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Schoch H, Abel T. Transcriptional co-repressors and memory storage. Neuropharmacology 2014; 80:53-60. [PMID: 24440532 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications are a central mechanism for regulating chromatin structure and gene expression in the brain. A wide array of histone- and DNA-modifying enzymes have been identified as critical regulators of neuronal function, memory formation, and as causative agents in neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. Chromatin modifying enzymes are frequently incorporated into large multi-protein co-activator and co-repressor complexes, where the activity of multiple enzymes is both spatially and temporally coordinated. In this review, we discuss negative regulation of gene expression by co-repressor complexes, and the role of co-repressors and their binding partners in neuronal function, memory, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Schoch
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ted Abel
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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52
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le Maire A, Bourguet W. Retinoic acid receptors: structural basis for coregulator interaction and exchange. Subcell Biochem 2014; 70:37-54. [PMID: 24962880 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9050-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the form of heterodimers with retinoid X receptors (RXRs), retinoic acid receptors (RARs) are master regulators of gene expression in humans and important drug targets. They act as ligand-dependent transcription factors that regulate a large variety of gene networks controlling cell growth, differentiation, survival and death. The biological functions of RARs rely on a dynamic series of coregulator exchanges controlled by ligand binding. Unliganded RARs exert a repressor activity by interacting with transcriptional corepressors which themselves serve as docking platforms for the recruitment of histone deacetylases that impose a higher order structure on chromatin which is not permissive to gene transcription. Upon ligand binding, the receptor undergoes conformational changes inducing corepressor release and the recruitment of coactivators with histone acetylase activities allowing chromatin decompaction and gene transcription. In the following, we review the structural determinants of the interaction between RAR and either type of coregulators both at the level of the individual receptor and in the context of the RAR-RXR heterodimers. We also discuss the molecular details of the fine tuning of these associations by the various pharmacological classes of ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albane le Maire
- Inserm U1054, Centre de Biochimie Structurale, 29 rue de Navacelles, 34090, Montpellier, France,
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53
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Hata K, Takashima R, Amano K, Ono K, Nakanishi M, Yoshida M, Wakabayashi M, Matsuda A, Maeda Y, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Whitson RH, Nishimura R, Yoneda T. Arid5b facilitates chondrogenesis by recruiting the histone demethylase Phf2 to Sox9-regulated genes. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2850. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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Samaan S, Tranchevent LC, Dardenne E, Polay Espinoza M, Zonta E, Germann S, Gratadou L, Dutertre M, Auboeuf D. The Ddx5 and Ddx17 RNA helicases are cornerstones in the complex regulatory array of steroid hormone-signaling pathways. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 42:2197-207. [PMID: 24275493 PMCID: PMC3936752 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt1216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen and androgen receptors (ER and AR) play key roles in breast and prostate cancers, respectively, where they regulate the transcription of large arrays of genes. The activities of ER and AR are controlled by large networks of protein kinases and transcriptional coregulators, including Ddx5 and its highly related paralog Ddx17. The Ddx5 and Ddx17 RNA helicases are also splicing regulators. Here, we report that Ddx5 and Ddx17 are master regulators of the estrogen- and androgen-signaling pathways by controlling transcription and splicing both upstream and downstream of the receptors. First, Ddx5 and Ddx17 are required downstream of ER and AR for the transcriptional and splicing regulation of a large number of steroid hormone target genes. Second, Ddx5 and Ddx17 act upstream of ER and AR by controlling the expression, at the splicing level, of several key regulators of ER and AR activities. Of particular interest, we demonstrate that Ddx5 and Ddx17 control alternative splicing of the GSK3β kinase, which impacts on both ER and AR protein stability. We also provide a freely available online resource which gives information regarding splicing variants of genes involved in the estrogen- and androgen-signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaan Samaan
- Université de Paris Diderot-Paris 7, F-75013 Paris, France, Inserm U1052, F-69008 Lyon, France, CNRS UMR5286, F-69008 Lyon, France, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France and Université de Lyon 1, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
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55
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Song K, Han C, Zhang J, Lu D, Dash S, Feitelson M, Lim K, Wu T. Epigenetic regulation of MicroRNA-122 by peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma and hepatitis b virus X protein in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Hepatology 2013; 58:1681-92. [PMID: 23703729 PMCID: PMC3773012 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED MicroRNA-122 (miR-122), a pivotal liver-specific miRNA, has been implicated in several liver diseases including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and hepatitis C and B viral infection. This study aimed to explore epigenetic regulation of miR-122 in human HCC cells and to examine the effect of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV). We performed microRNA microarray analysis and identified miR-122 as the most up-regulated miRNA (6-fold) in human HCC cells treated with 5'aza-2'deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR, DNA methylation inhibitor) and 4-phenylbutyric acid (PBA, histone deacetylation inhibitor). Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis verified significant up-regulation of miR-122 by 5'aza and PBA in HCC cells, and to a lesser extent in primary hepatocytes. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) and retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRα) complex was found to be associated with the DR1 and DR2 consensus site in the miR-122 gene promoter which enhanced miR-122 gene transcription. 5-Aza-CdR and PBA treatment increased the association of PPARγ/RXRα, but decreased the association of its corepressors (N-CoR and SMRT), with the miR-122 DR1 and DR2 motifs. The aforementioned DNA-protein complex also contains SUV39H1, an H3K9 histone methyl transferase, which down-regulates miR-122 expression. CONCLUSIONS These findings establish a novel role of the PPARγ binding complex for epigenetic regulation of miR-122 in human HCC cells. Moreover, we show that hepatitis B virus X protein binds PPARγ and inhibits the transcription of miR-122, whereas hepatitis C viral particles exhibited no significant effect; these findings provide mechanistic insight into reduction of miR-122 in patients with HBV but not with HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungsub Song
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Chang Han
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Jinqiang Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Dongdong Lu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Srikanta Dash
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Mark Feitelson
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122
| | - Kyu Lim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Cancer Research Institute and Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
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Schumacher M, Mattern C, Ghoumari A, Oudinet JP, Liere P, Labombarda F, Sitruk-Ware R, De Nicola AF, Guennoun R. Revisiting the roles of progesterone and allopregnanolone in the nervous system: resurgence of the progesterone receptors. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 113:6-39. [PMID: 24172649 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Progesterone is commonly considered as a female reproductive hormone and is well-known for its role in pregnancy. It is less well appreciated that progesterone and its metabolite allopregnanolone are also male hormones, as they are produced in both sexes by the adrenal glands. In addition, they are synthesized within the nervous system. Progesterone and allopregnanolone are associated with adaptation to stress, and increased production of progesterone within the brain may be part of the response of neural cells to injury. Progesterone receptors (PR) are widely distributed throughout the brain, but their study has been mainly limited to the hypothalamus and reproductive functions, and the extra-hypothalamic receptors have been neglected. This lack of information about brain functions of PR is unexpected, as the protective and trophic effects of progesterone are much investigated, and as the therapeutic potential of progesterone as a neuroprotective and promyelinating agent is currently being assessed in clinical trials. The little attention devoted to the brain functions of PR may relate to the widely accepted assumption that non-reproductive actions of progesterone may be mainly mediated by allopregnanolone, which does not bind to PR, but acts as a potent positive modulator of γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A) receptors. The aim of this review is to critically discuss effects of progesterone on the nervous system via PR, and of allopregnanolone via its modulation of GABA(A) receptors, with main focus on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schumacher
- UMR 788 Inserm and University Paris-Sud, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
| | - C Mattern
- M et P Pharma AG, Emmetten, Switzerland
| | - A Ghoumari
- UMR 788 Inserm and University Paris-Sud, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - J P Oudinet
- UMR 788 Inserm and University Paris-Sud, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - P Liere
- UMR 788 Inserm and University Paris-Sud, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - F Labombarda
- Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental and University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - R Sitruk-Ware
- Population Council and Rockefeller University, New York, USA
| | - A F De Nicola
- Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental and University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - R Guennoun
- UMR 788 Inserm and University Paris-Sud, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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57
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Tacheny A, Dieu M, Arnould T, Renard P. Mass spectrometry-based identification of proteins interacting with nucleic acids. J Proteomics 2013; 94:89-109. [PMID: 24060998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The identification of the regulatory proteins that control DNA transcription as well as RNA stability and translation represents a key step in the comprehension of gene expression regulation. Those proteins can be purified by DNA- or RNA-affinity chromatography, followed by identification by mass spectrometry. Although very simple in the concept, this represents a real technological challenge due to the low abundance of regulatory proteins compared to the highly abundant proteins binding to nucleic acids in a nonsequence-specific manner. Here we review the different strategies that have been set up to reach this purpose, discussing the key parameters that should be considered to increase the chances of success. Typically, two categories of biological questions can be distinguished: the identification of proteins that specifically interact with a precisely defined binding site, mostly addressed by quantitative mass spectrometry, and the identification in a non-comparative manner of the protein complexes recruited by a poorly characterized long regulatory region of nucleic acids. Finally, beside the numerous studies devoted to in vitro-assembled nucleic acid-protein complexes, the scarce data reported on proteomic analyses of in vivo-assembled complexes are described, with a special emphasis on the associated challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tacheny
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (URBC), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
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Wierer M, Verde G, Pisano P, Molina H, Font-Mateu J, Di Croce L, Beato M. PLK1 signaling in breast cancer cells cooperates with estrogen receptor-dependent gene transcription. Cell Rep 2013; 3:2021-32. [PMID: 23770244 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) is a key regulator of cell division and is overexpressed in many types of human cancers. Compared to its well-characterized role in mitosis, little is known about PLK1 functions in interphase. Here, we report that PLK1 mediates estrogen receptor (ER)-regulated gene transcription in human breast cancer cells. PLK1 interacts with ER and is recruited to ER cis-elements on chromatin. PLK1-coactivated genes included classical ER target genes such as Ps2, Wisp2, and Serpina3 and were enriched in developmental and tumor-suppressive functions. Performing large-scale phosphoproteomics of estradiol-treated MCF7 cells in the presence or absence of the specific PLK1 inhibitor BI2536, we identified several PLK1 end targets involved in transcription, including the histone H3K4 trimethylase MLL2, the function of which on ER target genes was impaired by PLK1 inhibition. Our results propose a mechanism for the tumor-suppressive role of PLK1 in mammals as an interphase transcriptional regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wierer
- Gene Regulation Stem Cells and Cancer Program, Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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60
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Imai Y, Youn MY, Inoue K, Takada I, Kouzmenko A, Kato S. Nuclear receptors in bone physiology and diseases. Physiol Rev 2013; 93:481-523. [PMID: 23589826 PMCID: PMC3768103 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00008.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last decade, our view on the skeleton as a mere solid physical support structure has been transformed, as bone emerged as a dynamic, constantly remodeling tissue with systemic regulatory functions including those of an endocrine organ. Reflecting this remarkable functional complexity, distinct classes of humoral and intracellular regulatory factors have been shown to control vital processes in the bone. Among these regulators, nuclear receptors (NRs) play fundamental roles in bone development, growth, and maintenance. NRs are DNA-binding transcription factors that act as intracellular transducers of the respective ligand signaling pathways through modulation of expression of specific sets of cognate target genes. Aberrant NR signaling caused by receptor or ligand deficiency may profoundly affect bone health and compromise skeletal functions. Ligand dependency of NR action underlies a major strategy of therapeutic intervention to correct aberrant NR signaling, and significant efforts have been made to design novel synthetic NR ligands with enhanced beneficial properties and reduced potential negative side effects. As an example, estrogen deficiency causes bone loss and leads to development of osteoporosis, the most prevalent skeletal disorder in postmenopausal women. Since administration of natural estrogens for the treatment of osteoporosis often associates with undesirable side effects, several synthetic estrogen receptor ligands have been developed with higher therapeutic efficacy and specificity. This review presents current progress in our understanding of the roles of various nuclear receptor-mediated signaling pathways in bone physiology and disease, and in development of advanced NR ligands for treatment of common skeletal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Imai
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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61
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Grimaldi P, Pucci M, Di Siena S, Di Giacomo D, Pirazzi V, Geremia R, Maccarrone M. The faah gene is the first direct target of estrogen in the testis: role of histone demethylase LSD1. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:4177-90. [PMID: 22802127 PMCID: PMC11114663 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1074-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen (E(2)) regulates spermatogenesis, yet its direct target genes have not been identified in the testis. Here, we cloned the proximal 5' flanking region of the mouse fatty acid amide hydrolase (faah) gene upstream of the luciferase reporter gene, and demonstrated its promoter activity and E(2) inducibility in primary mouse Sertoli cells. Specific mutations in the E(2) response elements (ERE) of the faah gene showed that two proximal ERE sequences (ERE2/3) are essential for E(2)-induced transcription, and chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments showed that E(2) induced estrogen receptor β binding at ERE2/3 sites in the faah promoter in vivo. Moreover, the histone demethylase LSD1 was found to be associated with ERE2/3 sites and to play a role in mediating E(2) induction of FAAH expression. E(2) induced epigenetic modifications at the faah proximal promoter compatible with transcriptional activation by remarkably decreasing methylation of both DNA at CpG site and histone H3 at lysine 9. Finally, FAAH silencing abolished E(2) protection against apoptosis induced by the FAAH substrate anandamide. Taken together, our results identify FAAH as the first direct target of E(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Grimaldi
- Department of Public Health and Cellular Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Mariangela Pucci
- Present Address: Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Teramo, Piazza A. Moro, 45, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Sara Di Siena
- Department of Public Health and Cellular Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Di Giacomo
- Department of Public Health and Cellular Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Pirazzi
- Present Address: Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Teramo, Piazza A. Moro, 45, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Raffaele Geremia
- Department of Public Health and Cellular Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Present Address: Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Teramo, Piazza A. Moro, 45, 64100 Teramo, Italy
- European Center for Brain Research (CERC)/Santa Lucia Foundation, 00164 Rome, Italy
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62
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Hu Q, Rosenfeld MG. Epigenetic regulation of human embryonic stem cells. Front Genet 2012; 3:238. [PMID: 23133442 PMCID: PMC3488762 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, there has been tremendous progress in characterizing the transcriptional network regulating human embryonic stem cells (hESCs; MacArthur etal., 2009; Loh etal., 2011), including those signaling events mediated by Oct4, Nanog, and Sox2. There is growing interest in the epigenetic machinery involved in hESC self-renewal and differentiation. In general, epigenetic regulation includes chromatin reorganization, DNA modification, and histone modification, which are not directly related to alterations in DNA sequences. Various protein complexes, including Polycomb, trithorax, nucleosome remodeling deacetylase, SWI/SNF, and Oct4, have been shown to play critical roles in epigenetic control of hESC physiology. Hence, we will formally review recent advances in unraveling the multifaceted role of epigenetic regulation in hESC self-renewal and induced differentiation, particularly with respect to chromatin remodeling and DNA methylation events. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the maintenance/differentiation of hESCs and reprogramming of somatic cells will greatly strengthen our capacity to generate various types of cells to treat human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qidong Hu
- School/Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
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63
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Ghosh SK, Patton JR, Spanjaard RA. A small RNA derived from RNA coactivator SRA blocks steroid receptor signaling via inhibition of Pus1p-mediated pseudouridylation of SRA: evidence of a novel RNA binding domain in the N-terminus of steroid receptors. Biochemistry 2012; 51:8163-72. [PMID: 22998747 DOI: 10.1021/bi300602r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen receptors (ERs) and androgen receptors (ARs) are important targets for cancer therapy; however, the efficacy of receptor antagonists is limited, and alternative strategies are needed. Steroid receptor RNA Activator (SRA) is a long, noncoding RNA coactivator (although some protein-encoding 5' splice variants have also been reported) that requires pseudouridylation by Pus1p to stimulate steroid receptor signaling. A uridine at position 206 (U206), which is located in small hairpin structure STR5 in the conserved SRA core sequence, is a critical target for pseudouridylation. We assessed if synthetic STR5 could serve as a novel competitive inhibitor of ERα and AR signaling by disrupting the Pus1p-SRA-steroid receptor axis. STR5 specifically inhibited Pus1p-dependent pseudouridylation of SRA with higher efficiency than STR5 mutant U206A. We show that SRA binds to the N-terminal domain (NTD) of ERα and AR with high affinity despite the absence of a recognizable RNA binding motif (RBM). Finally, we show that STR5 specifically inhibits ERα- and AR-dependent transactivation of target genes in steroid-sensitive cancer cells, consistent with disruption of the targeted Pus1p-SRA pathway. Together, our results show that the NTD of ERα and AR contains a novel RBM that directly binds SRA, and that STR5 can serve as a novel class of RNA inhibitor of ERα and AR signaling by interfering with Pus1p-mediated SRA pseudouridylation. Targeting this unexplored receptor signaling pathway may pave the way for the development of new types of cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajal K Ghosh
- Department of Medicine, Cancer Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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64
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Morgan CP, Bale TL. Sex differences in microRNA regulation of gene expression: no smoke, just miRs. Biol Sex Differ 2012; 3:22. [PMID: 23009289 PMCID: PMC3507674 DOI: 10.1186/2042-6410-3-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Males and females differ widely in morphology, physiology, and behavior leading to disparities in many health outcomes, including sex biases in the prevalence of many neurodevelopmental disorders. However, with the exception of a relatively small number of genes on the Y chromosome, males and females share a common genome. Therefore, sexual differentiation must in large part be a product of the sex biased expression of this shared genetic substrate. microRNAs (miRs) are small non-coding RNAs involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of up to 70% of protein-coding genes. The ability of miRs to regulate such a vast amount of the genome with a high degree of specificity makes them perfectly poised to play a critical role in programming of the sexually dimorphic brain. This review describes those characteristics of miRs that make them particularly amenable to this task, and examines the influences of both the sex chromosome complement as well as gonadal hormones on their regulation. Exploring miRs in the context of sex differences in disease, particularly in sex-biased neurodevelopmental disorders, may provide novel insight into the pathophysiology and potential therapeutic targets in disease treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Morgan
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Ste, 201E, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6046, USA.
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65
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Goumidi L, Grechez A, Dumont J, Cottel D, Kafatos A, Moreno LA, Molnar D, Moschonis G, Gottrand F, Huybrechts I, Dallongeville J, Amouyel P, Delaunay F, Meirhaeghe A. Impact of REV-ERB alpha gene polymorphisms on obesity phenotypes in adult and adolescent samples. Int J Obes (Lond) 2012; 37:666-72. [PMID: 22828941 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2012.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND REV-ERBα has been shown to regulate adipogenesis and lipid metabolism as well as to link the circadian timing system to whole body metabolic homeostasis. We thus tested whether polymorphisms in REV-ERBα could be associated with metabolic phenotypes in human population samples. METHODS We analyzed the associations between 5 REV-ERBα polymorphisms and anthropometric (body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist and hip circumferences), biochemical (plasma lipid, glucose and insulin levels) and clinical (systolic and diastolic blood pressure) variables in three population-based studies (MONICA Lille n=1155 adults, MONA LISA Lille n=1170 adults and HELENA n=1155 adolescents). We assessed in vitro, the potential influence of one REV-ERBα polymorphism in transient transfection assays using two different cell lines. RESULTS We observed significant and consistent associations between the T minor allele of the REV-ERBα rs2071427 polymorphism (located in intron 1) and higher BMI (mean allele effect=+0.33 kg m(-2)) in the MONICA Lille (P=0.02), MONA LISA (P=0.02) and HELENA (P=0.03) studies. The odds ratios for obesity associated with this allele were 1.67 (1.00-2.79) (P=0.05) in MONICA Lille, 1.29 (1.01-1.65) (P=0.04) in MONA LISA Lille and the odds ratio for overweight was 1.48 (1.08-2.03) (P=0.01) in HELENA. In transfection experiments in human hepatocyte-derived cell lines, the REV-ERBα intron 1 directed the transcription of a luciferase reporter gene independently of the rs2071427 polymorphism. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the REV-ERBα rs2071427 polymorphism modulates body fat mass in both adult and young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Goumidi
- INSERM, U744, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Univ Lille Nord de France, UDSL, Lille, France
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Wardell SE, Kazmin D, McDonnell DP. Research resource: Transcriptional profiling in a cellular model of breast cancer reveals functional and mechanistic differences between clinically relevant SERM and between SERM/estrogen complexes. Mol Endocrinol 2012; 26:1235-48. [PMID: 22570330 DOI: 10.1210/me.2012-1031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploitation of the relationship between estrogen receptor (ER) structure and activity has led to the development of 1) selective ER modulators (SERM), compounds whose relative agonist/antagonist activities differ between target tissues; 2) selective ER degraders (SERD), compounds that induce a conformational change in the receptor that targets it for proteasomal degradation; and 3) tissue-selective estrogen complexes (TSEC), drugs in which a SERM and an ER agonist are combined to yield a blended activity that results in distinct clinical profiles. In this study, we have performed a comprehensive head-to-head analysis of the transcriptional activity of these different classes of ERM in a cellular model of breast cancer. Not surprisingly, these studies highlighted important functional differences and similarities among the existing SERM, selective ER degraders, and TSEC. Of particular importance was the identification of genes that were regulated by various TSEC combinations but not by an estrogen or SERM alone. Cumulatively, the findings of this analysis are informative with respect to the mechanisms by which ER is engaged by different enhancers/promoters and highlights how promoter context influences the pharmacological activity of ER ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne E Wardell
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Box 3813, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Kamoshida Y, Fujiyama-Nakamura S, Kimura S, Suzuki E, Lim J, Shiozaki-Sato Y, Kato S, Takeyama KI. Ecdysone receptor (EcR) suppresses lipid accumulation in the Drosophila fat body via transcription control. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 421:203-7. [PMID: 22503687 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.03.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lipid metabolism drastically changes in response to the environmental factors in metazoans. Lipid is accumulated at the food rich condition, while mobilized in adipocyte tissue in starvation. Such lipid mobilization is also evident during the pupation of the insects. Pupation is induced by metamorphosis hormone, ecdysone via ecdysone receptor (EcR) with lipid mobilization, however, the molecular link of the EcR-mediated signal to the lipid mobilization remains elusive. To address this issue, EcR was genetically knocked-down selectively in 3rd instar larva fat body of Drosophila, corresponding to the adipocyte tissues in mammalians, that contains adipocyte-like cells. In this mutant, lipid accumulation was increased in the fat body. Lipid accumulation was also increased when knocked-down of taiman, which served as the EcR co-activator. Two lipid metabolism regulatory factor, E75B and adipose (adp) as well as cell growth factor, dMyc, were found as EcR target genes in the adipocyte-like cells, and consistently knock-down of these EcR target genes brought phenotypes in lipid accumulation supporting EcR function. These findings suggest that EcR-mediated ecdysone signal is significant in lipid metabolism in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kamoshida
- The Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Mochizuki K, Ishihara A, Goda T, Yamauchi K. RNA polymerase II phosphorylation at serine 2 and histone H3 tri-methylation at lysine 36 are key steps for thyroid hormone receptor β gene activation by thyroid hormone in Rana catesbeiana tadpole liver. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 417:1069-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.12.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Negri I. Wolbachia as an "infectious" extrinsic factor manipulating host signaling pathways. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2011; 2:115. [PMID: 22654845 PMCID: PMC3356060 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2011.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wolbachia pipientis is a widespread endosymbiont of filarial nematodes and arthropods. While in worms the symbiosis is obligate, in arthropods Wolbachia induces several reproductive manipulations (i.e., cytoplasmic incompatibility, parthenogenesis, feminization of genetic males, and male-killing) in order to increase the number of infected females. These various phenotypic effects may be linked to differences in host physiology, and in particular to endocrine-related processes governing growth, development, and reproduction. Indeed, a number of evidences links Wolbachia symbiosis to insulin and ecdysteroid signaling, two multilayered pathways known to work antagonistically, jointly or even independently for the regulation of different molecular networks. At present it is not clear whether Wolbachia manipulates one pathway, thus affecting other related metabolic networks, or if it targets both pathways, even interacting at several points in each of them. Interestingly, in view of the interplay between hormone signaling and epigenetic machinery, a direct influence of the "infection" on hormonal signaling involving ecdysteroids might be achievable through the manipulation of the host's epigenetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Negri
- Department of Exploitation and Protection of the Agricultural and Forestry Resources, Università di TorinoGrugliasco, Italy
- Koiné – Environmental ConsultingParma, Italy
- *Correspondence: Ilaria Negri, Department of Exploitation and Protection of the Agricultural and Forestry Resources, Università di Torino, Via L. da Vinci, 44, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy. e-mail:
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