C., A.R.G.), Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus (J.N., D.C.W., N.A., E.P., G.G., L.O., S.O., J.W.T., A.P.B., N.W., P.J.C.), and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (R.C., M.G.), Hinxton, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford (D.C.W.), the Department of Haematology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast (M.F.M.), and the Department of Haematology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London (C.N.H.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P., G.G.); the Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, and the University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.L.A., H.C.H.); and the Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Research and Innovation of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (P.G., A.M.V.)
| | - Anna L Godfrey
- From the Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.G., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G., P.J.C.), the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge (J.G., E.J.B., C.M., J.C., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G.), and the Department of Haematology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (J.G., E.J.B., A.L.G., C.M., J.C., A.R.G.), Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus (J.N., D.C.W., N.A., E.P., G.G., L.O., S.O., J.W.T., A.P.B., N.W., P.J.C.), and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (R.C., M.G.), Hinxton, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford (D.C.W.), the Department of Haematology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast (M.F.M.), and the Department of Haematology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London (C.N.H.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P., G.G.); the Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, and the University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.L.A., H.C.H.); and the Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Research and Innovation of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (P.G., A.M.V.)
| | - Elli Papaemmanuil
- From the Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.G., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G., P.J.C.), the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge (J.G., E.J.B., C.M., J.C., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G.), and the Department of Haematology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (J.G., E.J.B., A.L.G., C.M., J.C., A.R.G.), Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus (J.N., D.C.W., N.A., E.P., G.G., L.O., S.O., J.W.T., A.P.B., N.W., P.J.C.), and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (R.C., M.G.), Hinxton, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford (D.C.W.), the Department of Haematology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast (M.F.M.), and the Department of Haematology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London (C.N.H.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P., G.G.); the Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, and the University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.L.A., H.C.H.); and the Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Research and Innovation of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (P.G., A.M.V.)
| | - Gunes Gundem
- From the Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.G., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G., P.J.C.), the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge (J.G., E.J.B., C.M., J.C., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G.), and the Department of Haematology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (J.G., E.J.B., A.L.G., C.M., J.C., A.R.G.), Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus (J.N., D.C.W., N.A., E.P., G.G., L.O., S.O., J.W.T., A.P.B., N.W., P.J.C.), and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (R.C., M.G.), Hinxton, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford (D.C.W.), the Department of Haematology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast (M.F.M.), and the Department of Haematology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London (C.N.H.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P., G.G.); the Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, and the University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.L.A., H.C.H.); and the Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Research and Innovation of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (P.G., A.M.V.)
| | - Cathy MacLean
- From the Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.G., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G., P.J.C.), the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge (J.G., E.J.B., C.M., J.C., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G.), and the Department of Haematology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (J.G., E.J.B., A.L.G., C.M., J.C., A.R.G.), Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus (J.N., D.C.W., N.A., E.P., G.G., L.O., S.O., J.W.T., A.P.B., N.W., P.J.C.), and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (R.C., M.G.), Hinxton, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford (D.C.W.), the Department of Haematology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast (M.F.M.), and the Department of Haematology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London (C.N.H.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P., G.G.); the Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, and the University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.L.A., H.C.H.); and the Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Research and Innovation of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (P.G., A.M.V.)
| | - Julia Cook
- From the Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.G., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G., P.J.C.), the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge (J.G., E.J.B., C.M., J.C., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G.), and the Department of Haematology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (J.G., E.J.B., A.L.G., C.M., J.C., A.R.G.), Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus (J.N., D.C.W., N.A., E.P., G.G., L.O., S.O., J.W.T., A.P.B., N.W., P.J.C.), and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (R.C., M.G.), Hinxton, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford (D.C.W.), the Department of Haematology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast (M.F.M.), and the Department of Haematology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London (C.N.H.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P., G.G.); the Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, and the University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.L.A., H.C.H.); and the Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Research and Innovation of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (P.G., A.M.V.)
| | - Laura O'Neil
- From the Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.G., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G., P.J.C.), the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge (J.G., E.J.B., C.M., J.C., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G.), and the Department of Haematology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (J.G., E.J.B., A.L.G., C.M., J.C., A.R.G.), Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus (J.N., D.C.W., N.A., E.P., G.G., L.O., S.O., J.W.T., A.P.B., N.W., P.J.C.), and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (R.C., M.G.), Hinxton, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford (D.C.W.), the Department of Haematology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast (M.F.M.), and the Department of Haematology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London (C.N.H.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P., G.G.); the Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, and the University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.L.A., H.C.H.); and the Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Research and Innovation of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (P.G., A.M.V.)
| | - Sarah O'Meara
- From the Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.G., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G., P.J.C.), the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge (J.G., E.J.B., C.M., J.C., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G.), and the Department of Haematology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (J.G., E.J.B., A.L.G., C.M., J.C., A.R.G.), Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus (J.N., D.C.W., N.A., E.P., G.G., L.O., S.O., J.W.T., A.P.B., N.W., P.J.C.), and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (R.C., M.G.), Hinxton, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford (D.C.W.), the Department of Haematology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast (M.F.M.), and the Department of Haematology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London (C.N.H.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P., G.G.); the Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, and the University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.L.A., H.C.H.); and the Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Research and Innovation of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (P.G., A.M.V.)
| | - Jon W Teague
- From the Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.G., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G., P.J.C.), the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge (J.G., E.J.B., C.M., J.C., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G.), and the Department of Haematology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (J.G., E.J.B., A.L.G., C.M., J.C., A.R.G.), Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus (J.N., D.C.W., N.A., E.P., G.G., L.O., S.O., J.W.T., A.P.B., N.W., P.J.C.), and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (R.C., M.G.), Hinxton, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford (D.C.W.), the Department of Haematology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast (M.F.M.), and the Department of Haematology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London (C.N.H.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P., G.G.); the Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, and the University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.L.A., H.C.H.); and the Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Research and Innovation of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (P.G., A.M.V.)
| | - Adam P Butler
- From the Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.G., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G., P.J.C.), the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge (J.G., E.J.B., C.M., J.C., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G.), and the Department of Haematology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (J.G., E.J.B., A.L.G., C.M., J.C., A.R.G.), Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus (J.N., D.C.W., N.A., E.P., G.G., L.O., S.O., J.W.T., A.P.B., N.W., P.J.C.), and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (R.C., M.G.), Hinxton, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford (D.C.W.), the Department of Haematology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast (M.F.M.), and the Department of Haematology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London (C.N.H.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P., G.G.); the Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, and the University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.L.A., H.C.H.); and the Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Research and Innovation of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (P.G., A.M.V.)
| | - Charlie E Massie
- From the Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.G., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G., P.J.C.), the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge (J.G., E.J.B., C.M., J.C., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G.), and the Department of Haematology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (J.G., E.J.B., A.L.G., C.M., J.C., A.R.G.), Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus (J.N., D.C.W., N.A., E.P., G.G., L.O., S.O., J.W.T., A.P.B., N.W., P.J.C.), and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (R.C., M.G.), Hinxton, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford (D.C.W.), the Department of Haematology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast (M.F.M.), and the Department of Haematology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London (C.N.H.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P., G.G.); the Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, and the University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.L.A., H.C.H.); and the Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Research and Innovation of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (P.G., A.M.V.)
| | - Nicholas Williams
- From the Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.G., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G., P.J.C.), the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge (J.G., E.J.B., C.M., J.C., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G.), and the Department of Haematology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (J.G., E.J.B., A.L.G., C.M., J.C., A.R.G.), Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus (J.N., D.C.W., N.A., E.P., G.G., L.O., S.O., J.W.T., A.P.B., N.W., P.J.C.), and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (R.C., M.G.), Hinxton, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford (D.C.W.), the Department of Haematology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast (M.F.M.), and the Department of Haematology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London (C.N.H.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P., G.G.); the Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, and the University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.L.A., H.C.H.); and the Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Research and Innovation of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (P.G., A.M.V.)
| | - Francesca L Nice
- From the Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.G., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G., P.J.C.), the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge (J.G., E.J.B., C.M., J.C., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G.), and the Department of Haematology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (J.G., E.J.B., A.L.G., C.M., J.C., A.R.G.), Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus (J.N., D.C.W., N.A., E.P., G.G., L.O., S.O., J.W.T., A.P.B., N.W., P.J.C.), and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (R.C., M.G.), Hinxton, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford (D.C.W.), the Department of Haematology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast (M.F.M.), and the Department of Haematology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London (C.N.H.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P., G.G.); the Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, and the University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.L.A., H.C.H.); and the Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Research and Innovation of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (P.G., A.M.V.)
| | - Christen L Andersen
- From the Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.G., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G., P.J.C.), the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge (J.G., E.J.B., C.M., J.C., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G.), and the Department of Haematology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (J.G., E.J.B., A.L.G., C.M., J.C., A.R.G.), Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus (J.N., D.C.W., N.A., E.P., G.G., L.O., S.O., J.W.T., A.P.B., N.W., P.J.C.), and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (R.C., M.G.), Hinxton, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford (D.C.W.), the Department of Haematology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast (M.F.M.), and the Department of Haematology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London (C.N.H.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P., G.G.); the Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, and the University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.L.A., H.C.H.); and the Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Research and Innovation of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (P.G., A.M.V.)
| | - Hans C Hasselbalch
- From the Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.G., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G., P.J.C.), the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge (J.G., E.J.B., C.M., J.C., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G.), and the Department of Haematology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (J.G., E.J.B., A.L.G., C.M., J.C., A.R.G.), Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus (J.N., D.C.W., N.A., E.P., G.G., L.O., S.O., J.W.T., A.P.B., N.W., P.J.C.), and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (R.C., M.G.), Hinxton, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford (D.C.W.), the Department of Haematology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast (M.F.M.), and the Department of Haematology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London (C.N.H.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P., G.G.); the Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, and the University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.L.A., H.C.H.); and the Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Research and Innovation of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (P.G., A.M.V.)
| | - Paola Guglielmelli
- From the Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.G., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G., P.J.C.), the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge (J.G., E.J.B., C.M., J.C., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G.), and the Department of Haematology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (J.G., E.J.B., A.L.G., C.M., J.C., A.R.G.), Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus (J.N., D.C.W., N.A., E.P., G.G., L.O., S.O., J.W.T., A.P.B., N.W., P.J.C.), and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (R.C., M.G.), Hinxton, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford (D.C.W.), the Department of Haematology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast (M.F.M.), and the Department of Haematology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London (C.N.H.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P., G.G.); the Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, and the University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.L.A., H.C.H.); and the Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Research and Innovation of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (P.G., A.M.V.)
| | - Mary F McMullin
- From the Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.G., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G., P.J.C.), the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge (J.G., E.J.B., C.M., J.C., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G.), and the Department of Haematology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (J.G., E.J.B., A.L.G., C.M., J.C., A.R.G.), Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus (J.N., D.C.W., N.A., E.P., G.G., L.O., S.O., J.W.T., A.P.B., N.W., P.J.C.), and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (R.C., M.G.), Hinxton, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford (D.C.W.), the Department of Haematology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast (M.F.M.), and the Department of Haematology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London (C.N.H.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P., G.G.); the Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, and the University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.L.A., H.C.H.); and the Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Research and Innovation of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (P.G., A.M.V.)
| | - Alessandro M Vannucchi
- From the Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.G., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G., P.J.C.), the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge (J.G., E.J.B., C.M., J.C., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G.), and the Department of Haematology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (J.G., E.J.B., A.L.G., C.M., J.C., A.R.G.), Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus (J.N., D.C.W., N.A., E.P., G.G., L.O., S.O., J.W.T., A.P.B., N.W., P.J.C.), and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (R.C., M.G.), Hinxton, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford (D.C.W.), the Department of Haematology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast (M.F.M.), and the Department of Haematology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London (C.N.H.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P., G.G.); the Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, and the University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.L.A., H.C.H.); and the Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Research and Innovation of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (P.G., A.M.V.)
| | - Claire N Harrison
- From the Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.G., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G., P.J.C.), the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge (J.G., E.J.B., C.M., J.C., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G.), and the Department of Haematology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (J.G., E.J.B., A.L.G., C.M., J.C., A.R.G.), Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus (J.N., D.C.W., N.A., E.P., G.G., L.O., S.O., J.W.T., A.P.B., N.W., P.J.C.), and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (R.C., M.G.), Hinxton, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford (D.C.W.), the Department of Haematology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast (M.F.M.), and the Department of Haematology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London (C.N.H.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P., G.G.); the Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, and the University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.L.A., H.C.H.); and the Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Research and Innovation of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (P.G., A.M.V.)
| | - Moritz Gerstung
- From the Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.G., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G., P.J.C.), the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge (J.G., E.J.B., C.M., J.C., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G.), and the Department of Haematology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (J.G., E.J.B., A.L.G., C.M., J.C., A.R.G.), Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus (J.N., D.C.W., N.A., E.P., G.G., L.O., S.O., J.W.T., A.P.B., N.W., P.J.C.), and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (R.C., M.G.), Hinxton, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford (D.C.W.), the Department of Haematology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast (M.F.M.), and the Department of Haematology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London (C.N.H.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P., G.G.); the Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, and the University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.L.A., H.C.H.); and the Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Research and Innovation of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (P.G., A.M.V.)
| | - Anthony R Green
- From the Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.G., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G., P.J.C.), the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge (J.G., E.J.B., C.M., J.C., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G.), and the Department of Haematology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (J.G., E.J.B., A.L.G., C.M., J.C., A.R.G.), Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus (J.N., D.C.W., N.A., E.P., G.G., L.O., S.O., J.W.T., A.P.B., N.W., P.J.C.), and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (R.C., M.G.), Hinxton, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford (D.C.W.), the Department of Haematology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast (M.F.M.), and the Department of Haematology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London (C.N.H.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P., G.G.); the Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, and the University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.L.A., H.C.H.); and the Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Research and Innovation of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (P.G., A.M.V.)
| | - Peter J Campbell
- From the Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.G., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G., P.J.C.), the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge (J.G., E.J.B., C.M., J.C., C.E.M., F.L.N., A.R.G.), and the Department of Haematology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (J.G., E.J.B., A.L.G., C.M., J.C., A.R.G.), Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus (J.N., D.C.W., N.A., E.P., G.G., L.O., S.O., J.W.T., A.P.B., N.W., P.J.C.), and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (R.C., M.G.), Hinxton, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford (D.C.W.), the Department of Haematology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast (M.F.M.), and the Department of Haematology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London (C.N.H.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P., G.G.); the Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, and the University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.L.A., H.C.H.); and the Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Research and Innovation of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (P.G., A.M.V.)
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O'Meara S. China's Zhejiang province is open for science business. Nature 2018; 557:S51-S52. [PMID: 29849161 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-018-05265-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Bolli N, Biancon G, Moarii M, Gimondi S, Li Y, de Philippis C, Maura F, Sathiaseelan V, Tai YT, Mudie L, O'Meara S, Raine K, Teague JW, Butler AP, Carniti C, Gerstung M, Bagratuni T, Kastritis E, Dimopoulos M, Corradini P, Anderson KC, Moreau P, Minvielle S, Campbell PJ, Papaemmanuil E, Avet-Loiseau H, Munshi NC. Analysis of the genomic landscape of multiple myeloma highlights novel prognostic markers and disease subgroups. Leukemia 2018; 32:2604-2616. [PMID: 29789651 PMCID: PMC6092251 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-018-0037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In multiple myeloma, next-generation sequencing (NGS) has expanded our knowledge of genomic lesions, and highlighted a dynamic and heterogeneous composition of the tumor. Here we used NGS to characterize the genomic landscape of 418 multiple myeloma cases at diagnosis and correlate this with prognosis and classification. Translocations and copy number abnormalities (CNAs) had a preponderant contribution over gene mutations in defining the genotype and prognosis of each case. Known and novel independent prognostic markers were identified in our cohort of proteasome inhibitor and immunomodulatory drug-treated patients with long follow-up, including events with context-specific prognostic value, such as deletions of the PRDM1 gene. Taking advantage of the comprehensive genomic annotation of each case, we used innovative statistical approaches to identify potential novel myeloma subgroups. We observed clusters of patients stratified based on the overall number of mutations and number/type of CNAs, with distinct effects on survival, suggesting that extended genotype of multiple myeloma at diagnosis may lead to improved disease classification and prognostication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccolo Bolli
- Department of Oncology and Onco-Hematology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.,Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Giulia Biancon
- Department of Oncology and Onco-Hematology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Matahi Moarii
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Silvia Gimondi
- Department of Oncology and Onco-Hematology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Yilong Li
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chiara de Philippis
- Department of Oncology and Onco-Hematology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Maura
- Department of Oncology and Onco-Hematology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Yu-Tzu Tai
- Harvard Medical School, LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Center for Multiple Myeloma Research, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura Mudie
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sarah O'Meara
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Keiran Raine
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jon W Teague
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Adam P Butler
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Cristiana Carniti
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Moritz Gerstung
- European Bioinformatics Institute, Computational and Cancer Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tina Bagratuni
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Efstathios Kastritis
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Meletios Dimopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Paolo Corradini
- Department of Oncology and Onco-Hematology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Kenneth C Anderson
- Harvard Medical School, LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Center for Multiple Myeloma Research, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Philippe Moreau
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France
| | - Stephane Minvielle
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France.,CRCINA, INSERM, CNRS, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Peter J Campbell
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elli Papaemmanuil
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Herve Avet-Loiseau
- Institute Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse Oncopole, Toulouse, France.,University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Nikhil C Munshi
- Harvard Medical School, LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Center for Multiple Myeloma Research, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
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Kiely A, O'Meara S, Fitzgerald N, Regan AM, Durcan P, McGuire G, Kelly ME. Satisfaction rates with the current Special Type Consultation (STC) reimbursement scheme among General Practitioners - A Mixed Methods Study. Ir Med J 2017; 110:527. [PMID: 28657240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Special Type Consultation (STC) scheme is a fee-for-service reimbursement scheme for General Practitioners (GPs) in Ireland. Introduced in 1989, the scheme includes specified patient services involving the application of a learned skill, e.g. suturing. This study aims to establish the extent to which GPs believe this scheme is appropriate for current General Practice. This is an embedded mixed-methods study combining quantitative data on GPs working experience of and qualitative data on GPs attitudes towards the scheme. Data were collected by means of an anonymous postal questionnaire. The response rate was 60.4% (n=159.) Twenty-nine percent (n=46) disagreed and 65% (n=104) strongly disagreed that the current list of special items is satisfactory. Two overriding themes were identified: economics and advancement of the STC process. This study demonstrates an overwhelming consensus among GPs that the current STC scheme is outdated and in urgent need of revision to reflect modern General Practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kiely
- HSE Western Specialist Training Programme in General Practice, GUH, GalwayIreland
| | - S O'Meara
- HSE Western Specialist Training Programme in General Practice, GUH, GalwayIreland
| | - N Fitzgerald
- HSE Western Specialist Training Programme in General Practice, GUH, GalwayIreland
| | - A M Regan
- HSE Western Specialist Training Programme in General Practice, GUH, GalwayIreland
| | - P Durcan
- HSE Western Specialist Training Programme in General Practice, GUH, GalwayIreland
| | - G McGuire
- HSE Western Specialist Training Programme in General Practice, GUH, GalwayIreland
| | - M E Kelly
- HSE Western Specialist Training Programme in General Practice, GUH, GalwayIreland
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Papaemmanuil E, Gerstung M, Bullinger L, Gaidzik VI, Paschka P, Roberts ND, Potter NE, Heuser M, Thol F, Bolli N, Gundem G, Van Loo P, Martincorena I, Ganly P, Mudie L, McLaren S, O'Meara S, Raine K, Jones DR, Teague JW, Butler AP, Greaves MF, Ganser A, Döhner K, Schlenk RF, Döhner H, Campbell PJ. Genomic Classification and Prognosis in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. N Engl J Med 2016; 374:2209-2221. [PMID: 27276561 PMCID: PMC4979995 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1516192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2688] [Impact Index Per Article: 336.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have provided a detailed census of genes that are mutated in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Our next challenge is to understand how this genetic diversity defines the pathophysiology of AML and informs clinical practice. METHODS We enrolled a total of 1540 patients in three prospective trials of intensive therapy. Combining driver mutations in 111 cancer genes with cytogenetic and clinical data, we defined AML genomic subgroups and their relevance to clinical outcomes. RESULTS We identified 5234 driver mutations across 76 genes or genomic regions, with 2 or more drivers identified in 86% of the patients. Patterns of co-mutation compartmentalized the cohort into 11 classes, each with distinct diagnostic features and clinical outcomes. In addition to currently defined AML subgroups, three heterogeneous genomic categories emerged: AML with mutations in genes encoding chromatin, RNA-splicing regulators, or both (in 18% of patients); AML with TP53 mutations, chromosomal aneuploidies, or both (in 13%); and, provisionally, AML with IDH2(R172) mutations (in 1%). Patients with chromatin-spliceosome and TP53-aneuploidy AML had poor outcomes, with the various class-defining mutations contributing independently and additively to the outcome. In addition to class-defining lesions, other co-occurring driver mutations also had a substantial effect on overall survival. The prognostic effects of individual mutations were often significantly altered by the presence or absence of other driver mutations. Such gene-gene interactions were especially pronounced for NPM1-mutated AML, in which patterns of co-mutation identified groups with a favorable or adverse prognosis. These predictions require validation in prospective clinical trials. CONCLUSIONS The driver landscape in AML reveals distinct molecular subgroups that reflect discrete paths in the evolution of AML, informing disease classification and prognostic stratification. (Funded by the Wellcome Trust and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00146120.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elli Papaemmanuil
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (E.P., M.G., N.D.R., N.B., G.G., P.V.L., I.M., L.M., S.M., S.O., K.R., D.R.J., J.W.T., A.P.B., P.J.C.), and the European Bioinformatics Institute, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL-EBI) (M.G.), Hinxton, the Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Institute of Cancer Research, London (N.E.P., M.F.G.), and the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (N.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Cancer Biology, the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University, Ulm (L.B., V.I.G., P.P., K.D., R.F.S., H.D.), and the Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover (M.H., F.T., A.G.) - both in Germany; the Division of Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, and Department of Oncology and Onco-Hematology, University of Milan, Milan (N.B.); the Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.L.); and the Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.G., P.J.C.)
| | - Moritz Gerstung
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (E.P., M.G., N.D.R., N.B., G.G., P.V.L., I.M., L.M., S.M., S.O., K.R., D.R.J., J.W.T., A.P.B., P.J.C.), and the European Bioinformatics Institute, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL-EBI) (M.G.), Hinxton, the Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Institute of Cancer Research, London (N.E.P., M.F.G.), and the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (N.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Cancer Biology, the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University, Ulm (L.B., V.I.G., P.P., K.D., R.F.S., H.D.), and the Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover (M.H., F.T., A.G.) - both in Germany; the Division of Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, and Department of Oncology and Onco-Hematology, University of Milan, Milan (N.B.); the Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.L.); and the Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.G., P.J.C.)
| | - Lars Bullinger
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (E.P., M.G., N.D.R., N.B., G.G., P.V.L., I.M., L.M., S.M., S.O., K.R., D.R.J., J.W.T., A.P.B., P.J.C.), and the European Bioinformatics Institute, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL-EBI) (M.G.), Hinxton, the Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Institute of Cancer Research, London (N.E.P., M.F.G.), and the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (N.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Cancer Biology, the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University, Ulm (L.B., V.I.G., P.P., K.D., R.F.S., H.D.), and the Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover (M.H., F.T., A.G.) - both in Germany; the Division of Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, and Department of Oncology and Onco-Hematology, University of Milan, Milan (N.B.); the Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.L.); and the Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.G., P.J.C.)
| | - Verena I Gaidzik
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (E.P., M.G., N.D.R., N.B., G.G., P.V.L., I.M., L.M., S.M., S.O., K.R., D.R.J., J.W.T., A.P.B., P.J.C.), and the European Bioinformatics Institute, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL-EBI) (M.G.), Hinxton, the Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Institute of Cancer Research, London (N.E.P., M.F.G.), and the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (N.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Cancer Biology, the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University, Ulm (L.B., V.I.G., P.P., K.D., R.F.S., H.D.), and the Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover (M.H., F.T., A.G.) - both in Germany; the Division of Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, and Department of Oncology and Onco-Hematology, University of Milan, Milan (N.B.); the Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.L.); and the Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.G., P.J.C.)
| | - Peter Paschka
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (E.P., M.G., N.D.R., N.B., G.G., P.V.L., I.M., L.M., S.M., S.O., K.R., D.R.J., J.W.T., A.P.B., P.J.C.), and the European Bioinformatics Institute, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL-EBI) (M.G.), Hinxton, the Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Institute of Cancer Research, London (N.E.P., M.F.G.), and the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (N.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Cancer Biology, the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University, Ulm (L.B., V.I.G., P.P., K.D., R.F.S., H.D.), and the Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover (M.H., F.T., A.G.) - both in Germany; the Division of Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, and Department of Oncology and Onco-Hematology, University of Milan, Milan (N.B.); the Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.L.); and the Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.G., P.J.C.)
| | - Nicola D Roberts
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (E.P., M.G., N.D.R., N.B., G.G., P.V.L., I.M., L.M., S.M., S.O., K.R., D.R.J., J.W.T., A.P.B., P.J.C.), and the European Bioinformatics Institute, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL-EBI) (M.G.), Hinxton, the Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Institute of Cancer Research, London (N.E.P., M.F.G.), and the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (N.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Cancer Biology, the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University, Ulm (L.B., V.I.G., P.P., K.D., R.F.S., H.D.), and the Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover (M.H., F.T., A.G.) - both in Germany; the Division of Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, and Department of Oncology and Onco-Hematology, University of Milan, Milan (N.B.); the Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.L.); and the Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.G., P.J.C.)
| | - Nicola E Potter
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (E.P., M.G., N.D.R., N.B., G.G., P.V.L., I.M., L.M., S.M., S.O., K.R., D.R.J., J.W.T., A.P.B., P.J.C.), and the European Bioinformatics Institute, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL-EBI) (M.G.), Hinxton, the Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Institute of Cancer Research, London (N.E.P., M.F.G.), and the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (N.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Cancer Biology, the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University, Ulm (L.B., V.I.G., P.P., K.D., R.F.S., H.D.), and the Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover (M.H., F.T., A.G.) - both in Germany; the Division of Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, and Department of Oncology and Onco-Hematology, University of Milan, Milan (N.B.); the Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.L.); and the Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.G., P.J.C.)
| | - Michael Heuser
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (E.P., M.G., N.D.R., N.B., G.G., P.V.L., I.M., L.M., S.M., S.O., K.R., D.R.J., J.W.T., A.P.B., P.J.C.), and the European Bioinformatics Institute, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL-EBI) (M.G.), Hinxton, the Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Institute of Cancer Research, London (N.E.P., M.F.G.), and the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (N.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Cancer Biology, the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University, Ulm (L.B., V.I.G., P.P., K.D., R.F.S., H.D.), and the Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover (M.H., F.T., A.G.) - both in Germany; the Division of Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, and Department of Oncology and Onco-Hematology, University of Milan, Milan (N.B.); the Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.L.); and the Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.G., P.J.C.)
| | - Felicitas Thol
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (E.P., M.G., N.D.R., N.B., G.G., P.V.L., I.M., L.M., S.M., S.O., K.R., D.R.J., J.W.T., A.P.B., P.J.C.), and the European Bioinformatics Institute, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL-EBI) (M.G.), Hinxton, the Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Institute of Cancer Research, London (N.E.P., M.F.G.), and the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (N.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Cancer Biology, the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University, Ulm (L.B., V.I.G., P.P., K.D., R.F.S., H.D.), and the Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover (M.H., F.T., A.G.) - both in Germany; the Division of Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, and Department of Oncology and Onco-Hematology, University of Milan, Milan (N.B.); the Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.L.); and the Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.G., P.J.C.)
| | - Niccolo Bolli
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (E.P., M.G., N.D.R., N.B., G.G., P.V.L., I.M., L.M., S.M., S.O., K.R., D.R.J., J.W.T., A.P.B., P.J.C.), and the European Bioinformatics Institute, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL-EBI) (M.G.), Hinxton, the Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Institute of Cancer Research, London (N.E.P., M.F.G.), and the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (N.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Cancer Biology, the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University, Ulm (L.B., V.I.G., P.P., K.D., R.F.S., H.D.), and the Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover (M.H., F.T., A.G.) - both in Germany; the Division of Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, and Department of Oncology and Onco-Hematology, University of Milan, Milan (N.B.); the Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.L.); and the Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.G., P.J.C.)
| | - Gunes Gundem
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (E.P., M.G., N.D.R., N.B., G.G., P.V.L., I.M., L.M., S.M., S.O., K.R., D.R.J., J.W.T., A.P.B., P.J.C.), and the European Bioinformatics Institute, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL-EBI) (M.G.), Hinxton, the Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Institute of Cancer Research, London (N.E.P., M.F.G.), and the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (N.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Cancer Biology, the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University, Ulm (L.B., V.I.G., P.P., K.D., R.F.S., H.D.), and the Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover (M.H., F.T., A.G.) - both in Germany; the Division of Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, and Department of Oncology and Onco-Hematology, University of Milan, Milan (N.B.); the Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.L.); and the Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.G., P.J.C.)
| | - Peter Van Loo
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (E.P., M.G., N.D.R., N.B., G.G., P.V.L., I.M., L.M., S.M., S.O., K.R., D.R.J., J.W.T., A.P.B., P.J.C.), and the European Bioinformatics Institute, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL-EBI) (M.G.), Hinxton, the Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Institute of Cancer Research, London (N.E.P., M.F.G.), and the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (N.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Cancer Biology, the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University, Ulm (L.B., V.I.G., P.P., K.D., R.F.S., H.D.), and the Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover (M.H., F.T., A.G.) - both in Germany; the Division of Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, and Department of Oncology and Onco-Hematology, University of Milan, Milan (N.B.); the Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.L.); and the Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.G., P.J.C.)
| | - Inigo Martincorena
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (E.P., M.G., N.D.R., N.B., G.G., P.V.L., I.M., L.M., S.M., S.O., K.R., D.R.J., J.W.T., A.P.B., P.J.C.), and the European Bioinformatics Institute, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL-EBI) (M.G.), Hinxton, the Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Institute of Cancer Research, London (N.E.P., M.F.G.), and the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (N.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Cancer Biology, the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University, Ulm (L.B., V.I.G., P.P., K.D., R.F.S., H.D.), and the Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover (M.H., F.T., A.G.) - both in Germany; the Division of Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, and Department of Oncology and Onco-Hematology, University of Milan, Milan (N.B.); the Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.L.); and the Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.G., P.J.C.)
| | - Peter Ganly
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (E.P., M.G., N.D.R., N.B., G.G., P.V.L., I.M., L.M., S.M., S.O., K.R., D.R.J., J.W.T., A.P.B., P.J.C.), and the European Bioinformatics Institute, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL-EBI) (M.G.), Hinxton, the Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Institute of Cancer Research, London (N.E.P., M.F.G.), and the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (N.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Cancer Biology, the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University, Ulm (L.B., V.I.G., P.P., K.D., R.F.S., H.D.), and the Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover (M.H., F.T., A.G.) - both in Germany; the Division of Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, and Department of Oncology and Onco-Hematology, University of Milan, Milan (N.B.); the Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.L.); and the Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.G., P.J.C.)
| | - Laura Mudie
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (E.P., M.G., N.D.R., N.B., G.G., P.V.L., I.M., L.M., S.M., S.O., K.R., D.R.J., J.W.T., A.P.B., P.J.C.), and the European Bioinformatics Institute, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL-EBI) (M.G.), Hinxton, the Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Institute of Cancer Research, London (N.E.P., M.F.G.), and the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (N.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Cancer Biology, the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University, Ulm (L.B., V.I.G., P.P., K.D., R.F.S., H.D.), and the Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover (M.H., F.T., A.G.) - both in Germany; the Division of Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, and Department of Oncology and Onco-Hematology, University of Milan, Milan (N.B.); the Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.L.); and the Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.G., P.J.C.)
| | - Stuart McLaren
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (E.P., M.G., N.D.R., N.B., G.G., P.V.L., I.M., L.M., S.M., S.O., K.R., D.R.J., J.W.T., A.P.B., P.J.C.), and the European Bioinformatics Institute, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL-EBI) (M.G.), Hinxton, the Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Institute of Cancer Research, London (N.E.P., M.F.G.), and the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (N.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Cancer Biology, the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University, Ulm (L.B., V.I.G., P.P., K.D., R.F.S., H.D.), and the Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover (M.H., F.T., A.G.) - both in Germany; the Division of Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, and Department of Oncology and Onco-Hematology, University of Milan, Milan (N.B.); the Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.L.); and the Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.G., P.J.C.)
| | - Sarah O'Meara
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (E.P., M.G., N.D.R., N.B., G.G., P.V.L., I.M., L.M., S.M., S.O., K.R., D.R.J., J.W.T., A.P.B., P.J.C.), and the European Bioinformatics Institute, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL-EBI) (M.G.), Hinxton, the Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Institute of Cancer Research, London (N.E.P., M.F.G.), and the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (N.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Cancer Biology, the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University, Ulm (L.B., V.I.G., P.P., K.D., R.F.S., H.D.), and the Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover (M.H., F.T., A.G.) - both in Germany; the Division of Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, and Department of Oncology and Onco-Hematology, University of Milan, Milan (N.B.); the Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.L.); and the Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.G., P.J.C.)
| | - Keiran Raine
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (E.P., M.G., N.D.R., N.B., G.G., P.V.L., I.M., L.M., S.M., S.O., K.R., D.R.J., J.W.T., A.P.B., P.J.C.), and the European Bioinformatics Institute, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL-EBI) (M.G.), Hinxton, the Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Institute of Cancer Research, London (N.E.P., M.F.G.), and the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (N.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Cancer Biology, the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University, Ulm (L.B., V.I.G., P.P., K.D., R.F.S., H.D.), and the Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover (M.H., F.T., A.G.) - both in Germany; the Division of Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, and Department of Oncology and Onco-Hematology, University of Milan, Milan (N.B.); the Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.L.); and the Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.G., P.J.C.)
| | - David R Jones
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (E.P., M.G., N.D.R., N.B., G.G., P.V.L., I.M., L.M., S.M., S.O., K.R., D.R.J., J.W.T., A.P.B., P.J.C.), and the European Bioinformatics Institute, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL-EBI) (M.G.), Hinxton, the Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Institute of Cancer Research, London (N.E.P., M.F.G.), and the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (N.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Cancer Biology, the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University, Ulm (L.B., V.I.G., P.P., K.D., R.F.S., H.D.), and the Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover (M.H., F.T., A.G.) - both in Germany; the Division of Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, and Department of Oncology and Onco-Hematology, University of Milan, Milan (N.B.); the Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.L.); and the Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.G., P.J.C.)
| | - Jon W Teague
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (E.P., M.G., N.D.R., N.B., G.G., P.V.L., I.M., L.M., S.M., S.O., K.R., D.R.J., J.W.T., A.P.B., P.J.C.), and the European Bioinformatics Institute, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL-EBI) (M.G.), Hinxton, the Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Institute of Cancer Research, London (N.E.P., M.F.G.), and the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (N.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Cancer Biology, the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University, Ulm (L.B., V.I.G., P.P., K.D., R.F.S., H.D.), and the Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover (M.H., F.T., A.G.) - both in Germany; the Division of Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, and Department of Oncology and Onco-Hematology, University of Milan, Milan (N.B.); the Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.L.); and the Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.G., P.J.C.)
| | - Adam P Butler
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (E.P., M.G., N.D.R., N.B., G.G., P.V.L., I.M., L.M., S.M., S.O., K.R., D.R.J., J.W.T., A.P.B., P.J.C.), and the European Bioinformatics Institute, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL-EBI) (M.G.), Hinxton, the Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Institute of Cancer Research, London (N.E.P., M.F.G.), and the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (N.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Cancer Biology, the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University, Ulm (L.B., V.I.G., P.P., K.D., R.F.S., H.D.), and the Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover (M.H., F.T., A.G.) - both in Germany; the Division of Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, and Department of Oncology and Onco-Hematology, University of Milan, Milan (N.B.); the Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.L.); and the Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.G., P.J.C.)
| | - Mel F Greaves
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (E.P., M.G., N.D.R., N.B., G.G., P.V.L., I.M., L.M., S.M., S.O., K.R., D.R.J., J.W.T., A.P.B., P.J.C.), and the European Bioinformatics Institute, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL-EBI) (M.G.), Hinxton, the Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Institute of Cancer Research, London (N.E.P., M.F.G.), and the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (N.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Cancer Biology, the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University, Ulm (L.B., V.I.G., P.P., K.D., R.F.S., H.D.), and the Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover (M.H., F.T., A.G.) - both in Germany; the Division of Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, and Department of Oncology and Onco-Hematology, University of Milan, Milan (N.B.); the Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.L.); and the Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.G., P.J.C.)
| | - Arnold Ganser
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (E.P., M.G., N.D.R., N.B., G.G., P.V.L., I.M., L.M., S.M., S.O., K.R., D.R.J., J.W.T., A.P.B., P.J.C.), and the European Bioinformatics Institute, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL-EBI) (M.G.), Hinxton, the Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Institute of Cancer Research, London (N.E.P., M.F.G.), and the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (N.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Cancer Biology, the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University, Ulm (L.B., V.I.G., P.P., K.D., R.F.S., H.D.), and the Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover (M.H., F.T., A.G.) - both in Germany; the Division of Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, and Department of Oncology and Onco-Hematology, University of Milan, Milan (N.B.); the Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.L.); and the Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.G., P.J.C.)
| | - Konstanze Döhner
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (E.P., M.G., N.D.R., N.B., G.G., P.V.L., I.M., L.M., S.M., S.O., K.R., D.R.J., J.W.T., A.P.B., P.J.C.), and the European Bioinformatics Institute, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL-EBI) (M.G.), Hinxton, the Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Institute of Cancer Research, London (N.E.P., M.F.G.), and the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (N.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Cancer Biology, the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University, Ulm (L.B., V.I.G., P.P., K.D., R.F.S., H.D.), and the Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover (M.H., F.T., A.G.) - both in Germany; the Division of Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, and Department of Oncology and Onco-Hematology, University of Milan, Milan (N.B.); the Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.L.); and the Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.G., P.J.C.)
| | - Richard F Schlenk
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (E.P., M.G., N.D.R., N.B., G.G., P.V.L., I.M., L.M., S.M., S.O., K.R., D.R.J., J.W.T., A.P.B., P.J.C.), and the European Bioinformatics Institute, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL-EBI) (M.G.), Hinxton, the Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Institute of Cancer Research, London (N.E.P., M.F.G.), and the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (N.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Cancer Biology, the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University, Ulm (L.B., V.I.G., P.P., K.D., R.F.S., H.D.), and the Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover (M.H., F.T., A.G.) - both in Germany; the Division of Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, and Department of Oncology and Onco-Hematology, University of Milan, Milan (N.B.); the Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.L.); and the Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.G., P.J.C.)
| | - Hartmut Döhner
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (E.P., M.G., N.D.R., N.B., G.G., P.V.L., I.M., L.M., S.M., S.O., K.R., D.R.J., J.W.T., A.P.B., P.J.C.), and the European Bioinformatics Institute, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL-EBI) (M.G.), Hinxton, the Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Institute of Cancer Research, London (N.E.P., M.F.G.), and the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (N.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Cancer Biology, the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University, Ulm (L.B., V.I.G., P.P., K.D., R.F.S., H.D.), and the Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover (M.H., F.T., A.G.) - both in Germany; the Division of Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, and Department of Oncology and Onco-Hematology, University of Milan, Milan (N.B.); the Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.L.); and the Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.G., P.J.C.)
| | - Peter J Campbell
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (E.P., M.G., N.D.R., N.B., G.G., P.V.L., I.M., L.M., S.M., S.O., K.R., D.R.J., J.W.T., A.P.B., P.J.C.), and the European Bioinformatics Institute, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL-EBI) (M.G.), Hinxton, the Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Institute of Cancer Research, London (N.E.P., M.F.G.), and the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (N.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Cancer Biology, the Center for Molecular Oncology and the Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.P.); the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University, Ulm (L.B., V.I.G., P.P., K.D., R.F.S., H.D.), and the Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover (M.H., F.T., A.G.) - both in Germany; the Division of Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, and Department of Oncology and Onco-Hematology, University of Milan, Milan (N.B.); the Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.L.); and the Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand (P.G., P.J.C.)
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McCullagh R, O'Connell E, O'Meara S, Perry I, Fitzgerald A, O'Connor K, Horgan NF, Timmons S. A study protocol of a randomised controlled trial to measure the effects of an augmented prescribed exercise programme (APEP) for frail older medical patients in the acute setting. BMC Geriatr 2016; 16:79. [PMID: 27059306 PMCID: PMC4826551 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-016-0252-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Older adults experience functional decline in hospital leading to increased healthcare burden and morbidity. The benefits of augmented exercise in hospital remain uncertain. The aim of this trial is to measure the short and longer-term effects of augmented exercise for older medical in-patients on their physical performance, quality of life and health care utilisation. Design & Methods Two hundred and twenty older medical patients will be blindly randomly allocated to the intervention or sham groups. Both groups will receive usual care (including routine physiotherapy care) augmented by two daily exercise sessions. The sham group will receive stretching and relaxation exercises while the intervention group will receive tailored strengthening and balance exercises. Differences between groups will be measured at baseline, discharge, and three months. The primary outcome measure will be length of stay. The secondary outcome measures will be healthcare utilisation, activity (accelerometry), physical performance (Short Physical Performance Battery), falls history in hospital and quality of life (EQ-5D-5 L). Discussion This simple intervention has the potential to transform the outcomes of the older patient in the acute setting. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02463864, registered 26.05.2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth McCullagh
- Centre for Gerontology & Rehabilitation, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Eimear O'Connell
- Physiotherapy Department, Mercy University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sarah O'Meara
- Clinical Research Facility, Mercy University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ivan Perry
- Epidemiology & Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Kieran O'Connor
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Mercy University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - N Frances Horgan
- School of Physiotherapy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Suzanne Timmons
- Centre for Gerontology & Rehabilitation, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Gundem G, Van Loo P, Kremeyer B, Alexandrov LB, Tubio JM, Papaemmanuil E, Brewer DS, Kallio H, Högnäs G, Annala M, Kivinummi K, Goody V, Latimer C, O'Meara S, Dawson KJ, Isaacs W, Emmert-Buck MR, Nykter M, Foster C, Kote-Jarai Z, Easton D, Whitaker HC, Neal DE, Cooper CS, Eeles RA, Visakorpi T, Campbell PJ, McDermott U, Wedge DC, Bova GS. Abstract 956: The evolutionary history of lethal metastatic prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Cancers emerge from an on-going Darwinian evolutionary process, often leading to multiple competing subclones within a single primary tumour. This evolutionary process culminates in the formation of metastases, which is the cause of 90% of cancer-related deaths. However, despite its clinical importance, little is known about the principles governing the dissemination of cancer cells to distant organs. Although the hypothesis that each metastasis originates from a single tumour cell is generally supported, recent studies using mouse models of cancer demonstrated the existence of polyclonal seeding from and inter-clonal cooperation between multiple subclones. In this study, we sought definitive evidence for the existence of polyclonal seeding in human malignancy and to establish the clonal relationship among different metastases in the context of androgen-deprived metastatic prostate cancer. Using whole genome sequencing, we characterised multiple metastases arising from prostate tumours in ten patients. Integrated analyses of subclonal architecture revealed the patterns of metastatic spread in unprecedented detail. Metastasis-to-metastasis spread was found to be common, either through de novo monoclonal seeding of daughter metastases or, in five cases, through the transfer of multiple tumour clones between metastatic sites. Lesions affecting tumour suppressor genes usually occur as single events, whereas mutations in genes involved in androgen receptor signalling commonly involve multiple, convergent events in different metastases. Our results elucidate in detail the complex patterns of metastatic spread and further our understanding of the development of resistance to androgen deprivation therapy in prostate cancer.
Citation Format: Gunes Gundem, Peter Van Loo, Barbara Kremeyer, Ludmil B. Alexandrov, Jose M.C. Tubio, Elli Papaemmanuil, Daniel S. Brewer, Heini Kallio, Gunilla Högnäs, Matti Annala, Kati Kivinummi, Victoria Goody, Calli Latimer, Sarah O'Meara, Kevin J. Dawson, William Isaacs, Michael R. Emmert-Buck, Matti Nykter, Christopher Foster, Zsofia Kote-Jarai, Douglas Easton, Hayley C. Whitaker, David E. Neal, Colin S. Cooper, Rosalind A. Eeles, Tapio Visakorpi, Peter J. Campbell, Ultan McDermott, David C. Wedge, G. S. Bova. The evolutionary history of lethal metastatic prostate cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 956. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-956
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunes Gundem
- 1Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Van Loo
- 1Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Daniel S. Brewer
- 2Norwich Medical School and Department of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Heini Kallio
- 3Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Gunilla Högnäs
- 3Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Matti Annala
- 3Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kati Kivinummi
- 3Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Victoria Goody
- 1Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Calli Latimer
- 1Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah O'Meara
- 1Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Michael R. Emmert-Buck
- 5Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health; Avoneaux Medical Institute, Oxford, MD
| | - Matti Nykter
- 3Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Christopher Foster
- 6University of Liverpool and HCA Pathology Laboratories, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zsofia Kote-Jarai
- 7Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas Easton
- 8Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hayley C. Whitaker
- 9Uro-oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David E. Neal
- 9Uro-oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Colin S. Cooper
- 10Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute Of Cancer Research, London, UK; and Norwich Medical School and Department of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Rosalind A. Eeles
- 11Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute Of Cancer Research; Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London and Sutton, UK, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tapio Visakorpi
- 3Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | | | | | - David C. Wedge
- 1Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - G. S. Bova
- 3Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
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Cooper CS, Eeles R, Wedge DC, Van Loo P, Gundem G, Alexandrov LB, Kremeyer B, Butler A, Lynch AG, Camacho N, Massie CE, Kay J, Luxton HJ, Edwards S, Kote-Jarai Z, Dennis N, Merson S, Leongamornlert D, Zamora J, Corbishley C, Thomas S, Nik-Zainal S, Ramakrishna M, O'Meara S, Matthews L, Clark J, Hurst R, Mithen R, Bristow RG, Boutros PC, Fraser M, Cooke S, Raine K, Jones D, Menzies A, Stebbings L, Hinton J, Teague J, McLaren S, Mudie L, Hardy C, Anderson E, Joseph O, Goody V, Robinson B, Maddison M, Gamble S, Greenman C, Berney D, Hazell S, Livni N, Fisher C, Ogden C, Kumar P, Thompson A, Woodhouse C, Nicol D, Mayer E, Dudderidge T, Shah NC, Gnanapragasam V, Voet T, Campbell P, Futreal A, Easton D, Warren AY, Foster CS, Stratton MR, Whitaker HC, McDermott U, Brewer DS, Neal DE. Corrigendum: analysis of the genetic phylogeny of multifocal prostate cancer identifies multiple independent clonal expansions in neoplastic and morphologically normal prostate tissue. Nat Genet 2015; 47:689. [PMID: 26018901 DOI: 10.1038/ng0615-689b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cooper CS, Eeles R, Wedge DC, Van Loo P, Gundem G, Alexandrov LB, Kremeyer B, Butler A, Lynch AG, Camacho N, Massie CE, Kay J, Luxton HJ, Edwards S, Kote-Jarai ZS, Dennis N, Merson S, Leongamornlert D, Zamora J, Corbishley C, Thomas S, Nik-Zainal S, O'Meara S, Matthews L, Clark J, Hurst R, Mithen R, Bristow RG, Boutros PC, Fraser M, Cooke S, Raine K, Jones D, Menzies A, Stebbings L, Hinton J, Teague J, McLaren S, Mudie L, Hardy C, Anderson E, Joseph O, Goody V, Robinson B, Maddison M, Gamble S, Greenman C, Berney D, Hazell S, Livni N, Fisher C, Ogden C, Kumar P, Thompson A, Woodhouse C, Nicol D, Mayer E, Dudderidge T, Shah NC, Gnanapragasam V, Voet T, Campbell P, Futreal A, Easton D, Warren AY, Foster CS, Stratton MR, Whitaker HC, McDermott U, Brewer DS, Neal DE. Analysis of the genetic phylogeny of multifocal prostate cancer identifies multiple independent clonal expansions in neoplastic and morphologically normal prostate tissue. Nat Genet 2015; 47:367-372. [PMID: 25730763 PMCID: PMC4380509 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide DNA sequencing was used to decrypt the phylogeny of multiple samples from distinct areas of cancer and morphologically normal tissue taken from the prostates of three men. Mutations were present at high levels in morphologically normal tissue distant from the cancer, reflecting clonal expansions, and the underlying mutational processes at work in morphologically normal tissue were also at work in cancer. Our observations demonstrate the existence of ongoing abnormal mutational processes, consistent with field effects, underlying carcinogenesis. This mechanism gives rise to extensive branching evolution and cancer clone mixing, as exemplified by the coexistence of multiple cancer lineages harboring distinct ERG fusions within a single cancer nodule. Subsets of mutations were shared either by morphologically normal and malignant tissues or between different ERG lineages, indicating earlier or separate clonal cell expansions. Our observations inform on the origin of multifocal disease and have implications for prostate cancer therapy in individual cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin S Cooper
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute Of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Department of Biological Sciences University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Rosalind Eeles
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute Of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London and Sutton, UK
| | - David C Wedge
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Peter Van Loo
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Human Genome Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics, VIB and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Gunes Gundem
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | | | - Barbara Kremeyer
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Adam Butler
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Andrew G Lynch
- Statistics and Computational Biology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Niedzica Camacho
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute Of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Charlie E Massie
- Urological Research Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jonathan Kay
- Urological Research Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hayley J Luxton
- Urological Research Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sandra Edwards
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute Of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - ZSofia Kote-Jarai
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute Of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Nening Dennis
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London and Sutton, UK
| | - Sue Merson
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute Of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | - Jorge Zamora
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | | | - Sarah Thomas
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London and Sutton, UK
| | | | - Sarah O'Meara
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Lucy Matthews
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute Of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Jeremy Clark
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Rachel Hurst
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Richard Mithen
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Robert G Bristow
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre-University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Paul C Boutros
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Informatics and Bio-Computing, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada
- Department Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael Fraser
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre-University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Susanna Cooke
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Keiran Raine
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - David Jones
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Andrew Menzies
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Lucy Stebbings
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Jon Hinton
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Jon Teague
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Stuart McLaren
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Laura Mudie
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Claire Hardy
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | | | - Olivia Joseph
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Victoria Goody
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Ben Robinson
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Mark Maddison
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Stephen Gamble
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | | | - Dan Berney
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Centre, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Steven Hazell
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London and Sutton, UK
| | - Naomi Livni
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London and Sutton, UK
| | - Cyril Fisher
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London and Sutton, UK
| | | | - Pardeep Kumar
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London and Sutton, UK
| | - Alan Thompson
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London and Sutton, UK
| | | | - David Nicol
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London and Sutton, UK
| | - Erik Mayer
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London and Sutton, UK
| | - Tim Dudderidge
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London and Sutton, UK
| | - Nimish C Shah
- Urological Research Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vincent Gnanapragasam
- Urological Research Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Thierry Voet
- Laboratory of Reproductive Genomics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Campbell
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Andrew Futreal
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Douglas Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anne Y Warren
- Department of Histopathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Hayley C Whitaker
- Urological Research Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ultan McDermott
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Daniel S Brewer
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute Of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- The Genome Analysis Centre, Norwich, UK
| | - David E Neal
- Urological Research Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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Chew SK, Lu D, Campos LS, Scott KL, Saci A, Wang J, Collinson A, Raine K, Hinton J, Teague JW, Jones D, Menzies A, Butler AP, Gamble J, O'Meara S, McLaren S, Chin L, Liu P, Futreal PA. Polygenic in vivo validation of cancer mutations using transposons. Genome Biol 2014; 15:455. [PMID: 25260652 PMCID: PMC4210617 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-014-0455-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The in vivo validation of cancer mutations and genes identified in cancer genomics is resource-intensive because of the low throughput of animal experiments. We describe a mouse model that allows multiple cancer mutations to be validated in each animal line. Animal lines are generated with multiple candidate cancer mutations using transposons. The candidate cancer genes are tagged and randomly expressed in somatic cells, allowing easy identification of the cancer genes involved in the generated tumours. This system presents a useful, generalised and efficient means for animal validation of cancer genes.
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Yen J, White RM, Wedge DC, Van Loo P, de Ridder J, Capper A, Richardson J, Jones D, Raine K, Watson IR, Wu CJ, Cheng J, Martincorena I, Nik-Zainal S, Mudie L, Moreau Y, Marshall J, Ramakrishna M, Tarpey P, Shlien A, Whitmore I, Gamble S, Latimer C, Langdon E, Kaufman C, Dovey M, Taylor A, Menzies A, McLaren S, O'Meara S, Butler A, Teague J, Lister J, Chin L, Campbell P, Adams DJ, Zon LI, Patton EE, Stemple DL, Futreal PA. The genetic heterogeneity and mutational burden of engineered melanomas in zebrafish models. Genome Biol 2014; 14:R113. [PMID: 24148783 PMCID: PMC3983654 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2013-14-10-r113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Melanoma is the most deadly form of skin cancer. Expression of oncogenic BRAF or NRAS, which are frequently mutated in human melanomas, promote the formation of nevi but are not sufficient for tumorigenesis. Even with germline mutated p53, these engineered melanomas present with variable onset and pathology, implicating additional somatic mutations in a multi-hit tumorigenic process. Results To decipher the genetics of these melanomas, we sequence the protein coding exons of 53 primary melanomas generated from several BRAFV600E or NRASQ61K driven transgenic zebrafish lines. We find that engineered zebrafish melanomas show an overall low mutation burden, which has a strong, inverse association with the number of initiating germline drivers. Although tumors reveal distinct mutation spectrums, they show mostly C > T transitions without UV light exposure, and enrichment of mutations in melanogenesis, p53 and MAPK signaling. Importantly, a recurrent amplification occurring with pre-configured drivers BRAFV600E and p53-/- suggests a novel path of BRAF cooperativity through the protein kinase A pathway. Conclusion This is the first analysis of a melanoma mutational landscape in the absence of UV light, where tumors manifest with remarkably low mutation burden and high heterogeneity. Genotype specific amplification of protein kinase A in cooperation with BRAF and p53 mutation suggests the involvement of melanogenesis in these tumors. This work is important for defining the spectrum of events in BRAF or NRAS driven melanoma in the absence of UV light, and for informed exploitation of models such as transgenic zebrafish to better understand mechanisms leading to human melanoma formation.
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Tubio JMC, Li Y, Ju YS, Martincorena I, Cooke SL, Tojo M, Gundem G, Pipinikas CP, Zamora J, Raine K, Menzies A, Roman-Garcia P, Fullam A, Gerstung M, Shlien A, Tarpey PS, Papaemmanuil E, Knappskog S, Van Loo P, Ramakrishna M, Davies HR, Marshall J, Wedge DC, Teague JW, Butler AP, Nik-Zainal S, Alexandrov L, Behjati S, Yates LR, Bolli N, Mudie L, Hardy C, Martin S, McLaren S, O'Meara S, Anderson E, Maddison M, Gamble S, Foster C, Warren AY, Whitaker H, Brewer D, Eeles R, Cooper C, Neal D, Lynch AG, Visakorpi T, Isaacs WB, Veer LV, Caldas C, Desmedt C, Sotiriou C, Aparicio S, Foekens JA, Eyfjörd JE, Lakhani SR, Thomas G, Myklebost O, Span PN, Børresen-Dale AL, Richardson AL, Van de Vijver M, Vincent-Salomon A, Van den Eynden GG, Flanagan AM, Futreal PA, Janes SM, Bova GS, Stratton MR, McDermott U, Campbell PJ. Mobile DNA in cancer. Extensive transduction of nonrepetitive DNA mediated by L1 retrotransposition in cancer genomes. Science 2014; 345:1251343. [PMID: 25082706 PMCID: PMC4380235 DOI: 10.1126/science.1251343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Long interspersed nuclear element-1 (L1) retrotransposons are mobile repetitive elements that are abundant in the human genome. L1 elements propagate through RNA intermediates. In the germ line, neighboring, nonrepetitive sequences are occasionally mobilized by the L1 machinery, a process called 3' transduction. Because 3' transductions are potentially mutagenic, we explored the extent to which they occur somatically during tumorigenesis. Studying cancer genomes from 244 patients, we found that tumors from 53% of the patients had somatic retrotranspositions, of which 24% were 3' transductions. Fingerprinting of donor L1s revealed that a handful of source L1 elements in a tumor can spawn from tens to hundreds of 3' transductions, which can themselves seed further retrotranspositions. The activity of individual L1 elements fluctuated during tumor evolution and correlated with L1 promoter hypomethylation. The 3' transductions disseminated genes, exons, and regulatory elements to new locations, most often to heterochromatic regions of the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yilong Li
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Young Seok Ju
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | | | | | - Marta Tojo
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine–Center for Resesarch in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Gunes Gundem
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | | | - Jorge Zamora
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Keiran Raine
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Andrew Menzies
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | | | - Anthony Fullam
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Moritz Gerstung
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Adam Shlien
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | | | | | - Stian Knappskog
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Peter Van Loo
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
- Human Genome Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics, VIB and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Helen R. Davies
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - John Marshall
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - David C. Wedge
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Jon W. Teague
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Adam P. Butler
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Serena Nik-Zainal
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Sam Behjati
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Lucy R. Yates
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Niccolo Bolli
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Laura Mudie
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Claire Hardy
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Sancha Martin
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Stuart McLaren
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Sarah O'Meara
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | | | - Mark Maddison
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Stephen Gamble
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | | | - Anne Y. Warren
- Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hayley Whitaker
- Cancer Research UK (CRUK) Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel Brewer
- Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London, UK
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Colin Cooper
- Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London, UK
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - David Neal
- Cancer Research UK (CRUK) Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andy G. Lynch
- Cancer Research UK (CRUK) Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tapio Visakorpi
- Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology–BioMediTech, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | | | | | - Carlos Caldas
- Cancer Research UK (CRUK) Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christine Desmedt
- Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christos Sotiriou
- Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sam Aparicio
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
| | - John A. Foekens
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus Medical Center Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Sunil R. Lakhani
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Pathology Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gilles Thomas
- Université Lyon 1, Institut National du Cancer (INCa)–Synergie, Lyon, France
| | - Ola Myklebost
- Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Paul N. Span
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Marc Van de Vijver
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anne Vincent-Salomon
- Institut Bergonié, 229 cours de l’Argone, 33076 Bordeaux, France
- Institut Curie, Department of Tumor Biology, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75248 Paris cédex 05, France
| | - Gert G. Van den Eynden
- Translational Cancer Research Unit and Department of Pathology, GZA Hospitals, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Adrienne M. Flanagan
- Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Middlesex, UK
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - P. Andrew Futreal
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sam M. Janes
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, Rayne Institute, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - G. Steven Bova
- Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology–BioMediTech, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Ultan McDermott
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Peter J. Campbell
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - ICGC Prostate Cancer Group
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
- Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London, UK
- Cancer Research UK (CRUK) Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Nangalia J, Massie CE, Baxter EJ, Nice FL, Gundem G, Wedge DC, Avezov E, Li J, Kollmann K, Kent DG, Aziz A, Godfrey AL, Hinton J, Martincorena I, Van Loo P, Jones AV, Guglielmelli P, Tarpey P, Harding HP, Fitzpatrick JD, Goudie CT, Ortmann CA, Loughran SJ, Raine K, Jones DR, Butler AP, Teague JW, O'Meara S, McLaren S, Bianchi M, Silber Y, Dimitropoulou D, Bloxham D, Mudie L, Maddison M, Robinson B, Keohane C, Maclean C, Hill K, Orchard K, Tauro S, Du MQ, Greaves M, Bowen D, Huntly BJP, Harrison CN, Cross NCP, Ron D, Vannucchi AM, Papaemmanuil E, Campbell PJ, Green AR. Somatic CALR mutations in myeloproliferative neoplasms with nonmutated JAK2. N Engl J Med 2013; 369:2391-2405. [PMID: 24325359 PMCID: PMC3966280 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1312542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1333] [Impact Index Per Article: 121.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Somatic mutations in the Janus kinase 2 gene (JAK2) occur in many myeloproliferative neoplasms, but the molecular pathogenesis of myeloproliferative neoplasms with nonmutated JAK2 is obscure, and the diagnosis of these neoplasms remains a challenge. METHODS We performed exome sequencing of samples obtained from 151 patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms. The mutation status of the gene encoding calreticulin (CALR) was assessed in an additional 1345 hematologic cancers, 1517 other cancers, and 550 controls. We established phylogenetic trees using hematopoietic colonies. We assessed calreticulin subcellular localization using immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. RESULTS Exome sequencing identified 1498 mutations in 151 patients, with medians of 6.5, 6.5, and 13.0 mutations per patient in samples of polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and myelofibrosis, respectively. Somatic CALR mutations were found in 70 to 84% of samples of myeloproliferative neoplasms with nonmutated JAK2, in 8% of myelodysplasia samples, in occasional samples of other myeloid cancers, and in none of the other cancers. A total of 148 CALR mutations were identified with 19 distinct variants. Mutations were located in exon 9 and generated a +1 base-pair frameshift, which would result in a mutant protein with a novel C-terminal. Mutant calreticulin was observed in the endoplasmic reticulum without increased cell-surface or Golgi accumulation. Patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms carrying CALR mutations presented with higher platelet counts and lower hemoglobin levels than patients with mutated JAK2. Mutation of CALR was detected in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Clonal analyses showed CALR mutations in the earliest phylogenetic node, a finding consistent with its role as an initiating mutation in some patients. CONCLUSIONS Somatic mutations in the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone CALR were found in a majority of patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms with nonmutated JAK2. (Funded by the Kay Kendall Leukaemia Fund and others.).
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Stephens PJ, Davies HR, Mitani Y, Van Loo P, Shlien A, Tarpey PS, Papaemmanuil E, Cheverton A, Bignell GR, Butler AP, Gamble J, Gamble S, Hardy C, Hinton J, Jia M, Jayakumar A, Jones D, Latimer C, McLaren S, McBride DJ, Menzies A, Mudie L, Maddison M, Raine K, Nik-Zainal S, O'Meara S, Teague JW, Varela I, Wedge DC, Whitmore I, Lippman SM, McDermott U, Stratton MR, Campbell PJ, El-Naggar AK, Futreal PA. Whole exome sequencing of adenoid cystic carcinoma. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:2965-8. [PMID: 23778141 DOI: 10.1172/jci67201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignancy that can occur in multiple organ sites and is primarily found in the salivary gland. While the identification of recurrent fusions of the MYB-NFIB genes have begun to shed light on the molecular underpinnings, little else is known about the molecular genetics of this frequently fatal cancer. We have undertaken exome sequencing in a series of 24 ACC to further delineate the genetics of the disease. We identified multiple mutated genes that, combined, implicate chromatin deregulation in half of cases. Further, mutations were identified in known cancer genes, including PIK3CA, ATM, CDKN2A, SF3B1, SUFU, TSC1, and CYLD. Mutations in NOTCH1/2 were identified in 3 cases, and we identify the negative NOTCH signaling regulator, SPEN, as a new cancer gene in ACC with mutations in 5 cases. Finally, the identification of 3 likely activating mutations in the tyrosine kinase receptor FGFR2, analogous to those reported in ovarian and endometrial carcinoma, point to potential therapeutic avenues for a subset of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Stephens
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
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Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Foot ulcers in people with diabetes are a common and serious global health issue. Dressings form a key part of ulcer treatment. Existing systematic reviews are limited by the lack of head-to-head comparisons of alternative dressings in a field where there are several different dressing options. We aimed to determine the relative effects of alternative wound dressings on the healing of diabetic foot ulcers. METHODS This study was a systematic review involving Bayesian mixed treatment comparison. We included randomised controlled trials evaluating the effects on diabetic foot ulcer healing of one or more wound dressings. There were no restrictions based on language or publication status. RESULTS Fifteen eligible studies, evaluating nine dressing types, were included. Ten direct treatment comparisons were made. Whilst there was increased healing associated with hydrogel and foam dressings compared with basic wound contact materials, these findings were based on data from small studies at unclear or high risk of bias. The mixed treatment comparison suggested that hydrocolloid-matrix dressings were associated with higher odds of ulcer healing than all other dressing types; there was a high degree of uncertainty around these estimates, which were deemed to be of very low quality. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These findings summarise all available trial evidence regarding the use of dressings to heal diabetic foot ulcers. More expensive dressings may offer no advantages in terms of healing than cheaper basic dressings. In addition, evidence pointing to a difference in favour of 'advanced' dressing types over basic wound contact materials is of low or very low quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Dumville
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Area 2, Seebohm Rowntree Building, York YO10 5DD, UK.
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Tarpey P, Thomas S, Sarvananthan N, Mallya U, Lisgo S, Talbot CJ, Roberts EO, Awan M, Surendran M, McLean RJ, Reinecke RD, Langmann A, Lindner S, Koch M, Jain S, Woodruff G, Gale RP, Degg C, Droutsas K, Asproudis I, Zubcov AA, Pieh C, Veal CD, Machado RD, Backhouse OC, Baumber L, Constantinescu CS, Brodsky MC, Hunter DG, Hertle RW, Read RJ, Edkins S, O'Meara S, Parker A, Stevens C, Teague J, Wooster R, Futreal PA, Trembath RC, Stratton MR, Raymond FL, Gottlob I. Erratum: Corrigendum: Mutations in FRMD7, a newly identified member of the FERM family, cause X-linked idiopathic congenital nystagmus. Nat Genet 2011. [DOI: 10.1038/ng0711-720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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50
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Pleasance ED, Stephens PJ, O'Meara S, McBride DJ, Meynert A, Jones D, Lin ML, Beare D, Lau KW, Greenman C, Varela I, Nik-Zainal S, Davies HR, Ordoñez GR, Mudie LJ, Latimer C, Edkins S, Stebbings L, Chen L, Jia M, Leroy C, Marshall J, Menzies A, Butler A, Teague JW, Mangion J, Sun YA, McLaughlin SF, Peckham HE, Tsung EF, Costa GL, Lee CC, Minna JD, Gazdar A, Birney E, Rhodes MD, McKernan KJ, Stratton MR, Futreal PA, Campbell PJ. A small-cell lung cancer genome with complex signatures of tobacco exposure. Nature 2010; 463:184-90. [PMID: 20016488 PMCID: PMC2880489 DOI: 10.1038/nature08629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 809] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 10/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is driven by mutation. Worldwide, tobacco smoking is the principal lifestyle exposure that causes cancer, exerting carcinogenicity through >60 chemicals that bind and mutate DNA. Using massively parallel sequencing technology, we sequenced a small-cell lung cancer cell line, NCI-H209, to explore the mutational burden associated with tobacco smoking. A total of 22,910 somatic substitutions were identified, including 134 in coding exons. Multiple mutation signatures testify to the cocktail of carcinogens in tobacco smoke and their proclivities for particular bases and surrounding sequence context. Effects of transcription-coupled repair and a second, more general, expression-linked repair pathway were evident. We identified a tandem duplication that duplicates exons 3-8 of CHD7 in frame, and another two lines carrying PVT1-CHD7 fusion genes, indicating that CHD7 may be recurrently rearranged in this disease. These findings illustrate the potential for next-generation sequencing to provide unprecedented insights into mutational processes, cellular repair pathways and gene networks associated with cancer.
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