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Aalders J, Ali S, de Jong TJ, Richardson MK. Assessing Teratogenicity from the Clustering of Abnormal Phenotypes in Individual Zebrafish Larvae. Zebrafish 2016; 13:511-522. [PMID: 27560445 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2016.1284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous publications, we described the population incidence of abnormalities in zebrafish larvae exposed to toxicants. Here, we examine the phenomenon of clustering or co-occurrence of abnormalities in individual larva. Our aim is to see how this clustering can be used to assess the specificity and severity of teratogenic effect. A total of 11,214 surviving larvae, exposed continuously from 1 day postfertilization (dpf) to one of 60 toxicants, were scored at 5 dpf for the presence of eight different abnormal phenotypes. These were as follows: pericardial edema, yolk sac edema, dispersed melanocytes, bent tail, bent trunk, hypoplasia of Meckel's cartilage, hypoplasia of branchial arches, and uninflated swim bladder. For 43/60 compounds tested, there was a concentration-dependent increase in the severity score (number of different abnormalities per larva). Statistical analysis showed that abnormalities tended to cluster (i.e., to occur in the same larva) more often than expected by chance alone. Yolk sac edema and dispersed melanocytes show a relatively strong association with one another and were typically the first abnormalities to appear in single larvae as the concentration of compound was increased. By contrast, hypoplastic branchial arches and hypoplastic Meckel's cartilage were only frequently observed in the most severely affected larvae. We developed a metric of teratogenicity (TC3/8), which represents the concentration of a compound that produces, on average, 3/8 abnormalities per larva. On this basis, the most teratogenic compounds tested here are amitriptyline, chlorpromazine hydrochloride, and sodium dodecyl sulfate; the least teratogenic is ethanol. We find a strong correlation between TC3/8 and LC50 of the 43 compounds that showed teratogenic effects. When we examined the ratio of TC3/8 to LC50, benserazide hydrochloride, copper (II) nitrate trihydrate, and nicotine had the highest specific teratogenicity, while aconitine, hesperidin, and ouabain octahydrate had the lowest. We conclude that analyzing the clustering of abnormalities per larva can provide an enriched teratogenic dataset compared with simple measurement of the population frequency of abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Aalders
- 1 Sylvius Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University , Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Shaukat Ali
- 2 Department of Zoology, the University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir , Muzaffarabad, Pakistan
| | - Tom J de Jong
- 1 Sylvius Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University , Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Michael K Richardson
- 1 Sylvius Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University , Leiden, the Netherlands
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Roy NM, Carneiro B, Ochs J. Glyphosate induces neurotoxicity in zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 42:45-54. [PMID: 26773362 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate based herbicides (GBH) like Roundup(®) are used extensively in agriculture as well as in urban and rural settings as a broad spectrum herbicide. Its mechanism of action was thought to be specific only to plants and thus considered safe and non-toxic. However, mounting evidence suggests that GBHs may not be as safe as once thought as initial studies in frogs suggest that GBHs may be teratogenic. Here we utilize the zebrafish vertebrate model system to study early effects of glyphosate exposure using technical grade glyphosate and the Roundup(®) Classic formulation. We find morphological abnormalities including cephalic and eye reductions and a loss of delineated brain ventricles. Concomitant with structural changes in the developing brain, using in situ hybridization analysis, we detect decreases in genes expressed in the eye, fore and midbrain regions of the brain including pax2, pax6, otx2 and ephA4. However, we do not detect changes in hindbrain expression domains of ephA4 nor exclusive hindbrain markers krox-20 and hoxb1a. Additionally, using a Retinoic Acid (RA) mediated reporter transgenic, we detect no alterations in the RA expression domains in the hindbrain and spinal cord, but do detect a loss of expression in the retina. We conclude that glyphosate and the Roundup(®) formulation is developmentally toxic to the forebrain and midbrain but does not affect the hindbrain after 24 h exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Roy
- Department of Biology, Sacred Heart University, Fairfield, CT, United States.
| | - Bruno Carneiro
- Department of Biology, Sacred Heart University, Fairfield, CT, United States
| | - Jeremy Ochs
- Department of Biology, Sacred Heart University, Fairfield, CT, United States
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53
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Wu L, Shao Y, Hu Z, Gao H. Effects of soluble sulfide on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryonic development. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 42:183-189. [PMID: 26871964 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish embryos were used to investigate the developmental effects of sulfide. Mortality, teratogenic effects, and developmental parameters of early developmental embryos were recorded. The biodistribution of sulfide in developing zebrafish embryos and larvae were measured through fluorescence imaging. The influences of sulfide on the cardiac function and development velocity of zebrafish embryos were dependent on sulfide concentration. Heart rate and development velocity increased with exposure to lower sulfide concentrations, which may be attributed to the cardioprotective properties of H2S. Meanwhile, heart rate and development velocity decreased, whereas pericardial edema, yolk sac edema, and trunk abnormalities occurred with exposure to higher sulfide concentrations. Sulfide accumulated in the blastoderm of early developmental embryos and was then transported to the yolk sac and yolk extension with the embryonic development. Finally, sulfide was transferred from the yolk to the eyes of zebrafish larvae. The details of mechanism of sulfide toxicity require further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Wu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ying Shao
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), Department of Ecosystem Analysis, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Zhangjun Hu
- Division of Molecular Surface Physics & Nanoscience, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden
| | - Hongwen Gao
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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54
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Chong CM, Ma D, Zhao C, Franklin RJM, Zhou ZY, Ai N, Li C, Yu H, Hou T, Sa F, Lee SMY. Discovery of a novel neuroprotectant, BHDPC, that protects against MPP+/MPTP-induced neuronal death in multiple experimental models. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:1057-66. [PMID: 26415025 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Progressive degeneration and death of neurons are main causes of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Although some current medicines may temporarily improve their symptoms, no treatments can slow or halt the progression of neuronal death. In this study, a pyrimidine derivative, benzyl 7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-methyl-4,7-dihydrotetrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate (BHDPC), was found to attenuate dramatically the MPTP-induced death of dopaminergic neurons and improve behavior movement deficiency in zebrafish, supporting its potential neuroprotective activity in vivo. Further study in rat organotypic cerebellar cultures indicated that BHDPC was able to suppress MPP(+)-induced cell death of brain tissue slices ex vivo. The protective effect of BHDPC against MPP(+) toxicity was also effective in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells through restoring abnormal changes in mitochondrial membrane potential and numerous apoptotic regulators. Western blotting analysis indicated that BHDPC was able to activate PKA/CREB survival signaling and further up-regulate Bcl2 expression. However, BHDPC failed to suppress MPP(+)-induced cytotoxicity and the increase of caspase 3 activity in the presence of the PKA inhibitor H89. Taken together, these results suggest that BHDPC is a potential neuroprotectant with prosurvival effects in multiple models of neurodegenerative disease in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheong-Meng Chong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Dan Ma
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Chao Zhao
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Robin J M Franklin
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Zhong-Yan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Nana Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Chuwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Huidong Yu
- Rongene Pharma Co., Ltd. 3 Juquan Rd, International Business Incubator, Guangzhou Science Town, Guangdong, 510663, China
| | - Tingjun Hou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Fei Sa
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Simon Ming-Yuen Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
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Liu JC, Koppula S, Huh SJ, Park PJ, Kim CG, Lee CJ, Kim CG. Necrosis inhibitor-5 (NecroX-5), attenuates MPTP-induced motor deficits in a zebrafish model of Parkinson’s disease. Genes Genomics 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-015-0364-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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56
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Hagstrom D, Cochet-Escartin O, Zhang S, Khuu C, Collins EMS. Freshwater Planarians as an Alternative Animal Model for Neurotoxicology. Toxicol Sci 2015; 147:270-85. [PMID: 26116028 PMCID: PMC4838007 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional toxicology testing has relied on low-throughput, expensive mammalian studies; however, timely testing of the large number of environmental toxicants requires new in vitro and in vivo platforms for inexpensive medium- to high-throughput screening. Herein, we describe the suitability of the asexual freshwater planarian Dugesia japonica as a new animal model for the study of developmental neurotoxicology. As these asexual animals reproduce by binary fission, followed by regeneration of missing body structures within approximately 1 week, development and regeneration occur through similar processes allowing us to induce neurodevelopment "at will" through amputation. This short time scale and the comparable sizes of full and regenerating animals enable parallel experiments in adults and developing worms to determine development-specific aspects of toxicity. Because the planarian brain, despite its simplicity, is structurally and molecularly similar to the mammalian brain, we are able to ascertain neurodevelopmental toxicity that is relevant to humans. As a proof of concept, we developed a 5-step semiautomatic screening platform to characterize the toxicity of 9 known neurotoxicants (consisting of common solvents, pesticides, and detergents) and a neutral agent, glucose, and quantified effects on viability, stimulated and unstimulated behavior, regeneration, and brain structure. Comparisons of our findings with other alternative toxicology animal models, such as zebrafish larvae and nematodes, demonstrated that planarians are comparably sensitive to the tested chemicals. In addition, we found that certain compounds induced adverse effects specifically in developing animals. We thus conclude that planarians offer new complementary opportunities for developmental neurotoxicology animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Hagstrom
- *Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | | | - Siqi Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Cindy Khuu
- *Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Eva-Maria S Collins
- *Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; Physics Department, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; and
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57
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Guo P, Huang Z, Tao T, Chen X, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Lin C. Zebrafish as a model for studying the developmental neurotoxicity of propofol. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 35:1511-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology; Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Zhibin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Tao Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology; Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Wenqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Yiyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Chunshui Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology; Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Guangdong China
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58
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Wang X, Yang L, Wu Y, Huang C, Wang Q, Han J, Guo Y, Shi X, Zhou B. The developmental neurotoxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers: Effect of DE-71 on dopamine in zebrafish larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:1119-1126. [PMID: 25651517 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The potential neurotoxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) is still a great concern. In the present study, the authors investigated whether exposure to PBDEs could affect the neurotransmitter system and cause developmental neurotoxicity in zebrafish. Zebrafish embryos (2 h postfertilization) were exposed to different concentrations of the PBDE mixture DE-71 (0-100 μg/L). The larvae were harvested at 120 h postfertilization, and the impact on dopaminergic signaling was investigated. The results revealed significant reductions in content of whole-body dopamine and its metabolite, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, in DE-71-exposed larvae. The transcription of genes involved in the development of dopaminergic neurons (e.g., manf, bdnf, and nr4a2b) was significantly downregulated upon exposure to DE-71. Also, DE-71 resulted in a significant decrease of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine transporter protein levels in dopaminergic neurons. The expression level of tyrosine hydroxylase in forebrain neurons was assessed by whole-mount immunofluorescence, and the results further demonstrated that the tyrosine hydroxylase protein expression level was reduced in dopaminergic neurons. In addition to these molecular changes, the authors observed reduced locomotor activity in DE-71-exposed larvae. Taken together, the results of the present study demonstrate that acute exposure to PBDEs can affect dopaminergic signaling by disrupting the synthesis and transportation of dopamine in zebrafish, thereby disrupting normal neurodevelopment. In accord with its experimental findings, the present study extends knowledge of the mechanisms governing PBDE-induced developmental neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Abstract
Nonclinical safety pharmacology and toxicology testing of drug candidates assess the potential adverse effects caused by the drug in relation to its intended use in humans. Hazards related to a drug have to be identified and the potential risks at the intended exposure have to be evaluated in comparison to the potential benefit of the drug. Preclinical safety is thus an integral part of drug discovery and drug development. It still causes significant attrition during drug development.Therefore, there is a need for smart selection of drug candidates in drug discovery including screening of important safety endpoints. In the recent years,there was significant progress in computational and in vitro technology allowing in silico assessment as well as high-throughput screening of some endpoints at very early stages of discovery. Despite all this progress, in vivo evaluation of drug candidates is still an important part to safety testing. The chapter provides an overview on the most important areas of nonclinical safety screening during drug discovery of small molecules.
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60
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Rudin-Bitterli TS, Tills O, Spicer JI, Culverhouse PF, Wielhouwer EM, Richardson MK, Rundle SD. Combining motion analysis and microfluidics--a novel approach for detecting whole-animal responses to test substances. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113235. [PMID: 25464030 PMCID: PMC4251981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Small, early life stages, such as zebrafish embryos are increasingly used to assess the biological effects of chemical compounds in vivo. However, behavioural screens of such organisms are challenging in terms of both data collection (culture techniques, drug delivery and imaging) and data evaluation (very large data sets), restricting the use of high throughput systems compared to in vitro assays. Here, we combine the use of a microfluidic flow-through culture system, or BioWell plate, with a novel motion analysis technique, (sparse optic flow - SOF) followed by spectral analysis (discrete Fourier transformation - DFT), as a first step towards automating data extraction and analysis for such screenings. Replicate zebrafish embryos housed in a BioWell plate within a custom-built imaging system were subject to a chemical exposure (1.5% ethanol). Embryo movement was videoed before (30 min), during (60 min) and after (60 min) exposure and SOF was then used to extract data on movement (angles of rotation and angular changes to the centre of mass of embryos). DFT was subsequently used to quantify the movement patterns exhibited during these periods and Multidimensional Scaling and ANOSIM were used to test for differences. Motion analysis revealed that zebrafish had significantly altered movements during both the second half of the alcohol exposure period and also the second half of the recovery period compared to their pre-treatment movements. Manual quantification of tail flicking revealed the same differences between exposure-periods as detected using the automated approach. However, the automated approach also incorporates other movements visible in the organism such as blood flow and heart beat, and has greater power to discern environmentally-driven changes in the behaviour and physiology of organisms. We suggest that combining these technologies could provide a highly efficient, high throughput assay, for assessing whole embryo responses to various drugs and chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabitha S. Rudin-Bitterli
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Marine Science and Engineering, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Tills
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Marine Science and Engineering, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - John I. Spicer
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Marine Science and Engineering, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Phil F. Culverhouse
- Centre for Robotics and Neural Systems, School of Computing and Mathematics, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Eric M. Wielhouwer
- Sylvius Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Syntecnos, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michael K. Richardson
- Sylvius Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Simon D. Rundle
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Marine Science and Engineering, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, United Kingdom
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Roy NM, DeWolf S, Schutt A, Wright A, Steele L. Neural alterations from lead exposure in zebrafish. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2014; 46:40-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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62
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Jonas A, Buranova V, Scholz S, Fetter E, Novakova K, Kohoutek J, Hilscherova K. Retinoid-like activity and teratogenic effects of cyanobacterial exudates. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 155:283-290. [PMID: 25103898 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acids and their derivatives have been recently identified by chemical analyses in cyanobacteria and algae. Given the essential role of retinoids for vertebrate development this has raised concerns about a potential risk for vertebrates exposed to retinoids during cyanobacterial blooms. Our study focuses on extracellular compounds produced by phytoplankton cells (exudates). In order to address the capacity for the production of retinoids or compounds with retinoid-like activity we compared the exudates of ten cyanobacteria and algae using in vitro reporter gene assay. Exudates of three cyanobacterial species showed retinoid-like activity in the range of 269-2,265 ng retinoid equivalents (REQ)/L, while there was no detectable activity in exudates of the investigated algal species. The exudates of one green alga (Desmodesmus quadricaudus) and the two cyanobacterial species with greatest REQ levels, Microcystis aeruginosa and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, were selected for testing of the potential relation of retinoid-like activity to developmental toxicity in zebrafish embryos. The exudates of both cyanobacteria were indeed provoking diverse teratogenic effects (e.g. tail, spine and mouth deformation) and interference with growth in zebrafish embryos, while such effects were not observed for the alga. Fish embryos were also exposed to all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) in a range equivalent to the REQ concentrations detected in exudates by in vitro bioassays. Both the phenotypes and effective concentrations of exudates corresponded to ATRA equivalents, supporting the hypothesis that the teratogenic effects of cyanobacterial exudates are likely to be associated with retinoid-like activity. The study documents that some cyanobacteria are able to produce and release retinoid-like compounds into the environment at concentrations equivalent to those causing teratogenicity in zebrafish. Hence, the characterization of retinoid-like and teratogenic potency should be included in the assessment of the potential adverse effects caused by the release of toxic and bioactive compounds during cyanobacterial blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Jonas
- RECETOX-Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Buranova
- RECETOX-Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Stefan Scholz
- UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Eva Fetter
- UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katerina Novakova
- RECETOX-Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Kohoutek
- RECETOX-Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Klara Hilscherova
- RECETOX-Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Brno, Czech Republic.
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63
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Abstract
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a small, tropical, freshwater fish that has emerged as a powerful vertebrate model organism for studying genetics and development. Its small size, transparency, cost-effectiveness, close genome homology to humans compared with invertebrates, and capacity for genetic manipulation are all valuable attributes for an excellent animal model. There are additional advantages for using zebrafish specifically in drug discovery, including ease of exposure to chemicals in water. In effect, zebrafish can bridge a gap between in vitro and mammalian work, reducing the use of larger animals and attrition rates. In the drug-discovery process, zebrafish can be used at many stages, including target identification and validation, identification of lead compounds, studying structure-activity relationships and drug safety profiling. In this review, we highlight the potential for the zebrafish model to make the drug-discovery process simpler, more effective and cost-efficient.
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64
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Lu ZG, Li MH, Wang JS, Wei DD, Liu QW, Kong LY. Developmental toxicity and neurotoxicity of two matrine-type alkaloids, matrine and sophocarpine, in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos/larvae. Reprod Toxicol 2014; 47:33-41. [PMID: 24911943 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Matrine and sophocarpine are two major matrine-type alkaloids included in the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) Kushen (the root of Sophora flavescens Ait.). They have been widely used clinically in China, however with few reports concerning their potential toxicities. This study investigated the developmental toxicity and neurotoxicity of matrine and sophocarpine on zebrafish embryos/larvae from 0 to 96/120h post fertilization (hpf). Both drugs displayed teratogenic and lethal effects with the EC50 and LC50 values at 145 and 240mg/L for matrine and 87.1 and 166mg/L for sophocarpine, respectively. Exposure of matrine and sophocarpine significantly altered spontaneous movement and inhibited swimming performance at concentrations below those causing lethality and malformations, indicating a neurotoxic potential of both drugs. The results are in agreement with most mammalian studies and clinical observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Guang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Ming-Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Jun-Song Wang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, School of Environmental & Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 200 Xiao Ling Wei Street, Nanjing 210094, PR China.
| | - Dan-Dan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Qing-Wang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Ling-Yi Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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65
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Lantz-McPeak S, Guo X, Cuevas E, Dumas M, Newport GD, Ali SF, Paule MG, Kanungo J. Developmental toxicity assay using high content screening of zebrafish embryos. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 35:261-72. [PMID: 24871937 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Typically, time-consuming standard toxicological assays using the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo model evaluate mortality and teratogenicity after exposure during the first 2 days post-fertilization. Here we describe an automated image-based high content screening (HCS) assay to identify the teratogenic/embryotoxic potential of compounds in zebrafish embryos in vivo. Automated image acquisition was performed using a high content microscope system. Further automated analysis of embryo length, as a statistically quantifiable endpoint of toxicity, was performed on images post-acquisition. The biological effects of ethanol, nicotine, ketamine, caffeine, dimethyl sulfoxide and temperature on zebrafish embryos were assessed. This automated developmental toxicity assay, based on a growth-retardation endpoint should be suitable for evaluating the effects of potential teratogens and developmental toxicants in a high throughput manner. This approach can significantly expedite the screening of potential teratogens and developmental toxicants, thereby improving the current risk assessment process by decreasing analysis time and required resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Lantz-McPeak
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
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66
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Delov V, Muth-Köhne E, Schäfers C, Fenske M. Transgenic fluorescent zebrafish Tg(fli1:EGFP)y¹ for the identification of vasotoxicity within the zFET. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 150:189-200. [PMID: 24685623 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The fish embryo toxicity test (FET) is currently one of the most advocated animal alternative tests in ecotoxicology. To date, the application of the FET with zebrafish (zFET) has focused on acute toxicity assessment, where only lethal morphological effects are accounted for. An application of the zFET beyond acute toxicity, however, necessitates the establishment of more refined and quantifiable toxicological endpoints. A valuable tool in this context is the use of gene expression-dependent fluorescent markers that can even be measured in vivo. We investigated the application of embryos of Tg(fli1:EGFP)(y1) for the identification of vasotoxic substances within the zFET. Tg(fli1:EGFP)(y1) fish express enhanced GFP in the entire vasculature under the control of the fli1 promoter, and thus enable the visualization of vascular defects in live zebrafish embryos. We assessed the fli1 driven EGFP-expression in the intersegmental blood vessels (ISVs) qualitatively and quantitatively, and found an exposure concentration related increase in vascular damage for chemicals like triclosan, cartap and genistein. The fluorescence endpoint ISV-length allowed an earlier and more sensitive detection of vasotoxins than the bright field assessment method. In combination with the standard bright field morphological effect assessment, an increase in significance and value of the zFET for a mechanism-specific toxicity evaluation was achieved. This study highlights the benefits of using transgenic zebrafish as convenient tools for identifying toxicity in vivo and to increase sensitivity and specificity of the zFET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Delov
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Forckenbeckstr. 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Institute for Molecular Biotechnology (Biology VII), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Elke Muth-Köhne
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Schäfers
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Martina Fenske
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Forckenbeckstr. 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany.
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67
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Feng CW, Wen ZH, Huang SY, Hung HC, Chen CH, Yang SN, Chen NF, Wang HM, Hsiao CD, Chen WF. Effects of 6-hydroxydopamine exposure on motor activity and biochemical expression in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae. Zebrafish 2014; 11:227-39. [PMID: 24720843 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2013.0950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra. However, current treatments for PD are mainly palliative. Recently, researchers discovered that neurotoxins can induce Parkinsonian-like symptoms in zebrafish. No study to date has investigated the characteristics of PD, such as neuroinflammation factors, oxidative stress, or ubiquitin dysfunction, in this model. Therefore, the current study was aimed at utilizing commonly used clinical drugs, minocycline, vitamin E, and Sinemet, to test the usefulness of this model. Previous studies had indicated that DA cell loss was greater with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) than with other neurotoxins. Thus, we first challenged zebrafish with 6-OHDA immersion and found a significant reduction in zebrafish locomotor activity; we then reversed the locomotor disruptions by treatment with vitamin E, Sinemet, or minocycline. The present study also analyzed the mRNA expression of parkin, pink1, and cd-11b, because the expression of these molecular targets has been shown to result in attenuation in mammalian models of PD. Vitamin E, Sinemet, and minocycline significantly reversed 6-OHDA-induced changes of parkin, pink1, and cd-11b mRNA expression in zebrafish. Moreover, we assessed tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression to confirm the therapeutic effects of vitamin E tested on this PD model and established that vitamin E reversed the 6-OHDA-induced damage on TH expression. Our results provide some support for the validity of this in vivo Parkinson's model, and we hope that this model will be more widely used in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Wei Feng
- 1 Department of Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University and Academia Sinica , Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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68
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Chakravarthy S, Sadagopan S, Nair A, Sukumaran SK. Zebrafish as anIn VivoHigh-Throughput Model for Genotoxicity. Zebrafish 2014; 11:154-66. [DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2013.0924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sathish Sadagopan
- Discovery Biology, Anthem Biosciences Private Limited, Bangalore, India
| | - Ayyappan Nair
- Discovery Biology, Anthem Biosciences Private Limited, Bangalore, India
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69
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Off-target effects represent one of the major concerns in the development of new pharmaceuticals, requiring large-scale animal toxicity testing. Faster, cheaper and more reliable assays based on zebrafish embryos (ZE) are being developed as major tools for assessing toxicity of chemicals during the drug-discovery process. AREAS COVERED This paper reviews techniques aimed to the analysis of in vivo sublethal toxic effects of drugs on major physiological functions, including the cardiovascular, nervous, neuromuscular, gastrointestinal and thyroid systems among others. Particular emphasis is placed on high-throughput screening techniques (HTS), including robotics, imaging technologies and image-analysis software. EXPERT OPINION The analysis of off-target effects of candidate drugs requires systemic analyses, as they often involve the complete organism rather than specific, tissue- or cell-specific targets. The unique physical and physiological characteristics of ZE make this system an essential tool for drug discovery and toxicity assessment. Different HTS methodologies applicable to ZE allow the screening of large numbers of different chemicals for many diverse and relevant toxic endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demetrio Raldúa
- IDAEA-CSIC, Environmental Chemistry , Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona , Spain +34 93400 6157 ; +34 93204 5904 ;
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70
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Wang C, Zhang Q, Qian Y, Zhao M. p,p′-DDE Induces Apoptosis through the Modulation of Tumor Necrosis Factor α in PC12 Cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:507-13. [DOI: 10.1021/tx4003963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cui Wang
- College
of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- College
of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Quan Zhang
- College
of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- College
of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yi Qian
- College
of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- College
of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
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71
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Bortolotto JW, Cognato GP, Christoff RR, Roesler LN, Leite CE, Kist LW, Bogo MR, Vianna MR, Bonan CD. Long-term exposure to paraquat alters behavioral parameters and dopamine levels in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). Zebrafish 2014; 11:142-53. [PMID: 24568596 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2013.0923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to paraquat (Pq), a toxic herbicide, can result in Parkinsonian symptoms. This study evaluated the effect of the systemic administration of Pq on locomotion, learning and memory, social interaction, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression, dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) levels, and dopamine transporter (DAT) gene expression in zebrafish. Adult zebrafish received an i.p. injection of either 10 mg/kg (Pq10) or 20 mg/kg (Pq20) of Pq every 3 days for a total of six injections. Locomotion and distance traveled decreased at 24 h after each injection in both treatment doses. In addition, both Pq10- and Pq20-treated animals exhibited differential effects on the absolute turn angle. Nonmotor behaviors were also evaluated, and no changes were observed in anxiety-related behaviors or social interactions in Pq-treated zebrafish. However, Pq-treated animals demonstrated impaired acquisition and consolidation of spatial memory in the Y-maze task. Interestingly, dopamine levels increased while DOPAC levels decreased in the zebrafish brain after both treatments. However, DAT expression decreased in the Pq10-treated group, and there was no change in the Pq20-treated group. The amount of TH protein showed no significant difference in the treated group. Our study establishes a new model to study Parkinson-associated symptoms in zebrafish that have been chronically treated with Pq.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane W Bortolotto
- 1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, Brazil
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72
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Lin T, Chen Y, Chen W. Impact of toxicological properties of sulfonamides on the growth of zebrafish embryos in the water. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 36:1068-1076. [PMID: 24141258 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Extensive use of pharmaceutical compounds may result in contamination of water bodies lying adjacent to areas where there is a high level of human activity. To evaluate potential risks to fish embryos, three sulfonamides were investigated, by means of an extended zebrafish (Danio rerio) toxicity test. The bio-toxicity of antibacterial sulfonamides, at low concentrations, was investigated by observing lethal and sub-lethal effects on embryos and larvae. Results indicated that sulfonamides caused obvious toxic effects on spontaneous movements, heartbeats and hatching of t embryos, and also resulted in malformations in embryos and larvae. A significant toxicity effect was observed in zebrafish embryos and larvae that had been exposed to a low concentration of sulfadimidine (0.001 mg/L), and a significant difference was noted between the exposed and the blank control groups. Exposure to a low concentration of sulfonamide resulted in characteristic malformations, including pericardial edema, yolk sac edema, hemoglutinations, tail deformation and swim bladder defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
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73
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Truong L, Reif DM, St Mary L, Geier MC, Truong HD, Tanguay RL. Multidimensional in vivo hazard assessment using zebrafish. Toxicol Sci 2013; 137:212-33. [PMID: 24136191 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There are tens of thousands of man-made chemicals in the environment; the inherent safety of most of these chemicals is not known. Relevant biological platforms and new computational tools are needed to prioritize testing of chemicals with limited human health hazard information. We describe an experimental design for high-throughput characterization of multidimensional in vivo effects with the power to evaluate trends relating to commonly cited chemical predictors. We evaluated all 1060 unique U.S. EPA ToxCast phase 1 and 2 compounds using the embryonic zebrafish and found that 487 induced significant adverse biological responses. The utilization of 18 simultaneously measured endpoints means that the entire system serves as a robust biological sensor for chemical hazard. The experimental design enabled us to describe global patterns of variation across tested compounds, evaluate the concordance of the available in vitro and in vivo phase 1 data with this study, highlight specific mechanisms/value-added/novel biology related to notochord development, and demonstrate that the developmental zebrafish detects adverse responses that would be missed by less comprehensive testing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Truong
- * Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, the Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory and the Environmental Health Sciences Center at Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97333
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74
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Abstract
Zebrafish offer a unique vertebrate model for research areas such as drug development, disease modeling and other biological exploration. There is significant conservation of genetics and other cellular networks among zebrafish and other vertebrate models, including humans. Here we discuss the recent work and efforts made in different fields of biology to explore the potential of zebrafish. Along with this, we also reviewed the concept of systems biology. A biological system is made up of a large number of components that interact in a huge variety of combinations. To understand completely the behavior of a system, it is important to know its components and interactions, and this can be achieved through a systems biology approach. At the end of the paper we present a concept of integrating zebrafish into the systems biology approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Yahya Mushtaq
- a Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University , Leiden , The Netherlands
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75
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Garcia I, Vior NM, González-Sabín J, Braña AF, Rohr J, Moris F, Méndez C, Salas JA. Engineering the biosynthesis of the polyketide-nonribosomal peptide collismycin A for generation of analogs with neuroprotective activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:1022-32. [PMID: 23911584 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Collismycin A is a member of the 2,2'-bipyridyl family of natural products that shows cytotoxic activity. Structurally, it belongs to the hybrid polyketides-nonribosomal peptides. After the isolation and characterization of the collismycin A gene cluster, we have used the combination of two different approaches (insertional inactivation and biocatalysis) to increase structural diversity in this natural product class. Twelve collismycin analogs were generated with modifications in the second pyridine ring of collismycin A, thus potentially maintaining biologic activity. None of these analogs showed better cytotoxic activity than the parental collismycin. However, some analogs showed neuroprotective activity and one of them (collismycin H) showed better values for neuroprotection against oxidative stress in a zebrafish model than those of collismycin A. Interestingly, this analog also showed very poor cytotoxic activity, a feature very desirable for a neuroprotectant compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Garcia
- Departamento de Biología Funcional e Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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76
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Savio LEB, Vuaden FC, Kist LW, Pereira TC, Rosemberg DB, Bogo MR, Bonan CD, Wyse ATS. Proline-induced changes in acetylcholinesterase activity and gene expression in zebrafish brain: reversal by antipsychotic drugs. Neuroscience 2013; 250:121-8. [PMID: 23867765 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hyperprolinemia is an inherited disorder of proline metabolism and hyperprolinemic patients can present neurological manifestations, such as seizures, cognitive dysfunctions, and schizoaffective disorders. However, the mechanisms related to these symptoms are still unclear. In the present study, we evaluated the in vivo and in vitro effects of proline on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and gene expression in the zebrafish brain. For the in vivo studies, animals were exposed at two proline concentrations (1.5 and 3.0mM) during 1h or 7 days (short- or long-term treatments, respectively). For the in vitro assays, different proline concentrations (ranging from 3.0 to 1000 μM) were tested. Long-term proline exposures significantly increased AChE activity for both treated groups when compared to the control (34% and 39%). Moreover, the proline-induced increase on AChE activity was completely reverted by acute administration of antipsychotic drugs (haloperidol and sulpiride), as well as the changes induced in ache expression. When assessed in vitro, proline did not promote significant changes in AChE activity. Altogether, these data indicate that the enzyme responsible for the control of acetylcholine levels might be altered after proline exposure in the adult zebrafish. These findings contribute for better understanding of the pathophysiology of hyperprolinemia and might reinforce the use of the zebrafish as a complementary vertebrate model for studying inborn errors of amino acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E B Savio
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Metabólicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600-Anexo, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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77
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Ingebretson JJ, Masino MA. Quantification of locomotor activity in larval zebrafish: considerations for the design of high-throughput behavioral studies. Front Neural Circuits 2013; 7:109. [PMID: 23772207 PMCID: PMC3677137 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2013.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
High-throughput behavioral studies using larval zebrafish often assess locomotor activity to determine the effects of experimental perturbations. However, the results reported by different groups are difficult to compare because there is not a standardized experimental paradigm or measure of locomotor activity. To address this, we investigated the effects that several factors, including the stage of larval development and the physical dimensions (depth and diameter) of the behavioral arena, have on the locomotor activity produced by larval zebrafish. We provide evidence for differences in locomotor activity between larvae at different stages and when recorded in wells of different depths, but not in wells of different diameters. We also show that the variability for most properties of locomotor activity is less for older than younger larvae, which is consistent with previous reports. Finally, we show that conflicting interpretations of activity level can occur when activity is assessed with a single measure of locomotor activity. Thus, we conclude that although a combination of factors should be considered when designing behavioral experiments, the use of older larvae in deep wells will reduce the variability of locomotor activity, and that multiple properties of locomotor activity should be measured to determine activity level.
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78
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Danshensu protects against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced damage of PC12 cells in vitro and dopaminergic neurons in zebrafish. Neurosci Lett 2013; 543:121-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.02.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Iida M, Kim EY, Murakami Y, Shima Y, Iwata H. Toxic effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on the peripheral nervous system of developing red seabream (Pagrus major). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 128-129:193-202. [PMID: 23314332 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We investigated 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced effects on the morphology of peripheral nervous system (PNS) in the developing red seabream (Pagrus major) embryos. The embryos at 10h post-fertilization (hpf) were treated with 0, 0.1, 0.4 or 1.7 μg/L of TCDD in seawater for 80 min. The morphology of PNS was microscopically observed with florescence staining using an anti-acetylated tubulin antibody at 48, 78, 120 and 136 hpf. Axon length of facial nerve (VII) was found to be shortened by TCDD exposure. Axon guidance in the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) and vagus nerve (X) was altered at 120 and 136 hpf in a TCDD dose-dependent manner. Lowest observable effect level of TCDD (0.1 μg/L) that induced the morphological alteration of PNS was lower than those of other endpoints on morphological deformities so far reported. Given that the growth cone at the tip of growing nerve axons advances under the influence of its surrounding tissues, we hypothesized that TCDD exposure would affect (1) the nerve cell proliferation/differentiation, (2) the structure of muscle as an axon target and (3) the nerve guidance factor in the embryos. By the immunostaining of embryos with an antibody against the neuronal specific RNA-binding protein, HuD, and an antibody against the sarcomeric myosin, no morphological effects were observed on the neural proliferation/differentiation and the structure of facial muscles of TCDD-treated embryos. In contrast, whole mount in situ hybridization of semaphorin 3A (Sema3A), a secretory axon repulsion factor, revealed the altered expression pattern of its transcripts in TCDD-treated embryos. Our findings suggest that TCDD treatment affects the projection of PNS in the developing red seabream embryos through the effects on the axonal growth cone guidance molecule such as Sema3A, but not on the neuronal differentiation/proliferation and axon target. The PNS in developing embryos may be one of the most sensitive biomarkers to the exposure of dioxin-like compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Iida
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama, Japan
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80
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Abstract
Due to several inherent advantages, zebrafish are being utilized in increasingly sophisticated screens to assess the physiological effects of chemical compounds directly in living vertebrate organisms. Diverse screening platforms showcase these advantages. Morphological assays encompassing basic qualitative observations to automated imaging, manipulation, and data-processing systems provide whole organism to subcellular levels of detail. Behavioral screens extend chemical screening to the level of complex systems. In addition, zebrafish-based disease models provide a means of identifying new potential therapeutic strategies. Automated systems for handling/sorting, high-resolution imaging and quantitative data collection have significantly increased throughput in recent years. These advances will make it easier to capture multiple streams of information from a given sample and facilitate integration of zebrafish at the earliest stages of the drug-discovery process, providing potential solutions to current drug-development bottlenecks. Here we outline advances that have been made within the growing field of zebrafish chemical screening.
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81
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Coccimiglio ML, Jonz MG. Serotonergic neuroepithelial cells of the skin in developing zebrafish: morphology, innervation and oxygen-sensitive properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 215:3881-94. [PMID: 22855620 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.074575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In teleost fish, O(2) chemoreceptors of the gills (neuroepithelial cells or NECs) initiate cardiorespiratory reflexes during hypoxia. In developing zebrafish, hyperventilatory and behavioural responses to hypoxia are observed before development of gill NECs, indicating that extrabranchial chemoreceptors mediate these responses in embryos. We have characterised a population of cells of the skin in developing zebrafish that resemble O(2)-chemoreceptive gill NECs. Skin NECs were identified by serotonin immunolabelling and were distributed over the entire skin surface. These cells contained synaptic vesicles and were associated with nerve fibres. Skin NECs were first evident in embryos 24-26 h post-fertilisation (h.p.f.), and embryos developed a behavioural response to hypoxia between 24 and 48 h.p.f. The total number of NECs declined with age from approximately 300 cells per larva at 3 days post-fertilisation (d.p.f.) to ~120 cells at 7 d.p.f., and were rarely observed in adults. Acclimation to hypoxia (30 mmHg) or hyperoxia (300 mmHg) resulted in delayed or accelerated development, respectively, of peak resting ventilatory frequency and produced changes in the ventilatory response to hypoxia. In hypoxia-acclimated larvae, the temporal pattern of skin NECs was altered such that the number of cells did not decrease with age. By contrast, hyperoxia produced a more rapid decline in NEC number. The neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine degraded catecholaminergic nerve terminals that made contact with skin NECs and eliminated the hyperventilatory response to hypoxia. These results indicate that skin NECs are sensitive to changes in O(2) and suggest that they may play a role in initiating responses to hypoxia in developing zebrafish.
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82
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Muth-Köhne E, Wichmann A, Delov V, Fenske M. The classification of motor neuron defects in the zebrafish embryo toxicity test (ZFET) as an animal alternative approach to assess developmental neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2012; 34:413-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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83
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Tegelenbosch RA, Noldus LP, Richardson MK, Ahmad F. Zebrafish embryos and larvae in behavioural assays. BEHAVIOUR 2012. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-00003020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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84
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Feasibility of Medaka (Oryzias latipes) as an Animal Model to Study Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder. ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY VOLUME 6 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-59389-4.00003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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85
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Szymański P, Markowicz M, Mikiciuk-Olasik E. Adaptation of high-throughput screening in drug discovery-toxicological screening tests. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 13:427-52. [PMID: 22312262 PMCID: PMC3269696 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13010427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 12/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput screening (HTS) is one of the newest techniques used in drug design and may be applied in biological and chemical sciences. This method, due to utilization of robots, detectors and software that regulate the whole process, enables a series of analyses of chemical compounds to be conducted in a short time and the affinity of biological structures which is often related to toxicity to be defined. Since 2008 we have implemented the automation of this technique and as a consequence, the possibility to examine 100,000 compounds per day. The HTS method is more frequently utilized in conjunction with analytical techniques such as NMR or coupled methods e.g., LC-MS/MS. Series of studies enable the establishment of the rate of affinity for targets or the level of toxicity. Moreover, researches are conducted concerning conjugation of nanoparticles with drugs and the determination of the toxicity of such structures. For these purposes there are frequently used cell lines. Due to the miniaturization of all systems, it is possible to examine the compound's toxicity having only 1-3 mg of this compound. Determination of cytotoxicity in this way leads to a significant decrease in the expenditure and to a reduction in the length of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Szymański
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, Lodz 90-151, Poland; E-Mails: (P.S.); (E.M.-O.)
| | - Magdalena Markowicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, Lodz 90-151, Poland; E-Mails: (P.S.); (E.M.-O.)
| | - Elżbieta Mikiciuk-Olasik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, Lodz 90-151, Poland; E-Mails: (P.S.); (E.M.-O.)
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86
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Cytoarchitectonic and neurochemical differentiation of the visual system in ethanol-induced cyclopic zebrafish larvae. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2011; 33:686-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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87
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Ali S, Champagne DL, Spaink HP, Richardson MK. Zebrafish embryos and larvae: a new generation of disease models and drug screens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 93:115-33. [PMID: 21671352 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Technological innovation has helped the zebrafish embryo gain ground as a disease model and an assay system for drug screening. Here, we review the use of zebrafish embryos and early larvae in applied biomedical research, using selected cases. We look at the use of zebrafish embryos as disease models, taking fetal alcohol syndrome and tuberculosis as examples. We discuss advances in imaging, in culture techniques (including microfluidics), and in drug delivery (including new techniques for the robotic injection of compounds into the egg). The use of zebrafish embryos in early stages of drug safety-screening is discussed. So too are the new behavioral assays that are being adapted from rodent research for use in zebrafish embryos, and which may become relevant in validating the effects of neuroactive compounds such as anxiolytics and antidepressants. Readouts, such as morphological screening and cardiac function, are examined. There are several drawbacks in the zebrafish model. One is its very rapid development, which means that screening with zebrafish is analogous to "screening on a run-away train." Therefore, we argue that zebrafish embryos need to be precisely staged when used in acute assays, so as to ensure a consistent window of developmental exposure. We believe that zebrafish embryo screens can be used in the pre-regulatory phases of drug development, although more validation studies are needed to overcome industry scepticism. Finally, the zebrafish poses no challenge to the position of rodent models: it is complementary to them, especially in early stages of drug research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaukat Ali
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylvius Laboratory, The Netherlands
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88
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In vivo imaging and quantitative analysis of changes in axon length using transgenic zebrafish embryos. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2011; 33:618-23. [PMID: 21903162 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2011.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We describe an imaging procedure to measure axon length in zebrafish embryos in vivo. Automated fluorescent image acquisition was performed with the ImageXpress Micro high content screening reader and further analysis of axon lengths was performed on archived images using AcuityXpress software. We utilized the Neurite Outgrowth Application module with a customized protocol (journal) to measure the axons. Since higher doses of ethanol (2-2.5%, v/v) have been shown to deform motor neurons and axons during development, here we used ethanol to treat transgenic [hb9:GFP (green fluorescent protein)] zebrafish embryos at 28 hpf (hours post-fertilization). These embryos express GFP in the motor neurons and their axons. Embryos after ethanol treatment were arrayed in 384-well plates for automated fluorescent image acquisition in vivo. Average axon lengths of high dose ethanol-treated embryos were significantly lower than the control. Another experiment showed that there was no significant difference in the axon lengths between the embryos grown for 24h at 22°C and 28.5°C. These test experiments demonstrate that using axon development as an end-point, compound screening can be performed in a time-efficient manner.
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89
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Yanik MF, Rohde CB, Pardo-Martin C. Technologies for Micromanipulating, Imaging, and Phenotyping Small Invertebrates and Vertebrates. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2011; 13:185-217. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071910-124703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Fatih Yanik
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Christopher B. Rohde
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Carlos Pardo-Martin
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139;
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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90
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Rico EP, Rosemberg DB, Seibt KJ, Capiotti KM, Da Silva RS, Bonan CD. Zebrafish neurotransmitter systems as potential pharmacological and toxicological targets. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2011; 33:608-17. [PMID: 21907791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in neurobiology have emphasized the study of brain structure and function and its association with numerous pathological and toxicological events. Neurotransmitters are substances that relay, amplify, and modulate electrical signals between neurons and other cells. Neurotransmitter signaling mediates rapid intercellular communication by interacting with cell surface receptors, activating second messenger systems and regulating the activity of ion channels. Changes in the functional balance of neurotransmitters have been implicated in the failure of central nervous system function. In addition, abnormalities in neurotransmitter production or functioning can be induced by several toxicological compounds, many of which are found in the environment. The zebrafish has been increasingly used as an animal model for biomedical research, primarily due to its genetic tractability and ease of maintenance. These features make this species a versatile tool for pre-clinical drug discovery and toxicological investigations. Here, we present a review regarding the role of different excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter systems in zebrafish, such as dopaminergic, serotoninergic, cholinergic, purinergic, histaminergic, nitrergic, glutamatergic, glycinergic, and GABAergic systems, and emphasizing their features as pharmacological and toxicological targets. The increase in the global knowledge of neurotransmitter systems in zebrafish and the elucidation of their pharmacological and toxicological aspects may lead to new strategies and appropriate research priorities to offer insights for biomedical and environmental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P Rico
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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91
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Characterisation of neuronal and glial populations of the visual system during zebrafish lifespan. Int J Dev Neurosci 2011; 29:441-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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92
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Jung H, Seok SH, Han JH, Abdelkader TS, Kim TH, Chang SN, Ko AS, Choi SK, Lee CR, Seo JE, Byun SH, Kim JA, Park JH. Effect of fluorescent whitening agent on the transcription of cell damage-related genes in zebrafish embryos. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 32:654-61. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.1665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2010] [Revised: 01/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung
- Laboratory Animal Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul National University; Gwanak-gu; Seoul; 151-742; Korea
| | - Seung-Hyeok Seok
- Microbiology, College of Medicine; Seoul National University; Chongno-gu; Seoul; 110-799; Korea
| | - Ju-Hee Han
- Laboratory Animal Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul National University; Gwanak-gu; Seoul; 151-742; Korea
| | - Tamer Said Abdelkader
- Laboratory Animal Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul National University; Gwanak-gu; Seoul; 151-742; Korea
| | - Tae-Hyoun Kim
- Laboratory Animal Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul National University; Gwanak-gu; Seoul; 151-742; Korea
| | - Seo-Na Chang
- Laboratory Animal Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul National University; Gwanak-gu; Seoul; 151-742; Korea
| | - Ae-Sun Ko
- Laboratory Animal Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul National University; Gwanak-gu; Seoul; 151-742; Korea
| | - Seung-Kyu Choi
- Sejong Science High School; Kuro-gu; Seoul; 152-881; Korea
| | - Cho-Rong Lee
- Sejong Science High School; Kuro-gu; Seoul; 152-881; Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Seo
- Sejong Science High School; Kuro-gu; Seoul; 152-881; Korea
| | - Soo-Hyun Byun
- Sejong Science High School; Kuro-gu; Seoul; 152-881; Korea
| | - Jung-A Kim
- Sejong Science High School; Kuro-gu; Seoul; 152-881; Korea
| | - Jae-Hak Park
- Laboratory Animal Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul National University; Gwanak-gu; Seoul; 151-742; Korea
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93
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Wang M, Zhang Z, Cheang LCV, Lin Z, Lee SMY. Eriocaulon buergerianum extract protects PC12 cells and neurons in zebrafish against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced damage. Chin Med 2011; 6:16. [PMID: 21527031 PMCID: PMC3108929 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8546-6-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ericaulon buergerianum (Gujingcao) is an ophthalmic, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial Chinese medicinal herb. This study aims to investigate the neuroprotective effects of Ericaulon buergerianum ethanol extract (EBE) and to elucidate its underlying action mechanism. Methods The viability of dopaminergic (DA) neuron in zebrafish was examined by anti-tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunostaining. The locomotor activity of zebrafish was assessed with a digital video tracking system. The viability and cellular damage of the PC12 cells were determined by MTT and LDH assays respectively. The nuclear morphological changes in apoptotic cells were evaluated with DNA staining by Hoechst 33342 dye. Intracellular nitric oxide (NO) was quantified by DAF-FM diacetate staining. The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was determined by Western blot. Results EBE inhibited the 6-OHDA-induced decrease in total distance of movement in zebrafish. Pretreatments of EBE (25, 50, 100 and 200 μg/ml) increased the viability of 6-OHDA-damaged PC12 cells in a dose dependent manner. Protection against 6-OHDA-induced nuclear fragmentation and accumulation of apoptotic bodies was also observed in EBE pretreated cells. Anti-oxidative (inhibition of NO production and iNOS expression in PC12 cells in vitro) activities of EBE are related to its neuroprotective effects in 6-OHDA-induced DA neuron damage. Conclusion EBE exhibited significant neuroprotective activities in zebrafish, including recovery of dopaminergic neuron loss caused by 6-OHDA in a dose-dependent manner in vivo, inhibition of 6-OHDA-induced decrease of total distance in movement in zebrafish. The iNOS-NO pathway may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av, Padre Tomás Pereira, Taipa, Macao, China.
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94
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Cannon JR, Greenamyre JT. Neurotoxic in vivo models of Parkinson's disease recent advances. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2011; 184:17-33. [PMID: 20887868 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(10)84002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Animal models have been invaluable to Parkinson's disease (PD) research. Of these, neurotoxin models have historically been the most widely utilized. The goal of this chapter is to give a brief historical description of classic PD models and then to identify the most recent important advances in modeling human PD in animals. Indeed, significant advances in modeling additional features of PD and expansion to new species have occurred in both older and newer models. The roles these new advances in modeling may have in future PD research are examined in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Cannon
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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95
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Blackiston D, Shomrat T, Nicolas CL, Granata C, Levin M. A second-generation device for automated training and quantitative behavior analyses of molecularly-tractable model organisms. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14370. [PMID: 21179424 PMCID: PMC3003703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A deep understanding of cognitive processes requires functional, quantitative analyses of the steps leading from genetics and the development of nervous system structure to behavior. Molecularly-tractable model systems such as Xenopus laevis and planaria offer an unprecedented opportunity to dissect the mechanisms determining the complex structure of the brain and CNS. A standardized platform that facilitated quantitative analysis of behavior would make a significant impact on evolutionary ethology, neuropharmacology, and cognitive science. While some animal tracking systems exist, the available systems do not allow automated training (feedback to individual subjects in real time, which is necessary for operant conditioning assays). The lack of standardization in the field, and the numerous technical challenges that face the development of a versatile system with the necessary capabilities, comprise a significant barrier keeping molecular developmental biology labs from integrating behavior analysis endpoints into their pharmacological and genetic perturbations. Here we report the development of a second-generation system that is a highly flexible, powerful machine vision and environmental control platform. In order to enable multidisciplinary studies aimed at understanding the roles of genes in brain function and behavior, and aid other laboratories that do not have the facilities to undergo complex engineering development, we describe the device and the problems that it overcomes. We also present sample data using frog tadpoles and flatworms to illustrate its use. Having solved significant engineering challenges in its construction, the resulting design is a relatively inexpensive instrument of wide relevance for several fields, and will accelerate interdisciplinary discovery in pharmacology, neurobiology, regenerative medicine, and cognitive science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Blackiston
- Biology Department and Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Forsyth Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tal Shomrat
- Biology Department and Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Cindy L. Nicolas
- Biology Department and Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christopher Granata
- Boston Engineering Corporation, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael Levin
- Biology Department and Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
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96
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Sylvain NJ, Brewster DL, Ali DW. Zebrafish embryos exposed to alcohol undergo abnormal development of motor neurons and muscle fibers. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2010; 32:472-80. [PMID: 20211721 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Revised: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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97
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Zhu Y, Zhu X, Wu G, Ma Y, Li Y, Zhao X, Yuan Y, Yang J, Yu S, Shao F, Li R, Ke Y, Lu A, Liu Z, Zhang L. Synthesis, in vitro and in vivo biological evaluation, docking studies, and structure--activity relationship (SAR) discussion of dipeptidyl boronic acid proteasome inhibitors composed of beta-amino acids. J Med Chem 2010; 53:1990-9. [PMID: 20158184 DOI: 10.1021/jm901407s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel dipeptidyl boronic acid proteasome inhibitors composed of beta-amino acids were synthesized, in vitro and in vivo biologically evaluated, and theoretically modeled for the first time. From the screened racemic compounds in enzyme, 4i was the most active. The IC(50) value of its pure enantiomer 4q was 9.6 nM, 36-fold more active than its isomer 4p and as active as the marketed bortezomib in inhibiting human 20S proteasome. This candidate also showed good activities with IC(50) values nearly less than 5 microM against several human solid and hematologic tumor cell lines. Safety evaluation in vivo with zebrafish and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats showed that the candidate 4q was less toxic than bortezomib. Pharmacokinetic profiles suggested candidate 4q showed a more plasma exposure and longer half-life than bortezomib. Docking results indicated that 4q nearly interacted with 20S proteasome in a similar way as bortezomib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Zhu
- Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Research Institute and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Antitumor Drug Research, No 699-18 Xuan Wu Avenue, Xuan Wu District, Nanjing 210042, PRC.
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98
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Powers CM, Yen J, Linney EA, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA. Silver exposure in developing zebrafish (Danio rerio): persistent effects on larval behavior and survival. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2010; 32:391-7. [PMID: 20116428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2010.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2009] [Revised: 01/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The increased use of silver nanoparticles in consumer and medical products has led to elevated human and environmental exposures. Silver nanoparticles act as antibacterial/antifungal agents by releasing Ag(+) and recent studies show that Ag(+) impairs neural cell replication and differentiation in culture, suggesting that in vivo exposures could compromise neurodevelopment. To determine whether Ag(+) impairs development in vivo, we examined the effects of exposure on survival, morphological, and behavioral parameters in zebrafish embryos and larvae. We exposed zebrafish from 0 to 5days post-fertilization to concentrations of Ag(+) ranging from 10nM to 100microM in order to assess effects on survival and early embryonic development. We then tested whether concentrations below the threshold for dysmorphology altered larval behavior and subsequent survival. Ag(+) concentrations >or=3microM significantly reduced embryonic survival, whereas 1microM delayed hatching with no effect on survival. Reducing the concentration to as low as 0.1microM delayed the inflation of the swim bladder without causing gross dysmorphology or affecting hatching. At this concentration, swimming activity was impaired, an effect that persisted past the point where swim bladder inflation became normal; in contrast, general motor function was unaffected. The early behavioral impairment was then predictive of subsequent decreases in survival. Ag(+) is a developmental toxicant at concentrations only slightly above allowable levels. At low concentrations, Ag(+) acts as a neurobehavioral toxicant even in the absence of dysmorphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Powers
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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99
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Eimon PM, Rubinstein AL. The use of in vivo zebrafish assays in drug toxicity screening. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2010; 5:393-401. [PMID: 19368493 DOI: 10.1517/17425250902882128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Anecdotal evidence has long suggested that zebrafish may be a good model to predict toxicity of human drugs. As summarized in this review, several groups have recently conducted systematic evaluations of zebrafish toxicity end points using large numbers of pharmacologically relevant compounds. Assays of particular interest include those for cardiotoxicity, ototoxicity, seizure liability, developmental toxicity and gastrointestinal motility. Results suggest that zebrafish assays can attain an acceptable level of predictivity, ranging from "sufficient" (65 - 75% predictivity) to "good" (75 - 85% predictivity) based on guidelines established for novel in vitro tests by the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods. Further validation will probably be required to definitely establish zebrafish as a standard model for toxicity testing.
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100
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DeMicco A, Cooper KR, Richardson JR, White LA. Developmental neurotoxicity of pyrethroid insecticides in zebrafish embryos. Toxicol Sci 2009; 113:177-86. [PMID: 19861644 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrethroid insecticides are one of the most commonly used residential and agricultural insecticides. Based on the increased use of pyrethroids and recent studies showing that pregnant women and children are exposed to pyrethroids, there are concerns over the potential for developmental neurotoxicity. However, there have been relatively few studies on the developmental neurotoxicity of pyrethroids. In this study, we sought to investigate the developmental toxicity of six common pyrethroids, three type I compounds (permethrin, resmethrin, and bifenthrin) and three type II compounds (deltamethrin, cypermethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin), and to determine whether zebrafish embryos may be an appropriate model for studying the developmental neurotoxicity of pyrethroids. Exposure of zebrafish embryos to pyrethroids caused a dose-dependent increase in mortality and pericardial edema, with type II compounds being the most potent. At doses approaching the LC(50), permethrin and deltamethrin caused craniofacial abnormalities. These findings are consistent with mammalian studies demonstrating that pyrethroids are mildly teratogenic at very high doses. However, at lower doses, body axis curvature and spasms were observed, which were reminiscent of the classic syndromes observed with pyrethroid toxicity. Treatment with diazepam ameliorated the spasms, while treatment with the sodium channel antagonist MS-222 ameliorated both spasms and body curvature, suggesting that pyrethroid-induced neurotoxicity is similar in zebrafish and mammals. Taken in concert, these data suggest that zebrafish may be an appropriate alternative model to study the mechanism(s) responsible for the developmental neurotoxicity of pyrethroid insecticides and aid in identification of compounds that should be further tested in mammalian systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy DeMicco
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
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