51
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Lee JH, Kim YG, Lee GM. Effect of Bcl-xLoverexpression on sialylation of Fc-fusion protein in recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:1133-6. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hyun Lee
- Dept. of Biological Sciences; KAIST; Daejeon 305-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Gu Kim
- Biotechnology Process Engineering Center; KRIBB Ochang 363-883 Republic of Korea
| | - Gyun Min Lee
- Dept. of Biological Sciences; KAIST; Daejeon 305-701 Republic of Korea
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52
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BHRF1 exerts an antiapoptotic effect and cell cycle arrest via Bcl-2 in murine hybridomas. J Biotechnol 2015; 209:58-67. [PMID: 26057602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.06.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis has been widely studied in order to find methods to increase the life-span and production performance in large-scale animal cell cultures. The use of anti-apoptotic genes has emerged as an efficient method to reduce apoptosis in a variety of biotechnological relevant cell lines, including CHO and hybridomas, alternatively to small molecule inhibitors. It is already known that expression of BHRF1, an Epstein-Barr virus-encoded early protein homologous to the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, protects hybridoma cells from apoptosis in batch and continuous operation modes resulting in a delay in the cell death process under glutamine starvation conditions. In the present study, the mechanism of action of BHRF1 was investigated in a murine hybridoma cell line. BHRF1 protein was found in the mitochondrial cell fraction both under normal growing conditions and apoptosis-inducing conditions. Remarkably, the expression of the anti-apoptotic gene bcl2 in BHRF1-expressing cells was up-regulated 25-fold compared to mock-transfected controls under apoptosis triggering conditions and its expression correlated with survival of transgenic cultures and cell cycle arrest in G1. Bcl-2 activity was revealed to be crucial for the BHRF1-mediated effect since the addition of specific inhibitors of Bcl-2 (namely HA14-1 and YC-137) resulted in a loss of function of BHRF1-expressing cells under glutamine starvation conditions. Moreover, the interaction of BHRF1 with the pro-apoptotic BH3-only Bim conferred mitochondrial stability to BHRF1 expressing cells under apoptosis-triggering conditions.
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53
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Development of protein-free medium for therapeutic protein production in mammalian cells: recent advances and perspectives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4155/pbp.15.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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54
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Le Pape F, Bossard M, Dutheil D, Rousselot M, Polard V, Férec C, Leize E, Delépine P, Zal F. Advancement in recombinant protein production using a marine oxygen carrier to enhance oxygen transfer in a CHO-S cell line. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 43:186-95. [DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2015.1029632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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55
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Klein T, Niklas J, Heinzle E. Engineering the supply chain for protein production/secretion in yeasts and mammalian cells. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 42:453-64. [PMID: 25561318 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-014-1569-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic bottlenecks play an increasing role in yeasts and mammalian cells applied for high-performance production of proteins, particularly of pharmaceutical ones that require complex posttranslational modifications. We review the present status and developments focusing on the rational metabolic engineering of such cells to optimize the supply chain for building blocks and energy. Methods comprise selection of beneficial genetic modifications, rational design of media and feeding strategies. Design of better producer cells based on whole genome-wide metabolic network analysis becomes increasingly possible. High-resolution methods of metabolic flux analysis for the complex networks in these compartmented cells are increasingly available. We discuss phenomena that are common to both types of organisms but also those that are different with respect to the supply chain for the production and secretion of pharmaceutical proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Klein
- Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria
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56
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Martí-Centelles R, Murga J, Falomir E, Carda M, Alberto Marco J. Inhibitory effect of cytotoxic nitrogen-containing heterocyclic stilbene analogues on VEGF protein secretion and VEGF, hTERT and c-Myc gene expression. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5md00197h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-one nitrogen-containing heterocyclic stilbenes were synthesized. Their cytotoxicity and effect on VEGF protein secretion as well asVEGF,hTERTandc-Mycgene expression were evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan Murga
- Depart. de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica
- Univ. Jaume I
- E-12071 Castellón
- Spain
| | - Eva Falomir
- Depart. de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica
- Univ. Jaume I
- E-12071 Castellón
- Spain
| | - Miguel Carda
- Depart. de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica
- Univ. Jaume I
- E-12071 Castellón
- Spain
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57
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Vilanova C, Díaz-Oltra S, Murga J, Falomir E, Carda M, Redondo-Horcajo M, Díaz JF, Barasoain I, Marco JA. Design and synthesis of pironetin analogue/colchicine hybrids and study of their cytotoxic activity and mechanisms of interaction with tubulin. J Med Chem 2014; 57:10391-403. [PMID: 25426924 DOI: 10.1021/jm501112q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We here report the synthesis of a series of 12 hybrid molecules composed of a colchicine moiety and a pironetin analogue fragment. The two fragments are connected through an ester-amide spacer of variable length. The cytotoxic activities of these compounds and their interactions with tubulin have been investigated. Relations between the structure and activity are discussed. Since the spacer is not long enough to permit a simultaneous binding of the hybrid molecules to the colchicine and pironetin sites on tubulin, a further feature investigated was whether these molecules would interact with the latter through the pironetin end (irreversible covalent binding) or through the colchicine end (reversible noncovalent binding). It has been found that binding to tubulin may take place preferentially at either of these ends depending on the length of the connecting spacer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concepción Vilanova
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat Jaume I , E-12071 Castellón de la Plana, Castellón, Spain
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58
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Online flow cytometry for monitoring apoptosis in mammalian cell cultures as an application for process analytical technology. Cytotechnology 2014; 68:399-408. [PMID: 25352493 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-014-9791-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is the main driver of cell death in bioreactor suspension cell cultures during the production of biopharmaceuticals from animal cell lines. It is known that apoptosis also has an effect on the quality and quantity of the expressed recombinant protein. This has raised the importance of studying apoptosis for implementing culture optimization strategies. The work here describes a novel approach to obtain near real time data on proportion of viable, early apoptotic, late apoptotic and necrotic cell populations in a suspension CHO culture using automated sample preparation in conjunction with flow cytometry. The resultant online flow cytometry data can track the progression of apoptotic events in culture, aligning with analogous manual methodologies and giving similar results. The obtained near-real time apoptosis data are a significant improvement in monitoring capabilities and can lead to improved control strategies and research data on complex biological systems in bioreactor cultures in both academic and industrial settings focused on process analytical technology applications.
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59
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Nasseri SS, Ghaffari N, Braasch K, Jardon MA, Butler M, Kennard M, Gopaluni B, Piret JM. Increased CHO cell fed-batch monoclonal antibody production using the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA or gradually increasing osmolality. Biochem Eng J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2014.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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60
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Vilanova C, Torijano-Gutiérrez S, Díaz-Oltra S, Murga J, Falomir E, Carda M, Alberto Marco J. Design and synthesis of pironetin analogue/combretastatin A-4 hybrids containing a 1,2,3-triazole ring and evaluation of their cytotoxic activity. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 87:125-30. [PMID: 25240870 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We here describe the preparation of a series of hybrid molecules containing a combretastatin A-4 moiety and a pironetin analogue fragment connected through a spacer of variable length which includes a 1,2,3-triazole ring. The cytotoxic activities of these compounds have been measured. Relations between structure and cytotoxicity are discussed. Some of the tested compounds showed cytotoxicity values of the same order of magnitude as combretastatin A-4 and were less toxic than the latter compound for normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concepción Vilanova
- Depart. de Q. Inorgánica y Orgánica, Univ. Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | | | - Santiago Díaz-Oltra
- Depart. de Q. Inorgánica y Orgánica, Univ. Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Juan Murga
- Depart. de Q. Inorgánica y Orgánica, Univ. Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain.
| | - Eva Falomir
- Depart. de Q. Inorgánica y Orgánica, Univ. Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Miguel Carda
- Depart. de Q. Inorgánica y Orgánica, Univ. Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - J Alberto Marco
- Depart. de Q. Orgánica, Univ. de Valencia, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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61
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Stabilization of cellular mitochondrial enzyme complex and sialyltransferase activity through supplementation of 30Kc19 protein. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 99:2155-63. [PMID: 25193421 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6045-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In previous studies, 30Kc19, a lipoprotein in silkworm hemolymph, enhanced productivity and glycosylation by expression of a 30Kc19 gene or supplementation with a recombinant 30Kc19 protein. Additionally, 30Kc19 exhibited enzyme-stabilizing and cell-penetrating abilities in vitro. In this study, we hypothesized that supplemented 30Kc19 penetrated into the cell and enhanced the stability of the cellular enzyme. We investigated this using in vitro and cellular assessments. The activity of sialyltransferase (ST) and isolated mitochondrial complex I/III was enhanced with 30Kc19 in dose-dependent manner while initial reaction rate was unchanged, suggesting that 30Kc19 enhanced enzyme stability rather than specific activity. For intracellular enzyme activity assessment, ST activity inside erythropoietin (EPO)-producing Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells increased more than 25 % and mitochondrial complex II activity in HeLa cells increased more than 50 % with 30Kc19. The increase in intracellular ST activity resulted in an increase in sialic acid content of glycoproteins produced in CHO cells supplemented with 30Kc19. Similarly, enhanced mitochondrial complex activity increased mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP production in HeLa cells with 30Kc19 by over 50 %. Because 30Kc19 stabilized intracellular enzymes for glycosylation and enhanced protein productivity with supplementation in the culture medium, we expect that 30Kc19 can be a valuable tool for effective industrial recombinant protein production.
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62
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Klanert G, Jadhav V, Chanoumidou K, Grillari J, Borth N, Hackl M. Endogenous microRNA clusters outperform chimeric sequence clusters in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol J 2014; 9:538-44. [PMID: 24323929 PMCID: PMC4282078 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201300216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs (∼22 nucleotides) which regulate gene expression by silencing mRNA translation. MiRNAs are transcribed as long primary transcripts, which are enzymatically processed by Drosha/Dgcr8, in the nucleus, and by Dicer in the cytoplasm, into mature miRNAs. The importance of miRNAs for coordinated gene expression is commonly accepted. Consequentially, there is a growing interest in the application of miRNAs to improve phenotypes of mammalian cell factories such as Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Few studies have reported the targeted over-expression of miRNAs in CHO cells using vector-based systems. These approaches were hampered by limited sequence availability, and required the design of "chimeric" miRNA genes, consisting of the mature CHO miRNA sequence encompassed by murine flanking and loop sequences. Here we show that the substitution of chimeric sequences with CHO-specific sequences for expression of miRNA clusters yields significantly higher expression levels of the mature miRNA in the case of miR-221/222 and miR-15b/16. Our data suggest that the Drosha/Dgcr8-mediated excision from primary transcripts is reduced for chimeric miRNA sequences compared to the endogenous sequence. Overall, this study provides important guidelines for the targeted over-expression of clustered miRNAs in CHO cells. See accompanying commentary by Baik and Lee DOI: 10.1002/biot.201300503.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Klanert
- Department of BiotechnologyBoku University Vienna, Austria
- ACIB GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial BiotechnologyGraz, Austria
| | - Vaibhav Jadhav
- Department of BiotechnologyBoku University Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Nicole Borth
- Department of BiotechnologyBoku University Vienna, Austria
- ACIB GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial BiotechnologyGraz, Austria
| | - Matthias Hackl
- Department of BiotechnologyBoku University Vienna, Austria
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63
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Downey BJ, Graham LJ, Breit JF, Glutting NK. A novel approach for using dielectric spectroscopy to predict viable cell volume (VCV) in early process development. Biotechnol Prog 2014; 30:479-87. [PMID: 24851255 PMCID: PMC4162991 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Online monitoring of viable cell volume (VCV) is essential to the development, monitoring, and control of bioprocesses. The commercial availability of steam-sterilizable dielectricspectroscopy probes has enabled successful adoption of this technology as a key noninvasive method to measure VCV for cell-culture processes. Technological challenges still exist, however. For some cell lines, the technique’s accuracy in predicting the VCV from probepermittivity measurements declines as the viability of the cell culture decreases. To investigate the cause of this decrease in accuracy, divergences in predicted vs. actual VCV measurements were directly related to the shape of dielectric frequency scans collected during a cell culture. The changes in the shape of the beta dispersion, which are associated with changes in cell state, are quantified by applying a novel “area ratio” (AR) metric to frequency-scanning data from the dielectric-spectroscopy probes. The AR metric is then used to relate the shape of the beta dispersion to single-frequency permittivity measurements to accurately predict the offline VCV throughout an entire fed-batch run, regardless of cell state. This work demonstrates the possible feasibility of quantifying the shape of the beta dispersion, determined from frequency-scanning data, for enhanced measurement of VCV in mammalian cell cultures by applying a novel shape-characterization technique. In addition, this work demonstrates the utility of using changes in the shape of the beta dispersion to quantify cell health.
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64
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Torijano-Gutiérrez S, Vilanova C, Díaz-Oltra S, Murga J, Falomir E, Carda M, Marco JA. Design and Synthesis of Pironetin Analogue/Combretastatin A-4 Hybrids and Evaluation of Their Cytotoxic Activity. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201301725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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65
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Torijano-Gutiérrez S, Díaz-Oltra S, Falomir E, Murga J, Carda M, Marco JA. Synthesis of combretastatin A-4 O-alkyl derivatives and evaluation of their cytotoxic, antiangiogenic and antitelomerase activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:7267-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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66
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Potty ASR, Xenopoulos A, Patel S, Prentice H, DiLeo A. The effect of antiapoptosis genes on clarification performance. Biotechnol Prog 2013; 30:100-7. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ajish S. R. Potty
- Downstream Technologies; EMD Millipore; 80 Ashby Road Bedford MA 01730
| | - Alex Xenopoulos
- Downstream Technologies; EMD Millipore; 80 Ashby Road Bedford MA 01730
| | - Sonal Patel
- Upstream Technologies; EMD Millipore, 80 Ashby Road Bedford MA 01730
| | - Holly Prentice
- Upstream Technologies; EMD Millipore, 80 Ashby Road Bedford MA 01730
| | - Anthony DiLeo
- Divisional Business Development; EMD Millipore; 290 Concord Road Billerica MA 01821
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67
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Ha TK, Jeon MK, Yu DY, Lee GM. Effect of Bcl-x(L) overexpression on lactate metabolism in chinese hamster ovary cells producing antibody. Biotechnol Prog 2013; 29:1594-8. [PMID: 24039207 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Previously, overexpression of anti-apoptotic proteins, such as E1B-19K and Aven, was reported to alter lactate metabolism of CHO cells in culture. To investigate the effect of Bcl-xL , a well-known anti-apoptotic protein, on lactate metabolism of recombinant CHO (rCHO) cells, two antibody-producing rCHO cell lines with regulated Bcl-xL overexpression (CS13*-0.02-off-Bcl-xL and CS13*-1.00-off-Bcl-xL ) were established using the Tet-off system. When cells were cultivated without Bcl-xL overexpression, the specific lactate production rate (qLac ) of CS13*-0.02-off-Bcl-xL and CS13*-1.00-off-Bcl-xL were 7.32 ± 0.37 and 6.78 ± 0.56 pmol/cell/day, respectively. Bcl-xL overexpression, in the absence of doxycycline, did not affect the qLac of either cell line, though it enhanced the viability during cultures. Furthermore, activities of the enzymes related to glucose and lactate metabolism, such as hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenases, and alanine aminotransferase, were not affected by Bcl-xL overexpression either. Taken together, Bcl-xL overexpression showed no significant effect on the lactate metabolism of rCHO cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Kwang Ha
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology (WCU), KAIST, 373-1 Kusong-Dong, Yusong-gu, Daejon, 305-701, Korea
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68
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Kim YJ, Baek E, Lee JS, Lee GM. Autophagy and its implication in Chinese hamster ovary cell culture. Biotechnol Lett 2013; 35:1753-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-013-1276-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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69
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Lee JS, Ha TK, Park JH, Lee GM. Anti-cell death engineering of CHO cells: Co-overexpression of Bcl-2 for apoptosis inhibition, Beclin-1 for autophagy induction. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 110:2195-207. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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70
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Kim WH, Kim MS, Kim YG, Lee GM. Development of apoptosis-resistant CHO cell line expressing PyLT for the enhancement of transient antibody production. Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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71
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72
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Contie M, Leger O, Fouque N, Poitevin Y, Kosco-Vilbois M, Mermod N, Elson G. IL-17F co- ;expression improves cell growth characteristics and enhances recombinant protein production during CHO cell line engineering. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 110:1153-63. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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73
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Michel PO, Degen C, Hubert M, Baldi L, Hacker DL, Wurm FM. A NanoDrop-based method for rapid determination of viability decline in suspension cultures of animal cells. Anal Biochem 2012; 430:138-40. [PMID: 22960013 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We describe a rapid method for monitoring the cell growth and decline phases in suspension cultures of animal cells. During the cell growth phase, ultraviolet (UV)-absorbing components in the medium are consumed, but at later times as cells begin to die, UV-absorbing molecules such as proteins are released into the medium. Measuring the absorbance at 280nm (A(280)) with a NanoDrop spectrophotometer, an inverse correlation between the onset of the cell decline phase and A(280) was observed. This simple method can be applied to quickly determine the beginning of the decline phase of cultures of mammalian and insect cells in suspension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik O Michel
- Laboratory of Cellular Biotechnology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), School of Life Sciences, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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74
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Lee JS, Lee GM. Estimation of autophagy pathway genes for autophagy induction: Overexpression of Atg9A does not induce autophagy in recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biochem Eng J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2012.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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75
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Park JH, Wang Z, Jeong HJ, Park HH, Kim BG, Tan WS, Choi SS, Park TH. Enhancement of recombinant human EPO production and glycosylation in serum-free suspension culture of CHO cells through expression and supplementation of 30Kc19. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 96:671-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4203-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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76
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Zamorano F, Vande Wouwer A, Jungers RM, Bastin G. Dynamic metabolic models of CHO cell cultures through minimal sets of elementary flux modes. J Biotechnol 2012; 164:409-22. [PMID: 22698821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The concept of Elementary Flux Modes (EFMs) has been of central importance in a number of studies involving the analysis of metabolism. In Provost and Bastin (2007) this concept is used to translate the metabolic networks of the different phases of CHO cell cultures into macroscopic bioreactions linking extracellular substrates to products. However, a critical issue concerns the calculation of these elementary flux vectors, as their number combinatorially increases with the size of the metabolic network. In this study, a detailed metabolic network of CHO cells is considered, where the above-mentioned combinatorial explosion makes the computation of the elementary flux modes impossible. To alleviate this problem, a methodology proposed in Jungers et al. (2011) is used to compute a decomposition of admissible flux vectors in a minimal number of elementary flux modes without explicitly enumerating all of them. As a result, a set of macroscopic bioreactions linking the extracellular measured species is obtained at a very low computational expense. The procedure is repeated for the several cell culture phases and a global model is built using a multi-model approach, which is able to successfully predict the evolution of experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zamorano
- Department of Automatic Control, University of Mons, Boulevard Dolez 31, 7000 Mons, Belgium.
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77
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Understanding the mechanistic roles of 30Kc6 gene in apoptosis and specific productivity in antibody-producing Chinese hamster ovary cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 94:1243-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-3899-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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78
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Botezatu L, Sievers S, Gama-Norton L, Schucht R, Hauser H, Wirth D. Genetic aspects of cell line development from a synthetic biology perspective. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 127:251-284. [PMID: 22068842 DOI: 10.1007/10_2011_117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Animal cells can be regarded as factories for the production of relevant proteins. The advances described in this chapter towards the development of cell lines with higher productivity capacities, certain metabolic and proliferation properties, reduced apoptosis and other features must be regarded in an integrative perspective. The systematic application of systems biology approaches in combination with a synthetic arsenal for targeted modification of endogenous networks are proposed to lead towards the achievement of a predictable and technologically advanced cell system with high biotechnological impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Botezatu
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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79
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Zustiak MP, Dorai H, Betenbaugh MJ, Sauerwald TM. Controlling apoptosis to optimize yields of proteins from mammalian cells. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 801:111-123. [PMID: 21987250 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-352-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is the foremost method of cell death in bioreactors and can be caused by nutrient limitation, toxin accumulation, and growth factor withdrawal. By delaying the onset of this form of programmed cell death, one can achieve longer sustained viabilities in culture, thereby increasing product yield. Described here is a genetic-based, step-by-step method to generate an apoptosis-resistant cell line. This cell line, then, can be used as a platform for biotherapeutic protein production. The key steps include antiapoptotic transgene selection and transfection followed by clonal isolation and screening. With the proper screening methods, one can obtain a robust cell line that resists the harsh conditions of late-stage and/or high-density culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Zustiak
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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80
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Tigges M, Fussenegger M. Xbp1-based engineering of secretory capacity enhances the productivity of Chinese hamster ovary cells. Metab Eng 2011; 8:264-72. [PMID: 16635796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2006.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2005] [Revised: 01/20/2006] [Accepted: 01/31/2006] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A variety of successful transcription and translation engineering strategies implemented during the past decade have driven the specific productivity of mammalian cells to an apparent limit. Restricted post-translation competence has since been considered the major bottleneck preventing mammalian cells from fully exploiting their physiologic production capacity in a biopharmaceutical manufacturing scenario. Through ectopic expression of the human transcription factor Xbp1 (X-box-binding-protein 1), evolved to manage plasma cell differentiation and coordinate the unfolded protein response, we have specifically expanded the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi of transgenic Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1)-derived cell lines with a resulting increase in overall production capacity. Xbp-1-based engineering of secretory bottlenecks was compatible with a variety of different promoter–product gene configurations suggesting that Xbp-1 induces generic production increases in CHO-K1 cell derivatives. Secretion engineering, illustrated here by Xbp1-based reprogramming of the post-translational processing machinery, provides a first insight into mastering a major system bottleneck which impacts biopharmaceutical manufacturing of secreted protein therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Tigges
- Institute for Chemical and Bio-Engineering (ICB), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology-ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10,ETH Hoenggerberg, HCI F115, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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81
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Meshram M, Naderi S, McConkey B, Budman H, Scharer J, Ingalls B. Population-based modeling of the progression of apoptosis in mammalian cell culture. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 109:1193-204. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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82
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CHO cells in biotechnology for production of recombinant proteins: current state and further potential. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 93:917-30. [PMID: 22159888 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3758-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 506] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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83
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Monitoring of autophagy in Chinese hamster ovary cells using flow cytometry. Methods 2011; 56:375-82. [PMID: 22142658 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, autophagy, which is a degradative process, has drawn attention as an anti-cell death engineering target in addition to apoptosis in recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (rCHO) cell cultures for enhanced production of therapeutic proteins. Appropriate autophagy monitoring methods, that are suitable for long term CHO cell cultures, are necessary in order to investigate the culture conditions that affect the autophagy pathway and to select appropriate engineering targets for autophagy control. Herein, detailed protocols for autophagy monitoring methods based on flow cytometry are provided using the GFP-LC3-overexpressing CHO DG44 host cell line or MDC-like molecules in rCHO cells grown as an adherent culture with serum-containing medium or suspension culture with serum-free medium. Furthermore, combined with the apoptosis detection based on the Annexin V-PS interaction, the simultaneous detection of autophagy and apoptosis is also described. It is anticipated that the protocols described herein will assist in the fast, high throughput monitoring of autophagy that can support other existing autophagy assays.
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84
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Petiot E, Jacob D, Lanthier S, Lohr V, Ansorge S, Kamen AA. Metabolic and kinetic analyses of influenza production in perfusion HEK293 cell culture. BMC Biotechnol 2011; 11:84. [PMID: 21884612 PMCID: PMC3175177 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-11-84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell culture-based production of influenza vaccine remains an attractive alternative to egg-based production. Short response time and high production yields are the key success factors for the broader adoption of cell culture technology for industrial manufacturing of pandemic and seasonal influenza vaccines. Recently, HEK293SF cells have been successfully used to produce influenza viruses, achieving hemagglutinin (HA) and infectious viral particle (IVP) titers in the highest ranges reported to date. In the same study, it was suggested that beyond 4 × 10(6) cells/mL, viral production was limited by a lack of nutrients or an accumulation of toxic products. RESULTS To further improve viral titers at high cell densities, perfusion culture mode was evaluated. Productivities of both perfusion and batch culture modes were compared at an infection cell density of 6 × 10(6) cells/mL. The metabolism, including glycolysis, glutaminolysis and amino acids utilization as well as physiological indicators such as viability and apoptosis were extensively documented for the two modes of culture before and after viral infection to identify potential metabolic limitations. A 3 L bioreactor with a perfusion rate of 0.5 vol/day allowed us to reach maximal titers of 3.3 × 10(11) IVP/mL and 4.0 logHA units/mL, corresponding to a total production of 1.0 × 10(15) IVP and 7.8 logHA units after 3 days post-infection. Overall, perfusion mode titers were higher by almost one order of magnitude over the batch culture mode of production. This improvement was associated with an activation of the cell metabolism as seen by a 1.5-fold and 4-fold higher consumption rates of glucose and glutamine respectively. A shift in the viral production kinetics was also observed leading to an accumulation of more viable cells with a higher specific production and causing an increase in the total volumetric production of infectious influenza particles. CONCLUSIONS These results confirm that the HEK293SF cell is an excellent substrate for high yield production of influenza virus. Furthermore, there is great potential in further improving the production yields through better control of the cell culture environment and viral production kinetics. Once accomplished, this cell line can be promoted as an industrial platform for cost-effective manufacturing of the influenza seasonal vaccine as well as for periods of peak demand during pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Petiot
- Biotechnology Research Institute, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, H4P 2R2 Québec, Canada
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85
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Naderi S, Meshram M, Wei C, McConkey B, Ingalls B, Budman H, Scharer J. Development of a mathematical model for evaluating the dynamics of normal and apoptotic Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Prog 2011; 27:1197-205. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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86
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Kim YG, Han YK, Kim JY, Lee EG, Lee HW, Lee GM. Effect of constitutively active Ras overexpression on cell growth in recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Prog 2011; 27:577-80. [PMID: 21438179 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Constitutively active Ras (CA-Ras) is known to enhance cell growth through the induction of various signaling cascades including the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/ERK signaling pathways, although the cellular response is highly dependent on the cell type. To evaluate the effect of CA-Ras overexpression on cell growth in recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (rCHO) cells, an erythropoietin (EPO)-producing rCHO cell line with regulated CA-Ras overexpression (EPO-off-CA-Ras) was established using the Tet-off system. The CA-Ras expression level in EPO-off-CA-Ras cells was tightly regulated by doxycycline addition. Although CA-Ras overexpression slightly increased the viable cell concentration during the late exponential phase, it did not increase the maximum viable cell concentration or specific growth rate to a significant degree. Unexpectedly, CA-Ras overexpression in rCHO cells led only to the enhancement in the activation of the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway and not the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Taken together, CA-Ras overexpression in rCHO cells did not significantly affect cell growth; it also had no critical impact on viable cell concentration or EPO production, possibly due to a failure to activate the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Gu Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology (WCU), KAIST, Daejon 305-701, Korea
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87
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Druz A, Chu C, Majors B, Santuary R, Betenbaugh M, Shiloach J. A novel microRNA mmu-miR-466h affects apoptosis regulation in mammalian cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 108:1651-61. [PMID: 21337326 DOI: 10.1002/bit.23092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study determined the changes in microRNA (miRs) expression in mammalian Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells undergoing apoptosis induced by exposing the cells to nutrient-depleted media. The apoptosis onset was confirmed by reduced cell viability and Caspase-3/7 activation. Microarray comparison of known mouse and rat miRs in CHO cells exposed to fresh or depleted media revealed up-regulation of the mouse miR-297-669 cluster in CHO cells subjected to depleted media. The mmu-miR-466h was chosen for further analysis as the member of this cluster with the highest overexpression and its up-regulation in depleted media was confirmed with qRT-PCR. Since miRs suppress mRNA translation, we hypothesized that up-regulated mmu-miR-466h inhibits anti-apoptotic genes and induces apoptosis. A combination of bioinformatics and experimental tools was used to predict and verify mmu-miR-466h anti-apoptotic targets. 8708 predicted targets were obtained from miRecords database and narrowed to 38 anti-apoptotic genes with DAVID NCBI annotation tool. Several genes were selected from this anti-apoptotic subset based on nucleotide pairing complimentarity between the mmu-miR-466h seed region and 3' UTR of the target mRNAs. The qRT-PCR analysis revealed reduced mRNA levels of bcl2l2, dad1, birc6, stat5a, and smo genes in CHO cells exposed to depleted media. The inhibition of the mmu-miR-466h increased the expression levels of those genes and resulted in increased cell viability and decreased Caspase-3/7 activation. The up-regulation of mmu-miR-466h in response to nutrients depletion causes the inhibition of several anti-apoptotic genes in unison. This suggests the pro-apoptotic role of mmu-miR-466h and its capability to modulate the apoptotic pathway in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliaksandr Druz
- Biotechnology Core Laboratory National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike Bldg 14A Rm 176, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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88
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Simultaneous targeting of Requiem & Alg-2 in Chinese hamster ovary cells for improved recombinant protein production. Mol Biotechnol 2011; 46:301-7. [PMID: 20571937 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-010-9304-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is known to be the main cause of cell death in the bioreactor environment, leading to the loss of recombinant protein productivity. In a previous study, transcriptional profiling was used to identify and target four early apoptosis-signaling genes: FADD, FAIM, Alg-2, and Requiem. The resulting cell lines had increased viable cell numbers and extended culture viability, which translated to increased protein productivity. Combinatorial targeting of two genes simultaneously has previously been shown to be more effective than targeting one gene alone. In this study, we sought to determine if targeting Requiem and Alg-2 was more effective than targeting Requiem alone. We found that targeting Requiem and Alg-2 did not result in extended culture viability, but resulted in an increase in maximum viable cell numbers and cumulative IVCD under fed-batch conditions. This in turn led to an approximately 1.5-fold increase in recombinant protein productivity.
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89
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Dorai H, Ellis D, Keung YS, Campbell M, Zhuang M, Lin C, Betenbaugh MJ. Combining high-throughput screening of caspase activity with anti-apoptosis genes for development of robust CHO production cell lines. Biotechnol Prog 2011; 26:1367-81. [PMID: 20945491 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A set of anti-apoptotic genes were over-expressed, either singly or in combination, in an effort to develop robust Chinese Hamster Ovary host cell lines suitable for manufacturing biotherapeutics. High-throughput screening of caspase 3/7 activity enabled a rapid selection of transfectants with reduced caspase activity relative to the host cell line. Transfectants with reduced caspase 3/7 activity were then tested for improved integrated viable cell count (IVCC), a function of peak viable cell density and longevity. The maximal level of improvement in IVCC could be achieved by over-expression of either single anti-apoptotic genes, e.g., Bcl-2Δ (a mutated variant of Bcl-2) or Bcl-XL, or a combination of two or three anti-apoptotic genes, e.g., E1B-19K, Aven, and XIAPΔ. These cell lines yielded higher transient antibody production and a greater number of stable clones with high antibody yields. In a 5 L fed-batch bioreactor system, BΔ31-1, a stable clone expressing Bcl-2Δ, had a product titer that was 180% as compared to an optimal clone (Con-1) from the control cell line. Although lactate accumulated to more than 5 g/L in the control culture, its concentration was reduced in the anti-apoptotic BΔ31-1 cultures to below 1 g/L, confirming our earlier findings that cells over-expressing anti-apoptotic genes consume the lactate that would otherwise accumulate as a by-product in the culture medium. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to use the high throughput caspase screening method to identify CHO host cell lines with superior anti-apoptotic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haimanti Dorai
- Pharmaceutical Development, Centocor R&D, Radnor, PA 19087, USA.
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90
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Bioreactor Systems for Producing Antibody from Mammalian Cells. ANTIBODY EXPRESSION AND PRODUCTION 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-1257-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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91
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Jing Y, Egan SE, Qian Y, Borys MC, Abu-Absi NR, Li ZJ. Dextran sulfate inhibits staurosporine-induced apoptosis in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells: Involvement of the mitochondrial pathway. Process Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2010.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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92
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Petiot E, Guedon E, Blanchard F, Gény C, Pinton H, Marc A. Kinetic characterization of vero cell metabolism in a serum-free batch culture process. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 107:143-53. [PMID: 20506276 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A global kinetic study of the central metabolism of Vero cells cultivated in a serum-free medium is proposed in the present work. Central metabolism including glycolysis, glutaminolysis, and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) was demonstrated to be saturated by high flow rates of consumption of the two major substrates, glucose, and glutamine. Saturation was reavealed by an accumulation of metabolic intermediates and amino acids, by a high production of lactate needed to balance the redox pathway, and by a low participation of the carbon flow to the TCA cycle supply. Different culture conditions were set up to reduce the central metabolism saturation and to better balance the metabolic flow rates between lactate production and energetic pathways. From these culture conditions, substitutions of glutamine by other carbon sources, which have lower transport rates such as asparagine, or pyruvate in order to shunt the glycolysis pathway, were successful to better balance the central metabolism. As a result, an increase of the cell growth with a concomitant decrease of cell death and a better distribution of the carbon flow between TCA cycle and lactate production occurred. We also demonstrated that glutamine was a major carbon source to supply the TCA cycle in Vero cells and that a reduction of lactate production did not necessary improve the efficiency of the Vero cell metabolism. Thus, to adapt the formulation of the medium to the Vero cell needs, it is important to provide carbon substrates inducing a regulated supply of carbon in the TCA cycle either through the glycolysis or through other pathways such as glutaminolysis. Finally, this study allowed to better understand the Vero cell behavior in serum-free medium which is a valuable help for the implementation of this cell line in serum-free industrial production processes.
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93
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Dreesen IAJ, Fussenegger M. Ectopic expression of human mTOR increases viability, robustness, cell size, proliferation, and antibody production of chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 108:853-66. [PMID: 21404259 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Engineering of mammalian production cell lines to improve titer and quality of biopharmaceuticals is a top priority of the biopharmaceutical manufacturing industry providing protein therapeutics to patients worldwide. While many engineering strategies have been successful in the past decade they were often based on the over-expression of a single transgene and therefore limited to addressing a single bottleneck in the cell's production capacity. We provide evidence that ectopic expression of the global metabolic sensor and processing protein mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), simultaneously improves key bioprocess-relevant characteristics of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell-derived production cell lines such as cell growth (increased cell size and protein content), proliferation (increased cell-cycle progression), viability (decreased apoptosis), robustness (decreased sensitivity to sub-optimal growth factor and oxygen supplies) and specific productivity of secreted human glycoproteins. Cultivation of mTOR-transgenic CHO-derived cell lines engineered for secretion of a therapeutic IgG resulted in antibody titers of up to 50 pg/cell/day, which represents a four-fold increase compared to the parental production cell line. mTOR-based engineering of mammalian production cell lines may therefore have a promising future in biopharmaceutical manufacturing of human therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imke A J Dreesen
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
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94
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Vieira HLA, Pereira ACP, Peixoto CC, Moraes RHP, Alves PM, Mendonça RZ. Improvement of recombinant protein production by an anti-apoptotic protein from hemolymph of Lonomia obliqua. Cytotechnology 2010; 62:547-55. [PMID: 20936342 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-010-9305-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a major problem in animal cell culture during production of biopharmaceuticals, such as recombinant proteins or viral particles. In the present work baculovirus-insect cell expression system (BEVS/IC) is used as model to produce rotavirus like-particles, composed by three layers of three different viral proteins (VP2, VP6 and VP7). In this model baculovirus infection also induces host cell death. Herein a new strategy to enhance cell life span and to increase recombinant rotavirus protein production of BEVS/IC system was developed. This strategy relies on hemolymph from Lonomia oblique (total extracts or a semi-purified fraction) medium supplementation. The total extract and a purified fraction from hemolymph of Lonomia obliqua were able to protect Sf-9 cell culture against apoptosis triggered by oxidative stress (using the pro-oxidant agents tert butylhydroperoxide and hydrogen peroxide) and by baculovirus infection. Furthermore, hemolymph enhance final recombinant protein production, as it was observed by the increased amounts of VP6 and VP7, which were measured by the semi-quantitative western blot method. In conclusion, hemolymph medium supplementation can be a promising strategy to improve cell viability and productivity of recombinant protein in BEVS/IC system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena L A Vieira
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnologia/Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica IBET/ITQB -UNL, Apartado 12, 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
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95
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Liew JC, Tan WS, Alitheen NBM, Chan ES, Tey BT. Over-expression of the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) delays serum deprivation-induced apoptosis in CHO-K1 cells. J Biosci Bioeng 2010; 110:338-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2010.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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96
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D'Amici GM, Timperio AM, Gevi F, Grazzini G, Zolla L. Recombinant clotting factor VIII concentrates: Heterogeneity and high-purity evaluation. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:2730-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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97
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Abstract
Requiem, a hypothesized transcription factor with apoptosis-related activity, was previously shown to be a potential cell engineering gene target for improving recombinant protein production. Requiem suppression has resulted in improved viable cell density and extended culture viability, leading to an overall improvement in recombinant protein productivity. However, not much is known about the function of requiem. We found that requiem is highly conserved at both nucleotide and amino acid levels in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells when compared to human and mouse sequences, suggesting that requiem's functional role is evolutionary well conserved. Upon inducing requiem over-expression, proliferation rates of CHO cells were significantly decreased with doubling times increased by 26%. Interestingly, the over-expression of requiem did not decrease cell viability and could not induce apoptosis. However, requiem sensitized the cells to increased caspase-9 activities under staurosporine-induced apoptosis, suggesting that it has a role to play in mitochondria-mediated apoptosis under staurosporine treatment. The nuclear localization of REQUIEM in CHO cells and its conserved plant homeodomain (PHD) zinc fingers seem to further support the hypothesis that requiem encodes for a potential transcription factor. Upon requiem over-expression, we found that the differentially expressed genes involved in transcriptional regulation and cell proliferation and growth were associated both upstream and downstream of p53.
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98
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Karra S, Sager B, Karim MN. Multi-Scale Modeling of Heterogeneities in Mammalian Cell Culture Processes. Ind Eng Chem Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ie100125a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Karra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409
| | - Brian Sager
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409
| | - M. Nazmul Karim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409
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99
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Park JH, Park HH, Park TH. Cellular engineering for the high-level production of recombinant proteins in mammalian cell systems. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-010-0278-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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100
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Smith EL, Locke M, Waddington RJ, Sloan AJ. An ex vivo rodent mandible culture model for bone repair. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2010; 16:1287-96. [PMID: 20218818 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2009.0698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand fully cellular mechanisms during bone tissue repair and engineering, there is a need to develop reproducible three-dimensional organotypic culture models, whereby cells in their natural extracellular matrix can be manipulated. Limitations in current model systems do not allow for this integrated approach. This study aimed to develop and validate an ex vivo fractured rat mandible model, to investigate specific molecular and cellular processes involved in bone repair. Slices of mandible from 28-day-old male Wistar rats were cultured in Trowel-type cultures at the liquid-gas interface for up to 21 days. Maintenance of cell and tissue architecture and viability was shown within fractured mandible slices during all culture periods. Autoradiographic studies demonstrated that resident cells were actively synthesizing and secreting proteins, and cells of the osteoblast lineage were shown to survive throughout the culture periods. The model was responsive to exogenously added transforming growth factor-β1, with observed increases in cellular migration/proliferation and expression of bone matrix proteins. The ex vivo mandible model developed within this study may represent an ideal system for investigating specific processes of bone repair, as well as a promising alternative to in vivo testing of novel clinical therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Smith
- Mineralised Tissue Group, Tissue Engineering and Reparative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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