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Schapiro AC, McDevitt EA, Chen L, Norman KA, Mednick SC, Rogers TT. Sleep Benefits Memory for Semantic Category Structure While Preserving Exemplar-Specific Information. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14869. [PMID: 29093451 PMCID: PMC5665979 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12884-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Semantic memory encompasses knowledge about both the properties that typify concepts (e.g. robins, like all birds, have wings) as well as the properties that individuate conceptually related items (e.g. robins, in particular, have red breasts). We investigate the impact of sleep on new semantic learning using a property inference task in which both kinds of information are initially acquired equally well. Participants learned about three categories of novel objects possessing some properties that were shared among category exemplars and others that were unique to an exemplar, with exposure frequency varying across categories. In Experiment 1, memory for shared properties improved and memory for unique properties was preserved across a night of sleep, while memory for both feature types declined over a day awake. In Experiment 2, memory for shared properties improved across a nap, but only for the lower-frequency category, suggesting a prioritization of weakly learned information early in a sleep period. The increase was significantly correlated with amount of REM, but was also observed in participants who did not enter REM, suggesting involvement of both REM and NREM sleep. The results provide the first evidence that sleep improves memory for the shared structure of object categories, while simultaneously preserving object-unique information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Schapiro
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Elizabeth A McDevitt
- Department of Psychology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Lang Chen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth A Norman
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Sara C Mednick
- Department of Psychology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Timothy T Rogers
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Cherdieu M, Palombi O, Gerber S, Troccaz J, Rochet-Capellan A. Make Gestures to Learn: Reproducing Gestures Improves the Learning of Anatomical Knowledge More than Just Seeing Gestures. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1689. [PMID: 29062287 PMCID: PMC5640824 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Manual gestures can facilitate problem solving but also language or conceptual learning. Both seeing and making the gestures during learning seem to be beneficial. However, the stronger activation of the motor system in the second case should provide supplementary cues to consolidate and re-enact the mental traces created during learning. We tested this hypothesis in the context of anatomy learning by naïve adult participants. Anatomy is a challenging topic to learn and is of specific interest for research on embodied learning, as the learning content can be directly linked to learners' body. Two groups of participants were asked to look at a video lecture on the forearm anatomy. The video included a model making gestures related to the content of the lecture. Both groups see the gestures but only one also imitate the model. Tests of knowledge were run just after learning and few days later. The results revealed that imitating gestures improves the recall of structures names and their localization on a diagram. This effect was however significant only in long-term assessments. This suggests that: (1) the integration of motor actions and knowledge may require sleep; (2) a specific activation of the motor system during learning may improve the consolidation and/or the retrieval of memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélaine Cherdieu
- GIPSA-Lab, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier Palombi
- LADAF, University Hospital, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,LJK, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Grenoble, France
| | - Silvain Gerber
- GIPSA-Lab, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Grenoble, France
| | - Jocelyne Troccaz
- TIMC-IMAG, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Grenoble, France
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Blaskovich B, Szőllősi Á, Gombos F, Racsmány M, Simor P. The Benefit of Directed Forgetting Persists After a Daytime Nap: The Role of Spindles and Rapid Eye Movement Sleep in the Consolidation of Relevant Memories. Sleep 2017; 40:2732008. [PMID: 28364418 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsw076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Study Objectives We aimed to investigate the effect of directed forgetting instruction on memory retention after a 2-hour delay involving a daytime nap or an equivalent amount of time spent awake. We examined the associations between sleep-specific oscillations and the retention of relevant and irrelevant study materials. Methods We applied a list-method directed forgetting paradigm manipulating the perceived relevance of previously encoded lists of words. Participants were randomly assigned to either a nap or an awake group, and to a remember or a forget subgroup. The remember and the forget subgroups were both instructed to study two consecutive lists of words, although, the forget subgroup was manipulated to forget the first list and memorize only the second one. Participants were 112 healthy individuals (44 men; Mage = 21.4 years, SD = 2.4). Results A significant directed forgetting effect emerged after a 2-hour delay both in the awake and sleep conditions; however, the effect was more pronounced within the sleep group. The benefit of directed forgetting, that is, relatively enhanced recall of relevant words in the forget group, was evidenced only in those participants that reached rapid eye movement (REM) phase. Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sigma power was correlated with memory performance for the relevant (second) list, and sleep spindle amplitude was associated with the retention of both lists. These associations, however, were detected only within the forget subgroup. REM duration correlated with recall performance for the relevant (second) list within the forget subgroup, and with recall performance for the first list within the remember subgroup. Conclusions A directed forgetting effect persists after a 2-hour delay spent awake or asleep. Spindle-related activity and subsequent REM sleep might selectively facilitate the processing of memories that are considered to be relevant for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borbála Blaskovich
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Szőllősi
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Gombos
- Department of General Psychology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mihály Racsmány
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
- Frontostriatal System Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Simor
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
- Nyírő Gyula Hospital, National Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Budapest, Hungary
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Cellini N. Memory consolidation in sleep disorders. Sleep Med Rev 2017; 35:101-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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van Rijn E, Carter N, McMurtrie H, Willner P, Blagrove MT. Sleep does not cause false memories on a story-based test of suggestibility. Conscious Cogn 2017; 52:39-46. [PMID: 28458092 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Sleep contributes to the consolidation of memories. This process may involve extracting the gist of learned material at the expense of details. It has thus been proposed that sleep might lead to false memory formation. Previous research examined the effect of sleep on false memory using the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm. Mixed results were found, including increases and decreases in false memory after sleep relative to wake. It has been questioned whether DRM false memories occur by the same processes as real-world false memories. Here, the effect of sleep on false memory was investigated using the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale. Veridical memory deteriorated after a 12-h period of wake, but not after a 12-h period including a night's sleep. No difference in false memory was found between conditions. Although the literature supports sleep-dependent memory consolidation, the results here call into question extending this to a gist-based false memory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine van Rijn
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom.
| | - Neil Carter
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Hazel McMurtrie
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Willner
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Mark T Blagrove
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
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Wolf MR, Rosenstock JB. Inadequate Sleep and Exercise Associated with Burnout and Depression Among Medical Students. ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF DIRECTORS OF PSYCHIATRIC RESIDENCY TRAINING AND THE ASSOCIATION FOR ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY 2017; 41:174-179. [PMID: 26976402 DOI: 10.1007/s40596-016-0526-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors studied whether low levels of exercise or inadequate sleep correlated with higher levels of burnout and depression in medical students. METHODS Medical students of all years at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, were invited to participate in an anonymous online survey in Fall 2012 and Winter 2013. Validated measures were used to assess exercise, sleep, burnout, and depression. RESULTS Response rates were 28.7 % at the beginning of the school year and 22.6 % at the middle of the school year. Burnout rates overall were 22.4 % at the beginning of the year and 19.2 % in the middle of the year. Eight percent of students screened positive for depression at the beginning of the year and 9.3 % in the middle of the year. Decreased exercise frequency was significantly correlated with lower professional efficacy. Pathological sleepiness was significantly associated with a higher prevalence of burnout. Inadequate sleep correlated with significantly lower professional efficacy and higher exhaustion scores. Burnout was associated with a positive depression screen. Positive depression screening, pathological sleepiness, and sleeping less than 7 h a night were independent predictors of burnout. CONCLUSIONS Sleep habits, exercise, and a positive depression screen were associated with burnout risk within the medical student population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan R Wolf
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA.
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Koolhaas J, de Boer S, Buwalda B, Meerlo P. Social stress models in rodents: Towards enhanced validity. Neurobiol Stress 2017; 6:104-112. [PMID: 28229113 PMCID: PMC5314414 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the role of the social environment in the development of stress related diseases requires a more fundamental understanding of stress. Stress includes not only the stimulus and the response but also the individual appraisal of the situation. The social environment is not only essential for survival it is at the same time an important source of stressors. This review discusses the social stress concept, how it has been studied in rodents in the course of time and some more recent insights into the appraisal process. In addition to the factors controllability and predictability, outcome expectancy and feedback of the victim's own actions during the social stress are suggested to be important factors in the development of stress related disease. It is hypothesized that individual differences in the way in which these factors are used in the appraisal of everyday life situations may explain individual vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.M. Koolhaas
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, Neurobiology, University Groningen, P.O.Box 11103, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Horton CL. Consciousness across Sleep and Wake: Discontinuity and Continuity of Memory Experiences As a Reflection of Consolidation Processes. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:159. [PMID: 28936183 PMCID: PMC5594063 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The continuity hypothesis (1) posits that there is continuity, of some form, between waking and dreaming mentation. A recent body of work has provided convincing evidence for different aspects of continuity, for instance that some salient experiences from waking life seem to feature in dreams over others, with a particular role for emotional arousal as accompanying these experiences, both during waking and while asleep. However, discontinuities have been somewhat dismissed as being either a product of activation-synthesis, an error within the consciousness binding process during sleep, a methodological anomaly, or simply as yet unexplained. This paper presents an overview of discontinuity within dreaming and waking cognition, arguing that disruptions of consciousness are as common a feature of waking cognition as of dreaming cognition, and that processes of sleep-dependent memory consolidation of autobiographical experiences can in part account for some of the discontinuities of sleeping cognition in a functional way. By drawing upon evidence of the incorporation, fragmentation, and reorganization of memories within dreams, this paper proposes a model of discontinuity whereby the fragmentation of autobiographical and episodic memories during sleep, as part of the consolidation process, render salient aspects of those memories subsequently available for retrieval in isolation from their contextual features. As such discontinuity of consciousness in sleep is functional and normal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline L Horton
- DrEAMSLab, Psychology, Bishop Grosseteste University, Lincoln, United Kingdom
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59
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Sleep-Related Interventions to Improve Psychotherapy. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE OF MEMORY CONSOLIDATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-45066-7_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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Song S, Tan J, Miao Y, Zhang Q. Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome and cognitive impairments in the elderly. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20170801027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Esmel-Esmel N, Tomás-Esmel E, Aparicio Rollan Y, Pérez Cáceres I, Montes-Muñoz MJ, Jimenez-Herrera M. Exploring the body through reflexology: Physical behaviors observed during application. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2016; 25:52-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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62
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Leger D, Elbaz M, Dubois A, Rio S, Mezghiche H, Carita P, Stemmelin J, Strauss M. Alzheimer’s Disease Severity is Not Significantly Associated with Short Sleep: Survey by Actigraphy on 208 Mild and Moderate Alzheimer’s Disease Patients. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 55:321-331. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-160754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Leger
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, APHP, Hôtel-Dieu de Paris, Centre du Sommeil et de la Vigilance, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, EA 7330 VIFASOM Sommeil-Vigilance-Fatigue et Santé Publique, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Elbaz
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, APHP, Hôtel-Dieu de Paris, Centre du Sommeil et de la Vigilance, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, EA 7330 VIFASOM Sommeil-Vigilance-Fatigue et Santé Publique, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Dubois
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, EA 7330 VIFASOM Sommeil-Vigilance-Fatigue et Santé Publique, Paris, France
- European Sleep Center, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Rio
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, APHP, Hôtel-Dieu de Paris, Centre du Sommeil et de la Vigilance, Paris, France
| | | | - Paulo Carita
- Sanofi Research and Development, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | | | - Melanie Strauss
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, APHP, Hôtel-Dieu de Paris, Centre du Sommeil et de la Vigilance, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, EA 7330 VIFASOM Sommeil-Vigilance-Fatigue et Santé Publique, Paris, France
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The endocannabinoid system and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): From preclinical findings to innovative therapeutic approaches in clinical settings. Pharmacol Res 2016; 111:668-678. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Baglioni C, Nanovska S, Regen W, Spiegelhalder K, Feige B, Nissen C, Reynolds CF, Riemann D. Sleep and mental disorders: A meta-analysis of polysomnographic research. Psychol Bull 2016; 142:969-990. [PMID: 27416139 PMCID: PMC5110386 DOI: 10.1037/bul0000053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 530] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Investigating sleep in mental disorders has the potential to reveal both disorder-specific and transdiagnostic psychophysiological mechanisms. This meta-analysis aimed at determining the polysomnographic (PSG) characteristics of several mental disorders. Relevant studies were searched through standard strategies. Controlled PSG studies evaluating sleep in affective, anxiety, eating, pervasive developmental, borderline and antisocial personality disorders, attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and schizophrenia were included. PSG variables of sleep continuity, depth, and architecture, as well as rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep were considered. Calculations were performed with the "Comprehensive Meta-Analysis" and "R" software. Using random effects modeling, for each disorder and each variable, a separate meta-analysis was conducted if at least 3 studies were available for calculation of effect sizes as standardized means (Hedges' g). Sources of variability, that is, sex, age, and mental disorders comorbidity, were evaluated in subgroup analyses. Sleep alterations were evidenced in all disorders, with the exception of ADHD and seasonal affective disorders. Sleep continuity problems were observed in most mental disorders. Sleep depth and REM pressure alterations were associated with affective, anxiety, autism and schizophrenia disorders. Comorbidity was associated with enhanced REM sleep pressure and more inhibition of sleep depth. No sleep parameter was exclusively altered in 1 condition; however, no 2 conditions shared the same PSG profile. Sleep continuity disturbances imply a transdiagnostic imbalance in the arousal system likely representing a basic dimension of mental health. Sleep depth and REM variables might play a key role in psychiatric comorbidity processes. Constellations of sleep alterations may define distinct disorders better than alterations in 1 single variable. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Baglioni
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychophysiology, Center for Mental Disorders, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany
| | - Svetoslava Nanovska
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychophysiology, Center for Mental Disorders, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany
| | - Wolfram Regen
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychophysiology, Center for Mental Disorders, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany
| | - Kai Spiegelhalder
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychophysiology, Center for Mental Disorders, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany
| | - Bernd Feige
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychophysiology, Center for Mental Disorders, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany
| | - Christoph Nissen
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychophysiology, Center for Mental Disorders, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany
| | | | - Dieter Riemann
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychophysiology, Center for Mental Disorders, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany
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Piccin CF, Pozzebon D, Scapini F, Corrêa ECR. Craniocervical Posture in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2016; 20:189-95. [PMID: 27413397 PMCID: PMC4942290 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1584295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is characterized by repeated episodes of upper airway obstruction during sleep. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to verify the craniofacial characteristics and craniocervical posture of OSA and healthy subjects, determining possible relationships with the apnea/hypopnea index (AHI). METHODS This case-control study evaluated 21 subjects with OSA, who comprised the OSA group (OSAG), and 21 healthy subjects, who constituted the control group (CG). Cephalometry analyzed head posture measurements, craniofacial measurements, and air space. Head posture was also assessed by means of photogrammetry. RESULTS The groups were homogeneous regarding gender (12 men and 9 women in each group), age (OSAG = 41.86 ± 11.26 years; GC = 41.19 ± 11.20 years), and body mass index (OSAG = 25.65 ± 2.46 kg/m2; CG = 24.72 ± 3.01 kg/m2). We found significant differences between the groups, with lower average pharyngeal space and greater distance between the hyoid bone and the mandibular plane in OSAG, when compared with CG. A positive correlation was found between higher head hyperextension and head anteriorization, with greater severity of OSA as assessed by AHI. CONCLUSION OSAG subjects showed changes in craniofacial morphology, with lower average pharyngeal space and greater distance from the hyoid bone to the mandibular plane, as compared with healthy subjects. Moreover, in OSA subjects, the greater the severity of OSA, the greater the head hyperextension and anteriorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaiane Facco Piccin
- Post-graduate Programa in Human Communication Disorders, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniela Pozzebon
- Post-graduate Programa in Human Communication Disorders, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabricio Scapini
- Post-graduate Programa in Human Communication Disorders, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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66
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Whitehurst LN, Cellini N, McDevitt EA, Duggan KA, Mednick SC. Autonomic activity during sleep predicts memory consolidation in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:7272-7. [PMID: 27298366 PMCID: PMC4932927 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1518202113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout history, psychologists and philosophers have proposed that good sleep benefits memory, yet current studies focusing on the relationship between traditionally reported sleep features (e.g., minutes in sleep stages) and changes in memory performance show contradictory findings. This discrepancy suggests that there are events occurring during sleep that have not yet been considered. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) shows strong variation across sleep stages. Also, increases in ANS activity during waking, as measured by heart rate variability (HRV), have been correlated with memory improvement. However, the role of ANS in sleep-dependent memory consolidation has never been examined. Here, we examined whether changes in cardiac ANS activity (HRV) during a daytime nap were related to performance on two memory conditions (Primed and Repeated) and a nonmemory control condition on the Remote Associates Test. In line with prior studies, we found sleep-dependent improvement in the Primed condition compared with the Quiet Wake control condition. Using regression analyses, we compared the proportion of variance in performance associated with traditionally reported sleep features (model 1) vs. sleep features and HRV during sleep (model 2). For both the Primed and Repeated conditions, model 2 (sleep + HRV) predicted performance significantly better (73% and 58% of variance explained, respectively) compared with model 1 (sleep only, 46% and 26% of variance explained, respectively). These findings present the first evidence, to our knowledge, that ANS activity may be one potential mechanism driving sleep-dependent plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicola Cellini
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521; Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | | | | | - Sara C Mednick
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521;
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Diekelmann S, Born J, Rasch B. Increasing Explicit Sequence Knowledge by Odor Cueing during Sleep in Men but not Women. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:74. [PMID: 27147995 PMCID: PMC4828435 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep consolidates newly acquired memories. Beyond stabilizing memories, sleep is thought to reorganize memory representations such that invariant structures, statistical regularities and even new explicit knowledge are extracted. Whereas increasing evidence suggests that the stabilization of memories during sleep can be facilitated by cueing with learning-associated stimuli, the effect of cueing on memory reorganization is less well understood. Here we asked whether olfactory cueing during sleep enhances the generation of explicit knowledge about an implicitly learned procedural memory task. Subjects were trained on a serial reaction time task (SRTT) containing a hidden 12-element sequence in the presence of an odor. During subsequent sleep, half of the subjects were re-exposed to the odor during periods of slow wave sleep (SWS), while the other half received odorless vehicle. In the next morning, subjects were tested on their explicit knowledge about the underlying sequence in a free recall test and a generation task. Although odor cueing did not significantly affect overall explicit knowledge, differential effects were evident when analyzing male and female subjects separately. Explicit sequence knowledge, both in free recall and the generation task, was enhanced by odor cueing in men, whereas women showed no cueing effect. Procedural skill in the SRTT was not affected by cueing, neither in men nor in women. These findings suggest that olfactory memory reactivation can increase explicit knowledge about implicitly learned information, but only in men. Hormonal differences due to menstrual cycle phase and/or hormonal contraceptives might explain the lacking effect in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Diekelmann
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany
| | - Jan Born
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience (CIN), University of TübingenTübingen, Germany
| | - Björn Rasch
- Division of Cognitive Biopsychology and Methods, Department of Psychology, University of FribourgFribourg, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Interdisciplinary Sleep Research (ZiS), University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
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Ebajemito JK, Furlan L, Nissen C, Sterr A. Application of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Neurorehabilitation: The Modulatory Effect of Sleep. Front Neurol 2016; 7:54. [PMID: 27092103 PMCID: PMC4822081 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between sleep disorders and neurological disorders is often reciprocal, such that sleep disorders are worsened by neurological symptoms and that neurological disorders are aggravated by poor sleep. Animal and human studies further suggest that sleep disruption not only worsens single neurological symptoms but may also lead to long-term negative outcomes. This suggests that sleep may play a fundamental role in neurorehabilitation and recovery. We further propose that sleep may not only alter the efficacy of behavioral treatments but also plasticity-enhancing adjunctive neurostimulation methods, such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). At present, sleep receives little attention in the fields of neurorehabilitation and neurostimulation. In this review, we draw together the strands of evidence from both fields of research to highlight the proposition that sleep is an important parameter to consider in the application of tDCS as a primary or adjunct rehabilitation intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K Ebajemito
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey , Guildford , UK
| | - Leonardo Furlan
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey , Guildford , UK
| | - Christoph Nissen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg Medical Center , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Annette Sterr
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK; Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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69
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Nightmare sufferers show atypical emotional semantic associations and prolonged REM sleep-dependent emotional priming. Sleep Med 2016; 20:80-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Gegg-Harrison WM, Tanenhaus MK. What's in a Name? Interlocutors Dynamically Update Expectations about Shared Names. Front Psychol 2016; 7:212. [PMID: 26955361 PMCID: PMC4767932 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to refer using a name, speakers must believe that their addressee knows about the link between the name and the intended referent. In cases where speakers and addressees learned a subset of names together, speakers are adept at using only the names their partner knows. But speakers do not always share such learning experience with their conversational partners. In these situations, what information guides speakers' choice of referring expression? A speaker who is uncertain about a names' common ground (CG) status often uses a name and description together. This N+D form allows speakers to demonstrate knowledge of a name, and could provide, even in the absence of miscommunication, useful evidence to the addressee regarding the speaker's knowledge. In cases where knowledge of one name is associated with knowledge of other names, this could provide indirect evidence regarding knowledge of other names that could support generalizations used to update beliefs about CG. Using Bayesian approaches to language processing as a guiding framework, we predict that interlocutors can use their partner's choice of referring expression, in particular their use of an N+D form, to generate more accurate beliefs regarding their partner's knowledge of other names. In Experiment 1, we find that domain experts are able to use their partner's referring expression choices to generate more accurate estimates of CG. In Experiment 2, we find that interlocutors are able to infer from a partner's use of an N+D form which other names that partner is likely to know or not know. Our results suggest that interlocutors can use the information conveyed in their partner's choice of referring expression to make generalizations that contribute to more accurate beliefs about what is shared with their partner, and further, that models of CG for reference need to account not just for the status of referents, but the status of means of referring to those referents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael K Tanenhaus
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester Rochester, NY, USA
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71
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Schlafbezogene Interventionen zur Augmentation von Psychotherapie. SOMNOLOGIE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11818-015-0038-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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72
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Landmann N, Kuhn M, Maier JG, Feige B, Spiegelhalder K, Riemann D, Nissen C. Sleep Strengthens but does Not Reorganize Memory Traces in a Verbal Creativity Task. Sleep 2016; 39:705-13. [PMID: 26518596 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.5556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Sleep after learning promotes the quantitative strengthening of new memories. Less is known about the impact of sleep on the qualitative reorganization of memory content. This study tested the hypothesis that sleep facilitates both memory strengthening and reorganization as indexed by a verbal creativity task. METHODS Sixty healthy university students (30 female, 30 male, 20-30 years) were investigated in a randomized, controlled parallel-group study with three experimental groups (sleep, sleep deprivation, daytime wakefulness). At baseline, 60 items of the Compound Remote Associate (CRA) task were presented. At retest after the experimental conditions, the same items were presented again together with 20 new control items to disentangle off-line incubation from online performance effects. RESULTS Sleep significantly strengthened formerly encoded memories in comparison to both wake conditions (improvement in speed of correctly resolved items). Offline reorganization was not enhanced following sleep, but was enhanced following sleep-deprivation in comparison to sleep and daytime wakefulness (solution time of previously incubated, newly solved items). Online performance did not differ between the groups (solution time of new control items). CONCLUSIONS The results support the notion that sleep promotes the strengthening, but not the reorganization, of newly encoded memory traces in a verbal creativity task. Future studies are needed to further determine the impact of sleep on different types of memory reorganization, such as associative thinking, creativity and emotional memory processing, and potential clinical translations, such as the augmentation of psychotherapy through sleep interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Landmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marion Kuhn
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Bernd Feige
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kai Spiegelhalder
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dieter Riemann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Nissen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany
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73
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Ferrara M, Tempesta D, De Gennaro L. Do exoskeletons dream of plastic sleep?: Comment on "The embodiment of assistive devices-from wheelchair to exoskeleton" by M. Pazzaglia and M. Molinari. Phys Life Rev 2015; 16:178-80. [PMID: 26708356 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Ferrara
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, P.le S. Tommasi 1, 67010 Coppito (L'Aquila), Italy.
| | - Daniela Tempesta
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, P.le S. Tommasi 1, 67010 Coppito (L'Aquila), Italy
| | - Luigi De Gennaro
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Adolescence is a period of dynamic change in both sleep and emotional systems, with related increases in problems controlling emotion and behavior. Youth with anxiety enter adolescence with pre-existing vulnerabilities in systems of sleep and emotion that may place them at heightened risk. This review summarizes recent research on sleep and anxiety during the transition to adolescence, and highlights emerging themes. RECENT FINDINGS Prospective studies support that sleep predicts anxiety symptoms in early adolescence. Notably, robust evidence for subjective sleep problems in anxious youth is not well corroborated by objective assessments. Longitudinal designs and methodology that carefully examine dimensions of anxiety and sleep may clarify inconsistencies. Preliminary evidence suggests that late childhood to early adolescence may be a sensitive period for escalating problems with sleep and anxiety. Recent advances in the neuroscience of sleep can further refine integrative mechanistic models of developmental psychopathology - the role of sleep in emotional learning and memory is provided as an example. SUMMARY Sleep problems are common and prospectively predict escalating anxiety symptoms. Precision is needed regarding the nature of sleep disruption, and how and when sleep affects various aspects of developmental trajectories. This precision, along with advances in the neuroscience of sleep, may lead to developmentally informed translational interventions.
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Leger D, Quera-Salva MA, Vecchierini MF, Ogrizek P, Perry CA, Dressman MA. Safety profile of tasimelteon, a melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptor agonist: pooled safety analyses from six clinical studies. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2015; 14:1673-85. [PMID: 26393492 DOI: 10.1517/14740338.2015.1093112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tasimelteon, a novel circadian regulator, is the first product for the treatment of Non-24-hour Sleep-Wake Disorder (Non-24) approved by either the FDA or the European Medicines Agency (EMA). Tasimelteon is a potent and specific melatonin (MT1 and MT2) receptor agonist with 2 - 4 times greater affinity for the MT2 receptor. METHODS Safety was assessed in two controlled and two open-label studies in blind individuals with Non-24 and in two controlled studies of primary insomnia. Periodic assessments included collection of adverse events (AEs), laboratory testing, electrocardiograms (ECGs), vital sign monitoring, physical examinations and assessment for the potential for suicide. One study included additional assessments for endocrine function. RESULTS A total of 184 blind individuals with Non-24 received tasimelteon nightly with a median exposure > 1 year. In placebo-controlled studies, 387 patients with insomnia and 42 patients with Non-24 received tasimelteon nightly for 4 - 26 weeks. The total patient years exposure for the six studies assessed here is 258.64 patient years. Discontinuations due to AEs were similar across treatment groups. Overall in the clinical studies described here, AEs attributable to tasimelteon treatment were headache, diarrhea, dry mouth, alanine aminotransferase increased, somnolence, dizziness and nightmare/abnormal dreams. There were no clinically significant differences in treatment group with ECGs, vital signs, withdrawal, endocrine function and suicidality assessments. CONCLUSION Long-term tasimelteon administration was safe and well-tolerated. This is supported by placebo-controlled data in both Non-24 and insomnia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Leger
- a 1 Université Paris Descartes, APHP, Hôtel-Dieu de Paris, Centre du Sommeil et de la Vigilance , 1 place du Parvis Notre Dame, 75181 Paris cedex 04, Paris, France +33 1 42 34 82 43 ; +33 1 42 34 82 27 ; .,b 2 Université Paris Descartes, EA 7330 VIFASOM Sommeil-Vigilance-Fatigue et Santé Publique , Paris, France
| | | | - Marie-Françoise Vecchierini
- a 1 Université Paris Descartes, APHP, Hôtel-Dieu de Paris, Centre du Sommeil et de la Vigilance , 1 place du Parvis Notre Dame, 75181 Paris cedex 04, Paris, France +33 1 42 34 82 43 ; +33 1 42 34 82 27 ; .,b 2 Université Paris Descartes, EA 7330 VIFASOM Sommeil-Vigilance-Fatigue et Santé Publique , Paris, France
| | - Pascale Ogrizek
- a 1 Université Paris Descartes, APHP, Hôtel-Dieu de Paris, Centre du Sommeil et de la Vigilance , 1 place du Parvis Notre Dame, 75181 Paris cedex 04, Paris, France +33 1 42 34 82 43 ; +33 1 42 34 82 27 ;
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Davidson P, Carlsson I, Jönsson P, Johansson M. Sleep and the generalization of fear learning. J Sleep Res 2015; 25:88-95. [DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Per Davidson
- Department of Psychology; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | | | - Peter Jönsson
- School of Education and Environment; Centre for Psychology; Kristianstad University; Kristianstad Sweden
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77
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Changing maladaptive memories through reconsolidation: A role for sleep in psychotherapy? Behav Brain Sci 2015; 38:e6. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x14000156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractLike Lane et al., we believe that change in psychotherapy comes about by updating dysfunctional memories with new adaptive experiences. We suggest that sleep is essential to (re-)consolidate such corrective experiences. Sleep is well-known to strengthen and integrate new memories into pre-existing networks. Targeted sleep interventions might be promising tools to boost this process and thereby increase therapy effectiveness.
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78
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Pace-Schott EF, Germain A, Milad MR. Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory. BIOLOGY OF MOOD & ANXIETY DISORDERS 2015; 5:3. [PMID: 26034578 PMCID: PMC4450835 DOI: 10.1186/s13587-015-0018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is accompanied by disturbed sleep and an impaired ability to learn and remember extinction of conditioned fear. Following a traumatic event, the full spectrum of PTSD symptoms typically requires several months to develop. During this time, sleep disturbances such as insomnia, nightmares, and fragmented rapid eye movement sleep predict later development of PTSD symptoms. Only a minority of individuals exposed to trauma go on to develop PTSD. We hypothesize that sleep disturbance resulting from an acute trauma, or predating the traumatic experience, may contribute to the etiology of PTSD. Because symptoms can worsen over time, we suggest that continued sleep disturbances can also maintain and exacerbate PTSD. Sleep disturbance may result in failure of extinction memory to persist and generalize, and we suggest that this constitutes one, non-exclusive mechanism by which poor sleep contributes to the development and perpetuation of PTSD. Also reviewed are neuroendocrine systems that show abnormalities in PTSD, and in which stress responses and sleep disturbance potentially produce synergistic effects that interfere with extinction learning and memory. Preliminary evidence that insomnia alone can disrupt sleep-dependent emotional processes including consolidation of extinction memory is also discussed. We suggest that optimizing sleep quality following trauma, and even strategically timing sleep to strengthen extinction memories therapeutically instantiated during exposure therapy, may allow sleep itself to be recruited in the treatment of PTSD and other trauma and stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward F. Pace-Schott
- />Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital—East, CNY 149 13th Street Room 2624, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
| | - Anne Germain
- />Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Mohammed R. Milad
- />Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital—East, CNY 149 13th Street Room 2624, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
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79
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Sleep apnoea and the brain: a complex relationship. THE LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2015; 3:404-14. [DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(15)00090-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Not only … but also: REM sleep creates and NREM Stage 2 instantiates landmark junctions in cortical memory networks. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2015; 122:69-87. [PMID: 25921620 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This article argues both rapid eye movement (REM) and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep contribute to overnight episodic memory processes but their roles differ. Episodic memory may have evolved from memory for spatial navigation in animals and humans. Equally, mnemonic navigation in world and mental space may rely on fundamentally equivalent processes. Consequently, the basic spatial network characteristics of pathways which meet at omnidirectional nodes or junctions may be conserved in episodic brain networks. A pathway is formally identified with the unidirectional, sequential phases of an episodic memory. In contrast, the function of omnidirectional junctions is not well understood. In evolutionary terms, both animals and early humans undertook tours to a series of landmark junctions, to take advantage of resources (food, water and shelter), whilst trying to avoid predators. Such tours required memory for emotionally significant landmark resource-place-danger associations and the spatial relationships amongst these landmarks. In consequence, these tours may have driven the evolution of both spatial and episodic memory. The environment is dynamic. Resource-place associations are liable to shift and new resource-rich landmarks may be discovered, these changes may require re-wiring in neural networks. To realise these changes, REM may perform an associative, emotional encoding function between memory networks, engendering an omnidirectional landmark junction which is instantiated in the cortex during NREM Stage 2. In sum, REM may preplay associated elements of past episodes (rather than replay individual episodes), to engender an unconscious representation which can be used by the animal on approach to a landmark junction in wake.
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81
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Pace-Schott EF, Germain A, Milad MR. Effects of sleep on memory for conditioned fear and fear extinction. Psychol Bull 2015; 141:835-57. [PMID: 25894546 DOI: 10.1037/bul0000014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Learning and memory for extinction of conditioned fear is a basic mammalian mechanism for regulating negative emotion. Sleep promotes both the consolidation of memory and the regulation of emotion. Sleep can influence consolidation and modification of memories associated with both fear and its extinction. After brief overviews of the behavior and neural circuitry associated with fear conditioning, extinction learning, and extinction memory in the rodent and human, interactions of sleep with these processes will be examined. Animal and human studies suggest that sleep can serve to consolidate both fear and extinction memory. In humans, sleep also promotes generalization of extinction memory. Time-of-day effects on extinction learning and generalization are also seen. Rapid eye movement (REM) may be a sleep stage of particular importance for the consolidation of both fear and extinction memory as evidenced by selective REM deprivation experiments. REM sleep is accompanied by selective activation of the same limbic structures implicated in the learning and memory of fear and extinction. Preliminary evidence also suggests extinction learning can take place during slow wave sleep. Study of low-level processes such as conditioning, extinction, and habituation may allow sleep effects on emotional memory to be identified and inform study of sleep's effects on more complex, emotionally salient declarative memories. Anxiety disorders are marked by impairments of both sleep and extinction memory. Improving sleep quality may ameliorate anxiety disorders by strengthening naturally acquired extinction. Strategically timed sleep may be used to enhance treatment of anxiety by strengthening therapeutic extinction learned via exposure therapy. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward F Pace-Schott
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Anne Germain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh
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82
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Abstract
Recent findings suggest that novel associations can be learned during sleep. However, whether associative learning during sleep can alter later waking behavior and whether such behavioral changes last for minutes, hours, or days remain unknown. We tested the hypothesis that olfactory aversive conditioning during sleep will alter cigarette-smoking behavior during ensuing wakefulness. A total of 66 human subjects wishing to quit smoking participated in the study (23 females; mean age, 28.7 ± 5.2 years). Subjects completed a daily smoking diary detailing the number of cigarettes smoked during 7 d before and following a 1 d or night protocol of conditioning between cigarette odor and profoundly unpleasant odors. We observed significant reductions in the number of cigarettes smoked following olfactory aversive conditioning during stage 2 and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep but not following aversive conditioning during wakefulness (p < 0.05). Moreover, the reduction in smoking following aversive conditioning during stage 2 (34.4 ± 30.1%) was greater and longer lasting compared with the reduction following aversive conditioning during REM (11.9 ± 19.2%, p < 0.05). Finally, the reduction in smoking following aversive conditioning during sleep was significantly greater than in two separate control sleep experiments that tested aversive odors alone and the effects of cigarette odors and aversive odors without pairing. To conclude, a single night of olfactory aversive conditioning during sleep significantly reduced cigarette-smoking behavior in a sleep stage-dependent manner, and this effect persisted for several days.
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83
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REM sleep and memory reorganization: Potential relevance for psychiatry and psychotherapy. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2015; 122:28-40. [PMID: 25602929 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sleep can foster the reorganization of memory, i.e. the emergence of new memory content that has not directly been encoded. Current neurophysiological and behavioral evidence can be integrated into a model positing that REM sleep particularly promotes the disintegration of existing schemas and their recombination in the form of associative thinking, creativity and the shaping of emotional memory. Particularly, REM sleep related dreaming might represent a mentation correlate for the reconfiguration of memory. In a final section, the potential relevance for psychiatry and psychotherapy is discussed.
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84
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Automatic Sleep Stages Classification Using EEG Entropy Features and Unsupervised Pattern Analysis Techniques. ENTROPY 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/e16126573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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85
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Astill RG, Piantoni G, Raymann RJEM, Vis JC, Coppens JE, Walker MP, Stickgold R, Van Der Werf YD, Van Someren EJW. Sleep spindle and slow wave frequency reflect motor skill performance in primary school-age children. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:910. [PMID: 25426055 PMCID: PMC4227520 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The role of sleep in the enhancement of motor skills has been studied extensively in adults. We aimed to determine involvement of sleep and characteristics of spindles and slow waves in a motor skill in children. HYPOTHESIS We hypothesized sleep-dependence of skill enhancement and an association of interindividual differences in skill and sleep characteristics. METHODS 30 children (19 females, 10.7 ± 0.8 years of age; mean ± SD) performed finger sequence tapping tasks in a repeated-measures design spanning 4 days including 1 polysomnography (PSG) night. Initial and delayed performance were assessed over 12 h of wake; 12 h with sleep; and 24 h with wake and sleep. For the 12 h with sleep, children were assigned to one of three conditions: modulation of slow waves and spindles was attempted using acoustic perturbation, and compared to yoked and no-sound control conditions. ANALYSES Mixed effect regression models evaluated the association of sleep, its macrostructure and spindles and slow wave parameters with initial and delayed speed and accuracy. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Children enhance their accuracy only over an interval with sleep. Unlike previously reported in adults, children enhance their speed independent of sleep, a capacity that may to be lost in adulthood. Individual differences in the dominant frequency of spindles and slow waves were predictive for performance: children performed better if they had less slow spindles, more fast spindles and faster slow waves. On the other hand, overnight enhancement of accuracy was most pronounced in children with more slow spindles and slower slow waves, i.e., the ones with an initial lower performance. Associations of spindle and slow wave characteristics with initial performance may confound interpretation of their involvement in overnight enhancement. Slower frequencies of characteristic sleep events may mark slower learning and immaturity of networks involved in motor skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca G Astill
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Sleep Centre, Slotervaartziekenhuis Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Giovanni Piantoni
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roy J E M Raymann
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jose C Vis
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Sleepvision, Berg en Dal Netherlands
| | - Joris E Coppens
- Department of Technology and Software Development, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Matthew P Walker
- Sleep and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of California Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Robert Stickgold
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ysbrand D Van Der Werf
- Department of Emotion and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University and Medical Center Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eus J W Van Someren
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Departments of Integrative Neurophysiology and Medical Psychology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University and Medical Center Amsterdam, Netherlands
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