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Peng J, Song J, Zhou J, Yin X, Song J. Effects of CPAP on the transcriptional signatures in patients with obstructive sleep apnea via coexpression network analysis. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:9277-9290. [PMID: 30719767 PMCID: PMC6593761 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A growing number of studies provide epidemiological evidence linking obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) with a number of chronic disorders. Transcriptional analyses have been conducted to analyze the gene expression data. However, the weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) method has not been applied to determine the transcriptional consequence of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy in patients with severe OSA. The aim of this study was to identify key pathways and genes in patients with OSA that are influenced by CPAP treatment and uncover/unveil potential molecular mechanisms using WGCNA. We analyzed the microarray data of OSA (GSE 49800) listed in the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Coexpression modules were constructed using WGCNA. In addition, Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis were also conducted. After the initial data processing, 5101 expressed gene profiles were identified. Next, a weighted gene coexpression network was established and 16 modules of coexpressed genes were identified. The interaction analysis demonstrated a relative independence of gene expression in these modules. The black module, tan module, midnightblue module, pink module, and greenyellow module were significantly associated with the alterations in circulating leukocyte gene expression at baseline and after exposure to CPAP. The five hub genes were considered to be candidate OSA-related genes after CPAP treatment. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that steroid biosynthesis, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, and the insulin signaling pathway play critical roles in the development of OSA in circulating leukocyte gene expression at baseline and after exposure to CPAP. Using this new systems biology approach, we identified several genes and pathways that appear to be critical to OSA after CPAP treatment, and these findings provide a better understanding of OSA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juxiang Peng
- Department of Orthodontics, Guiyang Hospital of StomatologyGuiyangChina
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Jukun Song
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryGuizhou Provincial People’s HospitalGuiyangGuizhouChina
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Orthodontics, Guiyang Hospital of StomatologyGuiyangChina
| | - Xinhai Yin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryGuizhou Provincial People’s HospitalGuiyangGuizhouChina
| | - Jinlin Song
- Department of Orthodontics, Guiyang Hospital of StomatologyGuiyangChina
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
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Molaie S, Shahverdi A, Sharafi M, Shahhoseini M, Rashki Ghaleno L, Esmaeili V, Abed-Heydari E, Numan Bucak M, Alizadeh A. Dietary trans and saturated fatty acids effects on semen quality, hormonal levels and expression of genes related to steroid metabolism in mouse adipose tissue. Andrologia 2019; 51:e13259. [PMID: 30873638 DOI: 10.1111/and.13259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Our objectives were to assess sperm alteration and adipose tissue (AT) genes expression related to steroid metabolism subsequent to fatty acids consumption. Twenty-nine mature male mice were divided into: fat diet (FD; n = 15) and the control group (n = 14). FD group was fed with low level of trans and saturated fatty acids source for 60 days. Sperm parameters, levels of hormones and the mRNA abundance of the target genes in AT were assessed. The sperm concentration, total and progressive motilities were lower in FD group compared to that of control (p < 0.01). Blood estradiol levels increased in FD (p < 0.001), whereas no significant difference was observed in testosterone. The mRNA levels of StAR, CYP11A1, CYP17A1, 17βHSD7 and 17βHSD12 in AT of FD were higher than those of the control (p < 0.05). In contrast, mRNA level of Cyp19a1 in FD was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than that of control. 17βHSD12 and 17βHSD7 (as oestrogenic genes) increased, while 17βHSD5 and 17βHSD3 (as androgenic genes) remained unchanged, indicating that dietary trans/saturated fatty acids affect AT genes expression. Probably, sperm parameters were altered by increment of expression level of genes involved in oestrogenic metabolism rather than those engaged in androgenic metabolism after fatty acids consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solmaz Molaie
- Department of Embryology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolhossein Shahverdi
- Department of Embryology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Reproductive Epidemiology Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Sharafi
- Department of Embryology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Poultry Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Shahhoseini
- Reproductive Epidemiology Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Genetics, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Rashki Ghaleno
- Department of Embryology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Esmaeili
- Department of Embryology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Abed-Heydari
- Department of Embryology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mustafa Numan Bucak
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - AliReza Alizadeh
- Department of Embryology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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Developmental programming: Changes in mediators of insulin sensitivity in prenatal bisphenol A-treated female sheep. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 85:110-122. [PMID: 30853570 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Developmental exposure to endocrine disruptor bisphenol A (BPA) is associated with metabolic defects during adulthood. In sheep, prenatal BPA treatment causes insulin resistance (IR) and adipocyte hypertrophy in the female offspring. To determine if changes in insulin sensitivity mediators (increase in inflammation, oxidative stress, and lipotoxicity and/or decrease in adiponectin) and the intracrine steroidal milieu contributes to these metabolic perturbations, metabolic tissues collected from 21-month-old female offspring born to mothers treated with 0, 0.05, 0.5, or 5 mg/kg/day of BPA were studied. Findings showed prenatal BPA in non-monotonic manner (1) increased oxidative stress; (2) induced lipotoxicity in liver and muscle; and (3) increased aromatase and estrogen receptor expression in visceral adipose tissues. These changes are generally associated with the development of peripheral and tissue level IR and may explain the IR status and adipocyte hypertrophy observed in prenatal BPA-treated female sheep.
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54
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The Catalytic Mechanism of Steroidogenic Cytochromes P450 from All-Atom Simulations: Entwinement with Membrane Environment, Redox Partners, and Post-Transcriptional Regulation. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 (CYP450s) promote the biosynthesis of steroid hormones with major impact on the onset of diseases such as breast and prostate cancers. By merging distinct functions into the same catalytic scaffold, steroidogenic CYP450s enhance complex chemical transformations with extreme efficiency and selectivity. Mammalian CYP450s and their redox partners are membrane-anchored proteins, dynamically associating to form functional machineries. Mounting evidence signifies that environmental factors are strictly intertwined with CYP450s catalysis. Atomic-level simulations have the potential to provide insights into the catalytic mechanism of steroidogenic CYP450s and on its regulation by environmental factors, furnishing information often inaccessible to experimental means. In this review, after an introduction of computational methods commonly employed to tackle these systems, we report the current knowledge on three steroidogenic CYP450s—CYP11A1, CYP17A1, and CYP19A1—endowed with multiple catalytic functions and critically involved in cancer onset. In particular, besides discussing their catalytic mechanisms, we highlight how the membrane environment contributes to (i) regulate ligand channeling through these enzymes, (ii) modulate their interactions with specific protein partners, (iii) mediate post-transcriptional regulation induced by phosphorylation. The results presented set the basis for developing novel therapeutic strategies aimed at fighting diseases originating from steroid metabolism dysfunction.
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55
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Mononuclear phagocyte system function and nanoparticle pharmacology in obese and normal weight ovarian and endometrial cancer patients. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2018; 83:61-70. [PMID: 30327876 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-018-3702-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Obesity may alter mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) function and the pharmacology and efficacy of nanoparticles therapies, such as PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD). We aimed to evaluate the relationships between hormone and chemokine mediators of MPS function and the pharmacokinetic (PK) exposure of PLD in obese and normal weight patients with ovarian and endometrial cancer. METHODS Hormone and chemokine mediators in obese and normal weight ovarian and endometrial cancer patients were measured. A separate pharmacology study was performed that evaluated the relationship between serum hormone concentrations, MPS function, and PK disposition of PLD in refractory ovarian cancer patients. RESULTS Univariate analysis revealed a significant relationship between serum estradiol and body mass index (OR 8.64, 95% CI 2.67-28.0, p < 0.001). Estrone and testosterone concentrations were positively correlated with MPS function (ρ = 0.57 and 0.53, p = 0.14 and 0.18, respectively) and inversely correlated with PLD PK exposure (ρ = - 0.75 and - 0.76, respectively, p = 0.02 for both). CONCLUSIONS Higher MPS function resulting in reduced PLD exposure is a potential mechanism for reduced efficacy of PLD and other nanoparticles observed in obese patients with cancer. PK simulations suggest higher doses of PLD are required in obese patients to achieve similar exposures as standard dosing in normal weight patients.
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56
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Yang L, Chen L, Lu X, Tan A, Chen Y, Li Y, Peng X, Yuan S, Cai D, Yu Y. Peri-ovarian adipose tissue contributes to intraovarian control during folliculogenesis in mice. Reproduction 2018; 156:133-144. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-18-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Peri-ovarian adipose tissue (POAT) is a kind of intra-abdominal white adipose tissue that is present surrounding the ovaries in rodents. Recent studies demonstrated that POAT-deficient mice displayed a phenotype of delayed antral follicular development, for which decreases in serum estrogen, serum FSH and FSHR levels were responsible. However, folliculogenesis is regulated by endocrine signals and also modulated by a number of locally produced intraovarian factors whose acts are both autocrine and paracrine. Here, we used a model of surgical removal of POAT unilaterally and contralateral ovaries as controls, as both were under the same endocrine control, to assess the paracrine effect of the POAT on folliculogenesis. Surgical removal of unilateral POAT resulted in delayed antral follicular development and the increased number of atretic follicles, accompanied by decreased levels of intraovarian adipokines and growth factors, lipid accumulation and steroidogenic enzyme expression. POAT-deficient ovaries displayed compensatory increased expressions of intraovarian genes, such as Vegf and Adpn for angiogenesis, Acc, Fasn, and Gapdh involved in lipogenesis and Fshr in response to FSH stimulation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that removal of POAT promoted follicular apoptosis, caused retention of cytoplasmic YAP and inhibited PTEN-AKT-mTOR activation. These alterations were observed only in the POAT-deficient ovaries but not in the contralateral ovaries (with POAT), which suggests that a paracrine interaction between POAT and ovaries is important for normal folliculogenesis.
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Wagner IV, Sahlin L, Savchuk I, Klöting N, Svechnikov K, Söder O. Adipose Tissue is a Potential Source of Hyperandrogenism in Obese Female Rats. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26:1161-1167. [PMID: 29901265 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity in females is often associated with metabolic complications and hyperandrogenism, but the sources of androgens are not completely understood. Therefore, this study investigated whether adipose tissue could be a source of androgens promoting hyperandrogenism development in obese female rats. METHODS Gene expression of steroidogenic enzymes and testosterone levels were determined in periovarian and inguinal adipose tissue and in the supernatant of cultured preadipocytes and adipocytes. The conversion of pregnenolone to androgens was analyzed by thin-layer chromatography. RESULTS Substantial amounts of testosterone in adipose tissue (25-153 ng/g tissue) and in the supernatant of adipocytes (0.33-0.69 ng/ten thousand cells]) were found. StAR and steroidogenic enzymes encoded by genes including Cyp11A1, Cyp17A1, Cyp19, Hsd3b2, Hsd17b3, and Srd5a2 were expressed in adipose tissue and cultured cells. Thin layer chromatography data revealed that preadipocytes and adipocytes were able to convert pregnenolone to testosterone. Higher levels for all steroidogenic enzymes were found in both depots of obese animals compared with lean animals, with significantly higher levels in inguinal tissue. CONCLUSIONS The whole steroidogenic machinery and capacity for testosterone biosynthesis were found in fat depots of female rats. These findings support the hypothesis that adipose tissue may contribute substantially to the hyperandrogenism in female obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Viola Wagner
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB Adiposity Diseases), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lena Sahlin
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Nordfertil Research Lab Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Iuliia Savchuk
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nora Klöting
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB Adiposity Diseases), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Konstantin Svechnikov
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olle Söder
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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58
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Knapik JJ, Sharp MA, Montain SJ. Association between stress fracture incidence and predicted body fat in United States Army Basic Combat Training recruits. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2018; 19:161. [PMID: 29788936 PMCID: PMC5964907 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-018-2061-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A stress fracture (SF) is a highly debilitating injury commonly experienced in United States Army Basic Combat Training (BCT). Body fat (BF) may be associated with this injury but previous investigations (in athletes) have largely used SF self-reports and lacked sufficient statistical power. This investigation developed an equation to estimate %BF and used that equation to examine the relationship between %BF and SF risk in BCT recruits. Methods Data for the %BF predictive equation involved 349 recruits with BF obtained from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. %BF was estimated using body mass index (BMI, weight/height2), age (yr), and sex in the entire population of BCT recruits over an 11-year period (n = 583,651). Medical information was obtained on these recruits to determine SF occurrence. Recruits were separated into deciles of estimated %BF and the risk of SFs determined in each decile. Results The equation was %BF = − 7.53 + 1.43 ● BMI + 0.13 ● age − 14.73 ● sex, with sex either 1 for men or 0 for women (r = 0.88, standard error of estimate = 4.2%BF). Among the men, SF risk increased at the higher and lower %BF deciles: compared to men in the mean %BF decile, the risk of a SF for men in the first (lowest %BF) and tenth (highest %BF) decile were 1.27 (95%confidence interval (95%CI) = 1.17–1.40) and 1.15 (95%CI = 1.05–1.26) times higher, respectively. Among women, SF risk was only elevated in the first %BF decile with risk 1.20 (95%CI = 1.09–1.32) times higher compared to the mean %BF decile. Conclusions Low %BF was associated with higher SF risk in BCT; higher %BF was associated with higher SF risk among men but not women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Knapik
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Natick, MA, 01760, USA.
| | - Marilyn A Sharp
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
| | - Scott J Montain
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
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Stanczyk FZ, Burke AE, Hong KM, Archer DF. Morbid obesity: potential effects of hormonal contraception. Contraception 2018; 98:174-180. [PMID: 29777662 DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Z Stanczyk
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Anne E Burke
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Kurt M Hong
- Center of Clinical Nutrition and Applied Health Research, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - David F Archer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
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Chaube R, Mishra S, Singh RK. A comparison of steroid profiles in the testis and seminal vesicle of the catfish ( Heteropneustes fossilis ). Theriogenology 2018; 105:90-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Galligan TM, Schwacke LH, McFee WE, Boggs ASP. Evidence for cortisol-cortisone metabolism by marine mammal blubber. MARINE BIOLOGY 2018; 165:10.1007/s00227-018-3373-4. [PMID: 31579267 PMCID: PMC6774200 DOI: 10.1007/s00227-018-3373-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Blubber, a specialized hyperdermic adipose tissue found in marine mammals, has been identified as a useful tissue for the assessment of steroid hormone homeostasis in cetaceans. However, blubber cortisol measurements are not quantitatively predictive of circulating cortisol concentrations in bottlenose dolphins. In other mammals, adipose tissue metabolizes steroid hormones. Thus, it is proposed that the disagreement between blubber and blood cortisol in bottlenose dolphins could be due in part to metabolism of corticosteroids in blubber. The purpose of this study is to characterize the ability of blubber to interconvert cortisol and cortisone using an in vitro design. Results demonstrate that bottlenose dolphin blubber microsomes interconvert cortisol and cortisone, an effect that is abated by denaturing the microsomes, indicating this is an enzymatic process. These findings lead to the conclusion that blubber is likely a site of active steroid metabolism, which should be considered in future studies utilizing blubber as a matrix for endocrine assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Galligan
- College of Graduate Studies, Medical University of South Carolina, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
- JHT, Inc. Under Contract to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 310 West Campus Drive, Cheatham Hall Rm 101, Blacksburg 24060, VA, USA
| | - Lori H. Schwacke
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, 2240 Shelter Island Drive Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92106, USA
| | - Wayne E. McFee
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, 219 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston 29412, SC, USA
| | - Ashley S. P. Boggs
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
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Puttabyatappa M, Lu C, Martin JD, Chazenbalk G, Dumesic D, Padmanabhan V. Developmental Programming: Impact of Prenatal Testosterone Excess on Steroidal Machinery and Cell Differentiation Markers in Visceral Adipocytes of Female Sheep. Reprod Sci 2017; 25:1010-1023. [PMID: 29237348 DOI: 10.1177/1933719117746767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal testosterone (T)-treated female sheep manifest reduced adipocyte size and peripheral insulin resistance. The small adipocyte phenotype may reflect defects in adipogenesis and its steroidal machinery. To test whether prenatal T treatment from gestational days 30 to 90 alters the visceral adipose tissue (VAT) steroidal machinery and reduces adipocyte differentiation, we examined expression of the steroidogenic enzymes, steroid receptors, and adipocyte differentiation markers at fetal day 90 and postnatal ages 10 and 21 months. Because gestational T treatment increases fetal T and maternal insulin, the contributions of these were assessed by androgen receptor antagonist or insulin sensitizer cotreatment, either separately (at fetal day 90 and 21 months of age time points) or together (10 months of age). The effects on adipogenesis were assessed in the VAT-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AT-MSCs) from pre- and postpubertal time points to evaluate the effects of pubertal steroidal changes on adipogenesis. Our results show that VAT manifests potentially a predominant estrogenic intracrine milieu (increased aromatase and estrogen receptor α) and reduced differentiation markers at fetal day 90 and postnatal 21 months of age. These changes appear to involve both androgenic and metabolic pathways. Preliminary findings suggest that prenatal T treatment reduces adipogenesis, decreases expression of differentiation, and increases expression of commitment markers at both pre- and postpubertal time points. Together, these findings suggest that (1) increased commitment of AT-MSCs to adipocyte lineage and decreased differentiation to adipocytes may underlie the small adipocyte phenotype of prenatal T-treated females and (2) excess T-induced changes in steroidal machinery in the VAT likely participate in the programming/maintenance of this defect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chunxia Lu
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jacob D Martin
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gregorio Chazenbalk
- 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Dumesic
- 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Hetemäki N, Savolainen-Peltonen H, Tikkanen MJ, Wang F, Paatela H, Hämäläinen E, Turpeinen U, Haanpää M, Vihma V, Mikkola TS. Estrogen Metabolism in Abdominal Subcutaneous and Visceral Adipose Tissue in Postmenopausal Women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:4588-4595. [PMID: 29029113 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-01474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT In postmenopausal women, adipose tissue (AT) levels of estrogens exceed circulating concentrations. Although increased visceral AT after menopause is related to metabolic diseases, little is known about differences in estrogen metabolism between different AT depots. OBJECTIVE We compared concentrations of and metabolic pathways producing estrone and estradiol in abdominal subcutaneous and visceral AT in postmenopausal women. DESIGN, SETTING, PATIENTS, AND INTERVENTIONS AT and serum samples were obtained from 37 postmenopausal women undergoing surgery for nonmalignant gynecological reasons. Serum and AT estrone, estradiol, and serum estrone sulfate (E1S) concentrations were quantitated using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Activity of steroid sulfatase and reductive 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzymes was measured using radiolabeled precursors. Messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of estrogen-converting enzymes was analyzed by real-time reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Estrone concentration was higher in visceral than subcutaneous AT (median, 928 vs 706 pmol/kg; P = 0.002) and correlated positively with body mass index (r = 0.46; P = 0.011). Both AT depots hydrolyzed E1S to estrone, and visceral AT estrone and estradiol concentrations correlated positively with serum E1S. Compared with visceral AT, subcutaneous AT produced more estradiol from estrone (median rate of estradiol production, 1.02 vs 0.57 nmol/kg AT/h; P = 0.004). In visceral AT, the conversion of estrone to estradiol increased with waist circumference (r = 0.65; P = 0.022), and estradiol concentration correlated positively with mRNA expression of HSD17B7 (r = 0.76; P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS Both estrone and estradiol production in visceral AT increased with adiposity, but estradiol was produced more effectively in subcutaneous fat. Both AT depots produced estrone from E1S. Increasing visceral adiposity could increase overall estrogen exposure in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Hetemäki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Savolainen-Peltonen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti J Tikkanen
- Folkhälsan Research Center, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Heart and Lung Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Feng Wang
- Folkhälsan Research Center, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Paatela
- Folkhälsan Research Center, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Heart and Lung Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Veera Vihma
- Folkhälsan Research Center, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Heart and Lung Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Tomi S Mikkola
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Amanatullah DF, Tamaresis JS, Chu P, Bachmann MH, Hoang NM, Collyar D, Mayer AT, West RB, Maloney WJ, Contag CH, King BL. Local estrogen axis in the human bone microenvironment regulates estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res 2017; 19:121. [PMID: 29141657 PMCID: PMC5688761 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-017-0910-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 70% of all breast cancers express the estrogen receptor, and are regulated by estrogen. While the ovaries are the primary source of estrogen in premenopausal women, most breast cancer is diagnosed following menopause, when systemic levels of this hormone decline. Estrogen production from androgen precursors is catalyzed by the aromatase enzyme. Although aromatase expression and local estrogen production in breast adipose tissue have been implicated in the development of primary breast cancer, the source of estrogen involved in the regulation of estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) metastatic breast cancer progression is less clear. METHODS Bone is the most common distant site of breast cancer metastasis, particularly for ER+ breast cancers. We employed a co-culture model using trabecular bone tissues obtained from total hip replacement (THR) surgery specimens to study ER+ and estrogen receptor-negative (ER-) breast cancer cells within the human bone microenvironment. Luciferase-expressing ER+ (MCF-7, T-47D, ZR-75) and ER- (SK-BR-3, MDA-MB-231, MCF-10A) breast cancer cells were cultured directly on bone tissue fragments or in bone tissue-conditioned media, and monitored over time with bioluminescence imaging (BLI). Bone tissue-conditioned media were generated in the presence vs. absence of aromatase inhibitors, and testosterone. Bone tissue fragments were analyzed for aromatase expression by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS ER+ breast cancer cells were preferentially sustained in co-cultures with bone tissues and bone tissue-conditioned media relative to ER- cells. Bone fragments analyzed by immunohistochemistry revealed expression of the aromatase enzyme. Bone tissue-conditioned media generated in the presence of testosterone had increased estrogen levels and heightened capacity to stimulate ER+ breast cancer cell proliferation. Pretreatment of cultured bone tissues with aromatase inhibitors, which inhibited estrogen production, reduced the capacity of conditioned media to stimulate ER+ cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that a local estrogen signaling axis regulates ER+ breast cancer cell viability and proliferation within the bone metastatic niche, and that aromatase inhibitors modulate this axis. Although endocrine therapies are highly effective in the treatment of ER+ breast cancer, resistance to these treatments reduces their efficacy. Characterization of estrogen signaling networks within the bone microenvironment will identify new strategies for combating metastatic progression and endocrine resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek F. Amanatullah
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 450 Broadway Street, Pavilion C, 4th Floor, Redwood City, CA 94063-6342 USA
| | - John S. Tamaresis
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Redwood Building, Room T101F (MC 5405), Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Pauline Chu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Edwards, Room 264, 1291 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305-5324 USA
| | - Michael H. Bachmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 150E Clark Center, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5427 USA
- Present address: Departments of Biomedical Engineering, and Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, 775 Woodlot Dr, East Lansing, MI 44823 USA
| | - Nhat M. Hoang
- Research IT, Stanford University School of Medicine, 3172 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA
| | - Deborah Collyar
- Patient Advocates in Research (PAIR), Danville, CA 94506 USA
| | - Aaron T. Mayer
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, 153E Clark Center, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Robert B. West
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Edwards, Room 264, 1291 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305-5324 USA
| | - William J. Maloney
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 450 Broadway Street, Pavilion C, 4th Floor, Redwood City, CA 94063-6342 USA
| | - Christopher H. Contag
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 150E Clark Center, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5427 USA
- Present address: Departments of Biomedical Engineering, and Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, 775 Woodlot Dr, East Lansing, MI 44823 USA
| | - Bonnie L. King
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 150E Clark Center, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5427 USA
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Boggs ASP, Schock TB, Schwacke LH, Galligan TM, Morey JS, McFee WE, Kucklick JR. Rapid and reliable steroid hormone profiling in Tursiops truncatus blubber using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Anal Bioanal Chem 2017. [PMID: 28631158 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0446-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring of marine mammal steroid hormone status using matrices alternative to blood is desirable due to the ability to remotely collect samples, which minimizes stress to the animal. However, measurement techniques in alternative matrices such as blubber described to date are limited in the number and types of hormones measured. Therefore, a new method using bead homogenization to QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) extraction, C18 post extraction cleanup and analysis by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed and applied to the measurement of hormone suites in bottlenose dolphin blubber. Validations were conducted in blubber from fresh dead stranded bottlenose dolphin. The final method consisting of two LC separations and garnet bead homogenization was tested for extraction efficiencies. Steroids were separated using a biphenyl column for reproductive hormones and C18 column for corticosteroids. Three hormones previously noted in blubber, testosterone, progesterone, and cortisol, were quantified in addition to previously unmeasured androstenedione, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, 11-deoxycortisol, 11-deoxycorticosterone, and cortisone in a single sample (0.4 g blubber). Extraction efficiencies of all hormones from blubber ranged from 84% to 112% and all RSDs were comparable to those reported using immunoassay methods (< 15%). The method was successfully applied to remote biopsied blubber samples to measure baseline hormone concentrations. Through this method, increased coverage of steroid hormone pathways from a single remotely collected sample potentially enhances the ability to interpret biological phenomena such as reproduction and stress in wild dolphin populations. Graphical abstract The steroid hormone profile is quantifiable from a single sample of bottlenose dolphin blubber using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. This profile can be applied to remotely collected dart biopsies and be used to determine reproductive or stress status of a wild-living dolphin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley S P Boggs
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC, 29412, USA.
| | - Tracey B Schock
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
| | - Lori H Schwacke
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, 219 Fort Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC, 29412, USA.,National Marine Mammal Foundation, Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
| | - Thomas M Galligan
- College of Graduate Studies, Medical University of South Carolina, 68 President Street, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.,JHT, Inc. under contract to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
| | - Jeanine S Morey
- JHT, Inc. under contract to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
| | - Wayne E McFee
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, 219 Fort Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
| | - John R Kucklick
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
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Amri EZ, Pisani DF. Control of bone and fat mass by oxytocin. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2017; 28:95-104. [PMID: 27865092 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2016-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis and overweight/obesity constitute major worldwide public health burdens. Aging is associated with a decrease in hormonal secretion, lean mass and bone mass, and an increase in fat accumulation. It is established that both obesity and osteoporosis are affected by genetic and environmental factors, bone remodeling and adiposity are both regulated through the hypothalamus and sympathetic nervous system. Oxytocin (OT), belongs to the pituitary hormone family and regulates the function of peripheral target organs, its circulating levels decreased with age. Nowadays, it is well established that OT plays an important role in the control of bone and fat mass and their metabolism. Of note, OT and oxytocin receptor knock out mice develop bone defects and late-onset obesity. Thus OT emerges as a promising molecule in the treatment of osteoporosis and obesity as well as associated metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we will discuss findings regarding the OT effects on bone and fat mass.
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Li J, Chang J, Li W, Guo B, Li J, Wang H. Disruption of sex-hormone levels and steroidogenic-related gene expression on Mongolia Racerunner (Eremias argus) after exposure to triadimefon and its enantiomers. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 171:554-563. [PMID: 28039834 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Triadimefon (TF) is a widely used chiral fungicide with one chiral centre and two enantiomers (TF1 and TF2). However, little is reported about the ecological toxicity of reptiles on an enantioselective level. TF is a potential endocrine disruptor that may interfere with sex steroid hormones, such as testosterone (T) and 17beta-estradiol (E2). In our study, the lizards Mongolia Racerunner (Eremias argus) were orally exposed to TF and its enantiomers for 21 days. Plasma sex steroid hormones and steroidogenic-related genes, including 17-beta-hydroxysteroid (hsd17β), cytochrome P450 enzymes (cyp19 and cyp17), and steroid hormone receptors (erα and Ar) were evaluated. After exposure, the plasma testosterone level in the 100 mg/kgbw group was elevated, while the oestradiol level was reduced. This phenomenon may be caused by the transformation of cyp19, which may inhibit the conversion of testosterone to oestradiol and affect sexual behaviour. In addition, the two enantiomers have different effects on hormone levels, which testified to the previously reported biotoxic dissimilarity between TF1 and TF2 in organisms. Furthermore, the cyp19 mRNA level in liver and gonad of the TF2 and TF group (100 mg/kgbw) were significantly down-regulated, while the cyp17 and hsd17β mRNA levels were up-regulated. The expression of erα and Ar mRNA levels were up-regulated in males but not in females, which may indicate that TF has sex differences on these two genes. As seen from the above results, TF and its enantiomers may have endocrine-disrupting effects on lizards (E. argus) by acting sensitively on sex steroid hormones and steroidogenic-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitong Li
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Rd 18, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Rd 19A, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jing Chang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Rd 18, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Rd 19A, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei Li
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Rd 18, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Baoyuan Guo
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Rd 18, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jianzhong Li
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Rd 18, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Huili Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Rd 18, Beijing 100085, China.
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Forte R, Pesce C, De Vito G, Boreham CAG. The Body Fat-Cognition Relationship in Healthy Older Individuals: Does Gynoid vs Android Distribution Matter? J Nutr Health Aging 2017; 21:284-291. [PMID: 28244568 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-016-0783-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between regional and whole body fat accumulation and core cognitive executive functions. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTINGS AND PARTICIPANTS 78 healthy men and women aged between 65 and 75 years recruited through consumer's database. MEASUREMENTS DXA measured percentage total body fat, android, gynoid distribution and android/gynoid ratio; inhibition and working memory updating through Random Number Generation test and cognitive flexibility by Trail Making test. First-order partial correlations between regional body fat and cognitive executive function were computed partialling out the effects of whole body fat. Moderation analysis was performed to verify the effect of gender on the body fat-cognition relationship. RESULTS Results showed a differentiated pattern of fat-cognition relationship depending on fat localization and type of cognitive function. Statistically significant relationships were observed between working memory updating and: android fat (r = -0.232; p = 0.042), gynoid fat (r = 0.333; p = 0.003) and android/gynoid ratio (r = -0.272; p = 0.017). Separating genders, the only significant relationship was observed in females between working memory updating and gynoid fat (r = 0.280; p = 0.045). In spite of gender differences in both working memory updating and gynoid body fat levels, moderation analysis did not show an effect of gender on the relationship between gynoid fat and working memory updating. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest a protective effect of gynoid body fat and a deleterious effect of android body fat. Although excessive body fat increases the risk of developing CDV, metabolic and cognitive problems, maintaining a certain proportion of gynoid fat may help prevent cognitive decline, particularly in older women. Guidelines for optimal body composition maintenance for the elderly should not target indiscriminate weight loss, but weight maintenance through body fat/lean mass control based on non-pharmacological tools such as physical exercise, known to have protective effects against CVD risk factors and age-related cognitive deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Forte
- Roberta Forte Department of Human Health and Movement Sciences, University of Rome «Foro Italico», Roma 00135, Italy telephone +39 6 36733367 fax +39 6 36733362 e-mail:
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Abstract
Adipose tissue is one of the major endocrine gland. More recently, local production of steroids in adipocytes differentiated from mouse 3T3-L1 cell-line was reported. We hypothesized that rat adipocytes have steroidogenic machinery and the expression patterns of the components might be differentially regulated, depending on the distribution and sex. To verify this hypothesis, we collected the adipose tissues depot- and sex-specifically at postnatal day (PND) 30, and performed quantitative RT-PCRs. In overall aspects, the abundances of the transcripts were lower in the brown adipose of both sexes. 3β-HSD transcript levels in female abdominal and reproductive adipose, CYP17 transcript levels in female reproductive adipose, 17β-HSD transcript levels in female abdominal and reproductive adipose, and CYP19 transcript levels in female abdominal adipose were significantly lower than those of male counterparts. Similar to steroidogenic factors, the abundance of the ER-α transcripts were generally lower in the brown adipose of both sexes. ER-β transcripts were more abundant in male white adipose depots than their female counterparts. The levels of LHR transcripts in female reproductive adipose were significantly higher than those of male counterpart. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that the expressions of steroidogenesis-related genes were depot- and sex-specifically occurred in the immature male and female rat adipose tissues. Our study suggested that the adipose tissues are not only targets but de novo synthesizing sites of sex steroid(s), though the synthesizing activities could be much less than in gonads. Further researches in this field will be helpful for understanding the adipose physiology and for medical application such as sex-specific steroid supplement therapies for older populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Rim Byeon
- Dept. of Life Science, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Lee
- Dept. of Life Science, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Korea
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Cellular and Animal Studies: Insights into Pathophysiology and Therapy of PCOS. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2016; 37:12-24. [PMID: 27118251 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Basic science studies have advanced our understanding of the role of key enzymes in the steroidogenesis pathway and those that affect the pathophysiology of PCOS. Studies with ovarian theca cells taken from women with PCOS have demonstrated increased androgen production due to increased CYP17A1 and HSD3B2 enzyme activities. Furthermore, overexpression of DENND1A variant 2 in normal theca cells resulted in a PCOS phenotype with increased androgen production. Notably, cellular steroidogenesis models have facilitated the understanding of the mechanistic effects of pharmacotherapies, including insulin sensitizers (e.g., pioglitazone and metformin) used for the treatment of insulin resistance in PCOS, on androgen production. In addition, animal models of PCOS have provided a critical platform to study the effects of therapeutic agents in a manner closer to the physiological state. Indeed, recent breakthroughs have demonstrated that natural derivatives such as the dietary medium-chain fatty acid decanoic acid (DA) can restore estrous cyclicity and lower androgen levels in an animal model of PCOS, thus laying the platform for novel therapeutic developments in PCOS. This chapter reviews the current understanding on the pathways modulating androgen biosynthesis, and the cellular and animal models that form the basis for preclinical research in PCOS, and sets the stage for clinical research.
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Paatela H, Wang F, Vihma V, Savolainen-Peltonen H, Mikkola TS, Turpeinen U, Hämäläinen E, Jauhiainen M, Tikkanen MJ. Steroid sulfatase activity in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue: a comparison between pre- and postmenopausal women. Eur J Endocrinol 2016; 174:167-75. [PMID: 26553725 DOI: 10.1530/eje-15-0831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adipose tissue is an important extragonadal site for steroid hormone biosynthesis. After menopause, estrogens are synthesized exclusively in peripheral tissues from circulating steroid precursors, of which the most abundant is dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS). Our aim was to study activity of steroid sulfatase, an enzyme hydrolyzing DHEAS, and expression of steroid-converting enzyme genes in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue derived from pre- and postmenopausal women. DESIGN Serum and paired abdominal subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue samples were obtained from 18 premenopausal and seven postmenopausal women undergoing elective surgery for non-malignant reasons in Helsinki University Central Hospital. METHODS To assess steroid sulfatase activity, radiolabeled DHEAS was incubated in the presence of adipose tissue homogenate and the liberated dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) was measured. Gene mRNA expressions were analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR. Serum DHEAS, DHEA, and estrogen concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Steroid sulfatase activity was higher in postmenopausal compared to premenopausal women in subcutaneous (median 379 vs 257 pmol/kg tissue per hour; P=0.006) and visceral (545 vs 360 pmol/kg per hour; P=0.004) adipose tissue. Visceral fat showed higher sulfatase activity than subcutaneous fat in premenopausal (P=0.035) and all (P=0.010) women. The mRNA expression levels of two estradiol-producing enzymes, aromatase and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 12, were higher in postmenopausal than in premenopausal subcutaneous adipose tissue. CONCLUSIONS Steroid sulfatase activity in adipose tissue was higher in postmenopausal than in premenopausal women suggesting that DHEAS, derived from the circulation, could be more efficiently utilized in postmenopausal adipose tissue for the formation of biologically active sex hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Paatela
- Folkhälsan Research CenterBiomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalHeart and Lung Center, Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalObstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki University Central HospitalHUSLAB, Helsinki, FinlandNational Institute for Health and WelfareGenomics and Biomarkers Unit, Helsinki, Finland Folkhälsan Research CenterBiomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalHeart and Lung Center, Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalObstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki University Central HospitalHUSLAB, Helsinki, FinlandNational Institute for Health and WelfareGenomics and Biomarkers Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Feng Wang
- Folkhälsan Research CenterBiomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalHeart and Lung Center, Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalObstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki University Central HospitalHUSLAB, Helsinki, FinlandNational Institute for Health and WelfareGenomics and Biomarkers Unit, Helsinki, Finland Folkhälsan Research CenterBiomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalHeart and Lung Center, Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalObstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki University Central HospitalHUSLAB, Helsinki, FinlandNational Institute for Health and WelfareGenomics and Biomarkers Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veera Vihma
- Folkhälsan Research CenterBiomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalHeart and Lung Center, Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalObstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki University Central HospitalHUSLAB, Helsinki, FinlandNational Institute for Health and WelfareGenomics and Biomarkers Unit, Helsinki, Finland Folkhälsan Research CenterBiomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalHeart and Lung Center, Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalObstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki University Central HospitalHUSLAB, Helsinki, FinlandNational Institute for Health and WelfareGenomics and Biomarkers Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Savolainen-Peltonen
- Folkhälsan Research CenterBiomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalHeart and Lung Center, Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalObstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki University Central HospitalHUSLAB, Helsinki, FinlandNational Institute for Health and WelfareGenomics and Biomarkers Unit, Helsinki, Finland Folkhälsan Research CenterBiomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalHeart and Lung Center, Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalObstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki University Central HospitalHUSLAB, Helsinki, FinlandNational Institute for Health and WelfareGenomics and Biomarkers Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomi S Mikkola
- Folkhälsan Research CenterBiomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalHeart and Lung Center, Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalObstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki University Central HospitalHUSLAB, Helsinki, FinlandNational Institute for Health and WelfareGenomics and Biomarkers Unit, Helsinki, Finland Folkhälsan Research CenterBiomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalHeart and Lung Center, Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalObstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki University Central HospitalHUSLAB, Helsinki, FinlandNational Institute for Health and WelfareGenomics and Biomarkers Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ursula Turpeinen
- Folkhälsan Research CenterBiomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalHeart and Lung Center, Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalObstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki University Central HospitalHUSLAB, Helsinki, FinlandNational Institute for Health and WelfareGenomics and Biomarkers Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Esa Hämäläinen
- Folkhälsan Research CenterBiomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalHeart and Lung Center, Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalObstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki University Central HospitalHUSLAB, Helsinki, FinlandNational Institute for Health and WelfareGenomics and Biomarkers Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Jauhiainen
- Folkhälsan Research CenterBiomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalHeart and Lung Center, Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalObstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki University Central HospitalHUSLAB, Helsinki, FinlandNational Institute for Health and WelfareGenomics and Biomarkers Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti J Tikkanen
- Folkhälsan Research CenterBiomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalHeart and Lung Center, Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalObstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki University Central HospitalHUSLAB, Helsinki, FinlandNational Institute for Health and WelfareGenomics and Biomarkers Unit, Helsinki, Finland Folkhälsan Research CenterBiomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalHeart and Lung Center, Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalObstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki University Central HospitalHUSLAB, Helsinki, FinlandNational Institute for Health and WelfareGenomics and Biomarkers Unit, Helsinki, Finland
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Midzak
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Bloc E, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada.
| | - Vassilios Papadopoulos
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Department of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Bloc E, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada.
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Derivatization of steroids in biological samples for GC–MS and LC–MS analyses. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:2515-36. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The determination of steroids in biological samples is essential in different areas of knowledge. MS combined with either GC or LC is considered the best analytical technique for specific and sensitive determinations. However, due to the physicochemical properties of some steroids, and the low concentrations found in biological samples, the formation of a derivative prior to their analysis is required. In GC–MS determinations, derivatization is needed for generating volatile and thermally stable compounds. The improvement in terms of stability and chromatographic retention are the main reasons for selecting the derivatization agent. On the other hand, derivatization is not compulsory in LC–MS analyses and the derivatization is typically used for improving the ionization and therefore the overall sensitivity achieved.
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Beilstein F, Carrière V, Leturque A, Demignot S. Characteristics and functions of lipid droplets and associated proteins in enterocytes. Exp Cell Res 2015; 340:172-9. [PMID: 26431584 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic lipid droplets (LDs) are observed in enterocytes of jejunum during lipid absorption. One important function of the intestine is to secrete chylomicrons, which provide dietary lipids throughout the body, from digested lipids in meals. The current hypothesis is that cytosolic LDs in enterocytes constitute a transient pool of stored lipids that provides lipids during interprandial period while lowering chylomicron production during the post-prandial phase. This smoothens the magnitude of peaks of hypertriglyceridemia. Here, we review the composition and functions of lipids and associated proteins of enterocyte LDs, the known physiological functions of LDs as well as the role of LDs in pathological processes in the context of the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Beilstein
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de recherche des Cordeliers, F-75006 Paris, France; EPHE, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Véronique Carrière
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de recherche des Cordeliers, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Armelle Leturque
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de recherche des Cordeliers, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Demignot
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de recherche des Cordeliers, F-75006 Paris, France; EPHE, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, F-75014 Paris, France.
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Kramer AH, Kadye R, Houseman PS, Prinsloo E. Mitochondrial STAT3 and reactive oxygen species: A fulcrum of adipogenesis? JAKSTAT 2015; 4:e1084084. [PMID: 27127727 DOI: 10.1080/21623996.2015.1084084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The balance between cellular lineages can be controlled by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Cellular differentiation into adipocytes is highly dependent on the production of ROS to initiate the process through activation of multiple interlinked factors that stimulate mitotic clonal expansion and cellular maturation. The signal transducer and activator of transcription family of signaling proteins have accepted roles in adipogenesis and associated lipogenesis. Non-canonical mitochondrial localization of STAT3 and other members of the STAT family however opens up new avenues for investigation of its role in the aforementioned processes. Following recent observations of differences in mitochondrially localized serine 727 phosphorylated STAT3 (mtSTAT3-pS727) in preadipocytes and adipocytes, here, we hypothesize and speculate further on the role of mitochondrial STAT3 in adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam H Kramer
- Biotechnology Innovation Center; Rhodes University ; Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Rose Kadye
- Biotechnology Innovation Center; Rhodes University ; Grahamstown, South Africa
| | | | - Earl Prinsloo
- Biotechnology Innovation Center; Rhodes University ; Grahamstown, South Africa
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