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Länger BM, Pou-Barreto C, González-Alcón C, Valladares B, Wimmer B, Torres NV. Modeling of leishmaniasis infection dynamics: novel application to the design of effective therapies. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2012; 6:1. [PMID: 22222070 PMCID: PMC3293051 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-6-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background The WHO considers leishmaniasis as one of the six most important tropical diseases worldwide. It is caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania that are passed on to humans and animals by the phlebotomine sandfly. Despite all of the research, there is still a lack of understanding on the metabolism of the parasite and the progression of the disease. In this study, a mathematical model of disease progression was developed based on experimental data of clinical symptoms, immunological responses, and parasite load for Leishmania amazonensis in BALB/c mice. Results Four biologically significant variables were chosen to develop a differential equation model based on the GMA power-law formalism. Parameters were determined to minimize error in the model dynamics and time series experimental data. Subsequently, the model robustness was tested and the model predictions were verified by comparing them with experimental observations made in different experimental conditions. The model obtained helps to quantify relationships between the selected variables, leads to a better understanding of disease progression, and aids in the identification of crucial points for introducing therapeutic methods. Conclusions Our model can be used to identify the biological factors that must be changed to minimize parasite load in the host body, and contributes to the design of effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina M Länger
- Grupo de Tecnología Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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52
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Schroeder J, Brown N, Kaye P, Aebischer T. Single dose novel Salmonella vaccine enhances resistance against visceralizing L. major and L. donovani infection in susceptible BALB/c mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1406. [PMID: 22216363 PMCID: PMC3246433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a major neglected tropical disease, with an estimated 500,000 new cases and more than 50,000 deaths attributable to this disease every year. Drug therapy is available but costly and resistance against several drug classes has evolved. Despite all efforts, no commercial, let alone affordable, vaccine is available to date. Thus, the development of cost effective, needle-independent vaccines is a high priority. Here, we have continued efforts to develop live vaccine carriers based on recombinant Salmonella. We used an in silico approach to select novel Leishmania parasite antigens from proteomic data sets, with selection criteria based on protein abundance, conservation across Leishmania species and low homology to host species. Five chosen antigens were differentially expressed on the surface or in the cytosol of Salmonella typhimurium SL3261. A two-step procedure was developed to select optimal Salmonella vaccine strains for each antigen, based on bacterial fitness and antigen expression levels. We show that vaccine strains of Salmonella expressing the novel Leishmania antigens LinJ08.1190 and LinJ23.0410 significantly reduced visceralisation of L. major and enhanced systemic resistance against L. donovani in susceptible BALB/c mice. The results show that Salmonella are valid vaccine carriers for inducing resistance against visceral leishmaniasis but that their use may not be suitable for all antigens.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Protozoan/genetics
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Carriers/administration & dosage
- Female
- Genetic Vectors
- Leishmania donovani/genetics
- Leishmania donovani/immunology
- Leishmania major/genetics
- Leishmania major/immunology
- Leishmaniasis Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Leishmaniasis Vaccines/genetics
- Leishmaniasis Vaccines/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/parasitology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Salmonella typhimurium/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Schroeder
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Najmeeyah Brown
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Kaye
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Toni Aebischer
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
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53
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Duthie MS, Raman VS, Piazza FM, Reed SG. The development and clinical evaluation of second-generation leishmaniasis vaccines. Vaccine 2011; 30:134-41. [PMID: 22085553 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Infection with Leishmania parasites results in a range of clinical manifestations and outcomes. Control of Leishmania parasite transmission is extremely difficult due to the large number of vectors and potential reservoirs, and none of the current treatments are ideal. Vaccination could be an effective strategy to provide sustained control. In this review, the current global situation with regard to leishmaniasis, the immunology of Leishmania infection and various efforts to identify second generation vaccine candidates are briefly discussed. The variety of clinical trials conducted using the only current second generation vaccine approved for clinical use, LEISH-F1+MPL-SE, are described. Given that epidemiological evidence suggests that reducing the canine reservoir also positively impacts human incidence, efforts at providing a vaccine for leishmaniasis in dogs are highlighted. Finally, potential refinements and surrogate markers that could expedite the introduction of a vaccine that can limit the severity and incidence of leishmaniasis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm S Duthie
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1124 Columbia St, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
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54
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Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a disease that ranges in severity from skin lesions to serious disfigurement and fatal systemic infection. WHO has classified the disease as emerging and uncontrolled and estimates that the infection results in two million new cases a year. There are 12 million people currently infected worldwide, and leishmaniasis threatens 350 million people in 88 countries. Vaccination remains the best hope for control of all forms of the disease, and the development of a safe, effective and affordable antileishmanial vaccine is a critical global public-health priority. However, to date, no such vaccine is available despite substantial efforts by many laboratories. Main obstacle in vaccine design is the transition from the laboratory to the field and extrapolation of data from animal models to humans. This review discusses recent findings in the antileishmania vaccine field and current difficulties hampering vaccine implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Kedzierski
- Inflammation Division, Walter+Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
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55
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Palatnik-de-Sousa CB, Day MJ. One Health: the global challenge of epidemic and endemic leishmaniasis. Parasit Vectors 2011; 4:197. [PMID: 21985335 PMCID: PMC3214158 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
'One Health' proposes the unification of medical and veterinary sciences with the establishment of collaborative ventures in clinical care, surveillance and control of cross-species disease, education, and research into disease pathogenesis, diagnosis, therapy and vaccination. The concept encompasses the human population, domestic animals and wildlife, and the impact that environmental changes ('environmental health') such as global warming will have on these populations. Visceral leishmaniasis is a perfect example of a small companion animal disease for which prevention and control might abolish or decrease the suffering of canine and human patients, and which aligns well with the One Health approach. In this review we discuss how surveillance for leishmaniases is undertaken globally through the control of anthroponootic visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) and zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL). The ZVL epidemic has been managed to date by the culling of infected dogs, treatment of human cases and control of the sandfly vector by insecticidal treatment of human homes and the canine reservoir. Recently, preventive vaccination of dogs in Brazil has led to reduction in the incidence of the canine and human disease. Vaccination permits greater dog owner compliance with control measures than a culling programme. Another advance in disease control in Africa is provided by a surveillance programme that combines remote satellite sensing, ecological modelling, vector surveillance and geo-spatial mapping of the distribution of vectors and of the animal-to-animal or animal-to-human pathogen transmission. This coordinated programme generates advisory notices and alerts on emerging infectious disease outbreaks that may impede or avoid the spreading of visceral leishmaniasis to new areas of the planet as a consequence of global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisa B Palatnik-de-Sousa
- Laboratório de Biologia e Bioquímica de Leishmania, Instituto de Microbiologia "Paulo de Góes", CP 68040, 21941-902. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro. Brazil
| | - Michael J Day
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford BS40 5DU, UK
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56
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Evans KJ, Kedzierski L. Development of Vaccines against Visceral Leishmaniasis. J Trop Med 2011; 2012:892817. [PMID: 21912561 PMCID: PMC3170777 DOI: 10.1155/2012/892817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease resulting in a global morbidity of 2,090 thousand Disability-Adjusted Life Years and a mortality rate of approximately 60,000 per year. Among the three clinical forms of leishmaniasis (cutaneous, mucosal, and visceral), visceral leishmaniasis (VL) accounts for the majority of mortality, as if left untreated VL is almost always fatal. Caused by infection with Leishmania donovani or L. infantum, VL represents a serious public health problem in endemic regions and is rapidly emerging as an opportunistic infection in HIV patients. To date, no vaccine exists for VL or any other form of leishmaniasis. In endemic areas, the majority of those infected do not develop clinical symptoms and past infection leads to robust immunity against reinfection. Thus the development of vaccine for Leishmania is a realistic public health goal, and this paper summarizes advances in vaccination strategies against VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal J. Evans
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, The University of Melbourne, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Lukasz Kedzierski
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, The University of Melbourne, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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57
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Actualités sur les leishmanioses viscérales. Rev Med Interne 2011; 32:544-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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58
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Leite RS, Mendes VC, Ferreira ALC, Andrade ASRD. The use of conjunctival swab samples for PCR screening for visceral leishmaniasis in vaccinated dogs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 20:36-41. [PMID: 21439230 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612011000100008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been shown to provide a rapid and sensitive technique for Leishmania detection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the technique of noninvasive conjunctival swabs (CS) as a sampling method for molecular screening for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in a group of 42 police dogs, all of them vaccinated against VL, and to compare the results with those obtained by serological tests. The serological assays were performed independently by three laboratories. Laboratories 1 and 2 were private laboratories and laboratory 3 was the National Reference Laboratory. The first serological screening performed by laboratory 1 showed 15 reactive dogs and 4 indeterminate. Laboratory 2 confirmed only 3 reactive dogs and 2 indeterminate. Laboratory 3 confirmed 7 reactive dogs and 3 indeterminate. The PCR diagnosis using the CS procedure was performed on all 42 animals and was able to detect Leishmania DNA in 17 dogs. The PCR assay confirmed all the cases that were simultaneously reactive in the serological tests by two laboratories. The results showed that the CS technique was a sensitive and practical method for sample collection, thus allowing reliable diagnostic tests through PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Souza Leite
- Laboratório de Radiobiologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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59
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Kaye PM, Aebischer T. Visceral leishmaniasis: immunology and prospects for a vaccine. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17:1462-70. [PMID: 21851483 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03610.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL) is the most severe clinical form of a spectrum of neglected tropical diseases caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. Caused mainly by L. donovani and L. infantum/chagasi, HVL accounts for more than 50 000 deaths every year. Drug therapy is available but costly, and resistance against several drug classes has evolved. Here, we review our current understanding of the immunology of HVL and approaches to and the status of vaccine development against this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Kaye
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK.
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60
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Podaliri Vulpiani M, Iannetti L, Paganico D, Iannino F, Ferri N. Methods of Control of the Leishmania infantum Dog Reservoir: State of the Art. Vet Med Int 2011; 2011:215964. [PMID: 21772963 PMCID: PMC3134973 DOI: 10.4061/2011/215964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 04/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania infantum is a protozoan parasite causing severe vector-borne visceral diseases both in humans and dogs. The latter are the most important natural reservoir and therefore should be the main target of control measures. The real efficacy of seropositive dogs culling as a direct control method is still debated, and the new sensitivity of large part of population considers ethically unacceptable this kind of approach. Treatment of infectious dogs with one of the available therapeutic protocols is recommendable as it allows to reduce parasite burdens and therefore the possibility of transmission of Leishmania infantum to vectors. Vaccination has been proven to be a very effective control tool, but the absence of a commonly recognized diagnostic method able to distinguish vaccinate from seropositive individuals is still an important limit. Concerning indirect control methods, a number of studies have demonstrated the efficacy of topical insecticides treatment (collars, spot-on, and sprays) in reducing incidence and prevalence of L. infantum. Also, the reduction of the odds of seroconversion in humans in endemic areas has been reported after the application of indirect control measures on dogs. The contemporary use of direct and indirect methods is even more effective in reducing seroprevalence in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Podaliri Vulpiani
- Divisione Veterinaria di Salute Pubblica, Istituto "G. Caporale", Via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
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61
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Day MJ. One health: the importance of companion animal vector-borne diseases. Parasit Vectors 2011; 4:49. [PMID: 21489237 PMCID: PMC3090364 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The international prominence accorded the 'One Health' concept of co-ordinated activity of those involved in human and animal health is a modern incarnation of a long tradition of comparative medicine, with roots in the ancient civilizations and a golden era during the 19th century explosion of knowledge in the field of infectious disease research. Modern One Health tends to focus on zoonotic pathogens emerging from wildlife and production animal species, but one of the most significant One Health challenges is rabies for which there is a canine reservoir. This review considers the role of small companion animals in One Health and specifically addresses the major vector-borne infectious diseases that are shared by man, dogs and cats. The most significant of these are leishmaniosis, borreliosis, bartonellosis, ehrlichiosis, rickettsiosis and anaplasmosis. The challenges that lie ahead in this field of One Health are discussed, together with the role of the newly formed World Small Animal Veterinary Association One Health Committee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Day
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford BS40 5DU, UK.
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62
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Day MJ. The immunopathology of canine vector-borne diseases. Parasit Vectors 2011; 4:48. [PMID: 21489234 PMCID: PMC3090743 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The canine vector-borne infectious diseases (CVBDs) are an emerging problem in veterinary medicine and the zoonotic potential of many of these agents is a significant consideration for human health. The successful diagnosis, treatment and prevention of these infections is dependent upon firm understanding of the underlying immunopathology of the diseases in which there are unique tripartite interactions between the microorganism, the vector and the host immune system. Although significant advances have been made in the areas of molecular speciation and the epidemiology of these infections and their vectors, basic knowledge of the pathology and immunology of the diseases has lagged behind. This review summarizes recent studies of the pathology and host immune response in the major CVBDs (leishmaniosis, babesiosis, ehrlichiosis, hepatozoonosis, anaplasmosis, bartonellosis and borreliosis). The ultimate application of such immunological investigation is the development of effective vaccines. The current commercially available vaccines for canine leishmaniosis, babesiosis and borreliosis are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Day
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford BS40 5DU, UK.
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63
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Kovalenko DA, Razakov SA, Ponirovsky EN, Warburg A, Nasyrova RM, Ponomareva VI, Fatullaeva AA, Nasereddin A, Klement E, Alam MZ, Schnur LF, Jaffe CL, Schönian G, Baneth G. Canine leishmaniosis and its relationship to human visceral leishmaniasis in Eastern Uzbekistan. Parasit Vectors 2011; 4:58. [PMID: 21489254 PMCID: PMC3094397 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Namangan Region in the Pap District, located in Eastern Uzbekistan is the main focus of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Uzbekistan. In total, 28 cases of human VL were registered during 2006-2008 in this region. A study on the epidemiology of VL in this area was carried out in 2007-2008 in the villages of Chodak, Oltinkan, Gulistan and Chorkesar located at elevations of 900-1200 above sea level. RESULTS A total of 162 dogs were tested for Leishmania infection. Blood was drawn for serology and PCR. When clinical signs of the disease were present, aspirates from lymph nodes and the spleen were taken. Forty-two dogs (25.9%) had clinical signs suggestive of VL and 51 (31.5%) were sero-positive. ITS-1 PCR was performed for 135 dogs using blood and tissue samples and 40 (29.6%) of them were PCR-positive. Leishmanial parasites were cultured from lymph node or spleen aspirates from 10 dogs.Eight Leishmania strains isolated from dogs were typed by multi-locus microsatellite typing (MLMT) and by multilocus enzyme electrophoretic analysis (MLEE), using a 15 enzyme system. These analyses revealed that the strains belong to the most common zymodeme of L. infantum, i.e., MON-1, and form a unique group when compared to MON-1 strains from other geographical regions. CONCLUSIONS The data obtained through this study confirm the existence of an active focus of VL in the Namangan region of Uzbekistan. The fact that L. infantum was the causative agent of canine infection with typical clinical signs, and also of human infection affecting only infants, suggests that a zoonotic form of VL similar in epidemiology to Mediterranean VL is present in Uzbekistan.
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64
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Costa MM, Andrade HM, Bartholomeu DC, Freitas LM, Pires SF, Chapeaurouge AD, Perales J, Ferreira AT, Giusta MS, Melo MN, Gazzinelli RT. Analysis of Leishmania chagasi by 2-D Difference Gel Eletrophoresis (2-D DIGE) and Immunoproteomic: Identification of Novel Candidate Antigens for Diagnostic Tests and Vaccine. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:2172-84. [DOI: 10.1021/pr101286y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Míriam M. Costa
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, 31270-910 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Hélida M. Andrade
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, 31279-910 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Daniella C. Bartholomeu
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, 31279-910 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Leandro M. Freitas
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, 31279-910 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Simone F. Pires
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, 31279-910 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Alexander D. Chapeaurouge
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo cruz, Laboratório de Toxinologia, 21040360 Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Jonas Perales
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo cruz, Laboratório de Toxinologia, 21040360 Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - André T. Ferreira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo cruz, Laboratório de Toxinologia, 21040360 Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Mário S. Giusta
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, 31270-910 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Maria N. Melo
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, 31279-910 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Ricardo T. Gazzinelli
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, 31270-910 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou−Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Worcester 01605-2324, Massachusetts, United States
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65
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Abstract
Earlier this year, the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) established a One Health committee with the remit of positioning small companion animals in the global One Health framework. Here, Michael Day, the chairman of that committee, explains how companion animals fit within the One Health concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Day
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol.
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66
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KAUR T, SOBTI RC, KAUR S. Cocktail of gp63 and Hsp70 induces protection against Leishmania donovani in BALB/c mice. Parasite Immunol 2011; 33:95-103. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2010.01253.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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67
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Chatterji BP, Jindal B, Srivastava S, Panda D. Microtubules as antifungal and antiparasitic drug targets. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2011; 21:167-86. [PMID: 21204724 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2011.545349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diseases caused by fungi and parasites are major illnesses in humans as well as in animals. Microtubule-targeted drugs are highly effective for the treatment of fungal and parasitic infections; however, several human parasitic infections such as malaria, trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis do not have effective remedial drugs. In addition, the emergence of drug-resistant fungi and parasites makes the discovery of new drugs imperative. AREAS COVERED This article describes similarities and dissimilarities between parasitic, fungal and mammalian tubulins and focuses on microtubule-targeting agents and therapeutic approaches for the treatment of fungal and parasitic diseases. New microtubule-targeted antileishmanial, antimalarial and antifungal drugs, with structures, biological activities and related patents, are described. The potential of dsRNA against tubulin to inhibit proliferation of protozoan and helminthic parasites is also discussed. Patent documents up to 2010 have been searched on USPTO, Patentscope, and Espacenet resources. EXPERT OPINION The article suggests that vaccination with tubulin may offer novel opportunities for the antiparasitic treatment. Native or recombinant tubulin used as antigen has been shown to elicit immune response and cure infection partially or fully in animals upon challenge by protozoan parasites and helminths, thus indicating the suitability of tubulin as a vaccine against parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswa Prasun Chatterji
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India
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68
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Nico D, Claser C, Borja-Cabrera GP, Travassos LR, Palatnik M, da Silva Soares I, Rodrigues MM, Palatnik-de-Sousa CB. Adaptive immunity against Leishmania nucleoside hydrolase maps its c-terminal domain as the target of the CD4+ T cell-driven protective response. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4:e866. [PMID: 21085470 PMCID: PMC2976684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside hydrolases (NHs) show homology among parasite protozoa, fungi and bacteria. They are vital protagonists in the establishment of early infection and, therefore, are excellent candidates for the pathogen recognition by adaptive immune responses. Immune protection against NHs would prevent disease at the early infection of several pathogens. We have identified the domain of the NH of L. donovani (NH36) responsible for its immunogenicity and protective efficacy against murine visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Using recombinant generated peptides covering the whole NH36 sequence and saponin we demonstrate that protection against L. chagasi is related to its C-terminal domain (amino-acids 199-314) and is mediated mainly by a CD4+ T cell driven response with a lower contribution of CD8+ T cells. Immunization with this peptide exceeds in 36.73±12.33% the protective response induced by the cognate NH36 protein. Increases in IgM, IgG2a, IgG1 and IgG2b antibodies, CD4+ T cell proportions, IFN-γ secretion, ratios of IFN-γ/IL-10 producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and percents of antibody binding inhibition by synthetic predicted epitopes were detected in F3 vaccinated mice. The increases in DTH and in ratios of TNFα/IL-10 CD4+ producing cells were however the strong correlates of protection which was confirmed by in vivo depletion with monoclonal antibodies, algorithm predicted CD4 and CD8 epitopes and a pronounced decrease in parasite load (90.5-88.23%; p = 0.011) that was long-lasting. No decrease in parasite load was detected after vaccination with the N-domain of NH36, in spite of the induction of IFN-γ/IL-10 expression by CD4+ T cells after challenge. Both peptides reduced the size of footpad lesions, but only the C-domain reduced the parasite load of mice challenged with L. amazonensis. The identification of the target of the immune response to NH36 represents a basis for the rationale development of a bivalent vaccine against leishmaniasis and for multivalent vaccines against NHs-dependent pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirlei Nico
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carla Claser
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Terapia Gênica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gulnara P. Borja-Cabrera
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz R. Travassos
- Unidade de Oncologia Experimental, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos Palatnik
- Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Irene da Silva Soares
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Martins Rodrigues
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Terapia Gênica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clarisa B. Palatnik-de-Sousa
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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69
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Affiliation(s)
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- School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
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70
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Jacobson RL. Leishmaniasis in an era of conflict in the Middle East. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2010; 11:247-58. [PMID: 20846030 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2010.0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is endemic in the Middle East, and both cutaneous and visceral forms are reported from the region ranging from the Levant to Afghanistan. The potential and proven phlebotomine sand fly vectors and reservoir hosts of the Leishmaniases species in Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, and Yemen are described. This region has seen a movement of populations across the area, due to both military and civilian strife. Refugees, armed forces, and multi-national contractors are particularly at risk to acquire this disease. There has been an upsurge in Leishmaniasis research, especially as new foci are exposed and the need to protect the naïve populations moving into endemic areas becomes a public health priority. New sand fly vectors and animal reservoirs have been discovered while novel control methods are being evaluated. Modern molecular techniques are now being used more routinely and revealing some unusual findings. The aim of this review is to collate the most recent data on the burden of the disease, diagnostic applications, eco-epidemiology of vectors, and reservoir hosts, and how the control projects have been developing in the Middle East.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond L Jacobson
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, The Institute of Medical Research Canada-Israel, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Nunes CM, Pires MM, da Silva KM, Assis FD, Gonçalves Filho J, Perri SHV. Relationship between dog culling and incidence of human visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic area. Vet Parasitol 2010; 170:131-3. [PMID: 20181428 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Revised: 12/31/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Domestic dogs are the main reservoirs of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in urban areas; one of the control measures adopted in Brazil is the elimination of this reservoir. In order to test the relationship between the euthanasia rate of the canine reservoir and the incidence of the disease in humans, data on dog culling from the Centre for Zoonosis Control of Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil, during the period from 1999 to 2008 and visceral leishmaniasis human cases registered in the same period were analyzed. Reduction of human VL incidence was statistically correlated to dog euthanasia rate (P=0.0211; r(2)=0.616) when it was analyzed for the period of two years after application of this measure. Other factors that may influence this relationship are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cáris Maroni Nunes
- UNESP, Univ Estadual Paulista, Veterinary Medicine, Rua Clóvis Pestana, 793, Jd. D. Amélia, Araçatuba, SP, CEP 16050-680, Brazil.
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73
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Borja-Cabrera GP, Santos FB, Picillo E, Gravino AE, Manna L, Palatnik-de-Sousa CB. Nucleoside hydrolase DNA vaccine against canine visceral leishmaniasis. PROCEDIA IN VACCINOLOGY 2009; 1:104-109. [PMID: 32288909 PMCID: PMC7129871 DOI: 10.1016/j.provac.2009.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Nucleoside Hydrolase (NH36) is the main marker of the FML complex of Leishmania donovani, antigen of the licensed Leishmune® vaccine for prophylaxis of canine visceral leishmaniasis. As a DNA vaccine in mice, it induces a TH1 immune response. We vaccinated mongrel dogs with the VR1012NH36 vaccine for prophylaxis and immunotherapy against a high dose Leishmania chagasi infection (7 x 108 infective amastigotes). The untreated controls developed more symptoms, higher parasite/lymphocyte ratio, smaller DTH reactions, lower proportions of NH36-specific CD4+ cells and sustained NH36-specific CD8+ cell counts than dogs of the prophylaxis group. In the immunotherapy treated group, enlarged DTH reactions, enhanced CD4+ and sustained CD8+ lymphocyte proportions were also detected, however, without reduction of symptoms or parasite/lymphocyte ratio, indicating that the vaccine was sufficiently potent to prevent but not to control the disease. Both treatments determined higher survival rates. Anti-FML antibodies increased in vaccinated and control dogs while anti-NH36 antibodies were only increased in vaccinees (p= 0.000). The parasite load of an untreated survivor control dog (638.05 parasites) felt outside the IC95% of that of vaccinated dogs (32.02, IC95% 9.45-64.59) suggesting that both vaccination treatments succeeded in reducing the Leishmania infective burden. Accordingly, an untreated control dog showed lower levels of IFN γ-β, IL-2, IL4 but not IL-10 β actin-relative quantification. We conclude that the VR1012-NH36 vaccine induces strong prophylactic protection and a milder immunotherapeutic effect against a high dose canine experimental infection with Leishmania chagasi.
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Affiliation(s)
- GP Borja-Cabrera
- Inst. de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes., Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária. Ilha do Fundão.Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ).Caixa Postal 68040, 21941-902. Rio de Janeiro. BRASIL
| | - FB Santos
- Inst. de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes., Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária. Ilha do Fundão.Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ).Caixa Postal 68040, 21941-902. Rio de Janeiro. BRASIL
| | - E Picillo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Veterinarie, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via F. Delpino. 1-80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - AE Gravino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Veterinarie, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via F. Delpino. 1-80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - L Manna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Veterinarie, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via F. Delpino. 1-80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - CB Palatnik-de-Sousa
- Inst. de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes., Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária. Ilha do Fundão.Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ).Caixa Postal 68040, 21941-902. Rio de Janeiro. BRASIL
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