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Martino EA, Winterton D, Nardelli P, Pasin L, Calabrò MG, Bove T, Fanelli G, Zangrillo A, Landoni G. The Blue Coma: The Role of Methylene Blue in Unexplained Coma After Cardiac Surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2016; 30:423-7. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Ding F, Xie Y, Peng W, Peng YK. Measuring the bioactivity and molecular conformation of typically globular proteins with phenothiazine-derived methylene blue in solid and in solution: A comparative study using photochemistry and computational chemistry. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 158:69-80. [PMID: 26950891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Methylene blue is a phenothiazine agent, that possesses a diversity of biomedical and biological therapeutic purpose, and it has also become the lead compound for the exploitation of other pharmaceuticals such as chlorpromazine and the tricyclic antidepressants. However, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has acquired cases of detrimental effects of methylene blue toxicities such as hemolytic anemia, methemoglobinemia and phototoxicity. In this work, the molecular recognition of methylene blue by two globular proteins, hemoglobin and lysozyme was characterized by employing fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD) along with molecular modeling at the molecular scale. The recognition of methylene blue with proteins appears fluorescence quenching via static type, this phenomenon does cohere with time-resolved fluorescence lifetime decay that nonfluorescent protein-drug conjugate formation has a strength of 10(4)M(-1), and the primary noncovalent bonds, that is hydrogen bonds, π-conjugated effects and hydrophobic interactions were operated and remained adduct stable. Meantime, the results of far-UV CD and synchronous fluorescence suggest that the α-helix of hemoglobin/lysozyme decreases from 78.2%/34.7% (free) to 58.7%/23.8% (complex), this elucidation agrees well with the elaborate description of three-dimensional fluorescence showing the polypeptide chain of proteins partially destabilized upon conjugation with methylene blue. Furthermore, both extrinsic fluorescent indicator and molecular modeling clearly exhibit methylene blue is situated within the cavity constituted by α1, β2 and α2 subunits of hemoglobin, while it was located at the deep fissure on the lysozyme surface and Trp-62 and Trp-63 residues are nearby. With the aid of computational analyses and combining the wet experiments, it can evidently be found that the recognition ability of proteins for methylene blue is patterned upon the following sequence: lysozyme<hemoglobin<albumin. Basically, the distinction originates from different spatial structures of proteins and noncovalent interactions between proteins and methylene blue. In addition, biological relevance of the biorecognition of methylene blue with proteins was briefly discussed. We hope that this study could provide further standpoint so that one explore the biological activity of methylene blue and also phenothiazines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ding
- College of Agriculture and Plant Protection, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; Department of Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Yong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of the Discovery and Development of Novel Pesticide, Shenyang Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co. Ltd., Shenyang 110021, China
| | - Wei Peng
- College of Agriculture and Plant Protection, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
| | - Yu-Kui Peng
- Center for Food Quality Supervision & Testing, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Food Science & Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
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53
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Filtering absorption and visual detection of methylene blue by nitrated cellulose acetate membrane. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-015-0231-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Khan AY, Suresh Kumar G. Spectroscopic studies on the binding interaction of phenothiazinium dyes, azure A and azure B to double stranded RNA polynucleotides. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 152:417-425. [PMID: 26241827 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.07.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript presents spectroscopic characterization of the interaction of two phenothiazinium dyes, azure A and azure B with double stranded (ds) ribonucleic acids, poly(A).poly(U), poly(C).poly(G) and poly(I).poly(C). Absorbance and fluorescence studies revealed that these dyes bind to the RNAs with binding affinities of the order 10(6)M(-1) to poly(A).poly(U), and 10(5)M(-1) to poly(C).poly(G) and poly(I).poly(C), respectively. Fluorescence quenching and viscosity data gave conclusive evidence for the intercalation of the dyes to these RNA duplexes. Circular dichroism results suggested that the conformation of the RNAs was perturbed on interaction and the dyes acquired strong induced optical activity on binding. Azure B bound to all the three RNAs stronger than azure A and the binding affinity varied as poly(A).poly(U)>poly(C).poly(G)>poly(I).poly(C) for both dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Yasmeen Khan
- Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory, Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Gopinatha Suresh Kumar
- Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory, Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700 032, India.
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Farrokhi MR, Lotfi M, Masoudi MS, Gholami M. Effects of methylene blue on postoperative low-back pain and functional outcomes after lumbar open discectomy: a triple-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Neurosurg Spine 2016; 24:7-15. [DOI: 10.3171/2015.3.spine141172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT
Despite advances in surgical and anesthesiology techniques, many patients continue to experience postoperative pain after lumbar disc operations. This study aims to investigate the effects of methylene blue (MB) on preventing postoperative low-back pain (LBP) with or without radicular pain and improving the quality of life (QOL) in patients undergoing lumbar open discectomy.
METHODS
This is a prospective, randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, which was conducted at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences between July 2011 to January 2012. Of a total of 130 patients, 115 were eligible for participation; 56 received 1 ml of MB solution at a concentration of 0.5% (MB group) and 59 received an equivalent volume of normal saline (control group). Primary outcomes were the control of LBP with or without radicular pain, which was evaluated preoperatively and at 24 hours and 3 months after surgery with the use of a visual analog scale (VAS), and the improvement of QOL, which was assessed preoperatively and 3 months postoperatively by means of the Persian translation of the Oswestry Disability Index questionnaire.
RESULTS
The mean VAS scores for LBP were significantly lower in the MB group compared with the control group at 24 hours (1.25 ± 0.97 vs 2.80 ± 0.69, p < 0.001) and 3 months (1.02 ± 1.29 vs 2.07 ± 1.10, p = 0.019) after treatment. The mean radicular pain scores decreased significantly in the 2 groups at 24 hours after surgery, but the mean radicular pain score was significantly lower in the MB-treated patients than the control group. However, the difference between radicular pain scores in the MB group (1 ± 1.1) and the control group (1.2 ± 1) was not statistically significant (p = 0.64). The reduction in LBP was greater in the MB group than the control group (8.11 ± 1.74 vs 6.07 ± 1.52, p = 0.023, CI 95% −1.37 to −0.10). The functional QOL improved significantly 3 months after the operation in both groups (p < 0.001). Moderate disability occurred more frequently in the control group than in the MB group (14.5% vs 7.7%, p = 0.004). No toxicity, adverse effects, or complications were found in the group of patients treated with MB injection.
CONCLUSIONS
A single dose of MB (1 ml 0.5%) for coating the dura and surrounding tissues (facet and muscle) shows promising results in terms of safety, reduction of postoperative pain, and functional outcome compared with placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehrzad Lotfi
- 2Radiology Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Mehrnaz Gholami
- 1Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center and Neurosurgery Department, and
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Pakavathkumar P, Sharma G, Kaushal V, Foveau B, LeBlanc AC. Methylene Blue Inhibits Caspases by Oxidation of the Catalytic Cysteine. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13730. [PMID: 26400108 PMCID: PMC4585840 DOI: 10.1038/srep13730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylene blue, currently in phase 3 clinical trials against Alzheimer Disease, disaggregates the Tau protein of neurofibrillary tangles by oxidizing specific cysteine residues. Here, we investigated if methylene blue can inhibit caspases via the oxidation of their active site cysteine. Methylene blue, and derivatives, azure A and azure B competitively inhibited recombinant Caspase-6 (Casp6), and inhibited Casp6 activity in transfected human colon carcinoma cells and in serum-deprived primary human neuron cultures. Methylene blue also inhibited recombinant Casp1 and Casp3. Furthermore, methylene blue inhibited Casp3 activity in an acute mouse model of liver toxicity. Mass spectrometry confirmed methylene blue and azure B oxidation of the catalytic Cys163 cysteine of Casp6. Together, these results show a novel inhibitory mechanism of caspases via sulfenation of the active site cysteine. These results indicate that methylene blue or its derivatives could (1) have an additional effect against Alzheimer Disease by inhibiting brain caspase activity, (2) be used as a drug to prevent caspase activation in other conditions, and (3) predispose chronically treated individuals to cancer via the inhibition of caspases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prateep Pakavathkumar
- Bloomfield Center for Research in Aging, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gyanesh Sharma
- Bloomfield Center for Research in Aging, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vikas Kaushal
- Bloomfield Center for Research in Aging, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bénédicte Foveau
- Bloomfield Center for Research in Aging, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrea C. LeBlanc
- Bloomfield Center for Research in Aging, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Sonobe T, Haouzi P. H2S induced coma and cardiogenic shock in the rat: Effects of phenothiazinium chromophores. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2015; 53:525-39. [PMID: 25965774 DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2015.1043440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) intoxication produces an acute depression in cardiac contractility-induced circulatory failure, which has been shown to be one of the major contributors to the lethality of H2S intoxication or to the neurological sequelae in surviving animals. Methylene blue (MB), a phenothiazinium dye, can antagonize the effects of the inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport chain, a major effect of H2S toxicity. OBJECTIVES We investigated whether MB could affect the immediate outcome of H2S-induced coma in un-anesthetized animals. Second, we sought to characterize the acute cardiovascular effects of MB and two of its demethylated metabolites-azure B and thionine-in anesthetized rats during lethal infusion of H2S. MATERIALS AND METHODS First, MB (4 mg/kg, intravenous [IV]) was administered in non-sedated rats during the phase of agonal breathing, following NaHS (20 mg/kg, IP)-induced coma. Second, in 4 groups of urethane-anesthetized rats, NaHS was infused at a rate lethal within 10 min (0.8 mg/min, IV). Whenever cardiac output (CO) reached 40% of its baseline volume, MB, azure B, thionine, or saline were injected, while sulfide infusion was maintained until cardiac arrest occurred. RESULTS Seventy-five percent of the comatose rats that received saline (n = 8) died within 7 min, while all the 7 rats that were given MB survived (p = 0.007). In the anesthetized rats, arterial, left ventricular pressures and CO decreased during NaHS infusion, leading to a pulseless electrical activity within 530 s. MB produced a significant increase in CO and dP/dtmax for about 2 min. A similar effect was produced when MB was also injected in the pre-mortem phase of sulfide exposure, significantly increasing survival time. Azure B produced an even larger increase in blood pressure than MB, while thionine had no effect. CONCLUSION MB can counteract NaHS-induced acute cardiogenic shock; this effect is also produced by azure B, but not by thionine, suggesting that the presence of methyl groups is a prerequisite for producing this protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sonobe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine , Hershey, PA , USA
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58
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Paul P, Kumar GS. Photophysical and calorimetric investigation on the structural reorganization of poly(A) by phenothiazinium dyes azure A and azure B. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 13:1192-202. [PMID: 24953877 DOI: 10.1039/c4pp00085d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Poly(A) has significant relevance to mRNA stability, protein synthesis and cancer biology. The ability of two phenothiazinium dyes azure A (AA) and azure B (AB) to bind single-stranded poly(A) was studied by spectroscopic and calorimetric techniques. Strong binding of the dyes and the higher affinity of AA over AB were ascertained from absorbance and fluorescence experiments. Significant perturbation of the circular dichroism spectrum of poly(A) in the presence of these molecules with formation of induced CD bands in the 300-700 nm region was observed. Strong emission polarization of the bound dyes and strong energy transfer from the adenine base pairs of poly(A) suggested intercalative binding to poly(A). Intercalative binding was confirmed from fluorescence quenching experiments and was predominantly entropy driven as evidenced from isothermal titration calorimetry data. The negative values of heat capacity indicated involvement of hydrophobic forces and enthalpy-entropy compensation suggested noncovalent interactions in the complexation for both the dyes. Poly(A) formed a self-assembled structure on the binding of both the dyes that was more favored under higher salt conditions. New insights in terms of spectroscopic and thermodynamic aspects into the self-structure formation of poly(A) by two new phenothiazinium dyes that may lead to structural and functional damage of mRNA are revealed from these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Paul
- Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory, Chemisry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700 032, India.
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Mostert S, Petzer A, Petzer JP. Indanones As High-Potency Reversible Inhibitors of Monoamine Oxidase. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:862-73. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Smith CJ, Wang D, Sgambelluri A, Kramer RS, Gagnon DJ. Serotonin syndrome following methylene blue administration during cardiothoracic surgery. J Pharm Pract 2015; 28:207-11. [PMID: 25613051 DOI: 10.1177/0897190014568389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite its favorable safety profile, there have been reports of methylene blue-induced encephalopathy and serotonin syndrome in patients undergoing parathyroidectomy. We report a case of serotonin syndrome following methylene blue administration in a cardiothoracic surgery patient. CASE REPORT A 59-year-old woman taking preoperative venlafaxine and trazodone was given a single dose of 2 mg/kg methylene blue (167 mg) during a planned coronary artery bypass and mitral valve repair. Postoperatively, she was febrile to 38.7°C and developed full-body tremors, rhythmic twitching of the perioral muscles, slow conjugate roving eye movements, and spontaneous movements of the upper extremities. Electroencephalography revealed generalized diffuse slowing consistent with toxic encephalopathy, and a computed tomography scan showed no acute process. The patient's symptoms were most consistent with a methylene blue-induced serotonin syndrome. Her motor symptoms resolved within 48 hours and she was eventually discharged home. DISCUSSION Only 2 cases of methylene blue-induced serotonin syndrome during cardiothoracic surgery have been described in the literature, with this report representing the third case. Methylene blue and its metabolite, azure B, are potent, reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase A which is responsible for serotonin metabolism. Concomitant administration of methylene blue with serotonin-modulating agents may precipitate serotonin syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dorothy Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME, USA
| | | | - Robert S Kramer
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME, USA
| | - David J Gagnon
- Department of Pharmacy, Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME, USA
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61
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Delport A, Harvey BH, Petzer A, Petzer JP. Azure B and a synthetic structural analogue of methylene blue, ethylthioninium chloride, present with antidepressant-like properties. Life Sci 2014; 117:56-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Jang DH, Donovan S, Nelson LS, Bania TC, Hoffman RS, Chu J. Efficacy of methylene blue in an experimental model of calcium channel blocker-induced shock. Ann Emerg Med 2014; 65:410-5. [PMID: 25441767 DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE Calcium channel blocker poisonings account for a substantial number of reported deaths from cardiovascular drugs. Although supportive care is the mainstay of treatment, experimental therapies such as high-dose insulin-euglycemia and lipid emulsion have been studied in animal models and used in humans. In the most severe cases, even aggressive care is inadequate and deaths occur. In both experimental models and clinical cases of vasodilatory shock, methylene blue improves hemodynamic measures. It acts as a nitric oxide scavenger and inhibits guanylate cyclase that is responsible for the production of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). Excessive cGMP production is associated with refractory vasodilatory shock in sepsis and anaphylaxis. The aim of this study is to determine the efficacy of methylene blue in an animal model of amlodipine-induced shock. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized, ventilated, and instrumented for continuous blood pressure and pulse rate monitoring. The dose of amlodipine that produced death within 60 minutes was 17 mg/kg per hour (LD50). Rats were divided into 2 groups: amlodipine followed by methylene blue or amlodipine followed by normal saline solution, with 15 rats in each group. Rats received methylene blue at 2 mg/kg during 5 minutes or an equivalent amount of normal saline solution in 3 intervals from the start of the protocol: minutes 5, 30, and 60. The animals were observed for a total of 2 hours after the start of the protocol. Mortality risk and survival time were analyzed with Fisher's exact test and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis with the log rank test. RESULTS Overall, 1 of 15 rats (7%) in the saline solution-treated group survived to 120 minutes compared with 5 of 15 (33%) in the methylene blue-treated group (difference -26%; 95% confidence interval [CI] -54% to 0.3%). The median survival time for the normal saline solution group was 42 minutes (95% CI 28.1 to 55.9 minutes); for the methylene blue group, 109 minutes (95% CI 93.9 to 124.1 minutes). Pulse rate and mean arterial pressure (MAP) differences between groups were analyzed until 60 minutes. Pulse rate was significantly higher in the methylene blue-treated group beginning 25 minutes after the start of the amlodipine infusion (95% CI 30 to 113 minutes) that was analyzed until 60 minutes. MAP was significantly higher in the methylene blue-treated group starting 25 minutes after the amlodipine infusion (95% CI 2 to 30 minutes) that was analyzed until 60 minutes. CONCLUSION Methylene blue did not result in a significant difference in mortality risk. There was an increased pulse rate, MAP, and median survival time in the methylene blue group.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Jang
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.
| | - Sean Donovan
- Albany Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Albany, NY
| | - Lewis S Nelson
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Theodore C Bania
- Mt Sinai Roosevelt Hospital, Mt Sinai St Luke's Hospital, and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Robert S Hoffman
- Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Jason Chu
- Mt Sinai Roosevelt Hospital, Mt Sinai St Luke's Hospital, and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai, New York, NY
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Geldenhuys WJ, Kochi A, Lin L, Sutariya V, Dluzen DE, Van der Schyf CJ, Lim MH. Methyl Yellow: A Potential Drug Scaffold for Parkinson's Disease. Chembiochem 2014; 15:1591-1598. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Abstract
Methylene blue is used primarily in the treatment of patients with methemoglobinemia. Most recently, methylene blue has been used as a treatment for refractory distributive shock from a variety of causes such as sepsis and anaphylaxis. Many studies suggest that the nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (NO-cGMP) pathway plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of distributive shock. There are some experimental and clinical experiences with the use of methylene blue as a selective inhibitor of the NO-cGMP pathway. Methylene blue may play a role in the treatment of distributive shock when standard treatment fails.
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65
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Petzer A, Harvey BH, Petzer JP. The interactions of azure B, a metabolite of methylene blue, with acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 274:488-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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66
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Yaneva Z, Georgieva N. Study on the Physical Chemistry, Equilibrium, and Kinetic Mechanism of Azure A Biosorption byZea MaysBiomass. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2013.780242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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67
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Petzer A, Grobler P, Bergh JJ, Petzer JP. Inhibition of monoamine oxidase by selected phenylalkylcaffeine analogues. J Pharm Pharmacol 2013; 66:677-87. [PMID: 24313346 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Caffeine represents a useful scaffold for the design of monoamine oxidase (MAO) type B inhibitors. Specifically, substitution on the C8 position yields structures which are high-potency MAO-B inhibitors. To explore the structure–activity relationships of MAO-B inhibition by caffeine-derived compounds, this study examines the MAO inhibitory properties of a series of phenylalkylcaffeine analogues.
Methods
Employing the recombinant human enzymes, the potencies (IC50 values) by which the caffeine analogues inhibit MAO-A and MAO-B were measured. The reversibility of inhibition of a selected inhibitor was determined by measuring the recovery of enzyme activity after dilution and dialysis of enzyme-inhibitor mixtures.
Key findings
The results document that the phenylalkylcaffeine analogues are reversible and selective MAO-B inhibitors with a competitive mode of inhibition. The most potent analogue, 8-(7-phenylheptyl)caffeine, exhibits IC50 values for the inhibition of MAO-A and MAO-B of 3.01 μm and 0.086 μm, respectively. Increasing the length of the alkyl side chain leads to enhanced MAO-A and MAO-B inhibitory potency while introduction of a carbonyl group reduces MAO-B inhibitory potency.
Conclusions
Phenylalkylcaffeines represent a new class of high-potency MAO-B inhibitors with the longer alkyl side chains yielding enhanced inhibitory activity. Such compounds may represent useful leads for the development of anti-parkinsonian therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anél Petzer
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Paul Grobler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Jacobus J Bergh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Jacobus P Petzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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68
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Kim SJ, Ha DJ, Koo TS. Simultaneous quantification of methylene blue and its major metabolite, azure B, in plasma by LC-MS/MS and its application for a pharmacokinetic study. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 28:518-24. [PMID: 24122875 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed for the quantification of methylene blue (MB) and its major metabolite, azure B (AZB), in rat plasma. A simple protein precipitation using acetonitrile was followed by injection of the supernatant on to a Zorbax HILIC Plus column (3.5 µm, 2.1 × 100 mm) with isocratic mobile phase consisting of 5 mM ammonium acetate in 10:90 (v/v) water:methanol at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min and detection in positive ionization mode. The standard curve was linear over the concentration range from 1 to 1000 ng/mL for MB and AZB with coefficient of determination above 0.9930. The lower limit of quantification was 1 ng/mL using 20 μL of rat plasma sample. The intra- and inter-assay precision and accuracy were <12%. The developed analytical method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of MB and AZB in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jin Kim
- Translational Medicine, Life Science R&D Park, SK Biopharmaceuticals, Daejeon, 305-712, Korea
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69
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Meiring L, Petzer JP, Petzer A. Inhibition of monoamine oxidase by 3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:5498-502. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.08.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Zhang S, Wang D, Quan X, Zhou L, Zhang X. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes immobilized on zero-valent iron plates (Fe0-CNTs) for catalytic ozonation of methylene blue as model compound in a bubbling reactor. Sep Purif Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2013.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Petzer A, Pienaar A, Petzer JP. The interactions of caffeine with monoamine oxidase. Life Sci 2013; 93:283-7. [PMID: 23850513 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Caffeine has been used as a scaffold for the design of inhibitors of monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and B. Substitution at the C8 position with a variety of moieties yields structures with high MAO inhibition potencies. Although the MAO inhibitory properties of numerous caffeine derivatives have been characterized, the possibility that caffeine inhibits the MAOs has not been investigated in detail. Based on the therapeutic applications and potential adverse effects of MAO inhibition, this study examines the interactions of caffeine with the MAOs. MAIN METHODS Employing the recombinant human enzymes, the potencies by which caffeine inhibits the in vitro catalytic activities of the MAOs were recorded and expressed as the IC₅₀ and Ki values. The reversibility of inhibition was determined by measuring the recovery of enzyme activity after dialysis of enzyme-caffeine mixtures. KEY FINDINGS Caffeine acts as a MAO inhibitor with Ki values of 0.70 mM and 3.83 mM for the inhibition of MAO-A and MAO-B, respectively. The results show that caffeine binds reversibly and competitively to both MAO enzymes. SIGNIFICANCE Although structural modifications of caffeine lead to highly potent MAO inhibitors, caffeine is a weak inhibitor of MAO-A and MAO-B. At plasma concentrations (approximately 1-10 μM) achieved by normal human consumption, the MAO inhibitory potencies of caffeine are unlikely to be of pharmacological relevance in humans. The MAO inhibitory effects of caffeine should however be taken into consideration when using this drug in vitro and in tissue culture experiments where higher doses and concentrations of caffeine are often used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anél Petzer
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
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Strydom B, Bergh JJ, Petzer JP. Inhibition of monoamine oxidase by phthalide analogues. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:1269-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Zhang S, Wang D, Zhang S, Zhang X, Fan P. Ozonation and Carbon-assisted Ozonation of Methylene Blue as Model Compound: Effect of Solution pH. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proenv.2013.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Van der Walt MM, Terre’Blanche G, Lourens AC, Petzer A, Petzer JP. Sulfanylphthalonitrile analogues as selective and potent inhibitors of monoamine oxidase B. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:7367-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.10.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Selected C7-substituted chromone derivatives as monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2012; 45:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Mostert S, Mentz W, Petzer A, Bergh JJ, Petzer JP. Inhibition of monoamine oxidase by 8-[(phenylethyl)sulfanyl]caffeine analogues. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:7040-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Van der Walt MM, Terre’Blanche G, Petzer A, Petzer JP. Novel sulfanylphthalimide analogues as highly potent inhibitors of monoamine oxidase B. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:6632-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.08.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Okaecwe T, Swanepoel AJ, Petzer A, Bergh JJ, Petzer JP. Inhibition of monoamine oxidase by 8-phenoxymethylcaffeine derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:4336-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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