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Liu Y, Wang R, Liu J, Lu H, Li H, Wang Y, Ni X, Li J, Guo Y, Ma H, Liao X, Wang M. Base editor enables rational genome-scale functional screening for enhanced industrial phenotypes in Corynebacterium glutamicum. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq2157. [PMID: 36044571 PMCID: PMC9432829 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq2157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Genome-scale functional screening accelerates comprehensive assessment of gene function in cells. Here, we have established a genome-scale loss-of-function screening strategy that combined a cytosine base editor with approximately 12,000 parallel sgRNAs targeting 98.1% of total genes in Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032. Unlike previous data processing methods developed in yeast or mammalian cells, we developed a new data processing procedure to locate candidate genes by statistical sgRNA enrichment analysis. Known and novel functional genes related to 5-fluorouracil resistance, 5-fluoroorotate resistance, oxidative stress tolerance, or furfural tolerance have been identified. In particular, purU and serA were proven to be related to the furfural tolerance in C. glutamicum. A cloud platform named FSsgRNA-Analyzer was provided to accelerate sequencing data processing for CRISPR-based functional screening. Our method would be broadly useful to functional genomics study and strain engineering in other microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruoyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiahui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Lu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Haoran Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaomeng Ni
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Junwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanmei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongwu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoping Liao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
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Kim DY, Chung Y, Lee Y, Jeong D, Park KH, Chin HJ, Lee JM, Park S, Ko S, Ko JH, Kim YS. Hypercompact adenine base editors based on transposase B guided by engineered RNA. Nat Chem Biol 2022; 18:1005-1013. [PMID: 35915259 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-022-01077-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Transposon-associated transposase B (TnpB) is deemed an ancestral protein for type V, Cas12 family members, and the closest ancestor to UnCas12f1. Previously, we reported a set of engineered guide RNAs supporting high indel efficiency for Cas12f1 in human cells. Here we suggest a new technology whereby the engineered guide RNAs also manifest high-efficiency programmable endonuclease activity for TnpB. We have termed this technology TaRGET (TnpB-augment RNA-based Genome Editing Technology). Having this feature in mind, we established TnpB-based adenine base editors (ABEs). A Tad-Tad mutant (V106W, D108Q) dimer fused to the C terminus of dTnpB (D354A) showed the highest levels of A-to-G conversion. The limited targetable sites for TaRGET-ABE were expanded with engineered variants of TnpB or optimized deaminases. Delivery of TaRGET-ABE also ensured potent A-to-G conversion rates in mammalian genomes. Collectively, the TaRGET-ABE will contribute to improving precise genome-editing tools that can be delivered by adeno-associated viruses, thereby harnessing the development of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-based gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yujin Lee
- KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Genome Editing Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongmin Jeong
- KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Genome Editing Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyun Park
- Genome Editing Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Chin
- Genome Editing Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Mi Lee
- Genome Editing Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Sumin Ko
- GenKOre, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Heon Ko
- KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Genome Editing Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Sam Kim
- GenKOre, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
- KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
- Genome Editing Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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53
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Deng F, Zeng F, Shen Q, Abbas A, Cheng J, Jiang W, Chen G, Shah AN, Holford P, Tanveer M, Zhang D, Chen ZH. Molecular evolution and functional modification of plant miRNAs with CRISPR. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:890-907. [PMID: 35165036 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Gene editing using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR/Cas) has revolutionized biotechnology and provides genetic tools for medicine and life sciences. However, the application of this technology to miRNAs, with the function as negative gene regulators, has not been extensively reviewed in plants. Here, we summarize the evolution, biogenesis, and structure of miRNAs, as well as their interactions with mRNAs and computational models for predicting target genes. In addition, we review current advances in CRISPR/Cas for functional analysis and for modulating miRNA genes in plants. Extending our knowledge of miRNAs and their manipulation with CRISPR will provide fundamental understanding of the functions of plant miRNAs and facilitate more sustainable and publicly acceptable genetic engineering of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenglin Deng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Fanrong Zeng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Qiufang Shen
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Asad Abbas
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jianhui Cheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Guang Chen
- Central Laboratory, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Adnan Noor Shah
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Khawaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, 64200, Pakistan
| | - Paul Holford
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Mohsin Tanveer
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7004, Australia.
| | - Dabing Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia.
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
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Biswas S, Bridgeland A, Irum S, Thomson MJ, Septiningsih EM. Optimization of Prime Editing in Rice, Peanut, Chickpea, and Cowpea Protoplasts by Restoration of GFP Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:9809. [PMID: 36077206 PMCID: PMC9456013 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Precise editing of the plant genome has long been desired for functional genomic research and crop breeding. Prime editing is a newly developed precise editing technology based on CRISPR-Cas9, which uses an engineered reverse transcriptase (RT), a catalytically impaired Cas9 endonuclease (nCas9), and a prime editing guide RNA (pegRNA). In addition, prime editing has a wider range of editing types than base editing and can produce nearly all types of edits. Although prime editing was first established in human cells, it has recently been applied to plants. As a relatively new technique, optimization will be needed to increase the editing efficiency in different crops. In this study, we successfully edited a mutant GFP in rice, peanut, chickpea, and cowpea protoplasts. In rice, up to 16 times higher editing efficiency was achieved with a dual pegRNA than the single pegRNA containing vectors. Edited-mutant GFP protoplasts have also been obtained in peanut, chickpea, and cowpea after transformation with the dual pegRNA vectors, albeit with much lower editing efficiency than in rice, ranging from 0.2% to 0.5%. These initial results promise to expedite the application of prime editing in legume breeding programs to accelerate crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Biswas
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Aya Bridgeland
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Samra Irum
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Michael J. Thomson
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Endang M. Septiningsih
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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55
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Increasing disease resistance in host plants through genome editing. PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL SCIENCE ACADEMY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s43538-022-00100-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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56
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Ali S, Khan N, Tang Y. Epigenetic marks for mitigating abiotic stresses in plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 275:153740. [PMID: 35716656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stressors are one of the major factors affecting agricultural output. Plants have evolved adaptive systems to respond appropriately to various environmental cues. These responses can be accomplished by modulating or fine-tuning genetic and epigenetic regulatory mechanisms. Understanding the response of plants' molecular features to abiotic stress is a priority in the current period of continued environmental changes. Epigenetic modifications are necessary that control gene expression by changing chromatin status and recruiting various transcription regulators. The present study summarized the current knowledge on epigenetic modifications concerning plant responses to various environmental stressors. The functional relevance of epigenetic marks in regulating stress tolerance has been revealed, and epigenetic changes impact the effector genes. This study looks at the epigenetic mechanisms that govern plant abiotic stress responses, especially DNA methylation, histone methylation/acetylation, chromatin remodeling, and various metabolites. Plant breeders will benefit from a thorough understanding of these processes to create alternative crop improvement approaches. Genome editing with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR/Cas) provides genetic tools to make agricultural genetic engineering more sustainable and publicly acceptable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Ali
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-environmental Science, Longhua Institute of Innovative Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong Province, China; Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Naeem Khan
- Department of Agronomy, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Yulin Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-environmental Science, Longhua Institute of Innovative Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong Province, China; Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
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57
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Yu H, Yang Q, Fu F, Li W. Three strategies of transgenic manipulation for crop improvement. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:948518. [PMID: 35937379 PMCID: PMC9354092 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.948518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Heterologous expression of exogenous genes, overexpression of endogenous genes, and suppressed expression of undesirable genes are the three strategies of transgenic manipulation for crop improvement. Up to 2020, most (227) of the singular transgenic events (265) of crops approved for commercial release worldwide have been developed by the first strategy. Thirty-eight of them have been transformed by synthetic sequences transcribing antisense or double-stranded RNAs and three by mutated copies for suppressed expression of undesirable genes (the third strategy). By the first and the third strategies, hundreds of transgenic events and thousands of varieties with significant improvement of resistance to herbicides and pesticides, as well as nutritional quality, have been developed and approved for commercial release. Their application has significantly decreased the use of synthetic pesticides and the cost of crop production and increased the yield of crops and the benefits to farmers. However, almost all the events overexpressing endogenous genes remain at the testing stage, except one for fertility restoration and another for pyramiding herbicide tolerance. The novel functions conferred by the heterologously expressing exogenous genes under the control of constitutive promoters are usually absent in the recipient crops themselves or perform in different pathways. However, the endogenous proteins encoded by the overexpressing endogenous genes are regulated in complex networks with functionally redundant and replaceable pathways and are difficult to confer the desirable phenotypes significantly. It is concluded that heterologous expression of exogenous genes and suppressed expression by RNA interference and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-cas (CRISPR/Cas) of undesirable genes are superior to the overexpression of endogenous genes for transgenic improvement of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fengling Fu
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wanchen Li
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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58
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Ansai S, Kitano J. Speciation and adaptation research meets genome editing. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20200516. [PMID: 35634923 PMCID: PMC9149800 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the genetic basis of reproductive isolation and adaptive traits in natural populations is one of the fundamental goals in evolutionary biology. Genome editing technologies based on CRISPR-Cas systems and site-specific recombinases have enabled us to modify a targeted genomic region as desired and thus to conduct functional analyses of target loci, genes and mutations even in non-conventional model organisms. Here, we review the technical properties of genome editing techniques by classifying them into the following applications: targeted gene knock-out for investigating causative gene functions, targeted gene knock-in of marker genes for visualizing expression patterns and protein functions, precise gene replacement for identifying causative alleles and mutations, and targeted chromosomal rearrangement for investigating the functional roles of chromosomal structural variations. We describe examples of their application to demonstrate functional analysis of naturally occurring genetic variations and discuss how these technologies can be applied to speciation and adaptation research. This article is part of the theme issue 'Genetic basis of adaptation and speciation: from loci to causative mutations'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ansai
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Jun Kitano
- Ecological Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genomics and Evolutionary Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
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59
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Tian Y, Shen R, Li Z, Yao Q, Zhang X, Zhong D, Tan X, Song M, Han H, Zhu J, Lu Y. Efficient C-to-G editing in rice using an optimized base editor. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:1238-1240. [PMID: 35534986 PMCID: PMC9241366 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yifu Tian
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress BiologyCenter for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Rundong Shen
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress BiologyCenter for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Zuren Li
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural SciencesChangshaChina
| | - Qi Yao
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress BiologyCenter for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Xuening Zhang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress BiologyCenter for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Dating Zhong
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress BiologyCenter for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Xinhang Tan
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress BiologyCenter for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Minglei Song
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress BiologyCenter for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Han Han
- School of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jian‐Kang Zhu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress BiologyCenter for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- Institute of Advanced Biotechnology, and School of Life SciencesSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhenChina
- Center for Advanced Bioindustry Technologies, and Institute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed LabSanyaHainanChina
| | - Yuming Lu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress BiologyCenter for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- School of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
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60
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Xie X, Li F, Tan X, Zeng D, Liu W, Zeng W, Zhu Q, Liu YG. BEtarget: a versatile web-based tool to design guide RNAs for base editing in plants. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:4009-4014. [PMID: 35983232 PMCID: PMC9355906 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BEtarget supports the gRNA design of base editing with different types of PAM. BEtarget provides an interactive and customized visualization interface. BEtarget can automatically detect the coordinates of coding regions (exons) in the genomic sequence of the target gene.
CRISPR-dependent base editors enable direct nucleotide conversion without the introduction of double-strand DNA break or donor DNA template, thus expanding the CRISPR toolbox for genetic manipulation. However, designing guide RNAs (gRNAs) for base editors to enable gene correction or inactivation is more complicated than using the CRISPR system for gene disruption. Here, we present a user-friendly web tool named BEtarget dedicated to the design of gRNA for base editing. It is currently supported by 46 plant reference genomes and 5 genomes of non-plant model organisms. BEtarget supports the design of gRNAs with different types of protospacer adjacent motifs (PAM) and integrates various functions, including automatic identification of open reading frame, prediction of potential off-target sites, annotation of codon change, and assessment of gRNA quality. Moreover, the program provides an interactive interface for users to selectively display information about the desired target sites. In brief, we have developed a flexible and versatile web-based tool to simplify complications associated with the design of base editing technology. BEtarget is freely accessible at https://skl.scau.edu.cn/betarget/.
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61
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Yu HY, Wang SG, Xia PF. Reprogramming Microbial CO 2-Metabolizing Chassis With CRISPR-Cas Systems. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:897204. [PMID: 35814004 PMCID: PMC9260013 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.897204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Global warming is approaching an alarming level due to the anthropogenic emission of carbon dioxide (CO2). To overcome the challenge, the reliance on fossil fuels needs to be alleviated, and a significant amount of CO2 needs to be sequestrated from the atmosphere. In this endeavor, carbon-neutral and carbon-negative biotechnologies are promising ways. Especially, carbon-negative bioprocesses, based on the microbial CO2-metabolizing chassis, possess unique advantages in fixing CO2 directly for the production of fuels and value-added chemicals. In order to fully uncover the potential of CO2-metabolizing chassis, synthetic biology tools, such as CRISPR-Cas systems, have been developed and applied to engineer these microorganisms, revolutionizing carbon-negative biotechnology. Herein, we review the recent advances in the adaption of CRISPR-Cas systems, including CRISPR-Cas based genome editing and CRISPR interference/activation, in cyanobacteria, acetogens, and methanogens. We also envision future innovations via the implementation of rising CRISPR-Cas systems, such as base editing, prime editing, and transposon-mediated genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shu-Guang Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Sino-French Research Institute for Ecology and Environment, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Peng-Fei Xia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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62
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Volke DC, Martino RA, Kozaeva E, Smania AM, Nikel PI. Modular (de)construction of complex bacterial phenotypes by CRISPR/nCas9-assisted, multiplex cytidine base-editing. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3026. [PMID: 35641501 PMCID: PMC9156665 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30780-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas technologies constitute a powerful tool for genome engineering, yet their use in non-traditional bacteria depends on host factors or exogenous recombinases, which limits both efficiency and throughput. Here we mitigate these practical constraints by developing a widely-applicable genome engineering toolset for Gram-negative bacteria. The challenge is addressed by tailoring a CRISPR base editor that enables single-nucleotide resolution manipulations (C·G → T·A) with >90% efficiency. Furthermore, incorporating Cas6-mediated processing of guide RNAs in a streamlined protocol for plasmid assembly supports multiplex base editing with >85% efficiency. The toolset is adopted to construct and deconstruct complex phenotypes in the soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida. Single-step engineering of an aromatic-compound production phenotype and multi-step deconstruction of the intricate redox metabolism illustrate the versatility of multiplex base editing afforded by our toolbox. Hence, this approach overcomes typical limitations of previous technologies and empowers engineering programs in Gram-negative bacteria that were out of reach thus far. Rapid engineering of bacterial genomes is a requisite for both fundamental and applied studies. Here the authors develop an enhanced, broad-host-range cytidine base editor that enables multiplexed and efficient genome editing of Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Volke
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Román A Martino
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ekaterina Kozaeva
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Andrea M Smania
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Pablo I Nikel
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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63
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Lin Y, Li J, Li C, Tu Z, Li S, Li XJ, Yan S. Application of CRISPR/Cas9 System in Establishing Large Animal Models. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:919155. [PMID: 35656550 PMCID: PMC9152178 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.919155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The foundation for investigating the mechanisms of human diseases is the establishment of animal models, which are also widely used in agricultural industry, pharmaceutical applications, and clinical research. However, small animals such as rodents, which have been extensively used to create disease models, do not often fully mimic the key pathological changes and/or important symptoms of human disease. As a result, there is an emerging need to establish suitable large animal models that can recapitulate important phenotypes of human diseases for investigating pathogenesis and developing effective therapeutics. However, traditional genetic modification technologies used in establishing small animal models are difficultly applied for generating large animal models of human diseases. This difficulty has been overcome to a great extent by the recent development of gene editing technology, especially the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9). In this review, we focus on the applications of CRISPR/Cas9 system to establishment of large animal models, including nonhuman primates, pigs, sheep, goats and dogs, for investigating disease pathogenesis and treatment. We also discuss the limitations of large animal models and possible solutions according to our current knowledge. Finally, we sum up the applications of the novel genome editing tool Base Editors (BEs) and its great potential for gene editing in large animals.
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Tan J, Zeng D, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Liu T, Li S, Xue Y, Luo Y, Xie X, Chen L, Liu Y, Zhu Q. PhieABEs: a PAM-less/free high-efficiency adenine base editor toolbox with wide target scope in plants. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:934-943. [PMID: 34984801 PMCID: PMC9055815 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Adenine base editors (ABEs), which are generally engineered adenosine deaminases and Cas variants, introduce site-specific A-to-G mutations for agronomic trait improvement. However, notably varying editing efficiencies, restrictive requirements for protospacer-adjacent motifs (PAMs) and a narrow editing window greatly limit their application. Here, we developed a robust high-efficiency ABE (PhieABE) toolbox for plants by fusing an evolved, highly active form of the adenosine deaminase TadA8e and a single-stranded DNA-binding domain (DBD), based on PAM-less/free Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9) nickase variants that recognize the PAM NGN (for SpCas9n-NG and SpGn) or NNN (for SpRYn). By targeting 29 representative targets in rice and assessing the results, we demonstrate that PhieABEs have significantly improved base-editing activity, expanded target range and broader editing windows compared to the ABE7.10 and general ABE8e systems. Among these PhieABEs, hyper ABE8e-DBD-SpRYn (hyABE8e-SpRY) showed nearly 100% editing efficiency at some tested sites, with a high proportion of homozygous base substitutions in the editing windows and no single guide RNA (sgRNA)-dependent off-target changes. The original sgRNA was more compatible with PhieABEs than the evolved sgRNA. In conclusion, the DBD fusion effectively promotes base-editing efficiency, and this novel PhieABE toolbox should have wide applications in plant functional genomics and crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiantao Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐BioresourcesGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern AgricultureGuangzhouChina
- College of Life SciencesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Dongchang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐BioresourcesGuangzhouChina
- College of Life SciencesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yanchang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐BioresourcesGuangzhouChina
- College of Life SciencesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yaxi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐BioresourcesGuangzhouChina
- College of Life SciencesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Taoli Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐BioresourcesGuangzhouChina
- College of Life SciencesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Shuangchun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐BioresourcesGuangzhouChina
- College of Life SciencesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yang Xue
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐BioresourcesGuangzhouChina
- College of Life SciencesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yuyu Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐BioresourcesGuangzhouChina
- College of Life SciencesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xianrong Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐BioresourcesGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern AgricultureGuangzhouChina
- College of Life SciencesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Letian Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐BioresourcesGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern AgricultureGuangzhouChina
- College of Life SciencesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yao‐Guang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐BioresourcesGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern AgricultureGuangzhouChina
- College of Life SciencesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Qinlong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐BioresourcesGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern AgricultureGuangzhouChina
- College of Life SciencesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
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Moniruzzaman M, Zhong Y, Huang Z, Zhong G. Having a Same Type IIS Enzyme's Restriction Site on Guide RNA Sequence Does Not Affect Golden Gate (GG) Cloning and Subsequent CRISPR/Cas Mutagenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4889. [PMID: 35563297 PMCID: PMC9101711 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Golden gate/modular cloning facilitates faster and more efficient cloning by utilizing the unique features of the type IIS restriction enzymes. However, it is known that targeted insertion of DNA fragment(s) must not include internal type IIS restriction recognition sites. In the case of cloning CRISPR constructs by using golden gate (GG) cloning, this narrows down the scope of guide RNA (gRNA) picks because the selection of a good gRNA for successful genome editing requires some obligation of fulfillment, and it is unwanted if a good gRNA candidate cannot be picked only because it has an internal type IIS restriction recognition site. In this article, we have shown that the presence of a type IIS restriction recognition site in a gRNA does not affect cloning and subsequent genome editing. After each step of GG reactions, correct insertions of gRNAs were verified by colony color and restriction digestion and were further confirmed by sequencing. Finally, the final vector containing a Cas12a nuclease and four gRNAs was used for Agrobacterium-mediated citrus cell transformation. Sequencing of PCR amplicons flanking gRNA-2 showed a substitution (C to T) mutation in transgenic plants. The knowledge derived from this study could widen the scope of GG cloning, particularly of gRNAs selection for GG-mediated cloning into CRISPR vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Moniruzzaman
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.H.)
- Center for Viticulture and Small Fruit Research, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32308, USA
| | - Yun Zhong
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhifeng Huang
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.H.)
| | - Guangyan Zhong
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.H.)
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Niazian M, Belzile F, Torkamaneh D. CRISPR/Cas9 in Planta Hairy Root Transformation: A Powerful Platform for Functional Analysis of Root Traits in Soybean. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1044. [PMID: 35448772 PMCID: PMC9027312 DOI: 10.3390/plants11081044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sequence and expression data obtained by next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based forward genetics methods often allow the identification of candidate causal genes. To provide true experimental evidence of a gene's function, reverse genetics techniques are highly valuable. Site-directed mutagenesis through transfer DNA (T-DNA) delivery is an efficient reverse screen method in plant functional analysis. Precise modification of targeted crop genome sequences is possible through the stable and/or transient delivery of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (CRISPR/Cas) reagents. Currently, CRISPR/Cas9 is the most powerful reverse genetics approach for fast and precise functional analysis of candidate genes/mutations of interest. Rapid and large-scale analyses of CRISPR/Cas-induced mutagenesis is achievable through Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated hairy root transformation. The combination of A. rhizogenes hairy root-CRISPR/Cas provides an extraordinary platform for rapid, precise, easy, and cost-effective "in root" functional analysis of genes of interest in legume plants, including soybean. Both hairy root transformation and CRISPR/Cas9 techniques have their own complexities and considerations. Here, we discuss recent advancements in soybean hairy root transformation and CRISPR/Cas9 techniques. We highlight the critical factors required to enhance mutation induction and hairy root transformation, including the new generation of reporter genes, methods of Agrobacterium infection, accurate gRNA design strategies, Cas9 variants, gene regulatory elements of gRNAs and Cas9 nuclease cassettes and their configuration in the final binary vector to study genes involved in root-related traits in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Niazian
- Département de Phytologie, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (M.N.); (F.B.)
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Field and Horticultural Crops Research Department, Kurdistan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Sanandaj 6616936311, Iran
| | - François Belzile
- Département de Phytologie, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (M.N.); (F.B.)
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Davoud Torkamaneh
- Département de Phytologie, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (M.N.); (F.B.)
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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Xiong X, Li Z, Liang J, Liu K, Li C, Li JF. A cytosine base editor toolkit with varying activity windows and target scopes for versatile gene manipulation in plants. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:3565-3580. [PMID: 35286371 PMCID: PMC8989527 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas-derived base editing tools empower efficient alteration of genomic cytosines or adenines associated with essential genetic traits in plants and animals. Diversified target sequences and customized editing products call for base editors with distinct features regarding the editing window and target scope. Here we developed a toolkit of plant base editors containing AID10, an engineered human AID cytosine deaminase. When fused to the N-terminus or C-terminus of the conventional Cas9 nickase (nSpCas9), AID10 exhibited a broad or narrow activity window at the protospacer adjacent motif (PAM)-distal and -proximal protospacer, respectively, while AID10 fused to both termini conferred an additive activity window. We further replaced nSpCas9 with orthogonal or PAM-relaxed Cas9 variants to widen target scopes. Moreover, we devised dual base editors with AID10 located adjacently or distally to the adenine deaminase ABE8e, leading to juxtaposed or spaced cytosine and adenine co-editing at the same target sequence in plant cells. Furthermore, we expanded the application of this toolkit in plants for tunable knockdown of protein-coding genes via creating upstream open reading frame and for loss-of-function analysis of non-coding genes, such as microRNA sponges. Collectively, this toolkit increases the functional diversity and versatility of base editors in basic and applied plant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Xiong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhenxiang Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jieping Liang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Kehui Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Chenlong Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jian-Feng Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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Hua K, Han P, Zhu JK. Improvement of base editors and prime editors advances precision genome engineering in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:1795-1810. [PMID: 34962995 PMCID: PMC8968349 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR associated protein (Cas)-mediated gene disruption has revolutionized biomedical research as well as plant and animal breeding. However, most disease-causing mutations and agronomically important genetic variations are single base polymorphisms (single-nucleotide polymorphisms) that require precision genome editing tools for correction of the sequences. Although homology-directed repair of double-stranded breaks (DSBs) can introduce precise changes, such repairs are inefficient in differentiated animal and plant cells. Base editing and prime editing are two recently developed genome engineering approaches that can efficiently introduce precise edits into target sites without requirement of DSB formation or donor DNA templates. They have been applied in several plant species with promising results. Here, we review the extensive literature on improving the efficiency, target scope, and specificity of base editors and prime editors in plants. We also highlight recent progress on base editing in plant organellar genomes and discuss how these precision genome editing tools are advancing basic plant research and crop breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hua
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Peijin Han
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian-Kang Zhu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
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Wada N, Osakabe K, Osakabe Y. Expanding the plant genome editing toolbox with recently developed CRISPR-Cas systems. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:1825-1837. [PMID: 35099553 PMCID: PMC8968252 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Since its first appearance, CRISPR-Cas9 has been developed extensively as a programmable genome-editing tool, opening a new era in plant genome engineering. However, CRISPR-Cas9 still has some drawbacks, such as limitations of the protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM) sequence, target specificity, and the large size of the cas9 gene. To combat invading bacterial phages and plasmid DNAs, bacteria and archaea have diverse and unexplored CRISPR-Cas systems, which have the potential to be developed as a useful genome editing tools. Recently, discovery and characterization of additional CRISPR-Cas systems have been reported. Among them, several CRISPR-Cas systems have been applied successfully to plant and human genome editing. For example, several groups have achieved genome editing using CRISPR-Cas type I-D and type I-E systems, which had never been applied for genome editing previously. In addition to higher specificity and recognition of different PAM sequences, recently developed CRISPR-Cas systems often provide unique characteristics that differ from well-known Cas proteins such as Cas9 and Cas12a. For example, type I CRISPR-Cas10 induces small indels and bi-directional long-range deletions ranging up to 7.2 kb in tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Type IV CRISPR-Cas13 targets RNA, not double-strand DNA, enabling highly specific knockdown of target genes. In this article, we review the development of CRISPR-Cas systems, focusing especially on their application to plant genome engineering. Recent CRISPR-Cas tools are helping expand our plant genome engineering toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Wada
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Keishi Osakabe
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
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Zhu G, Zhu H. Modified Gene Editing Systems: Diverse Bioengineering Tools and Crop Improvement. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:847169. [PMID: 35371136 PMCID: PMC8969578 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.847169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Gene-editing systems have emerged as bioengineering tools in recent years. Classical gene-editing systems include zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) with CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) (CRISPR/Cas9), and these tools allow specific sequences to be targeted and edited. Various modified gene-editing systems have been established based on classical gene-editing systems. Base editors (BEs) can accurately carry out base substitution on target sequences, while prime editors (PEs) can replace or insert sequences. CRISPR systems targeting mitochondrial genomes and RNA have also been explored and established. Multiple gene-editing techniques based on CRISPR/Cas9 have been established and applied to genome engineering. Modified gene-editing systems also make transgene-free plants more readily available. In this review, we discuss the modifications made to gene-editing systems in recent years and summarize the capabilities, deficiencies, and applications of these modified gene-editing systems. Finally, we discuss the future developmental direction and challenges of modified gene-editing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hongliang Zhu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Ali Q, Yu C, Hussain A, Ali M, Ahmar S, Sohail MA, Riaz M, Ashraf MF, Abdalmegeed D, Wang X, Imran M, Manghwar H, Zhou L. Genome Engineering Technology for Durable Disease Resistance: Recent Progress and Future Outlooks for Sustainable Agriculture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:860281. [PMID: 35371164 PMCID: PMC8968944 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.860281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Crop production worldwide is under pressure from multiple factors, including reductions in available arable land and sources of water, along with the emergence of new pathogens and development of resistance in pre-existing pathogens. In addition, the ever-growing world population has increased the demand for food, which is predicted to increase by more than 100% by 2050. To meet these needs, different techniques have been deployed to produce new cultivars with novel heritable mutations. Although traditional breeding continues to play a vital role in crop improvement, it typically involves long and laborious artificial planting over multiple generations. Recently, the application of innovative genome engineering techniques, particularly CRISPR-Cas9-based systems, has opened up new avenues that offer the prospects of sustainable farming in the modern agricultural industry. In addition, the emergence of novel editing systems has enabled the development of transgene-free non-genetically modified plants, which represent a suitable option for improving desired traits in a range of crop plants. To date, a number of disease-resistant crops have been produced using gene-editing tools, which can make a significant contribution to overcoming disease-related problems. Not only does this directly minimize yield losses but also reduces the reliance on pesticide application, thereby enhancing crop productivity that can meet the globally increasing demand for food. In this review, we describe recent progress in genome engineering techniques, particularly CRISPR-Cas9 systems, in development of disease-resistant crop plants. In addition, we describe the role of CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome editing in sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qurban Ali
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Disease and Pest Insects, College of Plant Protection, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenjie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Disease and Pest Insects, College of Plant Protection, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Amjad Hussain
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mohsin Ali
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sunny Ahmar
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology, and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Muhammad Aamir Sohail
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Root Biology Center, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Furqan Ashraf
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dyaaaldin Abdalmegeed
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Disease and Pest Insects, College of Plant Protection, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Xiukang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hakim Manghwar
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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Molla KA, Shih J, Wheatley MS, Yang Y. Predictable NHEJ Insertion and Assessment of HDR Editing Strategies in Plants. Front Genome Ed 2022; 4:825236. [PMID: 35481279 PMCID: PMC9037586 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2022.825236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Canonical CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technique has profoundly impacted the fields of plant biology, biotechnology, and crop improvement. Since non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) is usually considered to generate random indels, its high efficiency mutation is generally not pertinent to precise editing. Homology-directed repair (HDR) can mediate precise editing with supplied donor DNA, but it suffers from extreme low efficiency in higher plants. Therefore, precision editing in plants will be facilitated by the ability to predict NHEJ repair outcome and to improve HDR efficiency. Here, we report that NHEJ-mediated single nucleotide insertion at different rice genes is predictable based on DNA sequences at the target loci. Three mutation prediction tools (inDelphi, FORECasT, and SPROUT) have been validated in the rice plant system. We also evaluated the chimeric guide RNA (cgRNA) and Cas9-Retron precISe Parallel Editing via homologY (CRISPEY) strategies to facilitate donor template supply for improving HDR efficiency in Nicotiana benthamiana and rice. However, neither cgRNA nor CRISPEY improved plant HDR editing efficiency in this study. Interestingly, our data indicate that tethering of 200-250 nucleotides long sequence to either 5' or 3' ends of guide RNA did not significantly affect Cas9 cleavage activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kutubuddin A Molla
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, India
| | - Justin Shih
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Matthew S Wheatley
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Yinong Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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Wu Y, He Y, Sretenovic S, Liu S, Cheng Y, Han Y, Liu G, Bao Y, Fang Q, Zheng X, Zhou J, Qi Y, Zhang Y, Zhang T. CRISPR-BETS: a base-editing design tool for generating stop codons. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:499-510. [PMID: 34669232 PMCID: PMC8882796 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cytosine base editors (CBEs) can install a predefined stop codon at the target site, representing a more predictable and neater method for creating genetic knockouts without altering the genome size. Due to the enhanced predictability of the editing outcomes, it is also more efficient to obtain homozygous mutants in the first generation. With the recent advancement of CBEs on improved editing activity, purify and specificity in plants and animals, base editing has become a more appealing technology for generating knockouts. However, there is a lack of design tools that can aid the adoption of CBEs for achieving such a purpose, especially in plants. Here, we developed a user-friendly design tool named CRISPR-BETS (base editing to stop), which helps with guide RNA (gRNA) design for introducing stop codons in the protein-coding genes of interest. We demonstrated in rice and tomato that CRISPR-BETS is easy-to-use, and its generated gRNAs are highly specific and efficient for generating stop codons and obtaining homozygous knockout lines. While we tailored the tool for the plant research community, CRISPR-BETS can also serve non-plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuechao Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and PhysiologyAgricultural College of Yangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain CropsYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Yao He
- Department of BiotechnologySchool of Life Science and TechnologyCenter for Informational BiologyUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Simon Sretenovic
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape ArchitectureUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMarylandUSA
| | - Shishi Liu
- Department of BiotechnologySchool of Life Science and TechnologyCenter for Informational BiologyUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Yanhao Cheng
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape ArchitectureUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMarylandUSA
| | - Yangshuo Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and PhysiologyAgricultural College of Yangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain CropsYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Guanqing Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and PhysiologyAgricultural College of Yangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain CropsYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Yu Bao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and PhysiologyAgricultural College of Yangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain CropsYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Qing Fang
- Department of BiotechnologySchool of Life Science and TechnologyCenter for Informational BiologyUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Xuelian Zheng
- Department of BiotechnologySchool of Life Science and TechnologyCenter for Informational BiologyUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Jianping Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and PhysiologyAgricultural College of Yangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
- Department of BiotechnologySchool of Life Science and TechnologyCenter for Informational BiologyUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Yiping Qi
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape ArchitectureUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMarylandUSA
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology ResearchUniversity of MarylandRockvilleMarylandUSA
| | - Yong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and PhysiologyAgricultural College of Yangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
- Department of BiotechnologySchool of Life Science and TechnologyCenter for Informational BiologyUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Tao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and PhysiologyAgricultural College of Yangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain CropsYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri‐Product SafetyThe Ministry of Education of ChinaYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
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74
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Yoon HH, Ye S, Lim S, Jo A, Lee H, Hong F, Lee SE, Oh SJ, Kim NR, Kim K, Kim BJ, Kim H, Lee CJ, Nam MH, Hur JW, Jeon SR. CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing Protects from the A53T-SNCA Overexpression-Induced Pathology of Parkinson's Disease In Vivo. CRISPR J 2022; 5:95-108. [PMID: 35191750 DOI: 10.1089/crispr.2021.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in specific genes, including synuclein alpha (SNCA) that encodes the α-synuclein protein, are known to be risk factors for sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD), as well as critical factors for familial PD. In particular, A53T-mutated SNCA (A53T-SNCA) is a well-studied familial pathologic mutation in PD. However, techniques for deletion of the mutated SNCA gene in vivo have not been developed. Here, we used the CRISPR-Cas9 system to delete A53T-SNCA in vitro as well as in vivo. Adeno-associated virus carrying SaCas9-KKH with a single-guide RNA targeting A53T-SNCA significantly reduced A53T-SNCA expression levels in vitro. Furthermore, we tested its therapeutic potential in vivo in a viral A53T-SNCA-overexpressing rat model of PD. Gene deletion of A53T-SNCA significantly rescued the overexpression of α-synuclein, reactive microgliosis, dopaminergic neurodegeneration, and parkinsonian motor symptoms. Our findings propose CRISPR-Cas9 system as a potential prevention strategy for A53T-SNCA-specific PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Ho Yoon
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sunghyeok Ye
- RnD center, GeneCker, Seoul, Korea; Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sunhwa Lim
- Convergence Research Center for Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea; Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.,Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea; Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ara Jo
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea; Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hawon Lee
- RnD center, GeneCker, Seoul, Korea; Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Felix Hong
- RnD center, GeneCker, Seoul, Korea; Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Eun Lee
- Virus Facility, Research Animal Resource Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea; Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Oh
- Convergence Research Center for Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea; Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.,Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea; Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Na-Rae Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea; Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoungmi Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea; Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bum-Joon Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea; Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunjin Kim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea; Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - C Justin Lee
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Korea; and Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Ho Nam
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea; Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of KHU-KIST Convergence Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Junseok W Hur
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea; Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Ryong Jeon
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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75
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The Utility of Genomic Testing for Hyperphenylalaninemia. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11041061. [PMID: 35207333 PMCID: PMC8879487 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11041061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA), the most common amino acid metabolism disorder, is caused by defects in enzymes involved in phenylalanine metabolism, with the consequent accumulation of phenylalanine and its secondary metabolites in body fluids and tissues. Clinical manifestations of HPA include mental retardation, and its early diagnosis with timely treatment can improve the prognosis of affected patients. Due to the genetic complexity and heterogeneity of HPA, high-throughput molecular technologies, such as next-generation sequencing (NGS), are becoming indispensable tools to fully characterize the etiology, helping clinicians to promptly identify the exact patients’ genotype and determine the appropriate treatment. In this review, after a brief overview of the key enzymes involved in phenylalanine metabolism, we represent the wide spectrum of genes and their variants associated with HPA and discuss the utility of genomic testing for improved diagnosis and clinical management of HPA.
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76
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Piotter E, McClements ME, MacLaren RE. The Scope of Pathogenic ABCA4 Mutations Targetable by CRISPR DNA Base Editing Systems-A Systematic Review. Front Genet 2022; 12:814131. [PMID: 35154257 PMCID: PMC8830518 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.814131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Stargardt macular dystrophy (STGD1) is the most common form of inherited childhood blindness worldwide and for which no current treatments exist. It is an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in ABCA4. To date, a variety of gene supplementation approaches have been tested to create a therapy, with some reaching clinical trials. New technologies, such as CRISPR-Cas based editing systems, provide an exciting frontier for addressing genetic disease by allowing targeted DNA or RNA base editing of pathogenic mutations. ABCA4 has ∼1,200 known pathogenic mutations, of which ∼63% are transition mutations amenable to this editing technology. In this report, we screened the known "pathogenic" and "likely pathogenic" mutations in ABCA4 from available data in gnomAD, Leiden Open Variation Database (LOVD), and ClinVar for potential PAM sites of relevant base editors, including Streptococcus pyogenes Cas (SpCas), Staphylococcus aureus Cas (SaCas), and the KKH variant of SaCas (Sa-KKH). Overall, of the mutations screened, 53% (ClinVar), 71% (LOVD), and 71% (gnomAD), were editable, pathogenic transition mutations, of which 35-47% had "ideal" PAM sites. Of these mutations, 16-20% occur within a range of multiple PAM sites, enabling a variety of editing strategies. Further, in relevant patient data looking at three cohorts from Germany, Denmark, and China, we find that 44-76% of patients, depending on the presence of complex alleles, have at least one transition mutation with a nearby SaCas, SpCas, or Sa-KKH PAM site, which would allow for potential DNA base editing as a treatment strategy. Given the complexity of the genetic landscape of Stargardt, these findings provide a clearer understanding of the potential for DNA base editing approaches to be applied as ABCA4 gene therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Piotter
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle E. McClements
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Robert E. MacLaren
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
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77
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Nambiar TS, Baudrier L, Billon P, Ciccia A. CRISPR-based genome editing through the lens of DNA repair. Mol Cell 2022; 82:348-388. [PMID: 35063100 PMCID: PMC8887926 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Genome editing technologies operate by inducing site-specific DNA perturbations that are resolved by cellular DNA repair pathways. Products of genome editors include DNA breaks generated by CRISPR-associated nucleases, base modifications induced by base editors, DNA flaps created by prime editors, and integration intermediates formed by site-specific recombinases and transposases associated with CRISPR systems. Here, we discuss the cellular processes that repair CRISPR-generated DNA lesions and describe strategies to obtain desirable genomic changes through modulation of DNA repair pathways. Advances in our understanding of the DNA repair circuitry, in conjunction with the rapid development of innovative genome editing technologies, promise to greatly enhance our ability to improve food production, combat environmental pollution, develop cell-based therapies, and cure genetic and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun S Nambiar
- Department of Genetics and Development, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Lou Baudrier
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robson DNA Science Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Pierre Billon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robson DNA Science Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Alberto Ciccia
- Department of Genetics and Development, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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78
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Cao HX, Vu GTH, Gailing O. From Genome Sequencing to CRISPR-Based Genome Editing for Climate-Resilient Forest Trees. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:966. [PMID: 35055150 PMCID: PMC8780650 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the economic and ecological importance of forest trees, modern breeding and genetic manipulation of forest trees have become increasingly prevalent. The CRISPR-based technology provides a versatile, powerful, and widely accepted tool for analyzing gene function and precise genetic modification in virtually any species but remains largely unexplored in forest species. Rapidly accumulating genetic and genomic resources for forest trees enabled the identification of numerous genes and biological processes that are associated with important traits such as wood quality, drought, or pest resistance, facilitating the selection of suitable gene editing targets. Here, we introduce and discuss the latest progress, opportunities, and challenges of genome sequencing and editing for improving forest sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hieu Xuan Cao
- Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Gottingen, Germany;
| | - Giang Thi Ha Vu
- Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Gottingen, Germany;
| | - Oliver Gailing
- Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Gottingen, Germany;
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), Georg-August University of Göttingen, 37073 Gottingen, Germany
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79
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Wu F, Guo T, Sun L, Li F, Yang X. Base Editing of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells for Modeling Long QT Syndrome. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:1434-1443. [PMID: 34997921 PMCID: PMC9033722 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10324-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have great potential for disease modeling, drug discovery, and regenerative medicine as they can differentiate into many different functional cell types via directed differentiation. However, the application of disease modeling is limited due to a time-consuming and labor-intensive process of introducing known pathogenic mutations into hPSCs. Base editing is a newly developed technology that enables the facile introduction of point mutations into specific loci within the genome of living cells without unwanted genome injured. We describe an optimized stepwise protocol to introduce disease-specific mutations of long QT syndrome (LQTs) into hPSCs. We highlight technical issues, especially those associated with introducing a point mutation to obtain isogenic hPSCs without inserting any resistance cassette and reproducible cardiomyocyte differentiation. Based on the protocol, we succeeded in getting hPSCs carrying LQTs pathogenic mutation with excellent efficiency (31.7% of heterozygous clones, 9.1% of homozygous clones) in less than 20 days. In addition, we also provide protocols to analyze electrophysiological of hPSC-derived cardiomyocytes using multi-electrode arrays. This protocol is also applicable to introduce other disease-specific mutations into hPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujian Wu
- Translational Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center, The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China.,Post-doctoral Scientific Research Station of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Stem Cell and Cell Therapy, Shenzhen, 518020, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Transformation, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Tianwei Guo
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lixiang Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University & Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases Control and Prevention & Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases, Nanning, China
| | - Furong Li
- Translational Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center, The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Stem Cell and Cell Therapy, Shenzhen, 518020, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Transformation, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Xiaofei Yang
- Translational Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center, The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China. .,Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Stem Cell and Cell Therapy, Shenzhen, 518020, China. .,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Transformation, Shenzhen, 518020, China.
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80
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Sultan Q, Ashraf S, Munir A, Khan SH, Munawar N, Abd-Elsalam KA, Ahmad A. Beyond Genome Editing: CRISPR Approaches. THE CRISPR/CAS TOOL KIT FOR GENOME EDITING 2022:187-218. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-6305-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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81
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Wang Y, Wang H, Jian Y, Luo Z, Shao H, Zhang W. Strategies for optimization of the CRISPR-based genome editing system for enhanced editing specificity. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 33:358-370. [PMID: 34963339 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2021.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system is inarguably the most valuable gene editing tool ever discovered. Currently, three classes of CRISPR-based genome editing systems have been developed for gene editing, including CRISPR/Cas nucleases, base editors (BEs) and prime editors (PEs). Ever-evolving CRISPR technology plays an important role in medicine; however, the biggest obstacle to its use in clinical practice is the induction of off-target effects (OTEs) during targeted editing. Therefore, continuous improvement and optimization of the CRISPR system for reduction of OTEs is a major focus in the field of CRISPR research. This review aims to provide a comprehensive guide for optimization of the CRISPR-based genome editing system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangmin Wang
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, 71237, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China;
| | - Haozheng Wang
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, 71237, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China;
| | - Yingzhen Jian
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, 71237, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China;
| | - Zhongtao Luo
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, 71237, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China;
| | - Hongwei Shao
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, 71237, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China;
| | - Wenfeng Zhang
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, 71237, School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics , 28 E. Rd outside the City of Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China, 510006;
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82
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Li C, Zhang B, Yu H. GSK3s: nodes of multilayer regulation of plant development and stress responses. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:1286-1300. [PMID: 34417080 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) family members are highly conserved serine/threonine protein kinases in eukaryotes. Unlike animals, plants have evolved with multiple homologs of GSK3s involved in a diverse array of biological processes. Emerging evidence suggests that GSK3s act as signaling hubs for integrating perception and transduction of diverse signals required for plant development and responses to abiotic and biotic cues. Here we review recent advances in understanding the molecular interactions between GSK3s and an expanding spectrum of their upstream regulators and downstream substrates in plants. We further discuss how GSK3s act as key signaling nodes of multilayer regulation of plant development and stress response through either being regulated at the post-translational level or regulating their substrates via phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxiang Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore; Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore; Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore; Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore.
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83
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Wu J, Liu DF, Li HH, Min D, Liu JQ, Xu P, Li WW, Yu HQ, Zhu YG. Controlling pathogenic risks of water treatment biotechnologies at the source by genetic editing means. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:7578-7590. [PMID: 34837302 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in the environment and wastewater treatment systems, many of which are also important pollutant degraders and are difficult to control by traditional disinfection approaches, have become an unprecedented treat to ecological security and human health. Here, we propose the adoption of genetic editing techniques as a highly targeted, efficient and simple tool to control the risks of environmental pathogens at the source. An 'all-in-one' plasmid system was constructed in Aeromonas hydrophila to accurately identify and selectively inactivate multiple key virulence factor genes and antibiotic resistance genes via base editing, enabling significantly suppressed bacterial virulence and resistance without impairing their normal phenotype and pollutant-degradation functions. Its safe application for bioaugmented treatment of synthetic textile wastewater was also demonstrated. This genetic-editing technique may offer a promising solution to control the health risks of environmental microorganisms via targeted gene inactivation, thereby facilitating safer application of water treatment biotechnologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.,University of Science and Technology of China-City University of Hong Kong Joint Advanced Research Center, Suzhou Institute for Advance Research of USTC, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Dong-Feng Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Sewage Purification and Ecological Rehabilitation Materials, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Hui-Hui Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Di Min
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jia-Qi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Peng Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Wen-Wei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.,University of Science and Technology of China-City University of Hong Kong Joint Advanced Research Center, Suzhou Institute for Advance Research of USTC, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Han-Qing Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yong-Guan Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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84
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Wang T, Zhang C, Zhang H, Zhu H. CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Gene Editing Revolutionizes the Improvement of Horticulture Food Crops. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:13260-13269. [PMID: 33734711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Horticultural food crops are important sources of nutrients for humans. With the increase of the global population, enhanced horticulture food crop production has become a new challenge, and enriching their nutritional content has also been required. Gene editing systems, such as zinc finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated 9 (Cas9), have accelerated crop improvement through the modification of targeted genomes precisely. Here, we review the development of various gene editors and compare their advantages and shortcomings, especially the newly emerging CRISPR/Cas systems, such as base editing and prime editing. We also summarize their practical applications in crop trait improvement, including yield, nutritional quality, and other consumer traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Wang
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunjiao Zhang
- Supervision, Inspection & Testing Center of Agricultural Products Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongliang Zhu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
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85
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Hu J, Huang L, Chen G, Liu H, Zhang Y, Zhang R, Zhang S, Liu J, Hu Q, Hu F, Wang W, Ding Y. The Elite Alleles of OsSPL4 Regulate Grain Size and Increase Grain Yield in Rice. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 14:90. [PMID: 34727228 PMCID: PMC8563897 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-021-00531-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Grain weight and grain number, the two important yield traits, are mainly determined by grain size and panicle architecture in rice. Herein, we report the identification and functional analysis of OsSPL4 in panicle and grain development of rice. Using CRISPR/Cas9 system, two elite alleles of OsSPL4 were obtained, which exhibited an increasing number of grains per panicle and grain size, resulting in increase of rice yield. Cytological analysis showed that OsSPL4 could regulate spikelet development by promoting cell division. The results of RNA-seq and qRT-PCR validations also demonstrated that several MADS-box and cell-cycle genes were up-regulated in the mutation lines. Co-expression network revealed that many yield-related genes were involved in the regulation network of OsSPL4. In addition, OsSPL4 could be cleaved by the osa-miR156 in vivo, and the OsmiR156-OsSPL4 module might regulate the grain size in rice. Further analysis indicated that the large-grain allele of OsSPL4 in indica rice might introgress from aus varieties under artificial selection. Taken together, our findings suggested that OsSPL4 could be as a key regulator of grain size by acting on cell division control and provided a strategy for panicle architecture and grain size modification for yield improvement in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Liyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Guanglong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Yesheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
- BGI-Baoshan, Baoshan, 678004, Yunnan, China
| | - Ru Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Shilai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jintao Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Qingyi Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Fengyi Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Wen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China.
| | - Yi Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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Ahmad A, Munawar N, Khan Z, Qusmani AT, Khan SH, Jamil A, Ashraf S, Ghouri MZ, Aslam S, Mubarik MS, Munir A, Sultan Q, Abd-Elsalam KA, Qari SH. An Outlook on Global Regulatory Landscape for Genome-Edited Crops. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11753. [PMID: 34769204 PMCID: PMC8583973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The revolutionary technology of CRISPR/Cas systems and their extraordinary potential to address fundamental questions in every field of biological sciences has led to their developers being awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. In agriculture, CRISPR/Cas systems have accelerated the development of new crop varieties with improved traits-without the need for transgenes. However, the future of this technology depends on a clear and truly global regulatory framework being developed for these crops. Some CRISPR-edited crops are already on the market, and yet countries and regions are still divided over their legal status. CRISPR editing does not require transgenes, making CRISPR crops more socially acceptable than genetically modified crops, but there is vigorous debate over how to regulate these crops and what precautionary measures are required before they appear on the market. This article reviews intended outcomes and risks arising from the site-directed nuclease CRISPR systems used to improve agricultural crop plant genomes. It examines how various CRISPR system components, and potential concerns associated with CRISPR/Cas, may trigger regulatory oversight of CRISPR-edited crops. The article highlights differences and similarities between GMOs and CRISPR-edited crops, and discusses social and ethical concerns. It outlines the regulatory framework for GMO crops, which many countries also apply to CRISPR-edited crops, and the global regulatory landscape for CRISPR-edited crops. The article concludes with future prospects for CRISPR-edited crops and their products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aftab Ahmad
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security (CASAFS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.A.); (S.H.K.); (M.Z.G.); (S.A.); (M.S.M.); (Q.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.J.); (S.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Nayla Munawar
- Department of Chemistry, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Zulqurnain Khan
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, MNS University of Agriculture Multan, Multan 60000, Pakistan;
| | - Alaa T. Qusmani
- Biology Department, Al-Jumum University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24243, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sultan Habibullah Khan
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security (CASAFS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.A.); (S.H.K.); (M.Z.G.); (S.A.); (M.S.M.); (Q.S.)
- Center for Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Amer Jamil
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.J.); (S.A.); (A.M.)
- Center for Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Ashraf
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.J.); (S.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Muhammad Zubair Ghouri
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security (CASAFS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.A.); (S.H.K.); (M.Z.G.); (S.A.); (M.S.M.); (Q.S.)
- Center for Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Sabin Aslam
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security (CASAFS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.A.); (S.H.K.); (M.Z.G.); (S.A.); (M.S.M.); (Q.S.)
| | - Muhammad Salman Mubarik
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security (CASAFS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.A.); (S.H.K.); (M.Z.G.); (S.A.); (M.S.M.); (Q.S.)
| | - Ahmad Munir
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.J.); (S.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Qaiser Sultan
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security (CASAFS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.A.); (S.H.K.); (M.Z.G.); (S.A.); (M.S.M.); (Q.S.)
| | - Kamel A. Abd-Elsalam
- Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza 12619, Egypt;
| | - Sameer H. Qari
- Molecular Biology Central Laboratory (GMCL), Department of Biology/Genetics, Aljumum University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24243, Saudi Arabia
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87
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Munro LJ, Kell DB. Intelligent host engineering for metabolic flux optimisation in biotechnology. Biochem J 2021; 478:3685-3721. [PMID: 34673920 PMCID: PMC8589332 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Optimising the function of a protein of length N amino acids by directed evolution involves navigating a 'search space' of possible sequences of some 20N. Optimising the expression levels of P proteins that materially affect host performance, each of which might also take 20 (logarithmically spaced) values, implies a similar search space of 20P. In this combinatorial sense, then, the problems of directed protein evolution and of host engineering are broadly equivalent. In practice, however, they have different means for avoiding the inevitable difficulties of implementation. The spare capacity exhibited in metabolic networks implies that host engineering may admit substantial increases in flux to targets of interest. Thus, we rehearse the relevant issues for those wishing to understand and exploit those modern genome-wide host engineering tools and thinking that have been designed and developed to optimise fluxes towards desirable products in biotechnological processes, with a focus on microbial systems. The aim throughput is 'making such biology predictable'. Strategies have been aimed at both transcription and translation, especially for regulatory processes that can affect multiple targets. However, because there is a limit on how much protein a cell can produce, increasing kcat in selected targets may be a better strategy than increasing protein expression levels for optimal host engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan J. Munro
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Building 220, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Douglas B. Kell
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Building 220, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown St, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
- Mellizyme Biotechnology Ltd, IC1, Liverpool Science Park, 131 Mount Pleasant, Liverpool L3 5TF, U.K
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88
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Ahmad A, Munawar N, Khan Z, Qusmani AT, Khan SH, Jamil A, Ashraf S, Ghouri MZ, Aslam S, Mubarik MS, Munir A, Sultan Q, Abd-Elsalam KA, Qari SH. An Outlook on Global Regulatory Landscape for Genome-Edited Crops. Int J Mol Sci 2021. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The revolutionary technology of CRISPR/Cas systems and their extraordinary potential to address fundamental questions in every field of biological sciences has led to their developers being awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. In agriculture, CRISPR/Cas systems have accelerated the development of new crop varieties with improved traits—without the need for transgenes. However, the future of this technology depends on a clear and truly global regulatory framework being developed for these crops. Some CRISPR-edited crops are already on the market, and yet countries and regions are still divided over their legal status. CRISPR editing does not require transgenes, making CRISPR crops more socially acceptable than genetically modified crops, but there is vigorous debate over how to regulate these crops and what precautionary measures are required before they appear on the market. This article reviews intended outcomes and risks arising from the site-directed nuclease CRISPR systems used to improve agricultural crop plant genomes. It examines how various CRISPR system components, and potential concerns associated with CRISPR/Cas, may trigger regulatory oversight of CRISPR-edited crops. The article highlights differences and similarities between GMOs and CRISPR-edited crops, and discusses social and ethical concerns. It outlines the regulatory framework for GMO crops, which many countries also apply to CRISPR-edited crops, and the global regulatory landscape for CRISPR-edited crops. The article concludes with future prospects for CRISPR-edited crops and their products.
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89
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Abstract
The revolutionary technology of CRISPR/Cas systems and their extraordinary potential to address fundamental questions in every field of biological sciences has led to their developers being awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. In agriculture, CRISPR/Cas systems have accelerated the development of new crop varieties with improved traits-without the need for transgenes. However, the future of this technology depends on a clear and truly global regulatory framework being developed for these crops. Some CRISPR-edited crops are already on the market, and yet countries and regions are still divided over their legal status. CRISPR editing does not require transgenes, making CRISPR crops more socially acceptable than genetically modified crops, but there is vigorous debate over how to regulate these crops and what precautionary measures are required before they appear on the market. This article reviews intended outcomes and risks arising from the site-directed nuclease CRISPR systems used to improve agricultural crop plant genomes. It examines how various CRISPR system components, and potential concerns associated with CRISPR/Cas, may trigger regulatory oversight of CRISPR-edited crops. The article highlights differences and similarities between GMOs and CRISPR-edited crops, and discusses social and ethical concerns. It outlines the regulatory framework for GMO crops, which many countries also apply to CRISPR-edited crops, and the global regulatory landscape for CRISPR-edited crops. The article concludes with future prospects for CRISPR-edited crops and their products.
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90
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Schreurs J, Sacchetto C, Colpaert RMW, Vitiello L, Rampazzo A, Calore M. Recent Advances in CRISPR/Cas9-Based Genome Editing Tools for Cardiac Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10985. [PMID: 34681646 PMCID: PMC8537312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222010985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past two decades, genome editing has proven its value as a powerful tool for modeling or even treating numerous diseases. After the development of protein-guided systems such as zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), which for the first time made DNA editing an actual possibility, the advent of RNA-guided techniques has brought about an epochal change. Based on a bacterial anti-phage system, the CRISPR/Cas9 approach has provided a flexible and adaptable DNA-editing system that has been able to overcome several limitations associated with earlier methods, rapidly becoming the most common tool for both disease modeling and therapeutic studies. More recently, two novel CRISPR/Cas9-derived tools, namely base editing and prime editing, have further widened the range and accuracy of achievable genomic modifications. This review aims to provide an overview of the most recent developments in the genome-editing field and their applications in biomedical research, with a particular focus on models for the study and treatment of cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliët Schreurs
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, ER 6229 Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.S.); (C.S.); (R.M.W.C.)
| | - Claudia Sacchetto
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, ER 6229 Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.S.); (C.S.); (R.M.W.C.)
| | - Robin M. W. Colpaert
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, ER 6229 Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.S.); (C.S.); (R.M.W.C.)
| | - Libero Vitiello
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (L.V.); (A.R.)
| | - Alessandra Rampazzo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (L.V.); (A.R.)
| | - Martina Calore
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, ER 6229 Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.S.); (C.S.); (R.M.W.C.)
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91
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Ren Q, Sretenovic S, Liu G, Zhong Z, Wang J, Huang L, Tang X, Guo Y, Liu L, Wu Y, Zhou J, Zhao Y, Yang H, He Y, Liu S, Yin D, Mayorga R, Zheng X, Zhang T, Qi Y, Zhang Y. Improved plant cytosine base editors with high editing activity, purity, and specificity. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:2052-2068. [PMID: 34042262 PMCID: PMC8486236 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cytosine base editors (CBEs) are great additions to the expanding genome editing toolbox. To improve C-to-T base editing in plants, we first compared seven cytidine deaminases in the BE3-like configuration in rice. We found A3A/Y130F-CBE_V01 resulted in the highest C-to-T base editing efficiency in both rice and Arabidopsis. Furthermore, we demonstrated this A3A/Y130F cytidine deaminase could be used to improve iSpyMacCas9-mediated C-to-T base editing at A-rich PAMs. To showcase its applications, we first applied A3A/Y130F-CBE_V01 for multiplexed editing to generate microRNA-resistant mRNA transcripts as well as pre-mature stop codons in multiple seed trait genes. In addition, we harnessed A3A/Y130F-CBE_V01 for efficient artificial evolution of novel ALS and EPSPS alleles which conferred herbicide resistance in rice. To further improve C-to-T base editing, multiple CBE_V02, CBE_V03 and CBE_V04 systems were developed and tested in rice protoplasts. The CBE_V04 systems were found to have improved editing activity and purity with focal recruitment of more uracil DNA glycosylase inhibitors (UGIs) by the engineered single guide RNA 2.0 scaffold. Finally, we used whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to compare six CBE_V01 systems and four CBE_V04 systems for genome-wide off-target effects in rice. Different levels of cytidine deaminase-dependent and sgRNA-independent off-target effects were indeed revealed by WGS among edited lines by these CBE systems. We also investigated genome-wide sgRNA-dependent off-target effects by different CBEs in rice. This comprehensive study compared 21 different CBE systems, and benchmarked PmCDA1-CBE_V04 and A3A/Y130F-CBE_V04 as next-generation plant CBEs with high editing efficiency, purity, and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiurong Ren
- Department of BiotechnologySchool of Life Science and TechnologyCenter for Informational BiologyUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Simon Sretenovic
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape ArchitectureUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMarylandUSA
| | - Guanqing Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/ Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/ Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular BreedingAgricultural College of Yangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain CropsYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Zhaohui Zhong
- Department of BiotechnologySchool of Life Science and TechnologyCenter for Informational BiologyUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Jiaheng Wang
- Department of BiotechnologySchool of Life Science and TechnologyCenter for Informational BiologyUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Lan Huang
- Department of BiotechnologySchool of Life Science and TechnologyCenter for Informational BiologyUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Xu Tang
- Department of BiotechnologySchool of Life Science and TechnologyCenter for Informational BiologyUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Yachong Guo
- Department of BiotechnologySchool of Life Science and TechnologyCenter for Informational BiologyUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Li Liu
- Department of BiotechnologySchool of Life Science and TechnologyCenter for Informational BiologyUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Yuechao Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/ Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/ Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular BreedingAgricultural College of Yangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain CropsYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of BiotechnologySchool of Life Science and TechnologyCenter for Informational BiologyUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Yuxin Zhao
- Department of BiotechnologySchool of Life Science and TechnologyCenter for Informational BiologyUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Han Yang
- Department of BiotechnologySchool of Life Science and TechnologyCenter for Informational BiologyUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Yao He
- Department of BiotechnologySchool of Life Science and TechnologyCenter for Informational BiologyUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Shishi Liu
- Department of BiotechnologySchool of Life Science and TechnologyCenter for Informational BiologyUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Desuo Yin
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape ArchitectureUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMarylandUSA
- Food Crop InstituteHubei Academy of Agricultural SciencesWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Rocio Mayorga
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape ArchitectureUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMarylandUSA
| | - Xuelian Zheng
- Department of BiotechnologySchool of Life Science and TechnologyCenter for Informational BiologyUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Tao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/ Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/ Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular BreedingAgricultural College of Yangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain CropsYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri‐Product SafetyThe Ministry of Education of ChinaYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Yiping Qi
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape ArchitectureUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMarylandUSA
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology ResearchUniversity of MarylandRockvilleMarylandUSA
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of BiotechnologySchool of Life Science and TechnologyCenter for Informational BiologyUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
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92
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Karlson CKS, Mohd-Noor SN, Nolte N, Tan BC. CRISPR/dCas9-Based Systems: Mechanisms and Applications in Plant Sciences. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10102055. [PMID: 34685863 PMCID: PMC8540305 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
RNA-guided genomic transcriptional regulation tools, namely clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats interference (CRISPRi) and CRISPR-mediated gene activation (CRISPRa), are a powerful technology for gene functional studies. Deriving from the CRISPR/Cas9 system, both systems consist of a catalytically dead Cas9 (dCas9), a transcriptional effector and a single guide RNA (sgRNA). This type of dCas9 is incapable to cleave DNA but retains its ability to specifically bind to DNA. The binding of the dCas9/sgRNA complex to a target gene results in transcriptional interference. The CRISPR/dCas9 system has been explored as a tool for transcriptional modulation and genome imaging. Despite its potential applications and benefits, the challenges and limitations faced by the CRISPR/dCas9 system include the off-target effects, protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) sequence requirements, efficient delivery methods and the CRISPR/dCas9-interfered crops being labeled as genetically modified organisms in several countries. This review highlights the progression of CRISPR/dCas9 technology as well as its applications and potential challenges in crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chou Khai Soong Karlson
- Center for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Siti Nurfadhlina Mohd-Noor
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia;
| | - Nadja Nolte
- Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Boon Chin Tan
- Center for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-3-7967-7982
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93
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Sretenovic S, Liu S, Li G, Cheng Y, Fan T, Xu Y, Zhou J, Zheng X, Coleman G, Zhang Y, Qi Y. Exploring C-To-G Base Editing in Rice, Tomato, and Poplar. Front Genome Ed 2021; 3:756766. [PMID: 34713268 PMCID: PMC8525388 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2021.756766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
As a precise genome editing technology, base editing is broadly used in both basic and applied plant research. Cytosine base editors (CBEs) and adenine base editors (ABEs) represent the two commonly used base editor types that mediate C-to-T and A-to-G base transition changes at the target sites, respectively. To date, no transversion base editors have been described in plants. Here, we assessed three C-to-G base editors (CGBEs) for targeting sequences with SpCas9's canonical NGG protospacer adjacent motifs (PAMs) as well as three PAM-less SpRY-based CGBEs for targeting sequences with relaxed PAM requirements. The analyses in rice and tomato protoplasts showed that these CGBEs could make C-to-G conversions at the target sites, and they preferentially edited the C6 position in the 20-nucleotide target sequence. C-to-T edits, insertions and deletions (indels) were major byproducts induced by these CGBEs in the protoplast systems. Further assessment of these CGBEs in stably transformed rice and poplar plants revealed the preference for editing of non-GC sites, and C-to-T edits are major byproducts. Successful C-to-G editing in stably transgenic rice plants was achieved by rXRCC1-based CGBEs with monoallelic editing efficiencies up to 38% in T0 lines. The UNG-rAPOBEC1 (R33A)-based CGBE resulted in successful C-to-G editing in polar, with monoallelic editing efficiencies up to 6.25% in T0 lines. Overall, this study revealed that different CGBEs have different preference on preferred editing sequence context, which could be influenced by cell cycles, DNA repair pathways, and plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Sretenovic
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Shishi Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Center for Informational Biology, Chengdu, China
| | - Gen Li
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Yanhao Cheng
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Tingting Fan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Center for Informational Biology, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Center for Informational Biology, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianping Zhou
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Center for Informational Biology, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuelian Zheng
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Center for Informational Biology, Chengdu, China
| | - Gary Coleman
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Center for Informational Biology, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiping Qi
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, United States
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94
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Off-target effects of base editors: what we know and how we can reduce it. Curr Genet 2021; 68:39-48. [PMID: 34515826 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-021-01211-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The recently discovered CRISPR-Cas9 modification, base editors (BEs), is considered as one of the most promising tools for correcting disease-causing mutations in humans, since it allows point substitutions to be edited without generating double-stranded DNA breaks, and, therefore, with a significant decrease in non-specific activity. Until recently, this method was considered the safest, but at the same time, it is quite effective. However, recent studies of non-specific activity of BEs revealed that some of them lead to the formation of a huge number of off-targets in both DNA and RNA, occurring due to the nature of the Cas9-fused proteins used. In this review article, we have considered and combined data from numerous studies about the most commonly used and more described in detail APOBEC-based BEs and Target-AID version of CBE, as well as ABE7 and ABE8 with their basic modifications into TadA to improve BEs' specificity. In our opinion, modern advances in molecular genetics make it possible to dramatically reduce the off-target activity of base editors due to introducing mutations into the domains of deaminases or inhibition of Cas9 by anti-CRISPR proteins, which returns BEs to the leading position in genome editing technologies.
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Randall LB, Sretenovic S, Wu Y, Yin D, Zhang T, Eck JV, Qi Y. Genome- and transcriptome-wide off-target analyses of an improved cytosine base editor. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:73-87. [PMID: 34618139 PMCID: PMC8418419 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Cytosine base editors (CBEs) are the promising tools for precise genome editing in plants. It is important to investigate potential off-target effects of an efficient CBE at the genome and transcriptome levels in a major crop. Based on comparison of five cytidine deaminases and two different promoters for expressing single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs), we tested a highly efficient A3A/Y130F-BE3 system for efficient C-to-T base editing in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). We then conducted whole-genome sequencing of four base-edited tomato plants, three Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing control plants, and two wild-type plants. The sequencing depths ranged from 25× to 49× with read mapping rates >97%. No sgRNA-dependent off-target mutations were detected. Our data show an average of approximately 1,000 single-nucleotide variations (SNVs) and approximately 100 insertions and deletions (indels) per GFP control plant. Base-edited plants had on average elevated levels of SNVs (approximately 1,250) and indels (approximately 300) per plant. On average, about 200 more C-to-T (G-to-A) mutations were found in a base-edited plant than a GFP control plant, suggesting some level of sgRNA-independent off-target effects, though the difference is not statistically significant. We also conducted RNA sequencing of the same four base-edited plants and three GFP control plants. An average of approximately 200 RNA SNVs was discovered per plant for either base-edited or GFP control plants. Furthermore, no specific enrichment of C-to-U mutations can be found in the base-edited plants. Hence, we cannot find any evidence for bona fide off-target mutations by A3A/Y130F-BE3 at the transcriptome level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon Sretenovic
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Yuechao Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Desuo Yin
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Tao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Joyce Van Eck
- The Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Yiping Qi
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
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96
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Lin J, Liu X, Lu Z, Huang S, Wu S, Yu W, Liu Y, Zheng X, Huang X, Sun Q, Qiao Y, Liu Z. Modeling a cataract disorder in mice with prime editing. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 25:494-501. [PMID: 34589272 PMCID: PMC8463286 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prime editing enables efficient introduction of targeted transversions, insertions, and deletions in mammalian cells and several organisms. However, genetic disease models with base deletions by prime editing have not yet been reported in mice. Here, we successfully generate a mouse model with a cataract disorder through microinjection of prime editor 3 (PE3) plasmids to efficiently induce targeted single-base deletion. Notably, a generated mouse with a high G-deletion rate (38.2%) displays a nuclear cataract phenotype; the PE3-induced deletions in mutant mice achieve high rates of germline transmission to their progenies, with phenotypic inheritance of cataract. Our data propose that modeling a genetic disease with a single nucleotide deletion in mice can be achieved with prime genome editing in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiang Lin
- Precise Genome Engineering Center, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xingchen Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, CAS Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zongyang Lu
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, CAS Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shisheng Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Susu Wu
- Precise Genome Engineering Center, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wenxia Yu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiaoguo Zheng
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xingxu Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, CAS Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yunbo Qiao
- Precise Genome Engineering Center, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, CAS Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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97
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Molla KA, Sretenovic S, Bansal KC, Qi Y. Precise plant genome editing using base editors and prime editors. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:1166-1187. [PMID: 34518669 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-00991-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of CRISPR-Cas systems has sparked a genome editing revolution in plant genetics and breeding. These sequence-specific RNA-guided nucleases can induce DNA double-stranded breaks, resulting in mutations by imprecise non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair or precise DNA sequence replacement by homology-directed repair (HDR). However, HDR is highly inefficient in many plant species, which has greatly limited precise genome editing in plants. To fill the vital gap in precision editing, base editing and prime editing technologies have recently been developed and demonstrated in numerous plant species. These technologies, which are mainly based on Cas9 nickases, can introduce precise changes into the target genome at a single-base resolution. This Review provides a timely overview of the current status of base editors and prime editors in plants, covering both technological developments and biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kutubuddin A Molla
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, India.
| | - Simon Sretenovic
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Kailash C Bansal
- The Alliance of Bioversity International and the International Centre for Tropical Agriculture, Asia-India, New Delhi, India
| | - Yiping Qi
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, USA.
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98
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Li Y, Li W, Li J. The CRISPR/Cas9 revolution continues: From base editing to prime editing in plant science. J Genet Genomics 2021; 48:661-670. [PMID: 34362681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The ability to precisely inactivate or modify genes in model organisms helps us understand the mysteries of life. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9), a revolutionary technology that could generate targeted mutants, has facilitated notable advances in plant science. Genome editing with CRISPR/Cas9 has gained great popularity and enabled several technical breakthroughs. Herein, we briefly introduce the CRISPR/Cas9, with a focus on the latest breakthroughs in precise genome editing (e.g., base editing and prime editing), and we summarize various platforms that developed to increase the editing efficiency, expand the targeting scope, and improve the specificity of base editing in plants. In addition, we emphasize the recent applications of these technologies to plants. Finally, we predict that CRISPR/Cas9 and CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing will continue to revolutionize plant science and provide technical support for sustainable agricultural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China; College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China.
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99
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APOBECs orchestrate genomic and epigenomic editing across health and disease. Trends Genet 2021; 37:1028-1043. [PMID: 34353635 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
APOBEC proteins can deaminate cytosine residues in DNA and RNA. This can lead to somatic mutations, DNA breaks, RNA modifications, or DNA demethylation in a selective manner. APOBECs function in various cellular compartments and recognize different nucleic acid motifs and structures. They orchestrate a wide array of genomic and epigenomic modifications, thereby affecting various cellular functions positively or negatively, including immune editing, viral and retroelement restriction, DNA damage responses, DNA demethylation, gene expression, and tissue homeostasis. Furthermore, the cumulative increase in genomic and epigenomic editing with aging could also, at least in part, be attributed to APOBEC function. We synthesize our cumulative understanding of APOBEC activity in a unifying overview and discuss their genomic and epigenomic impact in physiological, pathological, and technological contexts.
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100
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Nami F, Ramezankhani R, Vandenabeele M, Vervliet T, Vogels K, Urano F, Verfaillie C. Fast and Efficient Generation of Isogenic Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines Using Adenine Base Editing. CRISPR J 2021; 4:502-518. [PMID: 34406036 DOI: 10.1089/crispr.2021.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Isogenic induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines are currently mostly created by homology directed repair evoked by a double-strand break (DSB) generated by CRISPR-Cas9. However, this process is in general lengthy and inefficient. This problem can be overcome, specifically for correction or insertion of transition mutations, by using base editing (BE). BE does not require DSB formation, hence avoiding creation of genomic off-target breaks and insertions and deletions, and as it is highly efficient, it also does not require integration of selection cassettes in the genome to enrich for edited cells. BE has been successfully used in many cell types as well as in some in vivo settings to correct or insert mutations, but very few studies have reported generation of isogenic iPSC lines using BE. Here, we describe a simple and fast workflow to generate isogenic iPSCs efficiently with a compound heterozygous or a homozygous Wolfram syndrome 1 (WFS1) mutation using adenine BE, without the need to include a genomic selection cassette and without off-target modifications. We demonstrated that correctly base-edited clones can be generated by screening only five cell clones in less than a month, provided that the mutation is positioned in a correct place with regards to the protospacer adjacent motif sequence and no putative bystander bases exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeharefeh Nami
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Stamcelinstituut, Leuven, Belgium; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Roya Ramezankhani
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Stamcelinstituut, Leuven, Belgium; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Marjan Vandenabeele
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Stamcelinstituut, Leuven, Belgium; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Tim Vervliet
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Kristy Vogels
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Stamcelinstituut, Leuven, Belgium; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Fumihiko Urano
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Catherine Verfaillie
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Stamcelinstituut, Leuven, Belgium; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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