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Niklison-Chirou MV, Steinert JR, Agostini M, Knight RA, Dinsdale D, Cattaneo A, Mak TW, Melino G. TAp73 knockout mice show morphological and functional nervous system defects associated with loss of p75 neurotrophin receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:18952-7. [PMID: 24190996 PMCID: PMC3839698 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1221172110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Total and N-terminal isoform selective p73 knockout mice show a variety of central nervous system defects. Here we show that TAp73 is a transcriptional activator of p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75(NTR)) and that p75(NTR) mRNA and protein levels are strongly reduced in the central and peripheral nervous systems of p73 knockout mice. In parallel, primary cortical neurons from p73 knockout mice showed a reduction in neurite outgrowth and in nerve growth factor-mediated neuronal differentiation, together with reduced miniature excitatory postsynaptic current frequencies and behavioral defects. p73 null mice also have impairments in the peripheral nervous system with reduced thermal sensitivity, axon number, and myelin thickness. At least some of these morphological and functional impairments in p73 null cells can be rescued by p75(NTR) re-expression. Together, these data demonstrate that loss of p75(NTR) contributes to the neurological phenotype of p73 knockout mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joern R. Steinert
- Toxicology Unit, Medical Research Council, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | | | - Richard A. Knight
- Toxicology Unit, Medical Research Council, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - David Dinsdale
- Toxicology Unit, Medical Research Council, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Cattaneo
- European Brain Research Institute–Rita Levi-Montalcini, 64 Rome, Italy
| | - Tak W. Mak
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 2C1; and
| | - Gerry Melino
- Toxicology Unit, Medical Research Council, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata–Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico and University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
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The tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline is cytotoxic to HTB114 human leiomyosarcoma and induces p75NTR-dependent apoptosis. Anticancer Drugs 2013; 24:899-910. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e328364312f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Mysona BA, Al-Gayyar MMH, Matragoon S, Abdelsaid MA, El-Azab MF, Saragovi HU, El-Remessy AB. Modulation of p75(NTR) prevents diabetes- and proNGF-induced retinal inflammation and blood-retina barrier breakdown in mice and rats. Diabetologia 2013; 56:2329-39. [PMID: 23918145 PMCID: PMC3791887 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-2998-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Diabetic retinopathy is characterised by early blood-retina barrier (BRB) breakdown and neurodegeneration. Diabetes causes imbalance of nerve growth factor (NGF), leading to accumulation of the NGF precursor (proNGF), as well as the NGF receptor, p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75(NTR)), suggesting a possible pathological role of the proNGF-p75(NTR) axis in the diabetic retina. To date, the role of this axis in diabetes-induced retinal inflammation and BRB breakdown has not been explored. We hypothesised that modulating p75(NTR) would prevent diabetes- and proNGF-induced retinal inflammation and BRB breakdown. METHODS Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin in wild-type and p75(NTR) knockout (p75KO) mice. After 5 weeks, the expression of inflammatory mediators, ganglion cell loss and BRB breakdown were determined. Cleavage-resistant proNGF was overexpressed in rodent retinas with and without p75(NTR) short hairpin RNA or with pharmacological inhibitors. In vitro, the effects of proNGF were investigated in retinal Müller glial cell line (rMC-1) and primary Müller cells. RESULTS Deletion of p75(NTR) blunted the diabetes-induced decrease in retinal NGF expression and increases in proNGF, nuclear factor κB (NFκB), p-NFκB and TNF-α. Deletion of p75(NTR) also abrogated diabetes-induced glial fibrillary acidic protein expression, ganglion cell loss and vascular permeability. Inhibited expression or cleavage of p75(NTR) blunted proNGF-induced retinal inflammation and vascular permeability. In vitro, proNGF induced p75(NTR)-dependent production of inflammatory mediators in primary wild-type Müller and rMC-1 cultures, but not in p75KO Müller cells. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The proNGF-p75(NTR) axis contributes to retinal inflammation and vascular dysfunction in the rodent diabetic retina. These findings underscore the importance of p75(NTR) as a novel regulator of inflammation and potential therapeutic target in diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Mysona
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, 1120 15th Street HM-1200, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Guo J, Wang J, Liang C, Yan J, Wang Y, Liu G, Jiang Z, Zhang L, Wang X, Wang Y, Zhou X, Liao H. proNGF inhibits proliferation and oligodendrogenesis of postnatal hippocampal neural stem/progenitor cells through p75NTR in vitro. Stem Cell Res 2013; 11:874-87. [PMID: 23838122 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs) proliferate and differentiate under tight regulation by various factors in the stem cell niche. Recent studies have shown that the precursor of nerve growth factor (NGF), proNGF, abounds in the central nervous system (CNS) and that its expression level in the brain is substantially elevated with aging as well as in several types of CNS disorders. In this study, we found for the first time that proNGF inhibited the proliferation of NSCs isolated from postnatal mouse hippocampus and caused cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase without affecting apoptosis. In addition, proNGF reduced the differentiation of NSCs to oligodendrocytes. The effects of proNGF were blocked by the fusion protein of p75 neurotrophin receptor extracellular domain and human IgG Fc fragment (p75NTR/Fc), and by p75NTR knockout, suggesting that proNGF/p75NTR interaction was involved in the effects of proNGF on NSC proliferation and differentiation. proNGF decreased the phosphorylation level of extracellular signal responsive kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2) in a p75NTR-dependent manner under both self-renewal and differentiation conditions. The inhibition of ERK 1/2 phosphorylation by U0126 significantly reduced the proliferation and oligodendrogenesis of NSCs, indicating that ERK 1/2 inhibition by proNGF partially explains its effects on NSC proliferation and oligodendrogenesis. These results suggest that the proNGF/p75NTR signal plays a key role in the regulation of NSCs' behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Guo
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Jiangsu Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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55
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Interplay between thyroxin, BDNF and GABA in injured neurons. Neuroscience 2013; 239:241-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Montazeri F, Esmaeili A, Miroliaei M, Moshtaghian SJ. Messenger RNA expression patterns of p75 neurotrophin receptor and tropomyosin-receptor-kinase A following spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2013; 36:231-6. [PMID: 23809594 PMCID: PMC3654450 DOI: 10.1179/2045772312y.0000000077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Induction of p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) could be one of the first steps that initiate apoptotic cascade after injury, or it may indicate regeneration responses undertaken by the injured system, possibly in collaboration with resident tropomyosin-receptor-kinase (Trk). OBJECTIVE To measure quantitative changes in messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of p75NTR, Trk A, and caspase-9 in rat's injured spinal cord (SCI). The reciprocal interaction between Trk and p75NTR signaling pathways can dictate cellular responses to neurotrophins. p75NTR can regulate Trk-dependent responses, but the role of Trk in regulating p75NTR-dependent signaling is not well documented. DESIGN Using real-time polymerase chain reaction, this study analyzed changes in the mRNA abundance of the mentioned genes at 6, 24, and 72 hours and 7 and 10 days after SCI in adult male rats. SCI was induced at T9 level by transsection. RESULTS Results show a complicated temporal and spatial pattern of alteration with different degrees and direction (up- or down-regulation) in p75NTR, Trk A, and caspase-9 mRNA expression levels after SCI. The greatest variation was seen in center regions following SCI. This study shows that alteration in p75NTR, Trk A, and caspase-9 expression starts as early as 6 hours after SCI. Alterations in p75NTR, Trk A, and caspase-9 expression within the spinal cord may play a key role in the apoptotic cell death. CONCLUSION Results suggest that the role of p75NTR is to eliminate damaged cells by activating the apoptotic machinery, especially at the center of damage and during first week after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abolghasem Esmaeili
- Correspondence to: Abolghasem Esmaeili, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, postal code 8174673441, Isfahan, Iran.;
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Elshaer SL, Abdelsaid MA, Al-Azayzih A, Kumar P, Matragoon S, Nussbaum JJ, El-Remessy AB. Pronerve growth factor induces angiogenesis via activation of TrkA: possible role in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. J Diabetes Res 2013; 2013:432659. [PMID: 23998130 PMCID: PMC3753742 DOI: 10.1155/2013/432659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) is the leading cause of blindness in working age Americans. We demonstrated that diabetes disturbs the homeostasis of nerve growth factor (NGF) resulting in accumulation of its precursor proNGF. Increases in proNGF were positively correlated with progression of diabetic retinopathy, having the highest level in ocular fluids from PDR patients compared to nondiabetic patients. Here, we attempted to evaluate the contribution and the possible mechanism of proNGF to PDR. The angiogenic response of aqueous humor samples from PDR patients was examined in human retinal endothelial cells in the presence or absence of anti-proNGF antibody. Additional cultures were treated with mutant-proNGF in the presence of specific pharmacological inhibitors of TrkA and p75(NTR) receptors. PDR-aqueous humor samples exerted significant angiogenic response including cell proliferation, migration, and alignment into tube-like structures. These effects were significantly reduced by anti-proNGF antibody but not by IgG. Treatment of retinal endothelial cells with mutant-proNGF activated phosphorylation of TrkA and p38MAPK; however, it did not alter p75(NTR) expression. Inhibition of TrkA but not p75(NTR) significantly reduced mutant-proNGF-induced cell proliferation, cell migration, and tube formation. Taken together, these results provide evidence that proNGF can contribute to PDR at least in part via activation of TrkA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally L. Elshaer
- Center for Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia, 1120 15th Street HM-1200, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Reagents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Mohammed A. Abdelsaid
- Center for Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia, 1120 15th Street HM-1200, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Reagents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Reagents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
| | - Ahmad Al-Azayzih
- Center for Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia, 1120 15th Street HM-1200, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Parag Kumar
- Center for Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia, 1120 15th Street HM-1200, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Pharmacy Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Suraporn Matragoon
- Center for Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia, 1120 15th Street HM-1200, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Reagents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Julian J. Nussbaum
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Reagents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Azza B. El-Remessy
- Center for Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia, 1120 15th Street HM-1200, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Reagents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- *Azza B. El-Remessy:
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WNT/β-catenin pathway activation in Myc immortalised cerebellar progenitor cells inhibits neuronal differentiation and generates tumours resembling medulloblastoma. Br J Cancer 2012; 107:1144-52. [PMID: 22929883 PMCID: PMC3461168 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant childhood brain tumour. Aberrant activation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway occurs in approximately 25% of medulloblastomas. However, its role in medulloblastoma pathogenesis is not understood. Methods: We have developed a model of WNT/β-catenin pathway-activated medulloblastoma. Pathway activation was induced in a Myc immortalised cerebellar progenitor cell line through stable expression of Wnt1. In vitro and in vivo analysis was undertaken to understand the effect of pathway activation and identify the potential cell of origin. Results: Tumours that histologically resembled classical medulloblastoma formed in vivo using cells overexpressing Wnt1, but not with the control cell line. Wnt1 overexpression inhibited neuronal differentiation in vitro, suggesting WNT/β-catenin pathway activation prevents cells terminally differentiating, maintaining them in a more ‘stem-like’ state. Analysis of cerebellar progenitor cell markers demonstrated the cell line resembled cells from the cerebellar ventricular zone. Conclusion: We have developed a cell line with the means of orthotopically modelling WNT/β-catenin pathway-activated medulloblastoma. We provide evidence of the role pathway activation is playing in tumour pathogenesis and suggest medulloblastomas can arise from cells other than granule cell progenitors. This cell line is a valuable resource to further understand the role of pathway activation in tumorigenesis and for investigation of targeted therapies.
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Salis C, Davio C, Usach V, Urtasun N, Goitia B, Martinez-Vivot R, Pasquini JM, Setton-Avruj CP. Iron and holotransferrin induce cAMP-dependent differentiation of Schwann cells. Neurochem Int 2012; 61:798-806. [PMID: 22776360 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The differentiation of myelin-forming Schwann cells (SC) is completed with the appearance of myelin proteins MBP and P(0) and a concomitant downregulation of markers GFAP and p75NTR, which are expressed by immature and adult non-myelin-forming SC. We have previously demonstrated that holotransferrin (hTf) can prevent SC dedifferentiation in culture (Salis et al., 2002), while apotransferrin (aTf) cannot. As a consequence, we used pure cultured SC and submitted them to serum deprivation in order to promote dedifferentiation and evaluate the prodifferentiating ability of ferric ammonium citrate (FAC) through the expression of MBP, P(0), p75NTR and c-myc. The levels of cAMP, CREB and p-CREB were also measured. Results show that Fe(3+), either in its free form or as hTf, can prevent the dedifferentiation promoted by serum withdrawal. Both FAC and hTf were proven to promote differentiation, probably through the increase in cAMP levels and CREB phosphorylation, as well as levels of reactive oxygen species. This effect was inhibited by deferroxamine (Dfx, an iron chelator), H9 (a cAMP-PKA antagonist) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC, a powerful antioxidant).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Salis
- Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológica (IQUIFIB), UBA-CONICET, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
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Ibáñez CF, Simi A. p75 neurotrophin receptor signaling in nervous system injury and degeneration: paradox and opportunity. Trends Neurosci 2012; 35:431-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Proliferating Immature Schwann Cells Contribute to Nerve Regeneration After Ischemic Peripheral Nerve Injury. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2012; 71:511-9. [DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e318257fe7b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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62
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Immunocytochemical characterization of olfactory ensheathing cells in fish. Brain Struct Funct 2012; 218:539-49. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-012-0414-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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63
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Targeting reactive astrogliosis by novel biotechnological strategies. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:261-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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64
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Yu W, Zhao W, Zhu C, Zhang X, Ye D, Zhang W, Zhou Y, Jiang X, Zhang Z. Sciatic nerve regeneration in rats by a promising electrospun collagen/poly(ε-caprolactone) nerve conduit with tailored degradation rate. BMC Neurosci 2011; 12:68. [PMID: 21756368 PMCID: PMC3148572 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-12-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To cope with the limitations faced by autograft acquisitions particularly for multiple nerve injuries, artificial nerve conduit has been introduced by researchers as a substitute for autologous nerve graft for the easy specification and availability for mass production. In order to best mimic the structures and components of autologous nerve, great efforts have been made to improve the designation of nerve conduits either from materials or fabrication techniques. Electrospinning is an easy and versatile technique that has recently been used to fabricate fibrous tissue-engineered scaffolds which have great similarity to the extracellular matrix on fiber structure. Results In this study we fabricated a collagen/poly(ε-caprolactone) (collagen/PCL) fibrous scaffold by electrospinning and explored its application as nerve guide substrate or conduit in vitro and in vivo. Material characterizations showed this electrospun composite material which was made of submicron fibers possessed good hydrophilicity and flexibility. In vitro study indicated electrospun collagen/PCL fibrous meshes promoted Schwann cell adhesion, elongation and proliferation. In vivo test showed electrospun collagen/PCL porous nerve conduits successfully supported nerve regeneration through an 8 mm sciatic nerve gap in adult rats, achieving similar electrophysiological and muscle reinnervation results as autografts. Although regenerated nerve fibers were still in a pre-mature stage 4 months postoperatively, the implanted collagen/PCL nerve conduits facilitated more axons regenerating through the conduit lumen and gradually degraded which well matched the nerve regeneration rate. Conclusions All the results demonstrated this collagen/PCL nerve conduit with tailored degradation rate fabricated by electrospinning could be an efficient alternative to autograft for peripheral nerve regeneration research. Due to its advantage of high surface area for cell attachment, it is believed that this electrospun nerve conduit could find more application in cell therapy for nerve regeneration in future, to further improve functional regeneration outcome especially for longer nerve defect restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Yu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
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Schachtrup C, Le Moan N, Passino MA, Akassoglou K. Hepatic stellate cells and astrocytes: Stars of scar formation and tissue repair. Cell Cycle 2011; 10:1764-71. [PMID: 21555919 DOI: 10.4161/cc.10.11.15828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Scar formation inhibits tissue repair and regeneration in the liver and central nervous system. Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) after liver injury or of astrocytes after nervous system damage is considered to drive scar formation. HSCs are the fibrotic cells of the liver, as they undergo activation and acquire fibrogenic properties after liver injury. HSC activation has been compared to reactive gliosis of astrocytes, which acquire a reactive phenotype and contribute to scar formation after nervous system injury, much like HSCs after liver injury. It is intriguing that a wide range of neuroglia-related molecules are expressed by HSCs. We identified an unexpected role for the p75 neurotrophin receptor in regulating HSC activation and liver repair. Here we discuss the molecular mechanisms that regulate HSC activation and reactive gliosis and their contributions to scar formation and tissue repair. Juxtaposing key mechanistic and functional similarities in HSC and astrocyte activation might provide novel insight into liver regeneration and nervous system repair.
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66
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Ontogeny of the conus papillaris of the lizard Gallotia galloti and cellular response following transection of the optic nerve: an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. Cell Tissue Res 2011; 344:63-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1128-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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67
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Yuan TF. Is inhibition of axonal regeneration by astrocytes, in the dorsal part of the spinal cord, regulated by p75 receptor? Brain 2010; 133:e144; author reply e145. [PMID: 20176577 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awq018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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68
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Shea GKH, Tsui AYP, Chan YS, Shum DKY. Bone marrow-derived Schwann cells achieve fate commitment--a prerequisite for remyelination therapy. Exp Neurol 2010; 224:448-58. [PMID: 20483356 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Revised: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Schwann cell transplantation improves post-traumatic nerve regeneration in both PNS and CNS but sufficient numbers of immunocompatible cells are required for clinical application. Currently, Schwann cell-like cells derived from the bone marrow lack fate commitment and revert to a fibroblast-like phenotype upon withdrawal of differentiation-inducing factors. In recapitulation of embryonic events leading to Schwann cell maturation, we hypothesize that the Schwann cell-like cells acquire the switch to fate commitment through contact-dependent cues from incipient neurons of the developing dorsal root ganglia. To address this, Schwann cell-like cells derived from adult rat bone marrow were cocultured with neurons purified from embryonic dorsal root ganglia. A cell-intrinsic switch to the Schwann cell fate was achieved consistently and the cell progeny maintained expression of the markers S100 beta, p75(NTR) , GFAP, P0 and Sox 10 even without exogenous differentiation-inducing factors or neurons. In vitro formation of MBP-positive segments under myelinating conditions by the cell progeny was comparable to that by sciatic nerve-derived Schwann cells. Controls in which Schwann cell-like cells were barred from direct contact with neurons in coculture reverted to SMA/CD90-expressing myofibroblasts. We demonstrate therefore for the first time fate commitment among bone marrow-derived Schwann cells. The therapeutic potential of these cells may be tested in future transplantation studies. (206 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham K H Shea
- Department of Biochemistry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
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Thyroid hormones induce activation of rat hepatic stellate cells through increased expression of p75 neurotrophin receptor and direct activation of Rho. J Transl Med 2010; 90:674-84. [PMID: 20231820 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2010.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that hyperthyroidism is detrimental for liver fibrosis and in this study we have investigated the mechanisms regulating triiodothyronine (T3) and L-thyroxine (T4) activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC). Expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alphaSMA) and p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) was determined by western blot analyses and transient transfection of the promoters. Rho activation was assayed using a pull-down assay and by ELISA. Expression of thyroid hormone receptor alpha1 decreases, whereas T4 receptor integrin alphaVbeta3 increases, with transdifferentiation of HSC to myofibroblasts. T3 and T4 enhance HSC activation, without affecting proliferation or phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 or Akt. Addition of 10(-7) M T3 or T4 to thyroid hormone-depleted serum induces a twofold increase in activation marker alphaSMA, as well as upregulation of p75NTR protein levels. Both hormones enhance transcription of alphaSMA and p75NTR. We report a novel signaling pathway for thyroid hormones, activation of Rho. T4 induces activation of Rho acting through alphavbeta3 integrin, and the activation is abolished by the T4 antagonist, tetraiodothyroacetic acid, by peptide RGD and by a function-blocking antibody to integrin beta3. T3 and T4 increase phosphorylation of non-muscle myosin light chain II, a downstream signal to Rho/Rho-kinase activation. T3 also induces expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. In vivo, administration of T3 or T4 together with thioacetamide (TAA) enhances fibrosis after 3 weeks, compared with the TAA-treated group, accompanied by increased alphaSMA in T3- and T4-treated groups, and of p75NTR in T4-treated rats. Thyroid hormones enhance activation of HSC through increased p75NTR and alphaSMA expression and activation of Rho, therefore accelerating development of liver fibrosis.
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Li L, Fukunaga-Kalabis M, Yu H, Xu X, Kong J, Lee JT, Herlyn M. Human dermal stem cells differentiate into functional epidermal melanocytes. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:853-60. [PMID: 20159965 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.061598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanocytes sustain a lifelong proliferative potential, but a stem cell reservoir in glabrous skin has not yet been found. Here, we show that multipotent dermal stem cells isolated from human foreskins lacking hair follicles are able to home to the epidermis to differentiate into melanocytes. These dermal stem cells, grown as three-dimensional spheres, displayed a capacity for self-renewal and expressed NGFRp75, nestin and OCT4, but not melanocyte markers. In addition, cells derived from single-cell clones were able to differentiate into multiple lineages including melanocytes. In a three-dimensional skin equivalent model, sphere-forming cells differentiated into HMB45-positive melanocytes, which migrated from the dermis to the epidermis and aligned singly among the basal layer keratinocytes in a similar fashion to pigmented melanocytes isolated from the epidermis. The dermal stem cells were negative for E-cadherin and N-cadherin, whereas they acquired E-cadherin expression and lost NGFRp75 expression upon contact with epidermal keratinocytes. These results demonstrate that stem cells in the dermis of human skin with neural-crest-like characteristics can become mature epidermal melanocytes. This finding could significantly change our understanding of the etiological factors in melanocyte transformation and pigmentation disorders; specifically, that early epigenetic or genetic alterations leading to transformation may take place in the dermis rather than in the epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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71
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Wallerian degeneration and axonal regeneration after sciatic nerve crush are altered in ICAM-1-deficient mice. Cell Tissue Res 2009; 338:19-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-009-0837-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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72
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Cirillo G, Cavaliere C, Bianco MR, De Simone A, Colangelo AM, Sellitti S, Alberghina L, Papa M. Intrathecal NGF administration reduces reactive astrocytosis and changes neurotrophin receptors expression pattern in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2009; 30:51-62. [PMID: 19585233 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-009-9430-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF), an essential peptide for sensory neurons, seems to have opposite effects when administered peripherally or directly to the central nervous system. We investigated the effects of 7-days intrathecal (i.t.) infusion of NGF on neuronal and glial spinal markers relevant to neuropathic behavior induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve. Allodynic and hyperalgesic behaviors were investigated by Von Frey and thermal Plantar tests, respectively. NGF-treated animals showed reduced allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, compared to control animals. We evaluated on lumbar spinal cord the expression of microglial (ED-1), astrocytic (GFAP and S-100beta), and C- and Adelta-fibers (SubP, IB-4 and Cb) markers. I.t. NGF treatment reduced reactive astrocytosis and the density of SubP, IB4 and Cb positive fibers in the dorsal horn of injured animals. Morphometric parameters of proximal sciatic nerve stump fibers and cells in DRG were also analyzed in CCI rats: myelin thickness was reduced and DRG neurons and satellite cells appeared hypertrophic. I.t. NGF treatment showed a beneficial effect in reversing these molecular and morphological alterations. Finally, we analyzed by immunohistochemistry the expression pattern of neurotrophin receptors TrkA, pTrkA, TrkB and p75(NTR). Substantial alterations in neurotrophin receptors expression were observed in the spinal cord of CCI and NGF-treated animals. Our results indicate that i.t. NGF administration reverses the neuro-glial morphomolecular changes occurring in neuropathic animals paralleled by alterations in neurotrophin receptors ratio, and suggest that NGF is effective in restoring homeostatic conditions in the spinal cord and maintaining analgesia in neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Cirillo
- Laboratorio di Morfologia delle Reti Neuronali, Dipartimento di Medicina Pubblica Clinica e Preventiva, Seconda Università di Napoli, 80138, Naples, Italy
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73
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Inhibition of p75NTR in glia potentiates TrkA-mediated survival of injured retinal ganglion cells. Mol Cell Neurosci 2009; 40:410-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2008.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Revised: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Aberrations in cerebral cholesterol homeostasis can lead to severe neurological diseases and have been linked to Alzheimer's disease. Many proteins involved in peripheral cholesterol metabolism are also present in the brain. Yet, brain cholesterol metabolism is very different from that in the remainder of the body. This review reports on present insights into the regulation of cerebral cholesterol homeostasis, focusing on cholesterol trafficking between astrocytes and neurons. RECENT FINDINGS Astrocytes are a major site of cholesterol synthesis. They secrete cholesterol in the form of apolipoprotein E-containing HDL-like particles. After birth, neurons are thought to reduce their cholesterol synthesis and rely predominantly on astrocytes for their cholesterol supply. How exactly neurons regulate their cholesterol supply is largely unknown. A role for the brain-specific cholesterol metabolite, 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol, in this process was recently proposed. Recent findings strengthen the link between brain cholesterol metabolism and factors involved in synaptic plasticity, a process essential for learning and memory functions, as well as regeneration, which are affected in Alzheimer's disease. SUMMARY Insight into the regulation of cerebral cholesterol homeostasis will provide possibilities to modulate the key steps involved and may lead to the development of therapies for the prevention as well as treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Mulder
- Department of Internal Medicine and Division of Pharmacology, Vascular and Metabolic diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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75
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Trypanosoma cruzi promotes neuronal and glial cell survival through the neurotrophic receptor TrkC. Infect Immun 2009; 77:1368-75. [PMID: 19179422 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01450-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas' disease, promotes neuron survival through receptor tyrosine kinase TrkA and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored glial cell-derived family ligand receptors (GFRalpha). However, these receptors are expressed by only a subset of neurons and at low levels or not at all in glial cells. Thus, T. cruzi might exploit an additional neurotrophic receptor(s) to maximize host-parasite equilibrium in the nervous system. We show here that T. cruzi binds TrkC, a neurotrophic receptor expressed by glial cells and many types of neurons, and that the binding is specifically inhibited by neurotrophin-3, the natural TrkC ligand. Coimmunoprecipitation and competition assays show that the trans-sialidase/parasite-derived neurotrophic factor (PDNF), previously identified as a TrkA ligand, mediates the T. cruzi-TrkC interaction. PDNF promotes TrkC-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, neurite outgrowth, and survival of genetically engineered PC12 neuronal cells and glial Schwann cells in a TrkC-dependent manner. Thus, TrkC is a new neurotrophic receptor that T. cruzi engages to promote the survival of neuronal and glial cells. The results raise the possibility that T. cruzi recognition of TrkC underlies regenerative events in nervous tissues of patients with Chagas' disease.
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76
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Yang T, Knowles JK, Lu Q, Zhang H, Arancio O, Moore LA, Chang T, Wang Q, Andreasson K, Rajadas J, Fuller GG, Xie Y, Massa SM, Longo FM. Small molecule, non-peptide p75 ligands inhibit Abeta-induced neurodegeneration and synaptic impairment. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3604. [PMID: 18978948 PMCID: PMC2575383 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75(NTR)) is expressed by neurons particularly vulnerable in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We tested the hypothesis that non-peptide, small molecule p75(NTR) ligands found to promote survival signaling might prevent Abeta-induced degeneration and synaptic dysfunction. These ligands inhibited Abeta-induced neuritic dystrophy, death of cultured neurons and Abeta-induced death of pyramidal neurons in hippocampal slice cultures. Moreover, ligands inhibited Abeta-induced activation of molecules involved in AD pathology including calpain/cdk5, GSK3beta and c-Jun, and tau phosphorylation, and prevented Abeta-induced inactivation of AKT and CREB. Finally, a p75(NTR) ligand blocked Abeta-induced hippocampal LTP impairment. These studies support an extensive intersection between p75(NTR) signaling and Abeta pathogenic mechanisms, and introduce a class of specific small molecule ligands with the unique ability to block multiple fundamental AD-related signaling pathways, reverse synaptic impairment and inhibit Abeta-induced neuronal dystrophy and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Juliet K. Knowles
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Qun Lu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Taub Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ottavio Arancio
- Department of Pathology and Taub Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Laura A. Moore
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Timothy Chang
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Katrin Andreasson
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Jayakumar Rajadas
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Gerald G. Fuller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Youmei Xie
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Stephen M. Massa
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory for Computational Neurochemistry and Drug Discovery, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Frank M. Longo
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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