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Bloise FF, Oliveira FLD, Nobrega AF, Vasconcellos R, Cordeiro A, Paiva LSD, Taub DD, Borojevic R, Pazos-Moura CC, Mello-Coelho VD. High levels of circulating triiodothyronine induce plasma cell differentiation. J Endocrinol 2014; 220:305-17. [PMID: 24363450 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The effects of hyperthyroidism on B-cell physiology are still poorly known. In this study, we evaluated the influence of high-circulating levels of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) on bone marrow, blood, and spleen B-cell subsets, more specifically on B-cell differentiation into plasma cells, in C57BL/6 mice receiving daily injections of T3 for 14 days. As analyzed by flow cytometry, T3-treated mice exhibited increased frequencies of pre-B and immature B-cells and decreased percentages of mature B-cells in the bone marrow, accompanied by an increased frequency of blood B-cells, splenic newly formed B-cells, and total CD19(+)B-cells. T3 administration also promoted an increase in the size and cellularity of the spleen as well as in the white pulp areas of the organ, as evidenced by histological analyses. In addition, a decreased frequency of splenic B220(+) cells correlating with an increased percentage of CD138(+) plasma cells was observed in the spleen and bone marrow of T3-treated mice. Using enzyme-linked immunospot assay, an increased number of splenic immunoglobulin-secreting B-cells from T3-treated mice was detected ex vivo. Similar results were observed in mice immunized with hen egg lysozyme and aluminum adjuvant alone or together with treatment with T3. In conclusion, we provide evidence that high-circulating levels of T3 stimulate plasma cytogenesis favoring an increase in plasma cells in the bone marrow, a long-lived plasma cell survival niche. These findings indicate that a stimulatory effect on plasma cell differentiation could occur in untreated patients with Graves' disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Fonseca Bloise
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro/UFRJ, Health Sciences Building, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro 24210-150, Brazil National Institute on Aging, NIH, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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52
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Extracellular matrix of secondary lymphoid organs impacts on B-cell fate and survival. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E2915-24. [PMID: 23847204 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1218131110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a unique extracellular matrix (ECM) niche in the spleen, the marginal zone (MZ), characterized by the basement membrane glycoproteins, laminin α5 and agrin, that promotes formation of a specialized population of MZ B lymphocytes that respond rapidly to blood-borne antigens. Mice with reduced laminin α5 expression show reduced MZ B cells and increased numbers of newly formed (NF) transitional B cells that migrate from the bone marrow, without changes in other immune or stromal cell compartments. Transient integrin α6β1-mediated interaction of NF B cells with laminin α5 in the MZ supports the MZ B-cell population, their long-term survival, and antibody response. Data suggest that the unique 3D structure and biochemical composition of the ECM of lymphoid organs impacts on immune cell fate.
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53
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Py BF, Gonzalez SF, Long K, Kim MS, Kim YA, Zhu H, Yao J, Degauque N, Villet R, Ymele-Leki P, Gadjeva M, Pier GB, Carroll MC, Yuan J. Cochlin produced by follicular dendritic cells promotes antibacterial innate immunity. Immunity 2013; 38:1063-72. [PMID: 23684986 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cochlin, an extracellular matrix protein, shares homologies with the Factor C, a serine protease found in horseshoe crabs, which is critical for antibacterial responses. Mutations in the COCH gene are responsible for human DFNA9 syndrome, a disorder characterized by neurodegeneration of the inner ear that leads to hearing loss and vestibular impairments. The physiological function of cochlin, however, is unknown. Here, we report that cochlin is specifically expressed by follicular dendritic cells and selectively localized in the fine extracellular network of conduits in the spleen and lymph nodes. During inflammation, cochlin was cleaved by aggrecanases and secreted into blood circulation. In models of lung infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, Coch(-/-) mice show reduced survival linked to defects in local cytokine production, recruitment of immune effector cells, and bacterial clearance. By producing cochlin, FDCs thus contribute to the innate immune response in defense against bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte F Py
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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54
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Köhler CN. The actin-binding protein caldesmon is in spleen and lymph nodes predominately expressed by smooth-muscle cells, reticular cells, and follicular dendritic cells. J Histochem Cytochem 2013; 58:183-93. [PMID: 19875849 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.2009.954651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reticular cells and follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) build up a framework that underlies the compartmentalization of spleens and lymph nodes. Subpopulations of reticular cells express the smooth-muscle isoform of actin, indicative of a specialized contractile apparatus. We have investigated the distribution of the actin-binding protein caldesmon in spleen and lymph nodes of mice and rats. Caldesmon modulates contraction and regulates cell motility. Alternative splicing of transcripts from a single gene results in high-molecular-mass isoforms (h-caldesmon) that are predominately expressed by smooth-muscle cells (SMCs), and low-molecular-mass isoforms (l-caldesmon) that are thought to be widely distributed in non-muscle tissues, but the distribution of caldesmon in spleen and lymph nodes has not been reported. We have performed Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry using four different antibodies against caldesmon, among these a newly developed polyclonal antibody directed against recombinant mouse caldesmon. Western blot analysis showed the preponderance of l-caldesmon in spleen and lymph nodes. Our results from immunohistochemistry demonstrate caldesmon in SMCs, as expected, but also in reticular cells and FDCs, and suggest that the isoform highly expressed by reticular cells is l-caldesmon. In spleen of SCID mice, caldesmon was expressed by reticular cells in the absence of lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph N Köhler
- Institute II of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
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55
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Del Portillo HA, Ferrer M, Brugat T, Martin-Jaular L, Langhorne J, Lacerda MVG. The role of the spleen in malaria. Cell Microbiol 2012; 14:343-55. [PMID: 22188297 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2011.01741.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The spleen is a complex organ that is perfectly adapted to selectively filtering and destroying senescent red blood cells (RBCs), infectious microorganisms and Plasmodium-parasitized RBCs. Infection by malaria is the most common cause of spleen rupture and splenomegaly, albeit variably, a landmark of malaria infection. Here, the role of the spleen in malaria is reviewed with special emphasis in lessons learned from human infections and mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernando A Del Portillo
- Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB, Hospital Clinic-Universitat de Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain.
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56
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Advances in tenascin-C biology. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:3175-99. [PMID: 21818551 PMCID: PMC3173650 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0783-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tenascin-C is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein that is specifically and transiently expressed upon tissue injury. Upon tissue damage, tenascin-C plays a multitude of different roles that mediate both inflammatory and fibrotic processes to enable effective tissue repair. In the last decade, emerging evidence has demonstrated a vital role for tenascin-C in cardiac and arterial injury, tumor angiogenesis and metastasis, as well as in modulating stem cell behavior. Here we highlight the molecular mechanisms by which tenascin-C mediates these effects and discuss the implications of mis-regulated tenascin-C expression in driving disease pathology.
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57
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Kubota K, Kadoya Y. Innate IFN-γ-producing cells in the spleen of mice early after Listeria monocytogenes infection: importance of microenvironment of the cells involved in the production of innate IFN-γ. Front Immunol 2011; 2:26. [PMID: 22566816 PMCID: PMC3341966 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2011.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Production of innate interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is a crucial step in immunological defense against bacteria. However, there is little information regarding cellular mechanisms underlying IFN-γ production in vivo early after bacterial infection. Here we analyze innate IFN-γ production in the spleen of mice early after Listeria monocytogenes (LM) infection ex vivo by flow-cytometry and in situ by immunohistochemistry, and compare them with the IFN-γ-producing cells reported previously in our in vitro coculture system in which cell-cell interaction between lymphocytes and dying bacterial-infected macrophages is required for the production of IFN-γ. In the spleen at 20 h after LM infection, natural killer (NK) cells, a subset of αβ T cells, and subsets of NKT and γδ T cells produced IFN-γ with features similar to the IFN-γ-producing cells in our in vitro coculture system. Immunohistochemistry revealed that LM bacteria were first phagocytosed mainly by ER-TR9+ marginal zone macrophages (MZMs), then forming infectious foci in close vicinity of the marginal zone (MZ) at 20-h postinfection. At this time point, the IFN-γ-producing cells were accumulating at the same site of infectious foci, around which ER-TR9+ MZMs were clustered but most of bacteria were no longer associated with ER-TR9+ MZMs. These results indicate that innate IFN-γ production by innate lymphocytes takes place at infectious foci formed in close vicinity of the MZ, and they also suggest an important role for the microenvironment of the cells accumulated at infectious foci in inducing the production of innate IFN-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Kubota
- Department of Microbiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.
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58
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59
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Dalton JE, Maroof A, Owens BMJ, Narang P, Johnson K, Brown N, Rosenquist L, Beattie L, Coles M, Kaye PM. Inhibition of receptor tyrosine kinases restores immunocompetence and improves immune-dependent chemotherapy against experimental leishmaniasis in mice. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:1204-16. [PMID: 20234089 DOI: 10.1172/jci41281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases are involved in multiple cellular processes, and drugs that inhibit their action are used in the clinic to treat several types of cancer. However, the value of receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (RTKIs) for treating infectious disease has yet to be explored. Here, we have shown in mice that administration of the broad-spectrum RTKI sunitinib maleate (Sm) blocked the vascular remodeling and progressive splenomegaly associated with experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Furthermore, Sm treatment restored the integrity of the splenic microarchitecture. Although restoration of splenic architecture was accompanied by an increase in the frequency of IFN-gamma+CD4+ T cells, Sm treatment alone was insufficient to cause a reduction in tissue parasite burden. However, preconditioning by short-term Sm treatment proved to be successful as an adjunct therapy, increasing the frequency of IFN-gamma+ and IFN-gamma+TNF+CD4+ T cells, enhancing NO production by splenic macrophages, and providing dose-sparing effects when combined with a first-line immune-dependent anti-leishmanial drug. We propose, therefore, that RTKIs may prove clinically useful as agents to restore immune competence before the administration of chemo- or immunotherapeutic drugs in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis or other diseases involving lymphoid tissue remodeling, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Dalton
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, United Kingdom
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60
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Kövesdi D, Bell SE, Turner M. The development of mature B lymphocytes requires the combined function of CD19 and the p110δ subunit of PI3K. SELF NONSELF 2010; 1:144-153. [PMID: 21487516 DOI: 10.4161/self.1.2.11796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mice lacking either CD19 or p110δ have reduced numbers of marginal zone and B1 B cells but normal numbers of naïve B2 cells which occupy the follicles of the lymphoid organs. We show here that mice lacking both CD19 and p110δ have normal B cell development in the bone marrow but have a significant reduction in the number of naïve B2 cells in the bone marrow, spleen and lymph nodes. These p110δ/CD19 double mutant B cells show a survival defect and reduced responsiveness to the pro-survival cytokine BAFF despite normal NFκB2/p100 processing and elevated expression of Bcl-2. Although the combined loss of p110δ and CD19 did not increase switching to Ig-lambda in immature B cells, mature B lymphocytes from the lymph nodes of p110δ/CD19 double mutant mice express highly elevated levels of mRNA encoding RAG-1 and RAG-2, which confirms the existing synergy between CD19 and p110δ-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorottya Kövesdi
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development; The Babraham Institute; Babraham, Cambridge UK
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61
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Abstract
The extracellular matrix molecule tenascin-C is highly expressed during embryonic development, tissue repair and in pathological situations such as chronic inflammation and cancer. Tenascin-C interacts with several other extracellular matrix molecules and cell-surface receptors, thus affecting tissue architecture, tissue resilience and cell responses. Tenascin-C modulates cell migration, proliferation and cellular signaling through induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oncogenic signaling molecules amongst other mechanisms. Given the causal role of inflammation in cancer progression, common mechanisms might be controlled by tenascin-C during both events. Drugs targeting the expression or function of tenascin-C or the tenascin-C protein itself are currently being developed and some drugs have already reached advanced clinical trials. This generates hope that increased knowledge about tenascin-C will further improve management of diseases with high tenascin-C expression such as chronic inflammation, heart failure, artheriosclerosis and cancer.
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62
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Midwood KS, Orend G. The role of tenascin-C in tissue injury and tumorigenesis. J Cell Commun Signal 2009; 3:287-310. [PMID: 19838819 PMCID: PMC2778592 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-009-0075-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix molecule tenascin-C is highly expressed during embryonic development, tissue repair and in pathological situations such as chronic inflammation and cancer. Tenascin-C interacts with several other extracellular matrix molecules and cell-surface receptors, thus affecting tissue architecture, tissue resilience and cell responses. Tenascin-C modulates cell migration, proliferation and cellular signaling through induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oncogenic signaling molecules amongst other mechanisms. Given the causal role of inflammation in cancer progression, common mechanisms might be controlled by tenascin-C during both events. Drugs targeting the expression or function of tenascin-C or the tenascin-C protein itself are currently being developed and some drugs have already reached advanced clinical trials. This generates hope that increased knowledge about tenascin-C will further improve management of diseases with high tenascin-C expression such as chronic inflammation, heart failure, artheriosclerosis and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim S. Midwood
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, 65 Aspenlea Road, Hammersmith, London, W6 8LH UK
| | - Gertraud Orend
- Inserm U682, Strasbourg, 67200 France
- University of Strasbourg, UMR-S682, Strasbourg, 67081 France
- Department of Molecular Biology, CHRU Strasbourg, Strasbourg, 67200 France
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63
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Tomei AA, Siegert S, Britschgi MR, Luther SA, Swartz MA. Fluid Flow Regulates Stromal Cell Organization and CCL21 Expression in a Tissue-Engineered Lymph Node Microenvironment. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:4273-83. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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64
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Steele KE, Anderson AO, Mohamadzadeh M. Fibroblastic reticular cells and their role in viral hemorrhagic fevers. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2009; 7:423-35. [PMID: 19400762 DOI: 10.1586/eri.09.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) caused by Ebola, Marburg and Lassa viruses often manifest as multiple organ dysfunction and hemorrhagic shock with high mortality. These viruses target numerous cell types, including monocytes and dendritic cells, which are primary early targets that mediate critical pathogenetic processes. This review focuses on fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs), another prevalent infected cell type that is known as a key regulator of circulatory and immune functions. Viral infection of FRCs could have debilitating effects in secondary lymphoid organs and various other tissues. FRCs may also contribute to the spread of these deadly viruses throughout the body. Here, we review the salient features of these VHFs and the biology of FRCs, emphasizing the potential role of these cells in VHFs and the rapid deterioration of immune and hemovascular sytems that are characteristic of such acute infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith E Steele
- Division of Pathology, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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65
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Balogh P, Fisi V, Szakal AK. Fibroblastic reticular cells of the peripheral lymphoid organs: Unique features of a ubiquitous cell type. Mol Immunol 2008; 46:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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