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Luo J, Abid M, Tu J, Cai X, Zhang Y, Gao P, Huang H. Cytosine base editors (CBEs) for inducing targeted DNA base editing in Nicotiana benthamiana. BMC Plant Biol 2023; 23:305. [PMID: 37286962 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04322-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The base editors can introduce point mutations accurately without causing double-stranded DNA breaks or requiring donor DNA templates. Previously, cytosine base editors (CBEs) containing different deaminases are reported for precise and accurate base editing in plants. However, the knowledge of CBEs in polyploid plants is inadequate and needs further exploration. RESULTS In the present study, we constructed three polycistronic tRNA-gRNA expression cassettes CBEs containing A3A, A3A (Y130F), and rAPOBEC1(R33A) to compare their base editing efficiency in allotetraploid N. benthamiana (n = 4x). We used 14 target sites to compare their editing efficiency using transient transformation in tobacco plants. The sanger sequencing and deep sequencing results showed that A3A-CBE was the most efficient base editor. In addition, the results showed that A3A-CBE provided most comprehensive editing window (C1 ~ C17 could be edited) and had a better editing efficiency under the base background of TC. The target sites (T2 and T6) analysis in transformed N. benthamiana showed that only A3A-CBE can have C-to-T editing events and the editing efficiency of T2 was higher than T6. Additionally, no off-target events were found in transformed N. benthamiana. CONCLUSIONS All in all, we conclude that A3A-CBE is the most suitable vector for specific C to T conversion in N. benthamiana. Current findings will provide valuable insights into selecting an appropriate base editor for breeding polyploid plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Luo
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang, 332900, China
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Muhammad Abid
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang, 332900, China
| | - Jing Tu
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang, 332900, China
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Xinxia Cai
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang, 332900, China
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang, 332900, China
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Puxin Gao
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang, 332900, China
| | - Hongwen Huang
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang, 332900, China.
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
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Park J, Kim HK. Prediction of Base Editing Efficiencies and Outcomes Using DeepABE and DeepCBE. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2606:23-32. [PMID: 36592305 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2879-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Adenine base editors (ABEs) and cytosine base editors (CBEs) have been widely used to introduce disease-relevant point mutations at target DNA sites of interest. However, the introduction of point mutations using base editors can be difficult due to low editing efficiencies and/or the existence of multiple target nucleotides within the base editing window at the target site. Thus, previous works have relied heavily on experimentally evaluating the base editing efficiencies and outcomes using time-consuming and labor-intensive multi-step experimental processes. DeepABE and DeepCBE are deep learning-based computational models to predict the efficiencies and outcome frequencies of ABE and CBE at given target DNA sites, in silico. Here, we describe the step-by-step procedure for the accurate determination of specific target nucleotides for ABE or CBE editing on the online available web tool, (DeepBaseEditor, https://deepcrispr.info/DeepBaseEditor ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinman Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui Kwon Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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3
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See JE, Kim Y. Functional Analysis of Variants in BRCA1 Using CRISPR Base Editors. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2606:73-85. [PMID: 36592309 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2879-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
To date, methods such as fluorescent reporter assays, embryonic stem cell viability assays, and therapeutic drug-based sensitivity assays have been used to evaluate the function of the variants of uncertain significance (VUS) of the BRCA genes. However, these methods have limitations as they are associated with overexpression and do not apply to post-transcriptional regulation. Therefore, there are several VUS whose functions are unclear. Recently, we devised a new way to assess the functionality of variants in BRCA1 via a CRISPR-mediated base editor to overcome these limitations. We precisely introduced the target nucleotide substitution in living cells and identified variants whose functions were not defined. Here, we describe the methods for the functional appraisal of BRCA1 variants using CRISPR-based base editors.
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Jeong TY, Lim SY, Seong JK, Kim K. Targeted Mutagenesis in Mice Using a Base Editor. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2606:99-119. [PMID: 36592311 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2879-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Base editors, such as cytosine and adenine base editors, are composed of nickase Cas9 (nCas9) and deaminase and serve as Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-based enzymatic tools for specific nucleotide substitutions. They are mainly the most effective genome editing tools for introducing point mutations, such as C-to-T and A-to-G conversions. The enhanced base editor, a C-to-G base editor (CGBE), can perform other nucleotide substitutions, such as C-to-G conversions. Here, we introduce a method for generating mouse models with point mutations using a base editing system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Yeong Jeong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Physiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Yeon Lim
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK 21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program for Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,BIO MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungmi Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Physiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Ma L, Xing J, Li Q, Zhang Z, Xu K. Development of a universal antibiotic resistance screening reporter for improving efficiency of cytosine and adenine base-editing. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102103. [PMID: 35671823 PMCID: PMC9287484 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Base editing has emerged as a revolutionary technology for single nucleotide modifications. The cytosine and adenine base editors (CBEs and ABEs) have demonstrated great potential in clinical and fundamental research. However, screening and isolating target-edited cells remains challenging. In the current study, we developed a universal Adenine and Cytosine Base-Editing Antibiotic Resistance Screening Reporter (ACBE-ARSR) for improving the editing efficiency. To develop the reporter, the CBE-ARSR was first constructed and shown to be capable of enriching cells for those that had undergone CBE editing activity. Then, the ACBE-ARSR was constructed and was further validated in the editing assays by four different CBEs and two versions of ABE at several different genomic loci. Our results demonstrated that ACBE-ARSR, compared to the reporter of transfection (RoT) screening strategy, improved the editing efficiency of CBE and ABE by 4.6- and 1.9-fold on average, respectively. We found the highest CBE and ABE editing efficiencies as enriched by ACBE-ARSR reached 90% and 88.7%. Moreover, we also demonstrated ACBE-ARSR could be employed for enhancing simultaneous multiplexed genome editing. In conclusion, both CBE and ABE activity can be improved significantly using our novel ACBE-ARSR screening strategy, which we believe will facilitate the development of base editors and their application in biomedical and fundamental research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi 046000, Shanxi, China.
| | - Jiani Xing
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Zhiying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Kun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Meyer CM, Goldman IL, Grzebelus E, Krysan PJ. Efficient production of transgene-free, gene-edited carrot plants via protoplast transformation. Plant Cell Rep 2022; 41:947-960. [PMID: 35089385 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02830-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We have developed and validated an efficient protocol for producing gene-edited carrot plants that do not result in the stable incorporation of foreign DNA in the edited plant's genome. We report here a method for producing transgene-free, gene-edited carrot (Daucus carota subs. sativus) plants. With this approach, PEG-mediated transformation is used to transiently express a cytosine base editor and a guide RNA in protoplasts to induce targeted mutations in the carrot genome. These protoplasts are then cultured under conditions that lead to the production of somatic embryos which subsequently develop into carrot plants. For this study, we used the Centromere-Specific Histone H3 (CENH3) gene as a target for evaluating the efficiency with which regenerated, edited plants could be produced. After validating sgRNA performance and protoplast transformation efficiency using transient assays, we performed two independent editing experiments using sgRNAs targeting different locations within CENH3. In the first experiment, we analyzed 184 regenerated plants and found that 22 of them (11.9%) carried targeted mutations within CENH3, while in the second experiment, 28 out of 190 (14.7%) plants had mutations in CENH3. Of the 50 edited carrot lines that we analyzed, 43 were homozygous or bi-allelic for mutations in CENH3. No evidence of the base editor expression plasmid was found in the edited lines tested, indicating that this approach is able to produce transgene-free, gene-edited lines. The protocol that we describe provides an efficient method for easily generating large numbers of transgene-free, gene-edited carrot plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandler M Meyer
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Irwin L Goldman
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Ewa Grzebelus
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. 29 Listopada 54, 31-425, Kraków, Poland
| | - Patrick J Krysan
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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Slesarenko YS, Lavrov AV, Smirnikhina SA. Off-target effects of base editors: what we know and how we can reduce it. Curr Genet 2021. [PMID: 34515826 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-021-01211-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The recently discovered CRISPR-Cas9 modification, base editors (BEs), is considered as one of the most promising tools for correcting disease-causing mutations in humans, since it allows point substitutions to be edited without generating double-stranded DNA breaks, and, therefore, with a significant decrease in non-specific activity. Until recently, this method was considered the safest, but at the same time, it is quite effective. However, recent studies of non-specific activity of BEs revealed that some of them lead to the formation of a huge number of off-targets in both DNA and RNA, occurring due to the nature of the Cas9-fused proteins used. In this review article, we have considered and combined data from numerous studies about the most commonly used and more described in detail APOBEC-based BEs and Target-AID version of CBE, as well as ABE7 and ABE8 with their basic modifications into TadA to improve BEs' specificity. In our opinion, modern advances in molecular genetics make it possible to dramatically reduce the off-target activity of base editors due to introducing mutations into the domains of deaminases or inhibition of Cas9 by anti-CRISPR proteins, which returns BEs to the leading position in genome editing technologies.
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Pan JS, Lin ZS, Wen JC, Guo JF, Wu XH, Liu YY, Lai WJ, Liang QY, Xie YS, Chen YR, Chen YH, Yan AF, Feng J, Liu L, Gong DY, Zhu XX, Lu JH, Tang DS. Application of the modified cytosine base-editing in the cultured cells of bama minipig. Biotechnol Lett 2021; 43:1699-714. [PMID: 34189671 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-021-03159-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bama minipig is a unique miniature swine bred from China. Their favorable characteristics include delicious meat, strong adaptability, tolerance to rough feed, and high levels of stress tolerance. Unfavorable characteristics are their low lean meat percentage, high fat content, slow growth rate, and low feed conversion ratio. Genome-editing technology using CRISPR/Cas9 efficiently knocked out the myostatin gene (MSTN) that has a negative regulatory effect on muscle production, effectively promoting pig muscle growth and increasing lean meat percentage of the pigs. However, CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology is based on random mutations implemented by DNA double-strand breaks, which may trigger genomic off-target effects and chromosomal rearrangements. The application of CRISPR/Cas9 to improve economic traits in pigs has raised biosafety concerns. Base editor (BE) developed based on CRISPR/Cas9 such as cytosine base editor (CBE) effectively achieve targeted modification of a single base without relying on DNA double-strand breaks. Hence, the method has greater safety in the genetic improvement of pigs. The aim of the present study is to utilize a modified CBE to generate MSTN-knockout cells of Bama minipigs. Our results showed that the constructed "all-in-one"-modified CBE plasmid achieved directional conversion of a single C·G base pair to a T·A base pair of the MSTN target in Bama miniature pig fibroblast cells. We successfully constructed multiple single-cell colonies of Bama minipigs fibroblast cells carrying the MSTN premature termination and verified that there were no genomic off-target effects detected. This study provides a foundation for further application of somatic cell cloning to construct MSTN-edited Bama minipigs that carry only a single-base mutation and avoids biosafety risks to a large extent, thereby providing experience and a reference for the base editing of other genetic loci in Bama minipigs.
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9
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Abdullah, Jiang Z, Hong X, Zhang S, Yao R, Xiao Y. CRISPR base editing and prime editing: DSB and template-free editing systems for bacteria and plants. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2020; 5:277-292. [PMID: 32954022 PMCID: PMC7481536 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats-CRISPR associated) has been extensively exploited as a genetic tool for genome editing. The RNA guided Cas nucleases generate DNA double-strand break (DSB), triggering cellular repair systems mainly Non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ, imprecise repair) or Homology-directed repair (HDR, precise repair). However, DSB typically leads to unexpected DNA changes and lethality in some organisms. The establishment of bacteria and plants into major bio-production platforms require efficient and precise editing tools. Hence, in this review, we focus on the non-DSB and template-free genome editing, i.e., base editing (BE) and prime editing (PE) in bacteria and plants. We first highlight the development of base and prime editors and summarize their studies in bacteria and plants. We then discuss current and future applications of BE/PE in synthetic biology, crop improvement, evolutionary engineering, and metabolic engineering. Lastly, we critically consider the challenges and prospects of BE/PE in PAM specificity, editing efficiency, off-targeting, sequence specification, and editing window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhengzheng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xulin Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Shun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ruilian Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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Lv X, Qiu K, Tu T, He X, Peng Y, Ye J, Fu J, Deng R, Wang Y, Wu J, Liu C, Zhao J, Gu F. Development of a Simple and Quick Method to Assess Base Editing in Human Cells. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 2020; 20:580-588. [PMID: 32335475 PMCID: PMC7184106 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Base editing is a form of genome editing that can directly convert a single base (C or A) to another base (T or G), which is of great potential in biomedical applications. The broad application of base editing is limited by its low activity and specificity, which still needs to be resolved. To address this, a simple and quick method for the determination of its activity/specificity is highly desired. Here, we developed a novel system, which could be harnessed for quick detection of editing activity and specificity of base editors (BEs) in human cells. Specifically, multiple cloning sites (MCS) were inserted into the human genome via lentivirus, and base editing targeting the MCS was performed with BEs. The base editing activities were assessed by specific restriction enzymes. The whole process only includes nucleotide-based targeting the MCS, editing, PCR, and digestion, thus, we named it NOTEPAD. This straightforward approach could be easily accessed by molecular biology laboratories. With this method, we could easily determine the BEs editing efficiency and pattern. The results revealed that BEs triggered more off-target effects in the genome than on plasmids including genomic indels (insertions and deletions). We found that ABEs (adenine base editors) had better fidelity than CBEs (cytosine base editors). Our system could be harnessed as a base editing assessment platform, which would pave the way for the development of next-generation BEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Lv
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Kairui Qiu
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Tianxiang Tu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Xiaoxue He
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yuchen Peng
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Jinbin Ye
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Junhao Fu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Ruzhi Deng
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yuqin Wang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Jinyu Wu
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Changbao Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Junzhao Zhao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
| | - Feng Gu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
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