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Hetemäki N, Savolainen-Peltonen H, Tikkanen MJ, Wang F, Paatela H, Hämäläinen E, Turpeinen U, Haanpää M, Vihma V, Mikkola TS. Estrogen Metabolism in Abdominal Subcutaneous and Visceral Adipose Tissue in Postmenopausal Women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:4588-4595. [PMID: 29029113 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-01474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT In postmenopausal women, adipose tissue (AT) levels of estrogens exceed circulating concentrations. Although increased visceral AT after menopause is related to metabolic diseases, little is known about differences in estrogen metabolism between different AT depots. OBJECTIVE We compared concentrations of and metabolic pathways producing estrone and estradiol in abdominal subcutaneous and visceral AT in postmenopausal women. DESIGN, SETTING, PATIENTS, AND INTERVENTIONS AT and serum samples were obtained from 37 postmenopausal women undergoing surgery for nonmalignant gynecological reasons. Serum and AT estrone, estradiol, and serum estrone sulfate (E1S) concentrations were quantitated using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Activity of steroid sulfatase and reductive 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzymes was measured using radiolabeled precursors. Messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of estrogen-converting enzymes was analyzed by real-time reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Estrone concentration was higher in visceral than subcutaneous AT (median, 928 vs 706 pmol/kg; P = 0.002) and correlated positively with body mass index (r = 0.46; P = 0.011). Both AT depots hydrolyzed E1S to estrone, and visceral AT estrone and estradiol concentrations correlated positively with serum E1S. Compared with visceral AT, subcutaneous AT produced more estradiol from estrone (median rate of estradiol production, 1.02 vs 0.57 nmol/kg AT/h; P = 0.004). In visceral AT, the conversion of estrone to estradiol increased with waist circumference (r = 0.65; P = 0.022), and estradiol concentration correlated positively with mRNA expression of HSD17B7 (r = 0.76; P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS Both estrone and estradiol production in visceral AT increased with adiposity, but estradiol was produced more effectively in subcutaneous fat. Both AT depots produced estrone from E1S. Increasing visceral adiposity could increase overall estrogen exposure in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Hetemäki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Savolainen-Peltonen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti J Tikkanen
- Folkhälsan Research Center, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Heart and Lung Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Feng Wang
- Folkhälsan Research Center, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Paatela
- Folkhälsan Research Center, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Heart and Lung Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Veera Vihma
- Folkhälsan Research Center, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Heart and Lung Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Tomi S Mikkola
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Paatela H, Wang F, Vihma V, Savolainen-Peltonen H, Mikkola TS, Turpeinen U, Hämäläinen E, Jauhiainen M, Tikkanen MJ. Steroid sulfatase activity in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue: a comparison between pre- and postmenopausal women. Eur J Endocrinol 2016; 174:167-75. [PMID: 26553725 DOI: 10.1530/eje-15-0831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adipose tissue is an important extragonadal site for steroid hormone biosynthesis. After menopause, estrogens are synthesized exclusively in peripheral tissues from circulating steroid precursors, of which the most abundant is dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS). Our aim was to study activity of steroid sulfatase, an enzyme hydrolyzing DHEAS, and expression of steroid-converting enzyme genes in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue derived from pre- and postmenopausal women. DESIGN Serum and paired abdominal subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue samples were obtained from 18 premenopausal and seven postmenopausal women undergoing elective surgery for non-malignant reasons in Helsinki University Central Hospital. METHODS To assess steroid sulfatase activity, radiolabeled DHEAS was incubated in the presence of adipose tissue homogenate and the liberated dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) was measured. Gene mRNA expressions were analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR. Serum DHEAS, DHEA, and estrogen concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Steroid sulfatase activity was higher in postmenopausal compared to premenopausal women in subcutaneous (median 379 vs 257 pmol/kg tissue per hour; P=0.006) and visceral (545 vs 360 pmol/kg per hour; P=0.004) adipose tissue. Visceral fat showed higher sulfatase activity than subcutaneous fat in premenopausal (P=0.035) and all (P=0.010) women. The mRNA expression levels of two estradiol-producing enzymes, aromatase and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 12, were higher in postmenopausal than in premenopausal subcutaneous adipose tissue. CONCLUSIONS Steroid sulfatase activity in adipose tissue was higher in postmenopausal than in premenopausal women suggesting that DHEAS, derived from the circulation, could be more efficiently utilized in postmenopausal adipose tissue for the formation of biologically active sex hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Paatela
- Folkhälsan Research CenterBiomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalHeart and Lung Center, Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalObstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki University Central HospitalHUSLAB, Helsinki, FinlandNational Institute for Health and WelfareGenomics and Biomarkers Unit, Helsinki, Finland Folkhälsan Research CenterBiomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalHeart and Lung Center, Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalObstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki University Central HospitalHUSLAB, Helsinki, FinlandNational Institute for Health and WelfareGenomics and Biomarkers Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Feng Wang
- Folkhälsan Research CenterBiomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalHeart and Lung Center, Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalObstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki University Central HospitalHUSLAB, Helsinki, FinlandNational Institute for Health and WelfareGenomics and Biomarkers Unit, Helsinki, Finland Folkhälsan Research CenterBiomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalHeart and Lung Center, Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalObstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki University Central HospitalHUSLAB, Helsinki, FinlandNational Institute for Health and WelfareGenomics and Biomarkers Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veera Vihma
- Folkhälsan Research CenterBiomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalHeart and Lung Center, Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalObstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki University Central HospitalHUSLAB, Helsinki, FinlandNational Institute for Health and WelfareGenomics and Biomarkers Unit, Helsinki, Finland Folkhälsan Research CenterBiomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalHeart and Lung Center, Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalObstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki University Central HospitalHUSLAB, Helsinki, FinlandNational Institute for Health and WelfareGenomics and Biomarkers Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Savolainen-Peltonen
- Folkhälsan Research CenterBiomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalHeart and Lung Center, Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalObstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki University Central HospitalHUSLAB, Helsinki, FinlandNational Institute for Health and WelfareGenomics and Biomarkers Unit, Helsinki, Finland Folkhälsan Research CenterBiomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalHeart and Lung Center, Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalObstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki University Central HospitalHUSLAB, Helsinki, FinlandNational Institute for Health and WelfareGenomics and Biomarkers Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomi S Mikkola
- Folkhälsan Research CenterBiomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalHeart and Lung Center, Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalObstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki University Central HospitalHUSLAB, Helsinki, FinlandNational Institute for Health and WelfareGenomics and Biomarkers Unit, Helsinki, Finland Folkhälsan Research CenterBiomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalHeart and Lung Center, Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalObstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki University Central HospitalHUSLAB, Helsinki, FinlandNational Institute for Health and WelfareGenomics and Biomarkers Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ursula Turpeinen
- Folkhälsan Research CenterBiomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalHeart and Lung Center, Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalObstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki University Central HospitalHUSLAB, Helsinki, FinlandNational Institute for Health and WelfareGenomics and Biomarkers Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Esa Hämäläinen
- Folkhälsan Research CenterBiomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalHeart and Lung Center, Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalObstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki University Central HospitalHUSLAB, Helsinki, FinlandNational Institute for Health and WelfareGenomics and Biomarkers Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Jauhiainen
- Folkhälsan Research CenterBiomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalHeart and Lung Center, Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalObstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki University Central HospitalHUSLAB, Helsinki, FinlandNational Institute for Health and WelfareGenomics and Biomarkers Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti J Tikkanen
- Folkhälsan Research CenterBiomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalHeart and Lung Center, Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalObstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki University Central HospitalHUSLAB, Helsinki, FinlandNational Institute for Health and WelfareGenomics and Biomarkers Unit, Helsinki, Finland Folkhälsan Research CenterBiomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalHeart and Lung Center, Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalObstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki University Central HospitalHUSLAB, Helsinki, FinlandNational Institute for Health and WelfareGenomics and Biomarkers Unit, Helsinki, Finland
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Paatela H, Vihma V, Jauhiainen M, Mervaala E, Tikkanen MJ. Dehydroepiandrosterone fatty acyl esters in high density lipoprotein: interaction with human vascular endothelial cells and vascular responses ex vivo. Steroids 2011; 76:376-80. [PMID: 21168430 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) fatty acyl esters once incorporated in high density lipoprotein (HDL) induce a stronger vasodilatory response in rat mesenteric arteries ex vivo compared to native HDL. We studied the role of HDL receptor, scavenger receptor class B, type 1 (SR-B1), as well as estrogen and androgen receptors in the vasodilatory response of HDL-associated DHEA fatty acyl esters. Using cultured human vascular endothelial cells (HUVEC), we investigated the possible internalization and cellular response of HDL-associated DHEA esters. We prepared DHEA ester-enriched HDL by incubating human plasma in the presence of DHEA. After isolation and purification, HDL was added in cumulative doses to arterial rings precontracted with noradrenaline. Inhibition of the function of SR-B1 almost completely abolished maximal vasorelaxation by DHEA-enriched HDL while estrogen or androgen receptor blockage had no significant effect. When HUVECs were incubated in the presence of [³H]DHEA ester-enriched HDL, the amount of intracellular [³H]-radioactivity increased steadily during 24 h. Blocking of SR-B1 reduced this uptake by a mean of 30%. The proportion of unesterified [³H]DHEA, as analyzed by thin-layer chromatography, increased intracellularly and in the cell culture media after several hours of incubation of the cells in the presence of [³H]DHEA ester-enriched HDL. This indicated slow hydrolysis of DHEA fatty acyl esters and subsequent excretion of unesterified DHEA by the cells. In conclusion, DHEA-enriched HDL induced vasorelaxation via the SR-B1-facilitated pathway. However, this vasodilation is not likely to be attributed to rapid hydrolysis of HDL-associated DHEA esters by the vascular endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Paatela
- Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Folkhälsan Research Center, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
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Paatela H, Mervaala E, Deb S, Wähälä K, Tikkanen MJ. HDL-associated dehydroepiandrosterone fatty acyl esters: enhancement of vasodilatory effect of HDL. Steroids 2009; 74:814-8. [PMID: 19447125 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2009.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) are both vascular relaxants. In the circulation, HDL transports DHEA fatty acyl esters (DHEA-FAEs), which are naturally occurring lipophilic derivatives of DHEA. We studied in isolated rat mesenteric arteries whether HDL-associated DHEA-FAE improves the vasodilatory effect of HDL. METHODS AND RESULTS To prepare DHEA-FAE-enriched HDL, we incubated DHEA with human plasma. After incubation, HDL was isolated, purified, and added in cumulative doses (0.1-125 microg/ml) to noradrenaline-precontracted rat arterial rings. DHEA-FAE-enriched HDL caused a dose-dependent relaxation (maximal 43+/-4%), which was significantly stronger than the effect of HDL from the control incubation without addition of DHEA (25+/-2%, p<0.001). When plasma incubation of DHEA was carried out in the presence of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) inhibitor, the relaxation response to HDL (25+/-3%) did not differ from the control HDL (p=0.98). Pretreatment of the arterial rings with nitric oxide synthase (NOS) antagonist impaired the relaxation response to DHEA-FAE-enriched HDL (43+/-4% vs. 30+/-3%, p=0.008). Similar experiments were performed with 17beta-estradiol (E(2)). Compared to control HDL, E(2)-FAE-enriched HDL induced slightly but non-significantly stronger relaxation. CONCLUSIONS DHEA-FAE-enriched HDL was a stronger vasodilator than native HDL, and vascular relaxation was in part mediated by NOS, suggesting that DHEA-FAE may improve HDL's antiatherogenic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Paatela
- Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Folkhälsan Research Center, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
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