51
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Pecetta S, Lo Surdo P, Tontini M, Proietti D, Zambonelli C, Bottomley MJ, Biagini M, Berti F, Costantino P, Romano MR. Carrier priming with CRM 197 or diphtheria toxoid has a different impact on the immunogenicity of the respective glycoconjugates: biophysical and immunochemical interpretation. Vaccine 2014; 33:314-20. [PMID: 25448110 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glycoconjugate vaccines play an enormous role in preventing infectious diseases. The main carrier proteins used in commercial conjugate vaccines are the non-toxic mutant of diphtheria toxin (CRM197), diphtheria toxoid (DT) and tetanus toxoid (TT). Modern childhood routine vaccination schedules include the administration of several vaccines simultaneously or in close sequence, increasing the concern that the repeated exposure to conjugates based on these carrier proteins might interfere with the anti-polysaccharide response. Extending previous observations we show here that priming mice with CRM197 or DT does not suppress the response to the carbohydrate moiety of CRM197 meningococcal serogroup A (MenA) conjugates, while priming with DT can suppress the response to DT-MenA conjugates. To explain these findings we made use of biophysical and immunochemical techniques applied mainly to MenA conjugates. Differential scanning calorimetry and circular dichroism data revealed that the CRM197 structure was altered by the chemical conjugation, while DT and the formaldehyde-treated form of CRM197 were less impacted, depending on the degree of glycosylation. Investigating the binding and avidity properties of IgGs induced in mice by non-conjugated carriers, we found that CRM197 induced low levels of anti-carrier antibodies, with decreased avidity for its MenA conjugates and poor binding to DT and respective MenA conjugates. In contrast, DT induced high antibody titers able to bind with comparable avidity both the protein and its conjugates but showing very low avidity for CRM197 and related conjugates. The low intrinsic immunogenicity of CRM197 as compared to DT, the structural modifications induced by glycoconjugation and detoxification processes, resulting in conformational changes in CRM197 and DT epitopes with consequent alteration of the antibody recognition and avidity, might explain the different behavior of CRM197 and DT in a carrier priming context.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pecetta
- Novartis Vaccines Research Center, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - P Lo Surdo
- Novartis Vaccines Research Center, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - M Tontini
- Novartis Vaccines Research Center, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - D Proietti
- Novartis Vaccines Research Center, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - C Zambonelli
- Novartis Vaccines Research Center, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - M J Bottomley
- Novartis Vaccines Research Center, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - M Biagini
- Novartis Vaccines Research Center, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - F Berti
- Novartis Vaccines Research Center, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - P Costantino
- Novartis Vaccines Research Center, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - M R Romano
- Novartis Vaccines Research Center, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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Morelli L, Cancogni D, Tontini M, Nilo A, Filippini S, Costantino P, Romano MR, Berti F, Adamo R, Lay L. Synthesis and immunological evaluation of protein conjugates of Neisseria meningitidis X capsular polysaccharide fragments. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:2367-76. [PMID: 25383107 PMCID: PMC4222376 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A vaccine to prevent infections from the emerging Neisseria meningitidis X (MenX) is becoming an urgent issue. Recently MenX capsular polysaccharide (CPS) fragments conjugated to CRM197 as carrier protein have been confirmed at preclinical stage as promising candidates for vaccine development. However, more insights about the minimal epitope required for the immunological activity of MenX CPS are needed. We report herein the chemical conjugation of fully synthetic MenX CPS oligomers (monomer, dimer, and trimer) to CRM197. Moreover, improvements in some crucial steps leading to the synthesis of MenX CPS fragments are described. Following immunization with the obtained neoglycoconjugates, the conjugated trimer was demonstrated as the minimal fragment possessing immunogenic activity, even though significantly lower than a pentadecamer obtained from the native polymer and conjugated to the same protein. This finding suggests that oligomers longer than three repeating units are possibly needed to mimic the activity of the native polysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Morelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica and ISTM-CNR, Universita degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Damiano Cancogni
- Dipartimento di Chimica and ISTM-CNR, Universita degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marta Tontini
- Novartis Vaccines, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Alberto Nilo
- Novartis Vaccines, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Roberto Adamo
- Novartis Vaccines, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Luigi Lay
- Dipartimento di Chimica and ISTM-CNR, Universita degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milano, Italy
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53
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Investigating the immunodominance of carbohydrate antigens in a bivalent unimolecular glycoconjugate vaccine against serogroup A and C meningococcal disease. Glycoconj J 2014; 31:637-47. [PMID: 25256065 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-014-9559-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Multicomponent constructs, obtained by coupling different glycans to the carrier protein, have been proposed as a way to co-deliver multiple surface carbohydrates targeting different strains of one pathogen and reduce the number of biomolecules in the formulation of multivalent vaccines. To assess the feasibility of this approach for anti-microbial vaccines and investigate the potential immunodominance of one carbohydrate antigen over the others in these constructs, we designed a bivalent unimolecular vaccine against serogroup A (MenA) and C (MenC) meningococci, with the two different oligomers conjugated to same molecule of carrier protein (CRM197). The immune response elicited in mice by the bivalent MenAC construct was compared with the ones induced by the monovalent MenA and MenC vaccines and their combinations. After the second dose, the bivalent construct induced good levels of anti-MenA and anti-MenC antibodies with respect to the controls. However, the murine sera from the MenAC construct exhibited good anti-MenC bactericidal activity, and very low anti-MenA functionality when compared to the monovalent controls. This result was explained with the diverse relative avidities against MenA and MenC polysaccharides, which were measured in the generated sera. The immunodominant effect of the MenC antigen was fully overcome following the third immunization, when sera endowed with higher avidity and excellent bactericidal activity against both MenA and MenC expressing strains were elicited. Construction of multicomponent glycoconjugate vaccines against microbial pathogens is a feasible approach, but particular attention should be devoted to study and overcome possible occurrence of immune interference among the carbohydrates.
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54
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Fiebig T, Freiberger F, Pinto V, Romano MR, Black A, Litschko C, Bethe A, Yashunsky D, Adamo R, Nikolaev A, Berti F, Gerardy-Schahn R. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of components of the capsule biosynthesis complex of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A: toward in vitro vaccine production. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:19395-407. [PMID: 24849599 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.575142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The human pathogen Neisseria meningitidis (Nm) is a leading cause of bacterial meningitis and sepsis globally. A major virulence factor of Nm is the capsular polysaccharide (CPS), which in Nm serogroup A consists of N-acetyl-mannosamine-1-phosphate units linked together by phosphodiester linkages [ → 6)-α-D-ManNAc-(1 → OPO3 (-)→]n. Acetylation in O-3 (to a minor extent in O-4) position results in immunologically active polymer. In the capsule gene cluster (cps) of Nm, region A contains the genetic information for CPSA biosynthesis. Thereby the open reading frames csaA, -B, and -C are thought to encode the UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-2-epimerase, poly-ManNAc-1-phosphate-transferase, and O-acetyltransferase, respectively. With the aim to use a minimal number of recombinant enzymes to produce immunologically active CPSA, we cloned the genes csaA, csaB, and csaC and functionally characterized the purified recombinant proteins. If recombinant CsaA and CsaB were combined in one reaction tube, priming CPSA-oligosaccharides were efficiently elongated with UDP-GlcNAc as the donor substrate, confirming that CsaA is the functional UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-2-epimerase and CsaB the functional poly-ManNAc-1-phosphate-transferase. Subsequently, CsaB was shown to transfer ManNAc-1P onto O-6 of the non-reducing end sugar of priming oligosaccharides, to prefer non-O-acetylated over O-acetylated primers, and to efficiently elongate the dimer of ManNAc-1-phosphate. The in vitro synthesized CPSA was purified, O-acetylated with recombinant CsaC, and proven to be identical to the natural CPSA by (1)H NMR, (31)P NMR, and immunoblotting. If all three enzymes and their substrates were combined in a one-pot reaction, nature identical CPSA was obtained. These data provide the basis for the development of novel vaccine production protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timm Fiebig
- From the Institute for Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Friedrich Freiberger
- From the Institute for Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Vittoria Pinto
- Novartis Vaccines, Research, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | - Alan Black
- College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom, and
| | - Christa Litschko
- From the Institute for Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrea Bethe
- From the Institute for Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Dmitry Yashunsky
- the Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Pogodinskaya Street 10, Moscow 119832, Russian Federation
| | - Roberto Adamo
- Novartis Vaccines, Research, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Andrei Nikolaev
- College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom, and
| | - Francesco Berti
- Novartis Vaccines, Research, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy,
| | - Rita Gerardy-Schahn
- From the Institute for Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany,
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55
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Gudlavalleti SK, Crawford EN, Harder JD, Reddy JR. Quantification of each Serogroup Polysaccharide of Neisseria meningitidis in A/C/Y/W-135-DT Conjugate Vaccine by High-Performance Anion-Exchange Chromatography-Pulsed Amperometric Detection Analysis. Anal Chem 2014; 86:5383-90. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5003933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeffery David Harder
- JNI Medical Corporation, 2720 N 84th Street, Omaha, Nebraska 68134, United States
| | - Jeeri Raghava Reddy
- JNI Medical Corporation, 2720 N 84th Street, Omaha, Nebraska 68134, United States
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56
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Exploring the Group B Streptococcus capsular polysaccharides: the structural diversity provides the basis for development of NMR-based identity assays. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 98:9-15. [PMID: 24873733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-based vaccines constitute a potent tool for prevention of life-threatening bacterial infectious diseases like meningitis and pneumonia. Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a major cause of neonatal sepsis and meningitis, particularly in infants born from mothers carrying the bacteria, and no vaccine is currently available. High-field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has been found to be an extremely robust tool for tracking the industrial process manufacturing of carbohydrate-based vaccines. Here we review the differences in the repeating unit structures of GBS capsular polysaccharide (CPS) type (Ia, Ib, II-VIII) yielding unique NMR proton profiles. All the profiles provided opportunities for selecting well resolved signals, in particular in the anomeric, the methylene protons at position C3 of N-acetyl-neuraminic acid (NeupNAc) and the N-Acetyl regions, which could be employed to develop an identity assay for monovalent vaccine bulks. Finally we reported a preliminary proof of concept of identity testing on a GBS CPS type Ia, Ib, III trivalent vaccine as blended bulks, based on the selection of one specific signal for each type in the anomeric region.
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57
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Identification of glycosylated regions in pneumococcal PspA conjugated to serotype 6B capsular polysaccharide. Glycoconj J 2014; 31:259-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-014-9519-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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58
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Crotti S, Zhai H, Zhou J, Allan M, Proietti D, Pansegrau W, Hu QY, Berti F, Adamo R. Defined Conjugation of Glycans to the Lysines of CRM197Guided by their Reactivity Mapping. Chembiochem 2014; 15:836-43. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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59
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Conjugation of a TLR7 agonist and antigen enhances protection in the S. pneumoniae murine infection model. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2014; 87:310-7. [PMID: 24434202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Next generation vaccine adjuvants include Toll like receptor agonists, which are mostly extracted from microorganisms, but synthetic small molecule TLR agonists have also been identified. However, their delivery systems have not been optimized for effective administration in conjunction with antigens. Here, we describe a novel approach in which a small molecule TLR agonist was directly conjugated to antigen to ensure effective co-delivery. We describe the conjugation of a recombinant protective antigen from Streptococcus pneumoniae linked to a TLR7 agonist. Following thorough characterization to ensure no aggregation, the conjugate was evaluated in a murine infection model. Results showed that the conjugate extended the animals' survival after lethal challenge with S. pneumoniae. Comparable results were obtained with a dose 10-fold lower than that of the native unconjugated antigen. Notably, the animals immunized with the same dose of unconjugated TLR7 agonist and antigen showed no adjuvant effect. The increased immunogenicity was likely a consequence of the co-localization of TLR7 agonist and antigen by chemical binding and was more effective than simple co-administration. This approach can be adopted to increase potency of a broad variety of antigens and reduce the dose of antigen required to induce protective immunity.
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60
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Adamo R, Hu QY, Torosantucci A, Crotti S, Brogioni G, Allan M, Chiani P, Bromuro C, Quinn D, Tontini M, Berti F. Deciphering the structure–immunogenicity relationship of anti-Candidaglycoconjugate vaccines. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4sc01361a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Elucidation of the molecular immunity of glycoconjugate vaccines has focused on the carbohydrate moiety, herein the effect of the corresponding conjugation sites is studied.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qi-Ying Hu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research
- Cambridge, USA
| | - Antonella Torosantucci
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità
- 00161 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Martin Allan
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research
- Cambridge, USA
| | - Paola Chiani
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità
- 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Bromuro
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità
- 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Douglas Quinn
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research
- Cambridge, USA
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61
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Gao Q, Tontini M, Brogioni G, Nilo A, Filippini S, Harfouche C, Polito L, Romano MR, Costantino P, Berti F, Adamo R, Lay L. Immunoactivity of protein conjugates of carba analogues from Neisseria meningitidis a capsular polysaccharide. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:2561-7. [PMID: 24000773 DOI: 10.1021/cb400463u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis type A (MenA) is a Gram-negative encapsulated bacterium that is a major cause of epidemic meningitis, especially in the sub-Saharan region of Africa. The development and manufacture of a liquid glycoconjugate vaccine against MenA are hampered by the poor hydrolytic stability of its capsular polysaccharide (CPS), consisting of (1→6)-linked 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-d-mannopyranosyl phosphate repeating units. The replacement of the ring oxygen with a methylene group to generate a carbocyclic analogue leads to enhancement of its chemical stability. Herein, we report conjugation of carbocyclic analogue monomer, dimer, and trimer to the protein carrier CRM197. After immunization in mice, only the conjugated trimer was able to induce specific anti-MenA polysaccharide IgG antibodies with in vitro bactericidal activity, although to a lesser extent than pentadecamer and hexamer oligomers obtained from mild acid hydrolysis of the native polysaccharide conjugated to the same protein carrier. This study represents the first proof-of-concept that hydrolytically stable structural analogues of saccharide antigens can be used for the development of efficacious antimicrobial preventative therapies. Conjugates with longer carbocyclic oligomers and/or precise acetylation patterns could further increase the induced immune response to a level comparable with those of commercially available anti-meningococcal glycoconjugate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Gao
- Dipartimento
di Chimica and ISTM-CNR, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marta Tontini
- Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Giulia Brogioni
- Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Alberto Nilo
- Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Sara Filippini
- Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Carole Harfouche
- Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Laura Polito
- CNR-ISTM, via Fantoli 16/15, I-20138 Milano, Italy
| | - Maria R. Romano
- Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Paolo Costantino
- Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Francesco Berti
- Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Roberto Adamo
- Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Luigi Lay
- Dipartimento
di Chimica and ISTM-CNR, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milano, Italy
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62
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Comparison of CRM197, diphtheria toxoid and tetanus toxoid as protein carriers for meningococcal glycoconjugate vaccines. Vaccine 2013; 31:4827-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.07.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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63
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McCarthy PC, Saksena R, Peterson DC, Lee CH, An Y, Cipollo JF, Vann WF. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of immunogenic meningococcal group C polysialic acid-tetanus Hc fragment glycoconjugates. Glycoconj J 2013; 30:857-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-013-9490-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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64
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Quantitation of serogroups in multivalent polysaccharide-based meningococcal vaccines: Optimisation of hydrolysis conditions and chromatographic methods. Vaccine 2013; 31:3702-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.05.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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65
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Carbohydrate-based synthetic vaccines: does the synthesis of longer chains of carbohydrates make this a step ever closer? Future Med Chem 2013; 4:1767-70. [PMID: 23043471 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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66
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Berti F, Romano MR, Micoli F, Pinto V, Cappelletti E, Gavini M, Proietti D, Pluschke G, MacLennan CA, Costantino P. Relative stability of meningococcal serogroup A and X polysaccharides. Vaccine 2012; 30:6409-15. [PMID: 22921741 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Prior to the introduction of the MenAfriVac™ serogroup A glycoconjugate vaccine in September 2010, serogroup A was the major epidemic disease-causing meningococcal serogroup in the African meningitis belt. However, recently serogroup X meningococcal (MenX) disease has received increased attention because of outbreaks recorded in this region, with increased endemic levels of MenX disease over the past 2 years. Whereas polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines against meningococcal serogroups A, C, W and Y (MenA, MenC, MenW, MenY) are on the market, a vaccine able to protect against MenX has never been achieved. The structure of serogroup A, C, W and Y meningococcal polysaccharides has been already fully elucidated by NMR. MenX capsular polysaccharide (MenX CPS) structure is also documented but fewer characterization data have been published. We have applied here (1)H NMR, (31)P NMR and HPLC to evaluate the stability of MenX CPS in aqueous solution as compared to MenA capsular polysaccharide (MenA CPS). The stability study demonstrated that MenA CPS is more susceptible to hydrolytic degradation than MenX CPS. The different stereochemistry of the N-acetyl group at position C(2) of mannosamine (MenA CPS) and glucosamine (MenX CPS) respectively might play a fundamental role in this susceptibility to polysaccharide chain degradation. The satisfactory stability of MenX CPS predicts the possibility that a stable fully-liquid MenX polysaccharide or glycoconjugate vaccine could be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Berti
- Novartis Vaccines, Via Fiorentina 1, I-53100 Siena, Italy.
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67
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Dull PM, McIntosh ED. Meningococcal vaccine development – from glycoconjugates against MenACWY to proteins against MenB – potential for broad protection against meningococcal disease. Vaccine 2012; 30 Suppl 2:B18-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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68
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Costantino P, Rappuoli R, Berti F. The design of semi-synthetic and synthetic glycoconjugate vaccines. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2011; 6:1045-66. [PMID: 22646863 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2011.609554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glycoconjugate vaccines are among the safest and most efficacious vaccines developed during the last 30 years. They are a potent tool for prevention of life-threatening bacterial infectious diseases like meningitis and pneumonia. The concept of hapten-carrier conjugation is now being extended to other disease areas. AREAS COVERED This is an overview of the history and current status of glycoconjugate vaccines. The authors discuss the approaches for their preparation and quality control as well as those variables which might affect their product profile. The authors also look at the potential to develop fully synthetic conjugate vaccines based on the progress of organic chemistry. Additionally, new applications of conjugate vaccines technology in the field of non-infectious diseases are discussed. Through this review, the reader will have an insight regarding the issues and complexities involved in the preparation and characterization of conjugate vaccines, the variables that might affect their immunogenicity and the potential for future applications. EXPERT OPINION The immunogenicity of weak T-independent antigens can be increased in quantity and quality by conjugation to protein carriers, which provide T-cell help. Glycoconjugate vaccines are among the safest and most efficacious vaccines developed so far. Various conjugation procedures and carrier proteins can be used. Many variables impact on the immunogenicity of conjugate vaccines and a tight control through physicochemical tests is important to ensure manufacturing and clinical consistency. New and challenging targets for conjugate vaccines are represented by cancer and other non-infectious diseases.
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69
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Chu KC, Ren CT, Lu CP, Hsu CH, Sun TH, Han JL, Pal B, Chao TA, Lin YF, Wu SH, Wong CH, Wu CY. Efficient and Stereoselective Synthesis of α(2→9) Oligosialic Acids: From Monomers to Dodecamers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201101794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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70
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Chu KC, Ren CT, Lu CP, Hsu CH, Sun TH, Han JL, Pal B, Chao TA, Lin YF, Wu SH, Wong CH, Wu CY. Efficient and Stereoselective Synthesis of α(2→9) Oligosialic Acids: From Monomers to Dodecamers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:9391-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201101794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
Meningococcal meningitis is feared because of the rapid onset of severe disease from mild symptoms and, therefore, is an important target for vaccine research. Five serogroups, defined by the structures of their capsular polysaccharides, are responsible for the vast majority of disease. Protection against four of these five serogroups can be obtained with polysaccharide or glycoconjugate vaccines, in which fragments of the capsular polysaccharides attached to a carrier protein generate anticarbohydrate immune responses, whilst protection against group B disease requires protein immunogens, often presented in vesicles containing outer membrane proteins. Glycoconjugate vaccines are now an established technology, but outer-membrane protein vaccines are still under development and present significant challenges. This review discusses physicochemical approaches to the characterization and quality control of these vaccines, as well as highlighting the problems and differences in vaccine design required for protection against different serogroups of the same species of pathogen.
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72
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Immunogenicity and safety of an investigational quadrivalent meningococcal ACWY tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine in healthy adolescents and young adults 10 to 25 years of age. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2011; 30:e41-8. [PMID: 21200360 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0b013e3182054ab9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An investigational quadrivalent Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, C, W-135, and Y tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (MenACWY-TT) has been developed to expand available options for vaccination against invasive meningococcal disease. METHODS A total of 784 healthy adolescents and young adults 11 to 25 years of age were randomized (3:1) to receive a single dose of the MenACWY-TT vaccine or a licensed MenACWY diphtheria toxoid conjugate vaccine (MenACWY-DT). An additional nonrandomized group of 88 subjects 10 years of age received the MenACWY-TT vaccine only (MenACWY-TT/10). Immunogenicity was assessed 1 month postvaccination by human complement serum bactericidal assay (hSBA) for all serogroups. Solicited local and general symptoms were recorded for 8 days postvaccination and safety outcomes for 6 months. RESULTS One month postvaccination, 81.9% to 96.1% of subjects had hSBA titers ≥ 1:8 in the MenACWY-TT group compared with 70.7% to 98.8% in the MenACWY-DT group. Exploratory analyses showed the proportion of subjects with hSBA titers ≥ 1:4 and ≥ 1:8 to be higher in the MenACWY-TT group than in the MenACWY-DT group for serogroups A, W-135, and Y. GMTs adjusted for age strata and baseline titer 1 month postvaccination were higher in the MenACWY-TT group than in the MenACWY-DT group for all 4 serogroups. The percentage of subjects reporting solicited local and general symptoms of any or Grade 3 severity or serious adverse events was similar between the 2 groups. Immune response and reactogenicity in the MenACWY-TT/10 group was similar to that in the MenACWY-TT group, except for higher hSBA-MenA GMTs in the MenACWY-TT/10 group. CONCLUSIONS The investigational MenACWY-TT vaccine was immunogenic in adolescents and young adults, with an acceptable safety profile.
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73
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Danieli E, Lay L, Proietti D, Berti F, Costantino P, Adamo R. First synthesis of C. difficile PS-II cell wall polysaccharide repeating unit. Org Lett 2010; 13:378-81. [PMID: 21190352 DOI: 10.1021/ol1026188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is the most commonly diagnosed cause of nosocomial diarrhea with increasing incidence and mortality among elderly and hospitalized patients. We report the first synthesis of the surface polysaccharide PS-II repeating unit and its nonphosphorylated analogue, with a linker for conjugation, via a (4 + 2) convergent approach from a common AB(D)C tetrasaccharide intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Danieli
- Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics, Vaccine Chemistry Department, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
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74
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Pace D. Novel quadrivalent meningococcal A, C, W-135 and Y glycoconjugate vaccine for the broader protection of adolescents and adults. Future Microbiol 2010; 5:1629-40. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.10.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Meningococcal meningitis and septicemia are a persistent public health concern owing to the associated mortality and devastating long-term sequelae. People of all ages may be affected, with the disease burden being higher in at-risk groups. Vaccination is the most rational approach to the prevention of invasive meningococcal disease. A novel quadrivalent meningococcal (Men) serogroup A, C, W-135 and Y polysaccharide–protein conjugate vaccine (MenACWY-CRM), has recently been licensed for use in individuals aged at least 11 years old in the USA, Canada and Europe. One dose of MenACWY-CRM is well tolerated, and induces robust immunity to all constituent vaccine serogroups in 11–65 year old individuals. MenACWY-CRM was found to be noninferior to the quadrivalent meningococcal ACWY-diphtheria toxoid glycoconjugate vaccine, which is also licensed in the USA and Canada. In Europe, MenACWY-CRM is the first quadrivalent meningococcal glycoconjugate vaccine available to provide broader protection against Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, C, W-135 and Y.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pace
- Department of Paediatrics, Mater Dei Hospital, Tal-Qroqq, Msida, MSD 2090, Malta
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75
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Kabanova A, Adamo R, Proietti D, Berti F, Tontini M, Rappuoli R, Costantino P. Preparation, characterization and immunogenicity of HIV-1 related high-mannose oligosaccharides-CRM197 glycoconjugates. Glycoconj J 2010; 27:501-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-010-9295-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2009] [Revised: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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76
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Abstract
The capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) of most pathogenic bacteria are T cell-independent antigens whose conjugation to carrier proteins evokes a carbohydrate-specific response eliciting T cell help. However, certain bacterial CPSs, known as zwitterionic polysaccharides (ZPSs), activate the adaptive immune system through processing by antigen-presenting cells and presentation by the major histocompatibility complex class II pathway to CD4(+) T cells. This discovery was the first mechanistic insight into how carbohydrates-a class of biological molecules previously thought to be T cell independent-can in fact activate T cells. Through their ability to activate CD4(+) T cells, ZPSs direct the cellular and physical maturation of the developing immune system. In this review, we explore the still-enigmatic relations between CPSs and the adaptive immune machinery at the cellular and molecular levels, and we discuss how new insights into the biological impact of ZPSs expand our concepts of the role of carbohydrates in microbial interactions with the adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fikri Y Avci
- Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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77
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Mosley SL, Rancy PC, Peterson DC, Vionnet J, Saksena R, Vann WF. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of conjugatable oligosialic acids. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10242420903388694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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78
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Quadrivalent meningococcal vaccination of adults: phase III comparison of an investigational conjugate vaccine, MenACWY-CRM, with the licensed vaccine, Menactra. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2009; 16:1810-5. [PMID: 19812260 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00207-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis is a leading cause of bacterial meningitis in the United States, with the highest case fatality rates reported for individuals > or = 15 years of age. This study compares the safety and immunogenicity of the Novartis Vaccines investigational quadrivalent meningococcal CRM(197) conjugate vaccine, MenACWY-CRM, to those of the licensed meningococcal conjugate vaccine, Menactra, when administered to healthy adults. In this phase III multicenter study, 1,359 adults 19 to 55 years of age were randomly assigned to one of four groups (1:1:1:1 ratio) to receive a single dose of one of three lots of MenACWY-CRM or a single dose of Menactra. Serum samples obtained at baseline and 1 month postvaccination were tested for serogroup-specific serum bactericidal activity using human complement (hSBA). The hSBA titers following vaccination with MenACWY-CRM and Menactra were compared in noninferiority and prespecified superiority analyses. Reactogenicity was similar in the MenACWY-CRM and Menactra groups, and neither vaccine was associated with a serious adverse event. When compared with Menactra, MenACWY-CRM met the superiority criteria for the proportions of recipients achieving a seroresponse against serogroups C, W-135, and Y and the proportion of subjects achieving postvaccination titers of > or = 1:8 for serogroups C and Y. MenACWY-CRM's immunogenicity was statistically noninferior (the lower limit of the two-sided 95% confidence interval was more than -10%) to that of Menactra for all four serogroups, with the postvaccination hSBA geometric mean titers being consistently higher for MenACWY-CRM than for Menactra. MenACWY-CRM is well tolerated in adults 19 to 55 years of age, with immune responses to each of the serogroups noninferior and, in some cases, statistically superior to those to Menactra.
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79
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Bröker M, Dull PM, Rappuoli R, Costantino P. Chemistry of a new investigational quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine that is immunogenic at all ages. Vaccine 2009; 27:5574-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Revised: 07/09/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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81
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Pace D. Quadrivalent meningococcal ACYW-135 glycoconjugate vaccine for broader protection from infancy. Expert Rev Vaccines 2009; 8:529-42. [PMID: 19397410 DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Invasive meningococcal disease is a global public-health concern, with infants and adolescents bearing the majority of the disease burden. Vaccination is the most rational strategy to prevent meningococcal disease. Control of serogroup C disease has largely been achieved by the introduction of glycoconjugate meningococcal C vaccines, initially in the UK in 1999, and subsequently in several other countries. The recent licensure of a quadrivalent glycoconjugate vaccine against serogroups A, C, Y and W-135 in the USA and Canada has broadened protection against Neisseria meningitidis in 2-55 year olds. The investigational quadrivalent meningococcal serogroup A, C, Y and W-135 glycoconjugate vaccine (MenACYW-CRM197), which is immunogenic from infancy, has the potential to extend protection to the most vulnerable age group. This article discusses this novel quadrivalent vaccine formulation and its potential to control invasive disease caused by N. meningitidis serogroups A, C, Y and W-135.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pace
- Department of Paediatrics, Mater Dei Hospital, Tal-Qroqq, Msida, Malta.
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