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Ealy AD, Seekford ZK. Symposium review: Predicting pregnancy loss in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:11798-11804. [PMID: 31587904 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Several tools exist to diagnose pregnancy in dairy cattle. However, substantial pregnancy loss occurs within the first 60 d of gestation in cattle, and these losses have a profound adverse economic impact on the dairy and beef cattle industries. Detecting these impending pregnancy losses could offer producers an opportunity to reduce costs associated with this source of reproductive inefficiency. Several of the pregnancy diagnostic tools currently available and new technologies are being examined for their ability to predict pregnancies at risk for failing in early pregnancy. This review provides a synopsis of work undertaken recently to predict pregnancy losses in cattle. Currently, opportunities to predict pregnancy loss include (1) using transrectal ultrasonography to detect loss of the fetal heartbeat, floating debris within the placental fluids, and reductions in fetal size; (2) observing reductions in circulating progesterone concentrations; (3) detecting reductions in concentrations of circulating placental products; namely, pregnancy-associated glycoproteins and microRNAs; and (4) detecting reductions in the early pregnancy-dependent increase in interferon-stimulatory gene expression in peripheral blood leukocytes. An achievable goal may be to identify markers of embryo mortality so that researchers and clinicians can focus their efforts on developing intervention strategies for cows identified to be at risk for pregnancy failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan D Ealy
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061.
| | - Zachary K Seekford
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061
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Iacono E, Lucci M, Mari G, Merlo B. Luteal Blood Flow and progesterone concentration during first and second postpartum estrous cycle in lactating dairy cows. Reprod Domest Anim 2019; 54:1341-1347. [PMID: 31306526 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the differences in corpus luteum (CL) functionality between the first postpartum estrous cycle and the following cycle in lactating dairy cows. Luteal blood flow (LBF), luteal size and blood progesterone (P4) concentration were monitored during the first and second postpartum estrous cycle. During the first and second postpartum estrous cycle, the mean LBF value increased (p < .05) from early to late dioestrus, while it decreased rapidly in proestrus, resulting statistically lower (p < .05) than those registered in all previous phases. Statistically significant differences were not observed between overall LBF during first and second postpartum estrous cycle (p > .05). During the first postpartum estrous cycle, P4 blood concentrations showed a significant reduction (p < .05) from dioestrus to proestrus. A different trend of P4 concentrations was observed during the second postpartum estrous cycle, where mean P4 value registered in proestrus resulted statistically lower than those registered in the previous cycle phases (p < .05). The mean P4 concentration registered over the first postpartum estrous cycle resulted statistically lower (p < .05) than that registered during the second one. A significant correlation between P4 concentrations and LBF was registered only during the second postpartum estrous cycle. Results indicate that during the first postpartum estrous cycle, P4 concentration was independent of luteal blood flow and luteal size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Iacono
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Gaetano Mari
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Merlo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Caunce SL, Dadarwal D, Adams GP, Brar P, Singh J. An objective volumetric method for assessment of ovarian follicular and luteal vascular flow using colour Doppler ultrasonography. Theriogenology 2019; 138:66-76. [PMID: 31302433 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Our goal was to develop an objective computer-assisted volumetric method of assessing vascular flow from colour Doppler ultrasound data of ovarian structures recorded by free-hand movement. We hypothesized that a vascularity index (ratio of the region of blood flood to the region of ovarian structure) obtained from the three-dimensional volumetric analysis would be more precise (less variable) than conventional two-dimensional analysis of single images in estimating the functional status of the preovulatory follicles and corpus luteum. Doppler ultrasound cineloops of water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis; n = 22) ovaries were recorded daily from 12 h before GnRH treatment to four days after ovulation. Cineloops were processed using Fiji and Imaris software packages for segmenting the area (two-dimensional analysis) and the volume (three-dimensional analysis) occupied by the blood-flow and associated tissue to calculate the vascularity index. For volumetric measurement, all images in a cineloop were used (i.e., no a-priori selection of images) while for two-dimensional analysis, three images from the region with apparent maximum vascularity were selected. The volumetric method was verified with theoretical ellipsoidal volume of the follicle (r = 0.96 P < 0.01) or corpus luteum (r = 0.58 P = 0.02). The variability in the follicular vascularity index among animals was lower using the volumetric method than two-dimensional analysis (0.018 ± 0.002 vs 0.030 ± 0.005, P < 0.01), while the variability for CL vascularity was similar between methods (P = 0.23). An increase in the follicular vascularity index was detected at 12 h after GnRH treatment using both methods (two-dimensional: 0.030 ± 0.008, P < 0.01; three-dimensional: 0.016 ± 0.006, P < 0.02). Buffaloes that ovulated tended to have a greater increase in 3D vascularity index than non-responding buffaloes (P = 0.06); the two-dimensional method was not able to detect these changes. Using the three-dimensional method, a moderate positive correlation (r = 0.59; P = 0.02) was evident between the follicular vascularity index at 14-16 h after GnRH treatment and follicular diameter. In conclusion, an objective volumetric method for assessing relative ovarian blood flow changes was developed using Doppler ultrasound cineloops recorded by free-hand movement. The 3-dimensional method eliminates the need for a-priori selection of images and is more precise as a result of decreased technical variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena L Caunce
- Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Dinesh Dadarwal
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Gregg P Adams
- Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Parkash Brar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Science University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Jaswant Singh
- Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
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Use of color-Doppler ultrasonography for selection of recipients in timed-embryo transfer programs in beef cattle. Theriogenology 2019; 135:73-79. [PMID: 31203090 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to study the association between CL characteristics assessed by color-Doppler ultrasonography (Doppler-US) at the time of embryo transfer (ET) and pregnancy rate (P/ET) in beef recipients. Estrous cycles of crossbred beef recipients were synchronized for timed-ET. On the day of ET (Day 7), CL area, proportion of luteal blood perfusion (BP), and the relationship between the largest dominant follicle (DF) and CL (ipsilateral or contralateral) were determined. Animals (n = 444) received an in vitro produced embryo from Nelore donors, placed in the uterine horn ipsilateral to the CL. Recipients were split retrospectively in three subgroups according to CL area [small (<3 cm2), medium (3-4 cm2), or large (>4 cm2)] and three subgroups according to luteal signals of BP [low (≤40%), medium (45-50%) or high (≥55%)]. Pregnancy was detected on Days 30-45 by transrectal ultrasonography and P/ET was analyzed considering the effects of cow's category (suckling or non-suckling), CL area, luteal BP and side of DF. P/ET increased along with BP category [low, 45.9%B, (62/135); medium, 54.1%AB (93/172); and high, 58.4%A (80/137)]. When luteal BP was evaluated as a continuous variable, a significant (P < 0.05) linear and positive effect was observed on P/ET. A greater (P < 0.05) CL area and serum progesterone concentrations were observed in the medium and high BP than in the low BP category. Although an effect of luteal size category was not significant on P/ET [small, 49% (76/155); medium, 59.7% (83/139); and large, 50.7% (75/148); P > 0.1], when CL area was evaluated as a continuous variable, a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) indicated a positive relationship between P/ET and CL area until luteal tissue reached 4.07 cm2, followed by a negative relationship. The location of the first-wave DF in relation to the CL did not affect P/ET (P > 0.1). In conclusion, Doppler-US is an innovative tool that has the potential to be used for selection of suitable embryo recipients based on luteal BP. Selection of recipients that have a greater chance of maintaining pregnancy will increase the success of timed-ET programs.
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Felipez MV, Acosta T, Ungerfeld R. Sexual stimulation as a luteolytic inductor in beef heifers. Theriogenology 2019; 132:83-87. [PMID: 31004877 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to determine if the introduction of androgenized steers or females in oestrus has luteolytic effects during the advanced luteal phase (Day 12-13 of the cycle, Day of ovulation = Day 0) in heifers by analysing the changes in corpus luteum (CL) size and perfused area together with progesterone (P4) secretion. Experiment 1 (EXP1) was carried out in May (autumn) with 12 Angus and Angus X Hereford heifers and experiment 2 (EXP2) in September (spring) with 20 heifers of the same breed. Procedures for both experiments were the same. Firstly, oestrus was synchronized in heifers, then, transrectal colour doppler ultrasonography was performed daily from Day 10 to Day 12 of the cycle in all animals. On Day 12 in the afternoon, animals were allocated to two experimental groups (control and biostimulated) and maintained separated (minimum distance: 1000 m) until the end of each experiment. In EXP1, two androgenized steers were introduced into the biostimulated group (BAS) and compared with unstimulated control group (CON1). In EXP2, 20 animals were separated into control group (CON2) and biostimulated group (BHE), in which 4 oestrous heifers were introduced on Day 12 in the afternoon, and 4 more on day 13. The oestrous heifers were injected with 2 mg i.m. of oestradiol benzoate every 12 h until the end of the experiment to maintain the receptiveness. In both experiments, from Day 13 until the day on which detectable luteal blood flow (irrigation) disappeared, colour doppler ultrasonography was performed every 12 h in both groups. Blood samples were collected from all heifers every 12 h from Day 10 to the day in which irrigation disappeared. In EXP1 there was no effect of treatment on CL volume. The BAS had less CL's perfused area than controls 0.09 ± 0.02 cm2 vs 0.16 ± 0.02 cm2, respectively (p = 0.015), less percentage of perfused area (2.4 ± 0.4% vs 4.2 ± 0.4%; p = 0,011), and lower progesterone (P4) concentration than CON1 (2.7 ± 1.0 ng/mL vs 5.8 ± 0.9 ng/mL respectively; p = 0.046). On Day 14.5 of the cycle, the BAS tended to have a lower concentration of P4 than the CON1 (p = 0.06) and on Days 15.5, 16, 16.5, 17, 17.5, 19.5 the P4 concentration was lower in BAS than in CON1 (p < 0.05). In EXP2 there were no treatment effects in any of the studied variables. Overall, it was concluded that the introduction of androgenized steers during heifers' advanced luteal phase of heifers advanced the luteolytic process. However, the introduction of oestrous heifers had no effect on luteal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Victoria Felipez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Lasplaces 1620, Montevideo, 11600, Uruguay
| | - Tomás Acosta
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Field Center of Animal Science and Agriculture, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Rodolfo Ungerfeld
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Lasplaces 1620, Montevideo, 11600, Uruguay.
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Siqueira LG, Arashiro EK, Ghetti AM, Souza ED, Feres LF, Pfeifer LF, Fonseca JF, Viana JH. Vascular and morphological features of the corpus luteum 12 to 20 days after timed artificial insemination in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:5612-5622. [PMID: 30954257 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to retrospectively compare pregnant versus nonpregnant cattle in terms of vascular and morphometric changes in corpora lutea between d 12 and 20 following timed artificial insemination (TAI). Crossbred (Gir × Holstein) lactating dairy cows (n = 136) and heifers (n = 111) were bred after synchronizing ovulations using an estradiol plus progesterone (P4)-based protocol. Corpus luteum (CL) characteristics (area, echotexture, blood flow) were recorded at 48-h intervals from d 12 to 20 following TAI using an ultrasound equipped with color Doppler. Blood samples were collected to determine CL function (plasma P4). Pregnancy diagnosis was performed at d 30. Quantitative assessment of colored pixels within the CL was performed using ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD) and echotexture was quantified using custom software. Continuous variables such as luteal tissue area (LTA), CL blood flow (CLBF), adjusted CLBF (ratio LTA:CLBF), mean pixel value (MPV), pixel heterogeneity (HETER), and plasma P4 were analyzed retrospectively as repeated measures (d 12 to 20) in pregnant versus nonpregnant females using PROC MIXED (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Main effects were pregnancy status, day of cycle, and their interaction. Further analyses used only data from d 16, because this was the earliest time point of deviation between CLBF of pregnant and nonpregnant animals. We created quartiles for each variable and calculated the risk of pregnancy within quartile. Differences were determined using the chi-squared test. Plasma P4 was significantly higher in prospective pregnant versus nonpregnant cattle on d 18 and 20, whereas LTA differed only on d 20. On d 16, CLBF and adjusted CLBF diverged between pregnant and nonpregnant, followed by a progressive reduction in the latter until d 20. Mean pixel value was not affected by pregnancy status, but HETER was lower on d 20 in pregnant than in nonpregnant cattle. Likelihood of pregnancy increased from quartile (Q)1 (lowest values) to Q4 (highest) of CLBF (Q4 vs. Q1, odds ratio = 32.8, 95% confidence interval: 9.6 to 112.1) and adjusted CLBF [Q4 vs. Q1, odds ratio = 25.4, 95% confidence interval: 8.1 to 80.4), whereas a lower risk of pregnancy was observed only for animals within Q1 of plasma P4 [Q4 vs. Q1, odds ratio = 3.1, 95% confidence interval: 1.3 to 7.2). Day 16 quartiles of LTA, MPV, and HETER did not affect odds of pregnancy. In conclusion, we identified distinct CLBF patterns as early as 16 d after TAI and confirmed that CL function is lost by a reduction in blood flow, which precedes physical regression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eliza D Souza
- Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil 36038-330
| | - Luiz F Feres
- Universidade Jose do Rosario Vellano, Alfenas, MG, Brazil 37130-000
| | | | | | - João H Viana
- Universidade Jose do Rosario Vellano, Alfenas, MG, Brazil 37130-000; Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF, Brazil 70770-917.
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Rocha CC, Martins T, Cardoso BO, Silva LA, Binelli M, Pugliesi G. Ultrasonography-accessed luteal size endpoint that most closely associates with circulating progesterone during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy in beef cows. Anim Reprod Sci 2018; 201:12-21. [PMID: 30583812 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to evaluate the associations between circulating P4 concentrations, corpus luteum (CL) size (diameter, area or volume) and blood perfusion (BP) in cows. In Experiment 1, Pearson's correlations (P < 0.05) with P4 concentrations were observed during CL development (D8) for total area (TA; r = 0.76), luteal area (ACL; r = 0.72), total and luteal diameter (TD and DCL respectively; r = 0.46). During mid-late diestrus, there was a positive correlation (P < 0.05) only at D15 with TA and ACL (r > 0.60), TD, total volume (TV) and luteal volume (VCL; r > 0.434). During luteal regression, the correlation was only observed at D18 for ACL (r = 0.478) and D20 with several variables. In Experiment 2, CL weight and ACL had the greatest correlation with P4 (r > 0.6). In Experiment 3, TA and ACL were the variables that were most closely correlated with serum P4 concentrations at D7 in recipient cows. Correlation coefficients were greater for luteal measurements when there were compact compared with cavitary CLs. In Experiment 4, there was no correlation (P > 0.05) between P4 and any of the variables measured on D4 and D7 in recipient cows detected in estrus. On D18 to D20, all CL characteristics were correlated (P < 0.05) with plasma P4, and luteal BP and BP area were more closely (P < 0.05) correlated than ACL. In conclusion, CL perimeter area measurements had the greatest association with luteal function during CL development; whereas for BP there was a greater correlation with P4 than luteal size during luteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecília Constantino Rocha
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago Martins
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Oliveira Cardoso
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciano Andrade Silva
- Laboratory of Theriogenology Dr. O.J. Ginther, Department of Veterinary, School of Animal and Food Sciences, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mario Binelli
- Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Guilherme Pugliesi
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Hassan M, Arshad U, Bilal M, Sattar A, Avais M, Bollwein H, Ahmad N. Luteal blood flow measured by Doppler ultrasonography during the first three weeks after artificial insemination in pregnant and non-pregnant Bos indicus dairy cows. J Reprod Dev 2018; 65:29-36. [PMID: 30393273 PMCID: PMC6379759 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2018-084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if there are differences in luteal size (LS), progesterone (P4), and luteal blood flow (LBF) between pregnant and non-pregnant Bos
indicus dairy cows during the first three weeks after insemination, and whether these parameters are related to each other. Lactating cows (n = 13) of mixed parity with a body
weight of 430 ± 18 kg (mean ± SD), showing regular estrous cycle were used in the study. All cows were artificially inseminated and were classified as pregnant (embryonic heartbeat on day
30; n = 8) or non-pregnant (inter-estrus interval 17 to 21 days, n = 5). In order to compare the LS and LBF after artificial insemination, B-mode and color Doppler ultrasonography of ovaries
were performed on days 4, 5, 6, 7 (first week), 8, 10, 12, 14, (second week), and 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 (third week) in pregnant and non-pregnant cows. Results revealed that the mean LBF
was consistently higher (P < 0.05) during days 7 through 21 in pregnant cows than in non-pregnant cows. The mean LS was higher (P < 0.05) on days 6 and 7, and from day 17 onwards, and
the mean concentration of P4 was higher (P < 0.05) on days 19, 20, and 21 in pregnant cows. In conclusion, LBF is a more sensitive parameter than LS and P4 for detection of differences in
luteal function between pregnant and non-pregnant Bos indicus dairy cows during the first three weeks after AI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubbashar Hassan
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.,Present: Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Usman Arshad
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- Department of Statistics and Computer Science, Faculty of Life Sciences and Business Management, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Sattar
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Avais
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Heinrich Bollwein
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Nasim Ahmad
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
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Effect of the administration of alfaprostol 3 or 6 days after ovulation in jennies: ultrasonographic characteristic of corpora lutea and serum progesterone concentration. Theriogenology 2018; 121:175-180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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60
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Pugliesi G, de Melo GD, Ataíde GA, Pellegrino CAG, Silva JB, Rocha CC, Motta IG, Vasconcelos JLM, Binelli M. Use of Doppler ultrasonography in embryo transfer programs: feasibility and field results. Anim Reprod 2018; 15:239-246. [PMID: 34178147 PMCID: PMC8202456 DOI: 10.21451/1984-3143-ar2018-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The intensive use of Doppler ultrasonography in several studies in the last decade allowed
the characterization of vascular perfusion and the estimation of function of the reproductive
organs and tissues along the estrous cycle and pregnancy in cattle. We aim to discuss the possibility
of using Doppler imaging and to explore the potential of its inclusion in reproductive programs
in cattle industry. Recent studies in dairy and beef cows indicated a high accuracy and sensitivity
when Doppler ultrasonography is used to evaluate corpus luteum function and to diagnosis
pregnancy between days 20 and 22. Moreover, resynchronization programs starting 5 to 7 days
after timed embryo transfer (FTET) coupled with early pregnancy diagnosis were developed
for beef cattle, and have been implemented in commercial embryo transfer programs. These
strategies allow a reduction in the interval between two FTET from ≈ 40 to 24 days and
may improve the gains in reproductive efficiency when compared to traditional programs than
begin resynchronization after the pregnancy diagnosis at 30 days. A second alternative to
use Doppler imaging is the evaluation of luteal blood perfusion at the time of embryo transfer
for selection of recipients with greater receptivity potential. This may increases fertility
in FTET, as embryos would not be transferred to females with non-functional CL, and in cases
with recipients surplus, females with higher receptivity would be prioritized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Pugliesi
- Departamento de Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Dalmaso de Melo
- Departamento de Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Gilmar Arantes Ataíde
- Departamento de Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Cecília Constantino Rocha
- Departamento de Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Igor Garcia Motta
- Departamento de Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Mario Binelli
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainsville, FL, USA
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Abdelnaby EA, Abo El-Maaty AM, Ragab RSA, Seida AA. Dynamics of uterine and ovarian arteries flow velocity waveforms and their relation to follicular and luteal growth and blood flow vascularization during the estrous cycle in Friesian cows. Theriogenology 2018; 121:112-121. [PMID: 30144733 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Doppler ultrasonography enabled understanding of the reproductive system hemodynamics in cyclic and pregnant cattle. To confirm the hypothesis that the ipsilateral ovarian and uterine arterial blood flows to the ovulating ovary are higher than the contralateral one along days and phases (follicular, early luteal, mid-luteal, late luteal) of the estrous cycle, eight cyclic spontaneously ovulating cows were scanned with Doppler ultrasound each other day along three oestrous cycles to monitor the follicular dynamics, the vascularization of the ovulatory follicle (OF), the corpus luteum (CL) developmental dynamics, the ipsilateral and the contralateral ovarian and uterine arterial diameters and their blood flow. Results proved the hypothesis. Both days and phases of the estrus cycle influenced (P = 0.0001) the follicular dynamic, the luteal hemodynamics, the ovarian and uterine hemodynamic. The ovulatory wave and the mid-luteal non-ovulatory wave had expanding numbers and the diameters of small, medium and large follicles. Though area, antral area, vascularization area of the OF ascended from Day -4 to the day of ovulation (Day 0), but the percent of its vascularization area and that of granulose layer increased till Day -3. The CL diameter increase till Day 15, and its vascularization area increased till Day 13, but its% of vascularization area ascended (P = 0.0001) from Days 1-4 and declined from Days 9-13. Both RI and PI of the ipsilateral ovarian artery were lower than the contralateral one; but, both obtained high values during the follicular phase. A linear increase (P = 0.0001) of uterine horns vascularization area and both ovarian and uterine arteries diameters, PSV and EDV from follicular to late luteal phases accompanied a linear decrease of their PI and RI. In conclusion, the ovarian and uterine blood flows vary according to the estrous day, estrous phase, the ovulating ovary, ovulatory follicle growth and corpus luteum developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elshymaa A Abdelnaby
- Theriogenology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Amal M Abo El-Maaty
- Animal Reproduction and AI Dept., Veterinary Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Refaat S A Ragab
- Theriogenology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Adel A Seida
- Theriogenology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
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Kraisoon A, Navanukraw C, Inthamonee W, Bunma T. Embryonic development, luteal size and blood flow area, and concentrations of PGF 2α metabolite in dairy cows fed a diet enriched in polysaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acid. Anim Reprod Sci 2018; 195:291-301. [PMID: 29958704 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine effects of sunflower (SO) and palm oil (PO) supplements in the diet on embryonic development, luteal size and blood flow area, PGF2α metabolite (PGFM), and progesterone (P4) concentrations. Prepartum cows (n = 42) were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments (control, 4% PO, and 4% SO supplements). Animals were fed diets individually from day 28 prepartum to day 111 postpartum. Luteal size and blood flow area were determined throughout the estrous cycle by Doppler ultrasonography. Oocytes were collected in three ovum pick-up sessions at 2 week intervals for the in vitro embryo production. Oocyte characteristics and embryonic development were not affected by dietary treatments. Cows fed 4% SO had a greater (P < 0.05) concentration of PGFM from day 15 to day 35 postpartum than those cows fed 4% PO and the control group. On day 11 of the estrous cycle (mid-luteal phase), serum P4 concentrations (6.0 ± 0.7, 5.7 ± 0.5, and 4.7 ± 0.6 ng/ml), luteal size (7.0 ± 0.2, 6.5 ± 0.2, and 5.3 ± 0.1 cm2) and luteal blood flow area (1.3 ± 0.2, 1.2 ± 0.1, and 0.9 ± 0.1 cm2) were greater (P < 0.05) in cows fed 4% SO and 4% PO than the control group, respectively. Thus, plant oil supplements in diets affected luteal size and serum P4 and PGFM concentrations, but not early embryonic development. Such changes in secretion of PGF2α and P4 indicate that plant oil supplements during pre- and postpartum may alter uterine and luteal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kraisoon
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - C Navanukraw
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center for Sustainable Economy (ABRCSE), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Agricultural Biotechnology: (AG-BIO/PERDO-CHE), Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - W Inthamonee
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - T Bunma
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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63
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de Tarso SGS, Gastal GDA, Bashir ST, Gastal MO, Apgar GA, Gastal EL. Follicle vascularity coordinates corpus luteum blood flow and progesterone production. Reprod Fertil Dev 2018; 29:448-457. [PMID: 28442057 DOI: 10.1071/rd15223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Colour Doppler ultrasonography was used to compare the ability of preovulatory follicle (POF) blood flow and its dimensions to predict the size, blood flow and progesterone production capability of the subsequent corpus luteum (CL). Cows (n=30) were submitted to a synchronisation protocol. Follicles ≥7mm were measured and follicular wall blood flow evaluated every 12h for approximately 3.5 days until ovulation. After ovulation, cows were scanned daily for 8 days and similar parameters were evaluated for the CL. Blood samples were collected and plasma progesterone concentrations quantified. All parameters were positively correlated. Correlation values ranged from 0.26 to 0.74 on data normalised to ovulation and from 0.31 to 0.74 on data normalised to maximum values. Correlations between calculated ratios of both POF and CL in data normalised to ovulation and to maximum values ranged from moderate (0.57) to strong (0.87). Significant (P<0.0001) linear regression analyses were seen in all comparisons. In conclusion, higher correlations were observed between the dimensions of POF and/or CL and blood flow of both structures, as well as POF and/or CL blood flow with plasma progesterone concentrations of the resultant CL. These findings indicate that follicle vascularity coordinates CL blood flow and progesterone production in synchronised beef cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G S de Tarso
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Southern Illinois University, 1205 Lincoln Drive, MC 4417, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - G D A Gastal
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Southern Illinois University, 1205 Lincoln Drive, MC 4417, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - S T Bashir
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Southern Illinois University, 1205 Lincoln Drive, MC 4417, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - M O Gastal
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Southern Illinois University, 1205 Lincoln Drive, MC 4417, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - G A Apgar
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Southern Illinois University, 1205 Lincoln Drive, MC 4417, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - E L Gastal
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Southern Illinois University, 1205 Lincoln Drive, MC 4417, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
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Hart CG, Voelz BE, Brockus KE, Lemley CO. Hepatic steroid inactivating enzymes, hepatic portal blood flow and corpus luteum blood perfusion in cattle. Reprod Domest Anim 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.13166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- CG Hart
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences Mississippi State University Mississippi State MS USA
| | - BE Voelz
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences Mississippi State University Mississippi State MS USA
| | - KE Brockus
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences Mississippi State University Mississippi State MS USA
| | - CO Lemley
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences Mississippi State University Mississippi State MS USA
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Vrisman DP, Bastos NM, Rossi GF, Rodrigues NN, Borges LPB, Taira AR, de Paz CCP, Nogueira GDP, Teixeira PPM, Monteiro FM, Oliveira MEF. Corpus luteum dynamics after ovulation induction with or without previous exposure to progesterone in prepubertal Nellore heifers. Theriogenology 2018; 106:60-68. [PMID: 29040877 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were 1) to monitor corpus luteum (CL) dynamics after two different protocols of ovulation induction in prepubertal Nellore heifers, and 2) to determine differences in luteal function. Fifty-seven heifers (weight 289.61 ± 32.28 kg, BCS 5.66 ± 0.65, age 17.47 ± 0.81 months) were divided into two groups: GP4+GnRH received a progesterone (P4) device of 3rd use for 10 days, followed by the administration of 0.02 mg buserelin acetate (GnRH) 48 h after removal of the device, and GGnRH received only GnRH. The CLs formed were monitored by ultrasonography every 2 days until their functional regression (decrease in the color Doppler signal and serum P4 concentration < 1 ng/mL), determining their diameter and area, numerical pixel value (NPV), pixel heterogeneity, and vascularization percentage. The peak systolic velocity, end diastolic velocity, resistivity index and pulsatility index (PI) of the ovarian artery and serum P4 concentration were also measured. A lifespan of the CL of more than 16 days was classified as normal-function and of less than 16 days as premature regression. The variables were compared between treatments, CL categories (normal-functional, prematurely regressed or non-functional), days of evaluation, and their interactions using the MIXED procedure of the SAS program (p ≤ 0.05). Three animals of each group (6/57 = 11%) did not respond to treatment, corresponding to an ovulation rate of 89%. There was a higher percentage of normal-function CLs in GP4+GnRH (81%) and a higher percentage of non-functional CLs in GGnRH (52%; P4 concentration < 1 ng/mL in all assessments). Normal-function CLs exhibited a greater area, vascularization percentage and P4 concentration than prematurely regressed and non-functional CLs. Lower diameter, area, NPV and P4 concentration were observed for non-functional CLs, but there was no difference in vascularization percentage compared to prematurely regressed CLs. Progesterone concentration was efficient in diagnosing CL function and was positively correlated with CL area (r = 0.62; p < 0.001) and vascularization percentage (r = 0.38; p < 0.001). Diameter and PI were important for the early diagnosis of non-functional and prematurely regressed CLs, respectively. In conclusion, luteal function differed for the first CL that develops after ovulation induction in prepubertal heifers. Ultrasonographic parameters (diameter, area, NPV, vascularization percentage, and PI) can be used to predict CL function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayane Priscila Vrisman
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Reprodução Animal, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil.
| | - Natália Marins Bastos
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Reprodução Animal, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Fazan Rossi
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Reprodução Animal, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Naiara Nantes Rodrigues
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Reprodução Animal, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | | | - Augusto Ryonosuke Taira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Reprodução Animal, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | | | - Guilherme de Paula Nogueira
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba (FMVA/UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, 16050-680, Brazil
| | | | - Fábio Morato Monteiro
- Instituto de Zootecnia, Centro APTA Bovinos de Corte, Sertãozinho, São Paulo, 14160-970, Brazil
| | - Maria Emília Franco Oliveira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Reprodução Animal, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil.
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66
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Stewart JL, Mercadante VR, Dias NW, Canisso IF, Yau P, Imai B, Lima FS. Nerve Growth Factor-Beta, purified from bull seminal plasma, enhances corpus luteum formation and conceptus development in Bos taurus cows. Theriogenology 2018; 106:30-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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67
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Vascularization to preovulatory follicle and corpus luteum-a valuable predictor of fertility in dairy cows. Theriogenology 2017; 103:59-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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68
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Reese ST, Pereira MHC, Edwards JL, Vasconcelos JLM, Pohler KG. Pregnancy diagnosis in cattle using pregnancy associated glycoprotein concentration in circulation at day 24 of gestation. Theriogenology 2017; 106:178-185. [PMID: 29073542 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cattle producers are limited to day 28-30 of gestation as the earliest time point for accurate pregnancy diagnosis due to the effectiveness of ultrasound and chemical based methods, including commercially available pregnancy associated glycoproteins (PAG) tests. The objective of the current studies were to determine if early gestation circulating PAG concentrations at day 24 could be used to diagnose pregnancy in dairy cattle undergoing embryo transfer. In vitro produced embryos were transferred into Holstein x Gir cows and heifers on day 7 following ovulation. Study 1 utilized only cows (n = 101) determined to be pregnant on day 24 of gestation by progesterone concentration, as well as CL and PAG presence. In study 2, animals were not predetermined to be pregnant and both heifers (n = 111) and cows (n = 242) were used. In both studies, blood was collected at day 24 for PAG analysis as well as day 31. Final pregnancy confirmation occurred on day 60 via transrectal ultrasonography. Serum PAG concentrations were quantified using an in house PAG ELISA. Following timed embryo transfer (TET) in study 1, of the 101 cows diagnosed as pregnant on day 24, 80 cows were identified as still pregnant on day 31 of gestation (77%). Study 2 had a pregnancy rate at day 31 of 33.7% of total embryos transferred. Mean circulating PAG concentration at day 24 differed (P < 0.001) between animals diagnosed pregnant and non-pregnant at day 31 in both studies (study 1, 2.964 ± 0.262 ng/mL vs 0.946 ± 0.168 ng/mL and study 2, 1.962 ± 0.261 ng/mL vs 0.731 ± 0.109 ng/mL). Concentration of PAG between pregnant and non-pregnant cows in study 1 and 2 was significant, however, pregnant heifers in study 2 (1.562 ± 0.266 ng/mL) had concentration of PAGs that only had a tendency to differ compared to non-pregnant heifers (non-pregnant, 0.799 ± 0.290 ng/mL; P = 0.0669). Only animals that were pregnant at day 31 were analyzed in late embryo mortality analysis (heifers, n = 54; cows, n = 159), defined as pregnancy loss between day 31 and 60. Between day 31 and 60, 39 (12 in study 1 and 28 in study 2) animals experienced late embryo mortality. Circulating concentrations of PAG were not significantly different (P > 0.05), in either study, at day 24 of gestation in animals that maintained pregnancy until day 60 compared to animals that lost pregnancy between day 31 and 60 (late embryo mortality, LEM). In summary, early gestation circulating PAG concentration may have application in diagnosing pregnancy at day 24 of gestation and more work is needed to determine the potential of early gestation PAGs in predicting embryo loss in dairy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Reese
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, 2506 River Drive, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - M H C Pereira
- Department of Animal Production, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - J L Edwards
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, 2506 River Drive, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - J L M Vasconcelos
- Department of Animal Production, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - K G Pohler
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, 2506 River Drive, Knoxville, TN, United States.
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69
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Ishak GM, Bashir ST, Gastal MO, Gastal EL. Pre-ovulatory follicle affects corpus luteum diameter, blood flow, and progesterone production in mares. Anim Reprod Sci 2017; 187:1-12. [PMID: 29074033 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Color Doppler ultrasonography was used to study the temporal relationships between pre-ovulatory follicle (POF) and corpus luteum (CL) diameter and blood flow, with systemic progesterone (P4) concentration during two transitional ovulatory seasons in mares. Variables of POF and CL/P4 were evaluated for 6days before and 17days after ovulation, respectively. Evaluations were performed during two consecutive estrous cycles in spring and fall seasons, and during the last estrous cycle of the season. There were significant correlations among POF and CL variables, and P4 concentration that ranged from 0.24 to 0.95, and among the ratios of different variables that ranged from 0.39 to 0.92. There were linear regressions (P<0.01-0.001) for all comparisons among different variables. The POF diameter before the first ovulation of the season was larger (P<0.05), and POF vascularity was less (P<0.05), than in the last estrous cycle during the season. The CL blood flow was less (P<0.01) during the last compared with first pre-ovulatory period of the season. The POF diameters were positively correlated (r=0.67) during the two pre-ovulatory periods of spring and fall. Results provide evidence that the POF affects CL diameter and blood flow, and subsequently P4 production, and that POF diameter is repeatable within the same individual during different seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Ishak
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA; College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - S T Bashir
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - M O Gastal
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - E L Gastal
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA.
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70
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Corpus Luteum Vascularization and Progesterone Production in Autumn and Winter Cycles of the Mare: Relationship Between Ultrasonographic Characteristics of Corpora Lutea and Plasma Progesterone Concentration in the Last Cycles Before Anestrus. J Equine Vet Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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71
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Silva M, Ulloa-Leal C, Valderrama XP, Bogle OA, Adams GP, Ratto MH. Nerve growth factor from seminal plasma origin (spβ-NGF) increases CL vascularization and level of mRNA expression of steroidogenic enzymes during the early stage of Corpus Luteum development in llamas. Theriogenology 2017; 103:69-75. [PMID: 28779611 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of the study were to determine the effect of seminal plasma β-NGF on Corpus Luteum morphology and function and level of mRNA expression of steroidogenic enzymes. Llamas were assigned (n = 12/per group) to receive an intramuscular dose of: (a) 1 ml phosphate buffered saline (PBS), (b) 5 μg gonadorelin acetate (GnRH), or (c) 1.0 mg of purified llama spβ-NGF. Ovaries were examined by transrectal B-mode ultrasonography from treatment to ovulation (Day 0 = treatment). B mode/Power Doppler ultrasonography and blood samples collection were performed at Days 4, 8 and 10 (n = 3 llamas per treatment group/per time point) to determine CL diameter, vascularization and plasma progesterone concentration respectively. Plasma progesterone concentration was analyzed in all llamas at Day 0. Then females were submitted to ovariectomy at Days 4, 8 and 10 (n = 3 llamas/treatment/time), CL was removed to determine vascular area, proportion of luteal cells and CYP11A1/P450scc and STAR expression by RT-PCR. Ovulation was similar between llamas treated with GnRH or spβ-NGF and CL diameter did not differ between GnRH or spβ-NGF groups by Day 4, 8 or 10. Vascularization area of the CL was higher (P < 0.01) in llamas from the spβ-NGF than GnRH-treated group by Day 4 and 8. Plasma progesterone concentration was higher (P < 0.05) in llamas from the spβ-NGF compared to females of GnRH group by Day 4 and 8. The proportion of small and large luteal cells did not differ between GnRH or spβ-NGF groups by Day 8. CYP11A1/P450scc was upregulated 3 folds at day 4 and 10 by spβ-NGF compared to GnRH. STAR transcription was 3 folds higher at day 4 in females treated with spβ-NGF. In conclusion, the luteotrophic effect of spβ-NGF could be related to an increase of vascularization and up regulation of CYP11A1/P450scc and STAR transcripts enhancing progesterone secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Silva
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
| | - C Ulloa-Leal
- Universidad de Las Fuerzas Armadas, ESPE, Sangolqui, Ecuador
| | - X P Valderrama
- Instituto de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - O A Bogle
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - G P Adams
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - M H Ratto
- Instituto de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
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72
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Kanazawa T, Seki M, Ishiyama K, Araseki M, Izaike Y, Takahashi T. Administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist on Day 5 increases luteal blood flow and improves pregnancy prediction accuracy on Day 14 in recipient Holstein cows. J Reprod Dev 2017; 63:389-399. [PMID: 28552886 PMCID: PMC5592161 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2016-128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) treatment on Day 5 (Day 0 = estrus) on luteal blood flow and accuracy of pregnancy prediction in recipient cows. On Day 5, 120 lactating Holstein cows were randomly assigned to a control group (n = 63) or GnRH group treated with 100 μg of GnRH agonist (n = 57). On Days 3, 5, 7, and 14, each cow underwent ultrasound examination to measure the blood flow area (BFA) and time-averaged maximum velocity (TAMV) at the spiral arteries at the base of the corpus luteum using color Doppler ultrasonography. Cows with a corpus luteum diameter ≥ 20 mm (n = 120) received embryo transfers on Day 7. The BFA values in the GnRH group were significantly higher than those in the control group on Days 7 and 14. TAMV did not differ between these groups. According to receiver operating characteristic analyses to predict pregnancy, a BFA cutoff of 0.52 cm2 yielded the highest sensitivity (83.3%) and specificity (90.5%) on Day 7, and BFA and TAMV values of 0.94 cm2 and 44.93 cm/s, respectively, yielded the highest sensitivity (97.1%) and specificity (100%) on Day 14 in the GnRH group. The areas under the curve for the paired BFA and TAMV in the GnRH group were 0.058 higher than those in the control group (0.996 and 0.938, respectively; P < 0.05). In conclusion, GnRH treatment on Day 5 increased the luteal BFA in recipient cows on Days 7 and 14, and improved the accuracy of pregnancy prediction on Day 14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Kanazawa
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Miyagi Prefectural Federated Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Miyagi 980-0011, Japan
| | - Motohide Seki
- Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Keiki Ishiyama
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi 980-0845 Japan
| | | | - Yoshiaki Izaike
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Cooperative department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Toru Takahashi
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Cooperative department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
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73
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Berger H, Lietzau M, Tichy A, Herzog K. Pregnancy outcome is influenced by luteal area during diestrus before successful insemination but not by milk production level. Theriogenology 2017; 104:115-119. [PMID: 28822902 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to compare luteal area (LA), luteal blood flow (LBF), and progesterone (P4) concentration before and after artificial insemination (AI) in pregnant and open cows in the diestrus preceding insemination and during the first 21 d after insemination. A number of 119 multiparous German Holstein cows were examined using B-mode and color Doppler sonography in diestrus (15-5 d before AI) and on days 7, 14, and 21 post insemination (pi). Blood samples for determination of P4 concentration were collected at each examination. In pregnant cows, P4 was measured in the diestrus before AI and on days 7, 14, and 21 of pregnancy, and in open cows, in the diestrus preceding the first AI and 7, 14, and 21 d later. Cows were retrospectively allocated into two groups according to the mean daily milk yield in the first 42 d (high milk yield [HMY], ≥39 kg/d; low milk yield [LMY], <39 kg/d). Pregnant cows had larger LA than open cows during diestrus before insemination (5.69 ± 1.85 vs. 4.94 ± 1.66 cm2, P < 0.05), on days 7 (5.34 ± 1.83 vs. 4.52 ± 1.93 cm2, P < 0.05) and 21 pi (5.92 ± 1.60 vs. 4.97 ± 1.44 cm2, P < 0.05). On day 14 there was a tendency towards larger LA in pregnant cows (P = 0.09). Luteal blood flow (1.72 ± 0.74 vs. 1.22 ± 0.67 cm2) and P4 concentration (8.97 ± 4.37 vs. 6.49 ± 4.32 ng/mL) were higher in pregnant cows than in open cows on day 21 (P < 0.05). At day 150, 69% of the LMY cows and 56% of the HMY cows were pregnant (P > 0.05). Pregnant HMY cows had larger LA during diestrus before insemination and on days 7 and 21 pi than open HMY cows (P < 0.05) and tended to result in larger CLs on day 14 (P = 0.06). Pregnant HMY cows had higher LBF on days 14 and 21 (P < 0.05) and higher P4 concentration on day 21 than open HMY cows (P < 0.05). The main finding of this study was a larger LA during diestrus in cows that conceived in the ensuing estrous cycle compared to cows that did not conceive. Luteal area, LBF, and P4 concentration were greater in pregnant cows compared to open cows, and further studies should be conducted on the usefulness of these variables to detect open cows as early as possible after breeding. High-yielding cows appear to require larger LA, LBF, and higher P4 concentration than low-yielding cows to maintain pregnancy. In conclusion, larger LAs were established in pregnant cows in the diestrus before successful insemination regardless of their milk yield. Further studies are needed to verify whether LA in the diestrus before insemination might be used to predict probabilities in reproductive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Berger
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
| | - M Lietzau
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - A Tichy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Platform Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - K Herzog
- Department for Animal Welfare Service, Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Oldenburg, Germany
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Muth-Spurlock AM, Dix JA, Coleson MPT, Hart CG, Lemley CO, Schulmeister TM, Lamb GC, Larson JE. The effect of follicular wave on fertility characteristics in beef cattle. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:866-874. [PMID: 28380577 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016.0898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this experiment were to determine the effects of follicular wave (first or second) on diameter of the dominant follicle, concentrations of progesterone and estradiol and the hepatic enzymes that inactivate them, thickness of the endometrium, and pregnancy rates to AI. Beef heifers ( = 101) and cows ( = 106) were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: insemination to the first follicular wave (FFW) or insemination to the second follicular wave (SFW). Estrous cycles of females were synchronized to ensure appropriate timing for the treatments. The MIXED procedure of SAS was used for analysis. A similar proportion of females in each treatment responded to presynchronization; however, females in the FFW group ovulated in response to the first injection of GnRH of the CO-Synch protocol more frequently. Only females ( = 94) that properly responded to ovulation synchronization were included in further analyses. Cows in the FFW group tended ( 0.06) to have larger ovulatory follicles 36 h post-PGF of the CO-Synch protocol compared to cows in the SFW group (14.22 ± 0.42 and 11.83 ± 0.49, respectively), whereas heifers were similar between treatment groups. Three d prior to AI, circulating concentrations of progesterone were lesser ( 0.01) in females in the FFW (3.63 ± 0.80 ng/mL) than in the SFW (7.12 ± 0.83 ng/mL), whereas concentrations of estradiol tended ( 0.08) to be greater in those in the FFW (82.72 ± 6.48 pg/mL) than in the SFW (65.55 ± 6.74 pg/mL). Concentrations of cytochrome P450 1A in the liver were lesser ( 0.01) in females in the FFW than those in the SFW (0.68 ± 0.08 vs. 0.96 ± 0.06, respectively). Endometrial thicknesses were similar between treatments but were thicker ( < 0.0001) in cows (9.73 ± 0.24 mm) than heifers (7.22 ± 0.26 mm). When considering all females or only those that were properly presynchronized, pregnancy rates were similar between treatments. However, when evaluating females that ovulated to the assigned follicular wave, there was a treatment by parity interaction ( = 0.04) with heifers in the FFW having a lesser pregnancy rate (25.9%) than heifers in the SFW (72.0%) while cows in both treatment groups were intermediate (45.4% in FFW and 50.0% in SFW). The differences in concentrations of steroids between treatment groups may affect fertility of heifers; however, additional research is necessary.
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75
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Kelley DE, Galvão KN, Mortensen CJ, Risco CA, Ealy AD. Using Doppler ultrasonography on day 34 of pregnancy to predict pregnancy loss in lactating dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:3266-3271. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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76
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Balaro MFA, Santos AS, Moura LFGM, Fonseca JF, Brandão FZ. Luteal dynamic and functionality assessment in dairy goats by luteal blood flow, luteal biometry, and hormonal assay. Theriogenology 2017; 95:118-126. [PMID: 28460665 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the luteal dynamics of pregnant and non-pregnant Saanen goats throughout an estrous cycle by B-mode and color Doppler ultrasonography (US) associated with a P4 hormonal assay. Furthermore, a cutoff point was chosen to determine the corpus luteum (CL) functionality by luteal biometry (LB) measurement and luteal blood flow (LBF) assessment. Ultrasound assessment was carried out daily throughout an entire estrous cycle (21 days) in 23 Saanen goats pre-synchronized and inseminated in the breeding season. The plasmatic P4 concentration was determined daily by radioimmunoassay. LB parameters (diameter, area, and volume) were measured using the maximum area of a cross-section of the CL. LBF assessment was performed subjectively by percentage of area of colored pixels and objectively by calculating the number of the colored pixels. Eventually, 45.0% (9/20) and 55.0% (11/20) of goats became pregnant and or remained non-pregnant, respectively. The LB and LBF demonstrated value stabilization on the 9th day of the estrous cycle and maximum values on the 12th and 13th days of the estrous cycle, respectively. LB presented a progressive decrease in the luteal regression phase, whereas the LBF decreased abruptly in association with P4. The LBF values were more reliable in predicting the luteal functionality when compared to the LB data. The number of colored pixels accurately predicted values of P4 >1.0 ng/mL, reaching only 17% of the maximum values, and 1200 colored pixels as a minimum cutoff point when compared to the use of 53% of the maximum values and a minimum luteal diameter of 9.0 mm as cutoff point for P4 >1.0 ng/mL. The LBF assessment was more informative about the CL functionality throughout the complete luteal phase when compared to the LB. The use of the number of colored pixels is indicated for research regarding luteal functionality due to their greater correlation with P4 values. In addition, the luteal subjective evaluation can be used under field conditions due to greater convenience and similar pattern of correlation with P4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Felipe A Balaro
- Departamento de Patologia e Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Vital Brasil Filho, 64, 24320-340, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Alex S Santos
- Departamento de Patologia e Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Vital Brasil Filho, 64, 24320-340, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando G M Moura
- Departamento de Patologia e Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Vital Brasil Filho, 64, 24320-340, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jeferson F Fonseca
- Embrapa Goats and Sheep, Rodovia MG 133, km 42, CEP 36155-000, Coronel Pacheco, MG, Brazil
| | - Felipe Z Brandão
- Departamento de Patologia e Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Vital Brasil Filho, 64, 24320-340, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
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77
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Kaya S, Kaçar C, Polat B, Çolak A, Kaya D, Gürcan İS, Bollwein H, Aslan S. Association of luteal blood flow with follicular size, serum estrogen and progesterone concentrations, and the inducibility of luteolysis by PGF 2α in dairy cows. Theriogenology 2017; 87:167-172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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78
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Stoperka F, Karger C, Beige J. Limited Accuracy of Colour Doppler Ultrasound Dynamic Tissue Perfusion Measurement in Diabetic Adults. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168905. [PMID: 28033403 PMCID: PMC5199016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic tissue perfusion measurement (DTPM) is a pre-described and available method in pediatric ultrasound to quantify tissue perfusion in renal Doppler ultrasound by particular video analysis software. This study evaluates DTPM during single and between repeated visits after 6 months, calibrates repeated DTPM within different region of interest (ROI) and compares DTPM with kidney function markers in adult patients with early diabetic nephropathy (n = 17). During repeated measurements, no association of readings at the same patients in the same (n = 3 readings) as well as repeated visit (n = 2 visits) could be retrieved. No association between DTPM, MDRD-GFR, albuminuria, age and duration of diabetes was observed. These negative results are presumably related to inconsistency of DTPM due to non-fixed ROI position as could be shown in calibrating series. Further development of the method should be performed to enable reproducible DTPM readings in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Stoperka
- Dept. Nephrology and Kuratorium for Dialysis and Transplantation (KfH) Renal Unit Hospital St. Georg, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Karger
- Dept. Nephrology and Kuratorium for Dialysis and Transplantation (KfH) Renal Unit Hospital St. Georg, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joachim Beige
- Dept. Nephrology and Kuratorium for Dialysis and Transplantation (KfH) Renal Unit Hospital St. Georg, Leipzig, Germany
- Martin-Luther-University Halle/Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
- * E-mail:
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79
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Kanazawa T, Seki M, Ishiyama K, Kubo T, Kaneda Y, Sakaguchi M, Izaike Y, Takahashi T. Pregnancy prediction on the day of embryo transfer (Day 7) and Day 14 by measuring luteal blood flow in dairy cows. Theriogenology 2016; 86:1436-1444. [PMID: 27262885 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the suitability of luteal blood flow analyses measured by color Doppler ultrasonography (CDUS), to predict pregnancy at pre- and post-embryo transfer (ET) in dairy cows, and to compare with the established criterion like luteal size and plasma progesterone (P4) concentrations. Lactating Holstein cows (n = 65) with spontaneous (n = 34) or synchronized estrus (n = 31) were examined. Cows with a CL greater than or equal to 20 mm in diameter (n = 58) received embryo transfer on Day 7 (Day 0 = estrus). Brightness mode images were captured for calculation of the CL area, luteal cavity area, and dominant follicle area on Days 3, 5, 7, and 14. Color Doppler ultrasonography examinations were conducted to determine the blood flow area (BFA) within the CL at the maximum diameter and the time-averaged maximum velocity (TAMV) of the base of the spiral artery on the same days. Plasma P4 concentrations were determined from blood samples collected at each ultrasound examination. Pregnancy was diagnosed by an ultrasound on Day 30. There was no significant difference in the proportion of cows received embryo (91.2% vs. 87.1%, P = 0.70) and pregnancy rate (58.1% vs. 59.3%, P = 1.00) between the spontaneous estrus and synchronized groups. The BFA values of the pregnant group (n = 34) were approximately 1.42 and 1.54 times higher than those of the nonpregnant group (n = 24) on Days 7 (0.54 ± 0.04 cm(2) vs. 0.38 ± 0.02 cm(2); P < 0.01) and 14 (0.80 ± 0.23 cm(2) vs. 0.52 ± 0.22 cm(2); P < 0.01), respectively. The TAMV of the pregnant group was approximately 1.45 times higher than that of the nonpregnant group on Day 14 (57.8 ± 3.5 cm/s vs. 40.0 ± 3.3 cm/s; P < 0.01). However, no differences were found in the CL area, CL tissue area, dominant follicle area, and plasma P4 concentrations among these groups. In addition, the best logistic regression model to predict pregnancy included scores for BFA on Day 7, BFA and TAMV on Day 14. Setting the cutoff value of BFA at 0.43 cm(2) yielded the highest sensitivity (79.4%) and specificity (75.0%) on Day 7, indicating the effectiveness of using BFA data for predicting pregnancy on Day 7. Furthermore, setting the cutoff value at one obtained from a sample with BFA 0.63 cm(2) and TAMV 50.60 cm/s yielded the highest sensitivity (85.3%) and specificity (91.7%) on Day 14. In conclusion, the evaluations of BFA on Day 7, and paired BFA and TAMV on Day 14 represent reliable predictors of pregnancy in the cow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Kanazawa
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan; Miyagi Prefectural Federated Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Sendai, Japan
| | - Motohide Seki
- Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keiki Ishiyama
- Graduate School of Agriculture Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Kubo
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kaneda
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Minoru Sakaguchi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Izaike
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan; Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Toru Takahashi
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan; Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan.
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80
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Lüttgenau J, Wellnitz O, Kradolfer D, Kalaitzakis E, Ulbrich S, Bruckmaier R, Bollwein H. Intramammary lipopolysaccharide infusion alters gene expression but does not induce lysis of the bovine corpus luteum. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:4018-4031. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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81
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The effect of cooling management on blood flow to the dominant follicle and estrous cycle length at heat stress. Theriogenology 2016; 86:626-34. [PMID: 27025442 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The use of ultrasound imaging for the examination of reproductive organs has contributed substantially to the fertility management of dairy cows around the world. This method has many advantages such as noninvasiveness and immediate availability of information. Adding Doppler index to the ultrasound imaging examination, improved the estimation of blood volume and flow rate to the ovaries in general and to the dominant follicle in particular. The aim of this study was to examine changes in the blood flow to the dominant follicle and compare them to the follicular development throughout the cycle. We further set out to examine the effects of different types of cooling management during the summer on the changes in blood flow to the dominant follicle. For this purpose, 24 Israeli-Holstein dairy cows, under heat stress, were randomly assigned one of two groups: one was exposed to five cooling sessions per day (5CS) and the other to eight cooling sessions per day (8CS). Blood flow to the dominant follicle was measured daily using Doppler index throughout the estrous cycle. No differences in the preovulatory dominant follicle diameter were detected between the two cooling management regimens during the cycle. However, the length of the first follicular wave was significantly longer, whereas the second follicular wave was nonsignificantly shorter in the 5CS group as compared to the 8CS group. In addition, no difference in blood flow was found during the first 18 days of the cycle between the two groups. However, from Day 20 until ovulation a higher rate of blood flow was measured in the ovaries of cows cooled 8 times per day as compared to the 5CS group. No differences in progesterone levels were noted. Finally, the estrous cycle length was shorter in the 8CS group as compared to the 5CS group. Our data suggest that blood flow to the dominant follicle and estrous cycle length is affected by heat stress. Using the appropriate cooling management during heat stress can enhance the blood flow to the ovary and may contribute to improved fertility in dairy cows.
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82
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Brogan P, Henning H, Stout T, de Ruijter-Villani M. Relationship between colour flow Doppler sonographic assessment of corpus luteum activity and progesterone concentrations in mares after embryo transfer. Anim Reprod Sci 2016; 166:22-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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83
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López-Cobá EH, Montes-Pérez RC. Valoración de metabolitos de testosterona, progesterona y estrógeno en excretas de venado cola blanca (Odocoileus virginianus) como método para determinar el sexo. REV MEX BIODIVERS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmb.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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84
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Bollwein H, Heppelmann M, Lüttgenau J. Ultrasonographic Doppler Use for Female Reproduction Management. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2016; 32:149-64. [PMID: 26922117 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transrectal color Doppler ultrasonography is a useful technique to get new information about physiologic and pathophysiologic alterations of the uterus and ovaries in female cattle. During all reproductive stages characteristic changes in uterine blood flow are observed. Cows with puerperal disturbances show delayed decrease in uterine blood flow in the first few weeks postparturition compared with healthy cows. Measurement of follicular blood flow is used to identify normally developing follicles and predict superovulatory response. Determination of luteal blood is more reliable than B-mode sonography to distinguish between functional and nonfunctional corpora lutea. Color Doppler ultrasonography is a promising tool to improve reproductive management in female cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinrich Bollwein
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland.
| | - Maike Heppelmann
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, Hannover D-30173, Germany
| | - Johannes Lüttgenau
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland
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85
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Lüttgenau J, Herzog K, Strüve K, Latter S, Boos A, Bruckmaier RM, Bollwein H, Kowalewski MP. LPS-mediated effects and spatio-temporal expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in the bovine corpus luteum. Reproduction 2016; 151:391-9. [PMID: 26762400 DOI: 10.1530/rep-15-0520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
When given intravenously (iv), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) transiently suppresses the structure and function of the bovine corpus luteum (CL). This is associated with increased release of prostaglandin (PG) F2α metabolite. The underlying regulatory mechanisms of this process remain, however, obscure. Therefore, the aims of this study were: i) to investigate the expression of the LPS receptor toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and 2 (TLR2) in the bovine CL during early, mid- and late luteal phases; and ii) to further dissect the mechanisms of LPS-mediated suppression of luteal function. As revealed by semi-quantitative qPCR and immunohistochemistry, both receptors were detectable throughout the luteal lifespan. Their mRNA levels increased from the early toward the mid-luteal phase; no further changes were observed thereafter. The TLR4 protein seemed more highly represented than TLR2. The cellular localization of TLRs was in blood vessels; weaker signals were observed in luteal cells. Additionally, cows were treated either with LPS (iv, 0.5 μg/kg BW) or with saline on Day 10 after ovulation. Samples were collected 1200 h after treatment and on Day 10 of the respective subsequent (untreated) cycle. The mRNA expression of several possible regulatory factors was investigated, revealing the suppression of PGF2α receptor (PTGFR), STAR protein and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, compared with controls and subsequent cycles. The expression of TLR2 and TLR4, interleukin 1α (IL1A) and 1β (IL1B) and of PGF2α and PGE2 synthases (HSD20A and mPTGES respectively) was increased. The results demonstrate the presence of TLR2 and TLR4 in the bovine CL, and implicate their possible involvement in the deleterious effects of LPS on its function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - K Herzog
- Vetsuisse FacultyClinic of Reproductive Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, SwitzerlandClinic for CattleUniversity of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, GermanyVetsuisse FacultyInstitute of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, SwitzerlandVetsuisse FacultyVeterinary Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - K Strüve
- Vetsuisse FacultyClinic of Reproductive Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, SwitzerlandClinic for CattleUniversity of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, GermanyVetsuisse FacultyInstitute of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, SwitzerlandVetsuisse FacultyVeterinary Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - S Latter
- Vetsuisse FacultyClinic of Reproductive Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, SwitzerlandClinic for CattleUniversity of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, GermanyVetsuisse FacultyInstitute of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, SwitzerlandVetsuisse FacultyVeterinary Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - A Boos
- Vetsuisse FacultyClinic of Reproductive Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, SwitzerlandClinic for CattleUniversity of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, GermanyVetsuisse FacultyInstitute of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, SwitzerlandVetsuisse FacultyVeterinary Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - R M Bruckmaier
- Vetsuisse FacultyClinic of Reproductive Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, SwitzerlandClinic for CattleUniversity of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, GermanyVetsuisse FacultyInstitute of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, SwitzerlandVetsuisse FacultyVeterinary Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - M P Kowalewski
- Vetsuisse FacultyClinic of Reproductive Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, SwitzerlandClinic for CattleUniversity of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, GermanyVetsuisse FacultyInstitute of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, SwitzerlandVetsuisse FacultyVeterinary Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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86
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Cline GF, Muth-Spurlock AM, Voelz BE, Lemley CO, Larson JE. Evaluating blood perfusion of the corpus luteum in beef cows during fescue toxicosis1. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:90-5. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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87
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Lüttgenau J, Möller B, Kradolfer D, Wellnitz O, Bruckmaier RM, Miyamoto A, Ulbrich SE, Bollwein H. Lipopolysaccharide enhances apoptosis of corpus luteum in isolated perfused bovine ovaries in vitro. Reproduction 2016; 151:17-28. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-15-0281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the endotoxin of Gram-negative bacteria, has detrimental effects on the structure and function of bovine corpus luteum (CL)in vivo. The objective was to investigate whether these effects were mediated directly by LPS orviaLPS-induced release of PGF2α. Bovine ovaries with a mid-cycle CL were collected immediately after slaughter and isolated perfused for 240 min. After 60 min of equilibration, LPS (0.5 μg/ml) was added to the medium of five ovaries, whereas an additional six ovaries were not treated with LPS (control). After 210 min of perfusion, all ovaries were treated with 500 iu of hCG. In the effluent perfusate, concentrations of progesterone (P4) and PGF2αwere measured every 10 and 30 min, respectively. Punch biopsies of the CL were collected every 60 min and used for RT-qPCR to evaluate mRNA expression of receptors for LPS (TLR2,-4) and LH (LHCGR); the cytokineTNFA; steroidogenic (STAR,HSD3B), angiogenic (VEGFA121,FGF2), and vasoactive (EDN1) factors; and factors of prostaglandin synthesis (PGES,PGFS,PTGFR) and apoptosis (CASP3,-8,-9). Treatment with LPS abolished the hCG-induced increase in P4(P≤0.05); however, there was a tendency (P=0.10) for increased release of PGF2αat 70 min after LPS challenge. Furthermore, mRNA abundance ofTLR2,TNFA,CASP3,CASP8,PGES,PGFS, andVEGFA121increased (P≤0.05) after LPS treatment, whereas all other factors remained unchanged (P>0.05). In conclusion, reduced P4responsiveness to hCG in LPS-treated ovariesin vitrowas not due to reduced steroidogenesis, but was attributed to enhanced apoptosis. However, an impact of luteal PGF2αcould not be excluded.
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88
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LH release and ovulatory response after intramuscular, intravenous, and intrauterine administration of β-nerve growth factor of seminal plasma origin in female llamas. Theriogenology 2015; 84:1096-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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89
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Miura R, Haneda S, Matsui M. Ovulation of the preovulatory follicle originating from the first-wave dominant follicle leads to formation of an active corpus luteum. J Reprod Dev 2015; 61:317-23. [PMID: 26018204 PMCID: PMC4547989 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2014-099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of our study was to compare the characteristics of the corpus luteum (CL) formed after ovulation of the dominant follicle (DF) of the first follicular wave (W1) and those of the CL formed after ovulation of the DF of the second (induced) follicular wave (W2). Non-lactating Holstein cows were used for this study. In Experiment 1, cows were treated with PGF2α and GnRH on days 6 and 8 (day 0 = day of follicular wave emergence) for W1 (n = 6) and W2 (n = 6), respectively. Dominant follicles were aspirated on day 9 to quantify the amounts of mRNA (VEGF120, VEGF164, FGF-2, StAR, P450-scc and 3β-HSD) in granulosa cells (GC). In Experiment 2, the size and blood flow area of the CL formed after ovulation of the DF in W1 (W1CL; n = 6) and W2 (W2CL; n = 6) (the day of DF ovulation in W1 and W2 was day 10) were evaluated on days 12, 15, 18 and 21. The plasma P4
concentration was measured on days 10 to 21. The amounts of VEGF164, P450-scc and 3β-HSD mRNA were higher (P < 0.05) in the DF in W1, and those of VEGF120,FGF-2 and StAR mRNA tended to be higher (P < 0.1) in the DF in W1. The size of the CL was greater in the W1CL on days 15, 18 and 21. The blood flow area of the CL was greater in the W1CL on days 12 and 15. The plasma P4 concentrations were higher in the W1CL. These results indicate that the CL formed after ovulation of the DF in W1 was greater in terms of size, blood flow and plasma P4 concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryotaro Miura
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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90
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Figueira LM, Fonseca JF, Arashiro EKN, Souza-Fabjan JMG, Ribeiro ACS, Oba E, Viana JHM, Brandão FZ. Colour Doppler Ultrasonography as a Tool to Assess Luteal Function in Santa Inês Ewes. Reprod Domest Anim 2015; 50:643-50. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- LM Figueira
- Universidade Federal Fluminense; Niterói RJ Brazil
| | - JF Fonseca
- Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos; Sobral CE Brazil
| | | | | | - ACS Ribeiro
- Universidade Federal Fluminense; Niterói RJ Brazil
| | - E Oba
- Universidade Estadual Paulista; Botucatu SP Brazil
| | - JHM Viana
- Embrapa Gado de Leite; Juiz de Fora MG Brazil
| | - FZ Brandão
- Universidade Federal Fluminense; Niterói RJ Brazil
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91
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Colazo MG, Ambrose DJ. Effect of initial GnRH and duration of progesterone insert treatment on the fertility of lactating dairy cows. Reprod Domest Anim 2015; 50:497-504. [PMID: 25847812 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The study compared response to prostaglandin F2α (PG), synchrony of ovulation and pregnancy per AI (P/AI) in a 5- vs a 7-day Ovsynch + PRID protocol and investigated whether the initial GnRH affects P/AI in lactating dairy cows. Two hundred and seventy-six cows (500 inseminations) were assigned to one of four timed-AI (TAI) protocols: (i) PRID-7G; 100 μg GnRH im, and a progesterone-releasing intravaginal device (PRID) for 7 days. At PRID removal, PG (500 μg of cloprostenol) was given im. Cows received the second GnRH treatment at 60 h after PRID removal and TAI 12 h later. (ii) PRID-5G; as PRID-7G except the duration of PRID, treatment was 5 days and PG was given twice (12 h apart). (iii) PRID-7NoG; as PRID-7G except the initial GnRH, treatment was omitted. (iv) PRID-5NoG; as PRID-7NoG except the duration of PRID, treatment was 5 days. Response to treatments and pregnancy status at 32 and 60 days after TAI was determined by ultrasonography. The percentage of cows ovulating before TAI was greatest in PRID-7G (17.1%), and the percentage of cows that did not have luteal regression was greatest in PRID-5G (9.5%). The overall P/AI at 32 and 60 days did not differ among TAI protocols. However, during resynchronization, cows subjected to the 5-day protocols had greater (p < 0.05) P/AI (45.3% vs 33.6%) than cows subjected to the 7-day protocols. Pregnancy loss between 32 and 60 days tended (p = 0.10) to be greater in cows that did not receive initial GnRH (14.8%) compared to those that received GnRH (8.2%). In conclusion, the PRID-5G protocol resulted in fewer cows responding to PG, but P/AI did not differ among TAI protocols. A 5-day protocol resulted in more P/AI in resynchronized cows, and cows that did not receive initial GnRH tended to experience more pregnancy losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Colazo
- Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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92
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Neglia G, Restucci B, Russo M, Vecchio D, Gasparrini B, Prandi A, Di Palo R, D'Occhio MJ, Campanile G. Early development and function of the corpus luteum and relationship to pregnancy in the buffalo. Theriogenology 2015; 83:959-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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93
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Guimarães CRB, Oliveira ME, Rossi JR, Fernandes CAC, Viana JHM, Palhao MP. Corpus luteum blood flow evaluation on Day 21 to improve the management of embryo recipient herds. Theriogenology 2015; 84:237-41. [PMID: 25892341 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to use blood flow evaluation of the CL at 14 days after embryo transfer to detect nonpregnant animals and optimize the management of bovine recipients. The estrous cycle was synchronized in 165 recipients, and the day of expected ovulation was considered to be Day 0. Embryo transfer was performed 7 days later, on Day 7. On Day 21, pregnancy was diagnosed on the basis of blood flow evaluation of the CL (DG21-predictive diagnostic). To validate this methodology, visual scores for blood flow were compared to objective data extracted from CL ultrasound images recorded in the Doppler mode. The size was also evaluated using recorded images of the CL in the B mode. Blood samples were also collected for further analysis of the progesterone (P4) concentration. The diagnosis of pregnancy was confirmed at 35 days after estrus (DG35-definitive diagnostic). The DG21 showed that 55.2% (90 of 163) of the animals were presumptively pregnant, and this value was higher (P < 0.04) than that obtained at DG35 (43.6%, 71 of 163). The predictive diagnostic achieved moderate specificity (79.3%) for the detection of pregnancy, but most importantly, high sensitivity (100%) for the detection of nonpregnant recipients. The overall accuracy of the diagnosis was 88.3%. The P4 concentrations were different (P < 0.02) and correlated with each visual score assigned for the CL size. Visual scores for CL blood flow were also efficient (P < 0.0001) to distinguish animals with different levels of P4; however, P4 concentrations were higher for scores 1 and 2 (high and regular blood flow, respectively) than those for score 3 (low blood flow). This technique showed high sensitivity and facilitated the early detection of nonpregnant animals. The DG21 would allow about 79.3% of nonpregnant animals to be resynchronized 9 to 14 days earlier, when compared to conventional management based on pregnancy diagnosis at Days 30 to 35.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R B Guimarães
- Department of Animal Science, José do Rosário Vellano University (Unifenas), Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - M E Oliveira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, José do Rosário Vellano University (Unifenas), Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - J R Rossi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, José do Rosário Vellano University (Unifenas), Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - C A C Fernandes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, José do Rosário Vellano University (Unifenas), Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - M P Palhao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, José do Rosário Vellano University (Unifenas), Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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94
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Miró J, Vilés K, Anglada O, Marín H, Jordana J, Crisci A. Color Doppler provides a reliable and rapid means of monitoring luteolysis in female donkeys. Theriogenology 2015; 83:485-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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95
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Scully S, Evans A, Carter F, Duffy P, Lonergan P, Crowe M. Ultrasound monitoring of blood flow and echotexture of the corpus luteum and uterus during early pregnancy of beef heifers. Theriogenology 2015; 83:449-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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96
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Voelz B, Cline G, Hart C, Lemley C, Larson J. Effect of 2 corpora lutea on blood perfusion, peripheral progesterone, and hepatic steroid-inactivating enzymes in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:288-94. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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97
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Cools S, Van den Broeck W, Bossaert P, Hostens M, Opsomer G. A field study to unravel factors that are significantly associated with the secretory activity of the corpus luteum during the first three postpartum cycles in high yielding dairy cows, based on the amount of steroidogenic and endothelial cells present in the luteal tissue. Reprod Domest Anim 2014; 49:881-93. [PMID: 25147002 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fourteen multi- and eight primiparous high-yielding dairy cows were followed from the first till the fourth ovulation postpartum. Cows were randomly divided into two groups and supplemented with soybean (group I; n = 11) or rapeseed meal (group II; n = 11). Both groups were subjected to a biopsy sampling of the corpus luteum (CL) at cycle day 9. The luteal capillary network (visualized by Bandeiraea simplicifolia) was denser in cycles 2 and 3 (p = 0.0005). The same was seen for the surface occupied by steroidogenic cells (visualized by 3β-hydroxysteroiddehydrogenase) (p = 0.0001). The peripheral blood progesterone concentration showed an increasing trend with increasing cycle number and was higher in primiparous cows (p = 0.013), which had also larger glands on cycle day 9. The area occupied by endothelial cells was positively correlated with the area occupied by steroidogenic cells (r = 0.59; p < 0.0001). Both the areas occupied by endothelial and by steroidogenic cells were negatively correlated with the blood concentration of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) (respectively, r = -0.377; p = 0.004 and r = -0.355; p = 0.007). We can conclude that primiparous cows generally have higher peripheral progesterone levels during the first three cycles after calving which is associated with a larger CL. In comparison with those of the first post-partum cycle, corpora lutea of cycles 2 and 3 have a denser capillary network and a larger area of steroidogenic cells, while these are only associated with a trend of higher peripheral progesterone concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cools
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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98
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Fernández A, Ulloa-Leal C, Silva M, Norambuena C, Adams G, Guerra M, Ratto M. The effect of repeated administrations of llama ovulation-inducing factor (OIF/NGF) during the peri-ovulatory period on corpus luteum development and function in llamas. Anim Reprod Sci 2014; 149:345-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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99
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Moore S, Scully S, Browne J, Fair T, Butler S. Genetic merit for fertility traits in Holstein cows: V. Factors affecting circulating progesterone concentrations. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:5543-57. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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100
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Lüttgenau J, Bollwein H. Evaluation of bovine luteal blood flow by using color Doppler ultrasonography. Reprod Biol 2014; 14:103-9. [PMID: 24856468 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Since luteal vascularization plays a decisive role for the function of the corpus luteum (CL), the investigation of luteal blood flow (LBF) might give valuable information about the physiology and patho-physiology of the CL. To quantify LBF, usually Power mode color Doppler ultrasonography is used. This method detects the number of red blood cells moving through the vessels and shows them as color pixels on the B-mode image of the CL. The area of color pixels is measured with computer-assisted image analysis software and is used as a semiquantitative parameter for the assessment of LBF. Although Power mode is superior for the evaluation of LBF compared to conventional color Doppler ultrasonography, which detects the velocity of blood cells, it is still not sufficiently sensitive to detect the blood flow in the small vessels in the center of the bovine CL. Therefore, blood flow can only be measured in the bigger luteal vessels in the outer edge of the CL. Color Doppler ultrasonographic studies of the bovine estrous cycle have shown that plasma progesterone (P4) concentration can be more reliably predicted by LBF than by luteal size (LS), especially during the CL regression. During the midluteal phase, cows with low P4 level showed smaller CL, but LBF, related to LS, did not differ between cows with low and high P4 levels. In contrast to non-pregnant cows, a significant rise in LBF was observed three weeks after insemination in pregnant cows. However, LBF was not useful for an early pregnancy diagnosis due to high LBF variation among cows. When the effects of an acute systemic inflammation and exogenous hormones on the CL are examined, the LBF determination is more sensitive than LS assessment. In conclusion, color Doppler ultrasonography of the bovine CL provides additional information on luteal function compared to measurements of LS and plasma P4, but its value as a parameter concerning assessment of fertility in cows has to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lüttgenau
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - H Bollwein
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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