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Azevedo DAAD, Santos VWSD, Sousa ALMD, Peixoto RM, Pinheiro RR, Andrioli A, Teixeira MFDS. Small ruminant lentiviruses: economic and productive losses, consequences of the disease. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657000552016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Small ruminant lentiviruses, caprine arthritis encephalitis virus, and Maedi-Visna virus cause diseases that result in significant productive losses, mostly in dairy animals. These viruses belong to the Retroviridae family, Lentivirus genus, and constitute a heterogeneous group, which may generate implications for the diagnosis and control of small ruminant lentiviruses. Losses caused by them are associated with reproductive failure, short productive life, and decreased milk production by the infected animals. In addition, these viruses may reduce milk quality, affecting the production of dairy products such as cheese. Small ruminant lentiviruses lead to indirect losses, decreasing herd value and forcing the development of epidemiological trade barriers for animal germplasm. Control of small ruminant lentiviruses is important to promote optimal milk production and to reduce costs with medicine and technical assistance. This control may vary in caprine and ovine populations of each country, according to seroprevalence, variety of breeds, and peculiarities of the practiced management.
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Singh R, Kumar P, Singh R, Dhama K, Kumari S, Yadav JP, Kashyap G, Singh KP, Singh V, Sahoo M. Pathology and polymerase chain reaction detection of ovine progressive pneumonia (maedi) cases in slaughtered sheep in India. Vet World 2017; 10:1401-1406. [PMID: 29263606 PMCID: PMC5732350 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.1401-1406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The small ruminant lentiviruses are known to cause maedi-visna (MV) and caprine arthritis - encephalitis in sheep and goats, typically affecting joints, udder, lungs, and the central nervous system. The diagnosis usually involves serology, clinical signs, immunohistochemistry, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In the present study, the histopathologically positive pneumonia cases of MV were confirmed by PCR in lung tissue probably for the first time in India. Materials and Methods A total of 888 lungs of adult sheep, aged between 2 and 5 years, were screened during slaughter, of which 121 were found to have pneumonic lesions. The tissues from each pneumonic lung including associated lymph nodes were collected in 10% neutral buffered formalin for histopathology. The frozen tissues of the same were also collected and stored at -20°C for PCR confirmation. Results Three of 121 cases of pneumonic lungs of sheep revealed gross and histopathological lesions suggestive of maedi or ovine progressive pneumonia infection. These 3 cases were further confirmed by PCR technique that amplified 291-base pair DNA in the long terminal repeat sequence of MV provirus. Conclusion This study suggests the low occurrence of MV virus (MVV) infection in India in naturally affected sheep based on pathomorphological lesions and using the molecular tool of PCR detection of the virus in tissues. Further, a combination of pathomorphology or/and PCR testing might be optimal for detecting the animals infected with MVV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Izatnagar - 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Izatnagar - 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Izatnagar - 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Izatnagar - 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Swati Kumari
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Izatnagar - 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jay Prakash Yadav
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Izatnagar - 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gayatri Kashyap
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Izatnagar - 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Division of Pathology, Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Izatnagar - 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vidya Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Izatnagar - 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Monalisa Sahoo
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Izatnagar - 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Gayo E, Polledo L, Preziuso S, Rossi G, Balseiro A, Pérez Martínez C, García Iglesias M, García Marín J. Serological ELISA results are conditioned by individual immune response in ovine maedi visna. Small Rumin Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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54
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Tavella A, Bettini A, Ceol M, Zambotto P, Stifter E, Kusstatscher N, Lombardi R, Nardeli S, Beato MS, Capello K, Bertoni G. Achievements of an eradication programme against caprine arthritis encephalitis virus in South Tyrol, Italy. Vet Rec 2017; 182:51. [PMID: 29109181 PMCID: PMC5806589 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Small ruminant lentivirus infections in goats affect both production and animal welfare. This represents a threat to the qualitative and quantitative growth of goat farming, recently observed in mountainous regions such as the Autonomous Province of Bolzano – South Tyrol (Italy). To monitor and eradicate the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus in this goat population, a compulsory eradication campaign was launched, based on a strict census of small ruminants and yearly serological testing of all animals, followed by the consequent culling of seropositive individuals. The campaign succeeded in completely eliminating cases of clinical disease in goats, while drastically reducing the seroprevalence at the herd as well as individual animal level. The serological outcome of the introduced control measures was determined using commercially available ELISA kits, demonstrating their suitability for use in this type of campaign, aimed at reducing seroprevalence as well as clinical manifestations of these infections. However, this clear success is diminished by the failure to achieve a complete eradication of these viruses. The reasons leading to the observed tailing phenomenon and the occurrence of new infections in already sanitised flocks are discussed and implementation of further measures are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Tavella
- Laboratory for Serology and Technical Assistance, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Astrid Bettini
- Laboratory for Serology and Technical Assistance, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Marco Ceol
- Laboratory for Serology and Technical Assistance, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Paolo Zambotto
- Veterinary Service, Servizio Veterinario Provinciale, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Ernst Stifter
- Veterinary Service, Servizio Veterinario Provinciale, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Natashia Kusstatscher
- Laboratory for Serology and Technical Assistance, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Rosalba Lombardi
- Veterinary Service, Servizio Veterinario Provinciale, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Stefano Nardeli
- Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Maria Serena Beato
- Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Katia Capello
- Direzione Sanitaria, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bertoni
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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55
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Bayesian estimation of seroprevalence of small ruminant lentiviruses in sheep from Poland. Prev Vet Med 2017; 147:66-78. [PMID: 29254729 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In Poland, no systematic survey of ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) infection was performed, neither at the national nor at the regional level and only limited knowledge exists on the prevalence of SRLVs among sheep. The aim of the present study was to establish the true prevalence of SRLVs infection in sheep from Poland at the animal and herd-levels. The blood samples used for this study were the fraction of samples collected by Veterinary Inspection during an official sampling for the national monitoring program for brucellosis. Under this program the animals and herds were randomly selected using the data available from ARMA (Agency for Restructuring and Modernisation of Agriculture). The sampling unit was the herd and the target population included at least 5% of sheep, over 6 months old, from each of 16 voievodships (provinces) of Poland. Two-stage cluster sampling design was performed in this study offering the possibility to determine the prevalence of SRLVs infection, when only a fraction of herds and a fraction of animals in the herds are tested. In total, 8233 sheep serum samples coming from 832 herds were tested by indirect ELISA. 1474 (17.9%) samples were positive and 261 (31.4%) herds with at least one seropositive animals were identified. The overall true prevalence estimated by the Bayesian framework was 9.3% (95% CI 6.8, 11.3) and 33.3% (95% CI 26.5, 38.2) on the animal and herd level, respectively. Large variation in the animal and herd prevalence between the voivodships was observed. True prevalence on the herd level varied from 0.0% (95% CI 0.0, 0.0) to 71.6% (95% CI 67.6, 75.9) whereas true prevalence on the animal level ranged from 0.0% (95% CI 0.0, 0.0) to 55.3% (95% CI 50.0, 61.2). The true prevalence of SRLVs infection at animal and herd level increased according to herd size as was proved by posterior probabilities (POPR).
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56
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Czopowicz M, Szaluś-Jordanow O, Moroz A, Mickiewicz M, Witkowski L, Markowska-Daniel I, Bagnicka E, Kaba J. Use of two commercial caprine arthritis-encephalitis immunoenzymatic assays for screening of arthritic goats. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 30:36-41. [PMID: 28868985 DOI: 10.1177/1040638717729397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Roughly one-fourth of goats infected with small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) develop caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE). We compared the profile of antibody response to surface glycoprotein (SU), and combined transmembrane glycoprotein and capsid protein (TM/CA) in SRLV-infected arthritic and asymptomatic goats, and determined the ability of 2 commercial ELISAs to distinguish between arthritic and asymptomatic goats. We used sera from 312 SRLV-seropositive dairy goats in a whole-virus ELISA; 222 were collected from arthritic goats and 90 from apparently healthy goats. Sera were screened with a competitive inhibition ELISA based on SU antigen (SU-ELISA) and an indirect ELISA based on TM and CA antigens (TM/CA-ELISA). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were prepared for both ELISAs, and areas under the ROC curves (AUC) were compared. The proportion of goats with antibody response stronger to SU antigen than to TM/CA antigen was significantly higher among arthritic than asymptomatic goats (58.1% vs. 28.9%; p < 0.001). Antibody response to SU antigen was a good predictor of the arthritic form of CAE: AUC for SU-ELISA was 89.7% (95% CI: 85.2%, 94.2%), compared to 59.3% (95% CI: 51.9%, 66.8%) for TM/CA-ELISA ( p < 0.001). With the cutoff set at percentage of inhibition of 56%, SU-ELISA had sensitivity of 86.9% (95% CI: 81.9%, 90.7%) and specificity of 84.4% (95% CI: 75.6%, 90.5%) in discriminating between arthritic and asymptomatic goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Czopowicz
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (Czopowicz, Moroz, Mickiewicz, Witkowski, Markowska-Daniel, Kaba) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic (Szaluś-Jordanow) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Poland (Bagnicka)
| | - Olga Szaluś-Jordanow
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (Czopowicz, Moroz, Mickiewicz, Witkowski, Markowska-Daniel, Kaba) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic (Szaluś-Jordanow) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Poland (Bagnicka)
| | - Agata Moroz
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (Czopowicz, Moroz, Mickiewicz, Witkowski, Markowska-Daniel, Kaba) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic (Szaluś-Jordanow) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Poland (Bagnicka)
| | - Marcin Mickiewicz
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (Czopowicz, Moroz, Mickiewicz, Witkowski, Markowska-Daniel, Kaba) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic (Szaluś-Jordanow) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Poland (Bagnicka)
| | - Lucjan Witkowski
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (Czopowicz, Moroz, Mickiewicz, Witkowski, Markowska-Daniel, Kaba) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic (Szaluś-Jordanow) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Poland (Bagnicka)
| | - Iwona Markowska-Daniel
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (Czopowicz, Moroz, Mickiewicz, Witkowski, Markowska-Daniel, Kaba) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic (Szaluś-Jordanow) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Poland (Bagnicka)
| | - Emilia Bagnicka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (Czopowicz, Moroz, Mickiewicz, Witkowski, Markowska-Daniel, Kaba) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic (Szaluś-Jordanow) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Poland (Bagnicka)
| | - Jarosław Kaba
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (Czopowicz, Moroz, Mickiewicz, Witkowski, Markowska-Daniel, Kaba) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic (Szaluś-Jordanow) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Poland (Bagnicka)
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Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs), which comprise caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) and maedi-visna virus (MVV), are prevalent in goats and sheep worldwide, including in Japan. However, little is known about the molecular characteristics of goat lentiviruses in Japan. In this study, a molecular and phylogenetic analysis of the long gag region was performed. The phylogenic tree demonstrated that all samples belonged to SRLV subtype B1. Two clusters were identified, with one cluster distinct from previously reported strains of subtype B1. In addition, several alterations in the amino acid sequence were detected in immunodominant epitopes of the gag region. To gain a deeper understanding of the genetic diversity of SRLVs in Japan, it will be necessary to increase the sample size and conduct a broader survey. The present report is important for establishing baseline information on the prevalence of SRLV in Japan and providing data to develop a new, more sensitive diagnostic test for effective control of SRLV.
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58
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Czopowicz M, Szaluś-Jordanow O, Mickiewicz M, Moroz A, Witkowski L, Markowska-Daniel I, Bagnicka E, Kaba J. Influence of true within-herd prevalence of small ruminant lentivirus infection in goats on agreement between serological immunoenzymatic tests. Prev Vet Med 2017; 144:75-80. [PMID: 28716207 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The study was conducted to evaluate influence of the true within-herd prevalence of small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) infection on agreement beyond chance between three different types of commercial serological ELISAs. Blood samples were collected from 865 goats from 12 dairy goat herds. Serum samples were tested using three commercial ELISA kits: whole-virus indirect ELISA (wELISA), indirect ELISA based on recombined TM and CA antigens (TM/CA-ELISA), and competitive-inhibition ELISA based on SU antigen (SU-ELISA). Herds were classed into three prevalence strata of high (>50%), moderate (10-50%) and low (<10%) true within-herd prevalence of SRLV infection. The latter was estimated on the basis of results of wELISA adjusted by its sensitivity and specificity. Agreement beyond chance between the three ELISAs was assessed at two levels. First, the general agreement was determined using two coefficients corrected for chance-agreement: Cohen's kappa and Gwet's AC1. Then, agreement between tests was evaluated using Gwet's AC1 separately in the three prevalence strata and compared between them by computing 95% confidence intervals for differences with a Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. The general agreement between the three tests was very good: wELISA and TM/CA-ELISA - Cohen's kappa of 81.8% (CI 95%: 77.9% to 85.7%), Gwet's AC1 of 82.7% (CI 95%: 79.0% to 86.4%); wELISA and SU-ELISA - Cohen's kappa of 83.2% (CI 95%: 79.4% to 86.9%), Gwet's AC1 of 83.9% (CI 95%: 80.4% to 87.5%); TM/CA-ELISA and SU-ELISA - Cohen's kappa of 86.0% (CI 95%: 82.6% to 89.5%), Gwet's AC1 of 86.9% (CI 95%: 83.6% to 90.1%). However, agreement between ELISAs was significantly related to the within-herd true prevalence - it was significantly lower (although still high) when within-herd true prevalence was moderate (Gwet's AC1 between 67.2% and 78.7%), whereas remained very high, when true within-herd prevalence was either >50% (Gwet's AC1 between 91.9% and 98.8%) or <10% (Gwet's AC1 between 94.7% and 98.4%). Concluding, the three different commercial ELISAs for SRLV infection in goats available on the market yield highly consistent results. However, their agreement is affected by the true within-herd prevalence in a tested population, and the worse (although still high) agreement should be expected, when the percentage of infected goats is moderate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Czopowicz
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Olga Szaluś-Jordanow
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Mickiewicz
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Moroz
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lucjan Witkowski
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Markowska-Daniel
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Emilia Bagnicka
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postępu 36A, Jastrzębiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Jarosław Kaba
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
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Hasegawa MY, Custódio de Souza Hunold Lara MDC, Monteforte Cassaro Villa Lobos E, Carrillo Gaeta N, Hayashi M, Shirayama L, Soares de Castro R, Gregory L. An experimental study on the vertical transmission of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus from naturally infected females to their offspring. Small Rumin Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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60
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Panei CJ, Gos ML, Valera AR, Galosi CM, Echeverria MG. First isolation and nucleotide comparison of the gag gene of the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus circulating in naturally infected goats from Argentina. Open Vet J 2017; 7:32-35. [PMID: 28331831 PMCID: PMC5356288 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v7i1.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) has been reported in different countries worldwide, based on serological and molecular detection. In Argentina, the prevalence of CAEV infections is increasing, with goats showing symptoms associated mostly with cachexia and arthritis. Although in Argentina the virus has been detected by serology, it has never been isolated or characterized. Thus, the objectives of this work were to isolate and analyze the nucleotide sequences of the gag gene of Argentine CAEV strains and compare them with those of other SRLVs previously reported. Nucleotide sequence comparison showed homology with CAEV-Co, the CAEV prototype. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the Argentine strains clustered with genotype B, subtype B1. Because the molecular characterization of the gag region is suitable for phylogenetic studies and may be applied to monitor the control of SRLV, molecularly characterizing the Argentine CAEV strains may help develop a proper plan of eradication of CAEV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Javier Panei
- Virology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, 60 and 118, CC 296, 1900, La Plata, Argentina; National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Maria Laura Gos
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Argentina; Immunoparasitology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, 60 and 118, CC 296, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Rafael Valera
- Virology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, 60 and 118, CC 296, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Monica Galosi
- Virology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, 60 and 118, CC 296, 1900, La Plata, Argentina; Scientific Research Commission of Buenos Aires Province (CIC-PBA), Argentina
| | - Maria Gabriela Echeverria
- Virology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, 60 and 118, CC 296, 1900, La Plata, Argentina; National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Argentina
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61
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Development of a recombinase polymerase amplification lateral flow dipstick (RPA-LFD) for the field diagnosis of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) infection. J Virol Methods 2017; 243:98-104. [PMID: 28159666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE) in goats is a complex disease syndrome caused by a lentivirus. This persistent viral infection results in arthritis in adult goats and encephalitis in lambs. The prognosis for the encephalitic form is normally poor, and this form of the disease has caused substantial economic losses for goat farmers. Hence, a more efficient detection platform based on recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) and a lateral flow dipstick (LFD) was developed in the present study for detecting the proviral DNA of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV). Under the optimal incubation conditions, specifically, 30min at 37°C for RPA followed by 5min at room temperature for LFD, the assay was found to be sensitive to a lower limit of 80pg of total DNA and 10 copies of plasmid DNA. Furthermore, there was no cross-reaction with other tested viruses, including goat pox virus and bovine leukemia virus. Given its simplicity and portability, this RPA-LFD protocol can serve as an alternative tool to ELISA for the primary screening of CAEV, one that is suitable for both laboratory and field application. When the RPA-LFD was applied in parallel with serological ELISA for the detection of CAEV in field samples, the RPA-LFD assay exhibited a higher sensitivity than the traditional method, and 82% of the 200 samples collected in Taiwan were found to be positive. To our knowledge, this is the first report providing evidence to support the use of an RPA-LFD assay as a specific and sensitive platform for detecting CAEV proviral DNA in goats in a faster manner, one that is also applicable for on-site utilization at farms and that should be useful in both eradication programs and epidemiological studies.
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62
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Suzuki K, Oguma K, Sentsui H. Preparation of a cell line persistently infected with maedi/visna virus and production of viral antigens. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:141-143. [PMID: 27795464 PMCID: PMC5289251 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We attempted to prepare a cell line that produces maedi/visna virus (MVV) and is free of contamination by other viruses and mycoplasmas. Three cell lines, which originated from a sheep, goat and bat, were infected with MVV and passaged approximately every 5 days. The cultured cells were then subjected to polymerase chain reaction analysis for MVV provirus. As a result, a cell line persistently infected with MVV was established from ZZ-R cells, which originated from the fetal goat tongue. The 50-fold concentrated culture fluid formed a precipitation line against reference antiserum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Suzuki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epizootiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
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63
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Minguijón E, Reina R, Pérez M, Polledo L, Villoria M, Ramírez H, Leginagoikoa I, Badiola JJ, García-Marín JF, de Andrés D, Luján L, Amorena B, Juste RA. Small ruminant lentivirus infections and diseases. Vet Microbiol 2015; 181:75-89. [PMID: 26371852 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses include viruses with diverse genotypes that frequently cross the species barrier between sheep and goats and that display a great genetic variability. These characteristics stress the need to consider the whole host range and to perform local surveillance of the viruses to opt for optimum diagnostic tests, in order to establish control programmes. In the absence of effective vaccines, a comprehensive knowledge of the epidemiology of these infections is of major importance to limit their spread. This article intends to cover these aspects and to summarise information related to characteristics of the viruses, pathogenesis of the infection and description of the various syndromes produced, as well as the diagnostic tools available, the mechanisms involved in transmission of the pathogens and, finally, the control strategies that have been designed until now, with remarks on the drawbacks and the advantages of each one. We conclude that there are many variables influencing the expected cost and benefits of control programs that must be evaluated, in order to put into practice measures that might lead to control of these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Minguijón
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Tecnalia, Berreaga 1, 48160 Derio, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - R Reina
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology (CSIC-UPNA-Government of Navarra), Avenida de Pamplona 123, 31192 Mutilva, Spain
| | - M Pérez
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Genetics. University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - L Polledo
- Pathological Anatomy Section, Animal Health Department, Veterinary School, University of León, 24007 León, Spain
| | - M Villoria
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Tecnalia, Berreaga 1, 48160 Derio, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - H Ramírez
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán. UNAM. Laboratorio de Virología, Genética y Biología Molecular, Campo 4. Veterinaria.Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan, Km 2.5. San Sebastián Xhala, Cuautitlán Izcalli, CP.54714 Mexico
| | - I Leginagoikoa
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Tecnalia, Berreaga 1, 48160 Derio, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - J J Badiola
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J F García-Marín
- Pathological Anatomy Section, Animal Health Department, Veterinary School, University of León, 24007 León, Spain
| | - D de Andrés
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology (CSIC-UPNA-Government of Navarra), Avenida de Pamplona 123, 31192 Mutilva, Spain
| | - L Luján
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - B Amorena
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology (CSIC-UPNA-Government of Navarra), Avenida de Pamplona 123, 31192 Mutilva, Spain
| | - R A Juste
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Tecnalia, Berreaga 1, 48160 Derio, Vizcaya, Spain.
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64
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Sanjosé L, Pinczowski P, Crespo H, Pérez M, Glaria I, Gimeno M, de Andrés D, Amorena B, Luján L, Reina R. Diagnosing infection with small ruminant lentiviruses of genotypes A and B by combining synthetic peptides in ELISA. Vet J 2015; 204:88-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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65
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SNPs in APOBEC3 cytosine deaminases and their association with Visna/Maedi disease progression. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 163:125-33. [PMID: 25532445 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing catalytic polypeptide-like 3 (APOBEC3) genes are able to inhibit the replication of a wide range of exogenous retroviruses, as well as endogenous retroviruses and retrotransposons. Three APOBEC3 genes, named APOBEC3Z1, APOBEC3Z2 and APOBEC3Z3, have been described in sheep. In this work the three genes have been screened in order to identify polymorphisms. No polymorphism was detected for the A3Z2 and A3Z3 genes but 16 SNPs and a 3-bp deletion were found in the A3Z1 gene. A thermoestability prediction analysis was applied to the detected amino acidic SNPs by three different programs. This analysis revealed a number of polymorphisms that could affect the protein stability. The SNPs of the 3'UTR were tested to detect alterations on the predicted microRNA target sites. Two new microRNA target sites were discovered for one of the alleles. Two SNPs were selected for association studies in relation with the retroviral disease Visna/Maedi in Latxa and Assaf sheep breeds. Although association analyses resulted unconclusive, probably due to the unsuitability of the SNP allele frequency distribution of the selected polymorphisms in the analyzed breeds, these genes remain good candidates for association studies.
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66
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Dolfini T, Conrad L, Flores I, Ravazzolo A. Comparison of primer pairs: Greater degeneracy improves small ruminant lentivirus (SRLVs) detection by seminested PCR. Small Rumin Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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67
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Identification and characterization of an emerging small ruminant lentivirus circulating recombinant form (CRF). Virology 2014; 475:159-71. [PMID: 25462356 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The molecular epidemiology of small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) is constantly changing due to animal movements, cross species transmission and because of their rapid evolutionary rate. This study reports a comprehensive genetic and phylogenetic analysis based on consensus gag and pol sequences covering 3kb of the SRLV genome from small ruminants in Québec, Canada. A group of strains obtained from goats originating from different flocks, segregated in a unique clade distinct from currently known SRLV groups. Genetic dissection of the gag gene from these strains revealed that it originated as a result of a recombination event between parental strains currently circulating in small ruminants of the country. Following HIV nomenclature, we propose to call this group of strains, circulating recombinant form 1 SRLV, or CRF01_AB SRLV. In addition, the study confirms the existence of genetically distinct and homogeneous populations of SRLVs infecting sheep and goats housed in single species flocks.
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68
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Rodrigues A, Brito R, Pinheiro R, Dias R, Alves S, Souza T, Souza K, Azevedo D, Andrioli A, Magalhães D, Teixeira M. Padronização do Elisa indireto e Western Blot para diagnóstico da artrite-encefalite caprina. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-41626303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A artrite-encefalite caprina (CAE) é diagnosticada rotineiramente pela técnica de imunodifusão em gel de agarose (IDGA), que é considerada pouco sensível. Objetivou-se com este estudo padronizar testes de Elisa-i e Western Blot (WB) para diagnóstico precoce de anticorpos em caprinos contra CAEV e comparar os resultados obtidos nesses testes com a prova de IDGA. Para a padronização dos testes Elisa-i e WB, utilizaram-se diferentes concentrações e diluições de antígeno, soros e conjugado. No Elisa-i, adotaram-se microplacas rígidas com 96 poços, sendo a combinação de concentração de 0,5µg/poço de antígeno e diluições de 1:100 de soro e 1:1500 de conjugado a que apresentou melhor resultado. No WB foram utilizadas membranas de nitrocelulose, definindo-se as diluições de 1:50 de soro e 1:15000 de conjugado. Para avaliar o desempenho das técnicas, 222 amostras de soro caprino foram testadas e os dados obtidos foram comparados com o IDGA. A sensibilidade e a especificidade do Elisa-i/IDGA, WB/IDGA e WB/Elisa-i foram de 70% e 91%, 100% e 72,6%, 84,6% e 76,5%, concomitantemente. O índice Kappa desses testes foi de 0,35, 0,2 e 0,36, respectivamente. As técnicas de Elisa-i e WB apresentaram-se mais sensíveis que a IDGA, podendo ser utilizadas como ferramentas para o diagnóstico precoce da CAE.
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69
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Nascimento CB, Pinheiro RR, Alves FSF, Brito RLLD, Rodrigues ADS, Bezerra e Silva RA, Paula NRDO, Batista MDCDS. Ferramentas diagnósticas de Lentivirose de Pequenos Ruminantes: padronização da técnica de ELISA indireto. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/s1808-16572014000100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As Lentiviroses de Pequenos Ruminantes (LVPR) incluem a Maedi-Visna (MV) em ovinos e a Artrite Encefalite Caprina (CAE). Essas enfermidades estão difundidas no mundo e são responsáveis por grandes perdas na produtividade destes animais. Os LVPR são vírus RNA da subfamília Lentivirinae que causam uma infecção persistente, sendo a detecção precoce uma das formas mais eficientes para limitar sua disseminação no rebanho. Visando contribuir com essas questões, este experimento foi realizado na Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFPI) em parceria com a Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos, com o objetivo de padronizar a técnica de ensaio imunoenzimático indireto e compará-lo com a imunodifusão em gel de agarose no diagnóstico da CAE. Foram utilizadas 696 amostras de soros de caprinos machos e fêmeas oriundas do banco de soros da Unidade de Pesquisa de LVPR do Centro de Ciências Agrárias da UFPI. As amostras foram coletadas no período de janeiro de 2007 a março de 2010. Na padronização, verificou-se que 0,25 µg de proteína/poço, diluição de 1:200 do soro e concentração de 1:3.000 do conjugado anticorpo anti-IgG cabra apresentaram os melhores resultados. O ponto de corte obtido foi de 0,36. Na comparação, o Imunodifusão em Gel de Ágar (IDGA) detectou 128 (18,4%) amostras positivas, e o ELISA indireto (ELISA-i), 259 (37,2%). A sensibilidade e a especificidade do teste ELISA-i com relação ao IDGA foi de 94,5% e 75,7%, respectivamente. Verificou-se maior índice de positividade em caprinos acima de seis meses (p < 0,05), e nos machos obteve-se prevalência de 56,7% em comparação às fêmeas, 35,4%, (p < 0,01).
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70
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Peterhans E, Schweizer M. Bovine viral diarrhoea: A playground for virologists and a target for eradication. Vet J 2014; 199:195-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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71
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Development, validation and evaluation of added diagnostic value of a q(RT)-PCR for the detection of genotype A strains of small ruminant lentiviruses. J Virol Methods 2013; 194:250-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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72
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Barquero N, Gomez-Lucia E, Arjona A, Toural C, Heras AL, Fernández-Garayzabal JF, Domenech A. Evolution of specific antibodies and proviral DNA in milk of small ruminants infected by small ruminant lentivirus. Viruses 2013; 5:2614-23. [PMID: 24153063 PMCID: PMC3814608 DOI: 10.3390/v5102614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of Small Ruminant Lentivirus (SRLV) is based on clinical signs, pathological lesions and laboratory testing. No standard reference test for the diagnosis of maedi visna has been validated up to the present, and it is puzzling that tests which detect antibodies against the virus and tests which detect the proviral genome may render opposite results. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence in milk throughout a lactation period of specific antibodies by ELISA and of SRLV proviral DNA by a PCR of the highly conserved pol region. A six-month study was conducted with the milk of 28 ewes and 31 goats intensively reared. The percentage of animals with antibodies against SRLV increased throughout the study period. Seroprevalence in sheep was 28% at the beginning of the study and by the end it had increased up to 52.4%. In goats, initial seroprevalence of 5.6% increased to 16%. The percentage of PCR positive ewes was stable throughout the study period. Of the positive sheep, 21.4% were PCR-positive before antibodies could be detected and most of them became PCR-negative shortly after the first detection of antibodies. This might suggest that antibodies have a neutralizing effect. In addition, an equal percentage of sheep were always PCR-negative but either became ELISA-positive or was always ELISA-positive, which might support this hypothesis. On the other hand, the PCR results in goats did not follow any pattern and oscillated between 35.3% and 55.6% depending on the month. Most goats positive by PCR failed to develop antibodies in the 6 months tested. We may conclude that the infection and the antibody response to it follow a different trend in sheep and goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Barquero
- Departamento Sanidad Animal, Facultad Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid 28040, Spain.
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73
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Oguma K, Tanaka C, Harasawa R, Kimura A, Sasaki J, Goryo M, Sentsui H. Isolation of maedi/visna virus from a sheep in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 76:211-8. [PMID: 24141278 PMCID: PMC3982815 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Maedi/visna (MV) is a lentiviral disease of sheep caused by the maedi/visna virus (MVV).
Although MV is prevalent in many countries, it had not been reported in Japan. In 2011,
however, three sheep in northern Japan were reported to be seropositive against the MVV
antigen, indicating a persistent MVV infection. In the present study, we isolated MVV from
one sheep to confirm MVV infection and conducted genomic classification of the virus. The
co-culture of leukocytes from a seropositive sheep with fetal goat lung cells resulted in
the formation of syncytial cells and the amplification of a long terminal repeat sequence
of MVV by polymerase chain reaction. The isolate was confirmed as being MVV, rather than
the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus based on phylogenetic analysis of the
gag gene sequence. Although the sheep was asymptomatic, nonpurulent
meningitis and demyelination were found in the spinal cord. These were considered to be
early lesions associated with pathogenic MVV infection. Therefore, the present study
demonstrated that MVV is distributed in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Oguma
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epizootiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
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74
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Concordance of competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and nested-polymerase chain reaction in the detection of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus. Small Rumin Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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75
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Kuhar U, Barlič-Maganja D, Grom J. Development and validation of TaqMan probe based real time PCR assays for the specific detection of genotype A and B small ruminant lentivirus strains. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:172. [PMID: 24004524 PMCID: PMC3766269 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) are members of the Retroviridae family and infect goats and sheep worldwide. Detection of specific antibodies using AGID and ELISA is the most commonly used means of diagnosing SRLV infection. The most frequent molecular method for detecting the provirus genome is PCR, using peripheral blood leucocytes as target cells. Real time PCR has also recently been used. The aim of this study was to develop a real time PCR for detection of SRLV in order to improve molecular diagnostics of SRLV infections in sheep and goats. RESULTS Two new real time PCR assays using TaqMan probes for the specific detection of genotype A (MVV assay) and genoptype B (CAEV assay) SRLV strains and differentiation between them were developed and validated at both analytical and diagnostic levels following MIQE guidelines. The validation results showed that the new real time PCR is 100% specific, with a reliable limit of detection of 26 (CAEV assay) and 72 (MVV assay) plasmid DNA copies, while compared to ELISA the diagnostic sensitivity of both assays was 79% when tested with Slovenian SRLV field samples. Intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation showed overall good repeatability and reproducibility of the new real time PCR assays, except for the highest dilutions. CONCLUSIONS Two new TaqMan probe based real time PCR assays for the specific detection of genotype A and B SRLV strains and differentiation between them were developed and validated. They can serve as an additional tool for confirming infection with SRLV and may also be useful for early detection of infected animals prior to seroconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urška Kuhar
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute for Microbiology and Parasitology, Virology Unit, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, SI-1115 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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76
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Larruskain A, Jugo BM. Retroviral infections in sheep and goats: small ruminant lentiviruses and host interaction. Viruses 2013; 5:2043-61. [PMID: 23965529 PMCID: PMC3761241 DOI: 10.3390/v5082043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) are members of the Retrovirus family comprising the closely related Visna/Maedi Virus (VMV) and the Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus (CAEV), which infect sheep and goats. Both infect cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage and cause lifelong infections. Infection by VMV and CAEV can lead to Visna/Maedi (VM) and Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis (CAE) respectively, slow progressive inflammatory diseases primarily affecting the lungs, nervous system, joints and mammary glands. VM and CAE are distributed worldwide and develop over a period of months or years, always leading to the death of the host, with the consequent economic and welfare implications. Currently, the control of VM and CAE relies on the control of transmission and culling of infected animals. However, there is evidence that host genetics play an important role in determining Susceptibility/Resistance to SRLV infection and disease progression, but little work has been performed in small ruminants. More research is necessary to understand the host-SRLV interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaia Larruskain
- Genomics and Health Group, Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Bilbao 48080, Spain.
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77
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Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) break the species barrier to acquire new host range. Viruses 2013; 5:1867-84. [PMID: 23881276 PMCID: PMC3738966 DOI: 10.3390/v5071867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic events of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) from non-human primates to humans have generated the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), one of the most devastating infectious disease of the last century with more than 30 million people dead and about 40.3 million people currently infected worldwide. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1 and HIV-2), the two major viruses that cause AIDS in humans are retroviruses of the lentivirus genus. The genus includes arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) and Maedi-Visna virus (MVV), and a heterogeneous group of viruses known as small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs), affecting goat and sheep. Lentivirus genome integrates into the host DNA, causing persistent infection associated with a remarkable diversity during viral replication. Direct evidence of mixed infections with these two closely related SRLVs was found in both sheep and goats. The evidence of a genetic continuum with caprine and ovine field isolates demonstrates the absence of an efficient species barrier preventing cross-species transmission. In dual-infected animals, persistent infections with both CAEV and MVV have been described, and viral chimeras have been detected. This not only complicates animal trade between countries but favors the risk that highly pathogenic variants may emerge as has already been observed in the past in Iceland and, more recently, in outbreaks with virulent strains in Spain. SRLVs affecting wildlife have already been identified, demonstrating the existence of emergent viruses adapted to new hosts. Viruses adapted to wildlife ruminants may acquire novel biopathological properties which may endanger not only the new host species but also domestic ruminants and humans. SRLVs infecting sheep and goats follow a genomic evolution similar to that observed in HIV or in other lentiviruses. Lentivirus genetic diversity and host factors leading to the establishment of naturally occurring virulent versus avirulent infections, in addition to the emergence of new strains, challenge every aspect of SRLV control measures for providing efficient tools to prevent the transmission of diseases between wild ungulates and livestock.
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78
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Li Y, Zhou F, Li X, Wang J, Zhao X, Huang J. Development of TaqMan-based qPCR method for detection of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) infection. Arch Virol 2013; 158:2135-41. [PMID: 23670072 PMCID: PMC3785178 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1728-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A specific and sensitive two-step TaqMan real-time PCR has been developed for rapid diagnosis of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) infection by using a set of specific primers and a TaqMan probe targeting a highly conserved region within the gene encoding the viral capsid protein (CA). The assay successfully detected CAEV proviral DNA in total DNA extracts originating from cell culture, whole blood samples and isolated PBMCs, with a lower detection limit of 102 copies and a linear dynamic range of 105 to 1010 copies/ml. There was no cross-reaction with other animal viruses (e.g., goat pox virus, bovine leukemia virus, bovine mucosal disease virus, swine influenza virus and Nipah virus). When applied in parallel with serological AGID and conventional PCR for detection of CAEV in field samples, this assay exhibited a higher sensitivity than these traditional methods, and 7.8 % of the 308 specimens collected in the Shanxi and Tianjin regions of China from 1993 to 2011 were found to be positive. Thus, the TaqMan qPCR assay provides a fast, specific and sensitive means for detecting CAEV proviral DNA in goat specimens and should be useful for large-scale detection in eradication programs and epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China. No. 92, Weijin road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
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79
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Polledo L, González J, Fernández C, Miguélez J, Martínez-Fernández B, Morales S, Ferreras M, Marín JG. Simple control strategy to reduce the level of Maedi-Visna infection in sheep flocks with high prevalence values (>90%). Small Rumin Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2012.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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80
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Small ruminant lentiviruses: genetic variability, tropism and diagnosis. Viruses 2013; 5:1175-207. [PMID: 23611847 PMCID: PMC3705272 DOI: 10.3390/v5041175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) cause a multisystemic chronic disease affecting animal production and welfare. SRLV infections are spread across the world with the exception of Iceland. Success in controlling SRLV spread depends largely on the use of appropriate diagnostic tools, but the existence of a high genetic/antigenic variability among these viruses, the fluctuant levels of antibody against them and the low viral loads found in infected individuals hamper the diagnostic efficacy. SRLV have a marked in vivo tropism towards the monocyte/macrophage lineage and attempts have been made to identify the genome regions involved in tropism, with two main candidates, the LTR and env gene, since LTR contains primer binding sites for viral replication and the env-encoded protein (SU ENV), which mediates the binding of the virus to the host’s cell and has hypervariable regions to escape the humoral immune response. Once inside the host cell, innate immunity may interfere with SRLV replication, but the virus develops counteraction mechanisms to escape, multiply and survive, creating a quasi-species and undergoing compartmentalization events. So far, the mechanisms of organ tropism involved in the development of different disease forms (neurological, arthritic, pulmonary and mammary) are unknown, but different alternatives are proposed. This is an overview of the current state of knowledge on SRLV genetic variability and its implications in tropism as well as in the development of alternative diagnostic assays.
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81
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de Andrés X, Ramírez H, Bertolotti L, San Román B, Glaria I, Crespo H, Jáuregui P, Minguijón E, Juste R, Leginagoikoa I, Pérez M, Luján L, Badiola JJ, Polledo L, García-Marín JF, Riezu JI, Borrás-Cuesta F, de Andrés D, Rosati S, Reina R, Amorena B. An insight into a combination of ELISA strategies to diagnose small ruminant lentivirus infections. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 152:277-88. [PMID: 23375019 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A single broadly reactive standard ELISA is commonly applied to control small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) spread, but type specific ELISA strategies are gaining interest in areas with highly prevalent and heterogeneous SRLV infections. Short (15-residue) synthetic peptides (n=60) were designed in this study using deduced amino acid sequence profiles of SRLV circulating in sheep from North Central Spain and SRLV described previously. The corresponding ELISAs and two standard ELISAs were employed to analyze sera from sheep flocks either controlled or infected with different SRLV genotypes. Two outbreaks, showing SRLV-induced arthritis (genotype B2) and encephalitis (genotype A), were represented among the infected flocks. The ELISA results revealed that none of the assays detected all the infected animals in the global population analyzed, the assay performance varying according to the genetic type of the strain circulating in the area and the test antigen. Five of the six highly reactive (57-62%) single peptide ELISAs were further assessed, revealing that the ELISA based on peptide 98M (type A ENV-SU5, consensus from the neurological outbreak) detected positives in the majority of the type-A specific sera tested (Se: 86%; Sp: 98%) and not in the arthritic type B outbreak. ENV-TM ELISAs based on peptides 126M1 (Se: 82%; Sp: 95%) and 126M2 0,65 0.77 (Se: 68%; Sp: 88%) detected preferentially caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAEV, type B) and visna/maedi (VMV, type A) virus infections respectively, which may help to perform a preliminary CAEV vs. VMV-like typing of the flock. The use of particular peptide ELISAs and standard tests individually or combined may be useful in the different areas under study, to determine disease progression, diagnose/type infection and prevent its spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- X de Andrés
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology (CSIC-UPNA-Gobierno de Navarra), Navarre, Spain
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82
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Genetic characterization of small ruminant lentiviruses circulating in naturally infected sheep and goats in Ontario, Canada. Virus Res 2013; 175:30-44. [PMID: 23583225 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Maedi-visna virus (MVV) and caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) are related members of a group of small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) that infect sheep and goats. SRLVs are endemic in many countries, including Canada. However, very little is known about the genetic characteristics of Canadian SRLVs, particularly in the province of Ontario. Given the importance of surveillance and eradication programs for the control of SRLVs, it is imperative that the diagnostic tests used to identify infected animals are sensitive to local strains of SRLVs. The aim of this work was to characterize SRLV strains circulating in Ontario and to evaluate the variability of the immunodominant regions of the Gag protein. In this study, the nearly complete gag sequence of 164 SRLVs, from 130 naturally infected sheep and 32 naturally infected goats from Ontario, was sequenced. Animals belonged to distantly located single and mixed species (sheep and goats) farms. Ovine lentiviruses from the same farm tended to cluster more closely together than did caprine lentiviruses from the same farm. Sequence analysis revealed a higher degree of heterogeneity among the caprine lentivirus sequences with an average inter-farm pairwise DNA distance of 10% and only 5% in the ovine lentivirus group. Interestingly, amplification of SRLVs from ELISA positive sheep was successful in 81% of cases, whereas amplification of SRLV proviral DNA was only possible in 55% of the ELISA positive goat samples; suggesting that a significant portion of caprine lentiviruses circulating in Ontario possess heterogeneity at the primer binding sites used in this study. Sequences of sheep and goat SRLVs from Ontario were assembled into phylogenetic trees with other known SRLVs and were found to belong to sequence groups A2 and B1, respectively, as defined by Shah et al. (2004a). A novel caprine lentivirus with a pairwise genetic difference of 15.6-25.4% relative to other group B subtypes was identified. Thus we suggest the designation of a novel subtype, B4, within the caprine lentivirus-like cluster. Lastly, we demonstrate evidence of recombination between ovine lentiviruses. These results emphasize the broad genetic diversity of SRLV strains circulating in the province of Ontario and show that the gag region is suitable for phylogenetic studies and may be applied to monitor SRLV eradication programs.
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83
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Kuhar U, Barlič-Maganja D, Zadnik T, Grom J. Molecular and genetic characteristics of small ruminant lentiviruses in Slovenia. Acta Vet Hung 2013; 61:135-46. [PMID: 23439298 DOI: 10.1556/avet.2012.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) are spread throughout the world, including Slovenia, where the first evidence of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) infection was found in 1996. This study was conducted to investigate the molecular and genetic characteristics of SRLV infection in Slovenia in order to classify our strains in relation to other known SRLV strains worldwide as well as to establish molecular techniques in concordance with serology. In this study, 340 goats and sheep were tested. Serological examination revealed that 57% of the goats and only 14% of the sheep were seropositive. The results of this study also show that the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) used in this study is less reliable than ELISA, with only 60.6% of the seropositive animals being PCR positive. Thirty-eight nucleotide sequences of the gag region encoding the matrix protein were determined and compared to sequences derived from the GenBank, revealing that Slovenian SRLV strains belong to sequence groups A and B, being maedivisna virus (MVV) and CAEV-like, respectively. In one goat herd, the presence of more than one genotype was confirmed and the majority of goat SRLV sequences were more closely related to MVV than to CAEV prototype strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urška Kuhar
- 1 University of Ljubljana Veterinary Faculty Gerbičeva 60 SI-1115 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | | | - Tomaž Zadnik
- 1 University of Ljubljana Veterinary Faculty Gerbičeva 60 SI-1115 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Jože Grom
- 1 University of Ljubljana Veterinary Faculty Gerbičeva 60 SI-1115 Ljubljana Slovenia
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84
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Quantitative estimation of the impact of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus infection on milk production by dairy goats. Vet J 2013; 197:311-7. [PMID: 23384438 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This retrospective study investigated milk production losses associated with serological evidence (serostatus) of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) infection over one lactation in 4543 Murciano-Granadina goats from 22 herds in Spain. The seroprevalence of infection was 18%, ranging from 0% to 2% in 11 herds, 7% to 60% in 10 herds and was 100% in one herd. Seropositive does had significantly shorter lactations, produced less milk and milk fat, lactose and dry extract and had higher somatic cell counts than their seronegative counterparts, although differences in milk production between seropositive and seronegative animals were noted between herds. Mixed regression models confirmed the association between CAEV seropositivity and reduced milk production. The adjusted, least squares mean (LSM) test-day milk yield was 10% less in seropositive compared to seronegative does and this difference varied according to lactation number. In contrast, differences in the LSM of milk fat, lactose and dry extract percentages between seropositive and seronegative goats were only between 0.1% and 0.2% and did not increase with lactation number. The findings of this study provide strong evidence that CAEV-infection can be a major cause of reduction in milk yield in goats and its control should be considered as part of dairy goat herd health schemes.
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85
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Barquero N, Domenech A, Arjona A, Fernández-Garayzabal JF, Ruiz-Santa-Quiteria JA, Gomez-Lucia E. Comparison of two PCR and one ELISA techniques for the detection of small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) in milk of sheep and goats. Res Vet Sci 2013; 94:817-9. [PMID: 23384458 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare the efficiency of two PCR techniques for the diagnosis of small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs). Detection of the proviral genome by PCR, though sensitive, is difficult due to the heterogeneity of the SRLV genomes. One of the PCR techniques amplifies a fragment in the pol gene (pol-PCR) and the other PCR targets the LTR region of the proviral genome (LTR-PCR). Milk from 194 sheep and 163 goats from farms in the Central Spain was analyzed by both techniques and compared to results obtained by ELISA. When compared to the serologic assay, the agreement of both PCR techniques was very low (0.024 and 0.020 in sheep, and 0.124 and 0.114 in goats). In view of these results, it may be concluded that the efficacy of PCR for the diagnosis of SRLVs is low and a combination of PCR and ELISA should be used for diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Barquero
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Science School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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86
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First molecular characterization of visna/maedi viruses from naturally infected sheep in Turkey. Arch Virol 2012; 158:559-70. [PMID: 23124887 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1518-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent worldwide serological and genetic studies of small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) have led to the description of new genotypes and the development of new diagnostic tests. This study investigated the detection and molecular characterization of visna/maedi virus (VMV) infection in serum and blood samples from pure and mixed sheep breeds acquired from different regions in Turkey using ELISA and PCR techniques. The prevalence of VMV was 67.8 % by ELISA and/or LTR-PCR with both assays showing a medium level of agreement (kappa: 0.26; ± 0.038 CI). Positivity of VMV in sheep increased according to the age of the animal, although PCR positivity was higher than ELISA in young individuals. Phylogenetic analysis of 33 LTR sequences identified two distinct clades that were closely related to American and Greek LTR sequences. Phylogenetic analysis of 10 partial gag gene sequences identified A2, A3, A5, A9, A11 subtypes of genotype A SRLVs. In vitro culture of all isolates in fetal sheep lung cells (FSLC) showed a slow/low phenotype causing less or no lytic infection compared with infection with the WLC-1 American strain characterized by a rapid/highly lytic phenotype. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Turkish VMV sequences preceded the establishment of American or Greek strains that were associated with the migration of sheep from the Middle East to Western Europe several centuries ago. This is the first study that describes Turkish VMV sequences with the molecular characterization of LTR and gag genes, and it strongly suggests that SRLV-genotype A originated in Turkey.
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87
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Ramírez H, Reina R, Bertolotti L, Cenoz A, Hernández MM, San Román B, Glaria I, de Andrés X, Crespo H, Jáuregui P, Benavides J, Polledo L, Pérez V, García-Marín JF, Rosati S, Amorena B, de Andrés D. Study of compartmentalization in the visna clinical form of small ruminant lentivirus infection in sheep. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:8. [PMID: 22281181 PMCID: PMC3328241 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A central nervous system (CNS) disease outbreak caused by small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) has triggered interest in Spain due to the rapid onset of clinical signs and relevant production losses. In a previous study on this outbreak, the role of LTR in tropism was unclear and env encoded sequences, likely involved in tropism, were not investigated. This study aimed to analyze heterogeneity of SRLV Env regions - TM amino terminal and SU V4, C4 and V5 segments - in order to assess virus compartmentalization in CNS. Results Eight Visna (neurologically) affected sheep of the outbreak were used. Of the 350 clones obtained after PCR amplification, 142 corresponded to CNS samples (spinal cord and choroid plexus) and the remaining to mammary gland, blood cells, bronchoalveolar lavage cells and/or lung. The diversity of the env sequences from CNS was 11.1-16.1% between animals and 0.35-11.6% within each animal, except in one animal presenting two sequence types (30% diversity) in the CNS (one grouping with those of the outbreak), indicative of CNS virus sequence heterogeneity. Outbreak sequences were of genotype A, clustering per animal and compartmentalizing in the animal tissues. No CNS specific signature patterns were found. Conclusions Bayesian approach inferences suggested that proviruses from broncoalveolar lavage cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells represented the common ancestors (infecting viruses) in the animal and that neuroinvasion in the outbreak involved microevolution after initial infection with an A-type strain. This study demonstrates virus compartmentalization in the CNS and other body tissues in sheep presenting the neurological form of SRLV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Ramírez
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, CSIC-UPNA-Gobierno de Navarra, 31192 Mutilva, Navarra, Spain
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88
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OEM JK, CHUNG JY, BYUN JW, KIM HY, KWAK D, JUNG BY. Large-Scale Serological Survey of Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus (CAEV) in Korean Black Goats ( Capra hircus aegagrus). J Vet Med Sci 2012; 74:1657-9. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.12-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ku OEM
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do 430–757, Korea
| | - Joon-Yee CHUNG
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do 430–757, Korea
| | - Jae-Won BYUN
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do 430–757, Korea
| | - Ha-Young KIM
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do 430–757, Korea
| | - Dongmi KWAK
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702–701, Korea
| | - Byeong Yeal JUNG
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do 430–757, Korea
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89
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Olech M, Rachid A, Croisé B, Kuźmak J, Valas S. Genetic and antigenic characterization of small ruminant lentiviruses circulating in Poland. Virus Res 2011; 163:528-36. [PMID: 22155513 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) infections are widespread in Poland, but the genetic features of sheep viruses are still lacking and limited to partial gag sequences for goat viruses. In this study, segments from the gag and env genes of Polish SRLV strains screened by heteroduplex mobility assay were subjected to genetic analyses. Subtype A1 was found in both sheep and goats, while subtypes B1 and B2 were found in goats and sheep, respectively. In addition, two novel subtypes (named A12 and A13) were found in sheep. Their close phylogenetic relatedness with SRLV strains previously isolated from Polish goats indicated that these new subtypes are predominant and circulate in both species. The antigenic relationships of subtypes A12 and A13 with other SRLV subtypes were tested in an ELISA assay based on recombinant antigens carrying the immunodominant domains of structural proteins (MA, CA and SU). Antigenic cross-reactivity in the Gag epitopes was evident among genotype A subtypes and, to a lower extent, between genotypes A and B. In contrast, a subtype-specific immunoresponse was detected in the SU epitopes. These results emphasize the broad genetic and antigenic diversity of SRLV strains circulating in Europe and confirmed the need to consider all viral genotypes to choose the antigens in serological tests in order to avoid misdiagnosis in control and eradication programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Olech
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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90
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Leptospirosis as the most frequent infectious disease impairing productivity in small ruminants in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Trop Anim Health Prod 2011; 44:773-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-011-9964-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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91
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Giammarioli M, Bazzucchi M, Puggioni G, Brajon G, Dei Giudici S, Taccori F, Feliziani F, De Mia GM. Phylogenetic analysis of small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) in Italian flocks reveals the existence of novel genetic subtypes. Virus Genes 2011; 43:380-4. [PMID: 21858464 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-011-0653-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the genetic heterogeneity of small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) isolates in Italy, 55 clinical samples collected between 1998 and 2010 were analysed. The phylogenetic study was based on analysis of gag-pol sequences. Our findings revealed that the SRLVs belonged to the subtype A9 (n = 3, sheep), B1 (n = 5, goat), B2 (n = 3, sheep) and E2 (n = 5, goat). Interestingly, 39 isolates from both sheep and goat, significantly differed from all the other SRLVs previously described and formed two separate clusters within genotypes A and B tentatively named A11 (n = 27, goat and sheep) and B3 (n = 12, goat and sheep), which have never been shown before. These results revealed a marked diversity among Italian field SRLV strains which might reflect the absence of any systematic control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Giammarioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Via Salvemini 1, Perugia, Italy
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92
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Gazarian K, Setién AA, Gazarian T, Pierle SA. Phage display identifies two Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus env epitopes. Vet Res 2011; 42:87. [PMID: 21781322 PMCID: PMC3162499 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Using phage display and IgG of a goat infected with Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus (CAEV) we obtained families of 7 mer constrained peptides with consensus motifs LxSDPF/Y and SWN/KHWSY and mapped the epitopes mimicked by them at the Env 6-LISDPY-11 and 67-WNTYHW-72 sites of the mature gp135 amino acid sequence. The first epitope fell into the N-terminal immunogenic aa1-EDYTLISDPYGFS- aa14 site identified previously with a synthetic peptide approach; the second epitope has not been described previously. The first epitope is mostly conserved across CAEV isolates whereas the second newly described epitope is extremely conserved in Small Ruminant Lentiviruses env sequences. As being immunodominant, the epitopes are candidate targets for mimotope-mediated diagnosis and/or neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlen Gazarian
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México D,F,, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, México.
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93
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Reina R, Glaria I, Cianca S, Crespo H, Andrés XD, Goñi C, Lasarte JM, Luján L, Amorena B, de Andrés DF. Use of small ruminant lentivirus-infected rams for artificial insemination. Vet J 2011; 189:106-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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94
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Tageldin MH, Johnson EH, Al-Busaidi RM, Al-Habsi KR, Al-Habsi SS. Serological evidence of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) infection in indigenous goats in the Sultanate of Oman. Trop Anim Health Prod 2011; 44:1-3. [PMID: 21660649 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-011-9883-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) is a chronic debilitating disease of goats caused by a lentivirus responsible for economic losses as a result of a drop in milk production and weight loss. The objective of the study was to determine if indigenous goats from five different regions in the Sultanate of Oman exhibit serological evidence of exposure to CAEV using a competitive-inhibition ELISA technique. Blood samples were collected from slaughtered goats (N=1,110) and from the National Serum Bank (n=528). In total, 83 (5.1%) of screened samples were classed as seropositive. The results provide the first serological evidence for the presence of CAEV in Oman.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Hassan Tageldin
- Department of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O.Box34, PC 123, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.
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95
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Azizi S, Tajbakhsh E, Fathi F, Oryan A, Momtaz H, Goodarzi M. Maedi in slaughtered sheep: a pathology and polymerase chain reaction study in southwestern Iran. Trop Anim Health Prod 2011; 44:113-8. [PMID: 21643662 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-011-9896-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Maedi-visna (MV) is an important slow viral disease of sheep leading to a progressive lymphoproliferative disease. It affects multiple organs primarily the lungs, where it causes interstitial pneumonia (maedi). In this study, the lungs of 1,000 sheep carcasses were grossly inspected and those suspected to have maedi were studied at histopathological and molecular levels. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique that amplified a 291-base pair DNA in the long terminal repeat (LTR) sequence of MV provirus was conducted on all the 50 suspected lungs together with 10 normal appearing lungs as controls. Amplicons of the expected size were detected in 11 (n=11/50) suspected sheep, and one of the 10 control sheep. Histopathologic study of the pulmonary lesions of all 11 (n=11/11) positive sheep showed MV lesions, including hyperplasia of the perivascular and peribronchiolar lymphoid cells, interstitial lymphoplasmacytic infiltration and smooth muscle hyperplasia and the histopathologic findings were correlated with PCR results. In contrast, the tissue sections of control animals were almost normal at histopathological level; however, PCR technique demonstrated that one of them was affected by maedi. This study showed that the LTR-PCR had high specificity and sensitivity in diagnosis of this viral infection. This study is the first to evaluate the prevalence of MV virus infection in sheep in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrzad Azizi
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord Branch, Shahrekord, Iran.
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96
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Synge BA, Ritchie CM. Elimination of small ruminant lentivirus infection from sheep flocks and goat herds aided by health schemes in Great Britain. Vet Rec 2011; 167:739-43. [PMID: 21257509 DOI: 10.1136/vr.c5853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Over a period of 11 years, 33 sheep or goat holdings lost their maedi-visna or caprine arthritis-encephalitis accredited status (mean 2.8 per year [0.09 per cent] of the accredited holdings in Great Britain). Of these, 22 sheep flocks and two goat herds eradicated the infection and regained their accredited status. In addition, 10 sheep flocks and two goat herds managed to eradicate infection, having joined the scheme with infected animals. In flocks and herds with a high initial prevalence of infection, the adoption of an indirect ELISA, with greater sensitivity than the agar gel immunodiffusion test, improved success rates. A strategy was devised to interpret the ELISA results depending upon the prevalence of infection at the time. Eighteen of the 33 flocks/herds (54.5 per cent) that had introductions of infection also owned non-accredited stock.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Synge
- Mill Grange, Ballinglen, Tinahely, County Wicklow, Ireland.
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97
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Herrmann-Hoesing LM. Diagnostic assays used to control small ruminant lentiviruses. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 22:843-55. [PMID: 21088167 DOI: 10.1177/104063871002200602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The serologic diagnostic tests, such as the agar gel immunodiffusion assay and various types of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), have contributed to the reduction of small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) infections worldwide. Because there are no treatments or efficacious vaccines, the serologic diagnostic tests have supported most of the eradication efforts by testing and removal or separation of adult animals that generate antibodies to SRLVs. With the advent of molecular diagnostics, standard and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays for the detection of provirus in peripheral blood cells are becoming more common and aid in the detection of infected goats and sheep before antibody detection by ELISA in some animals. Performance of the serologic and molecular diagnostic tests is dependent upon a number of factors, including the format of the assay, the percentage of identity between the viral nucleotide sequences in a flock or herd of a certain geographic region and the sequences used to generate SRLV test reagents, and the intrinsic pathogenesis or amount of provirus and SRLV antibody generated in a species or individual small ruminant. In addition, small ruminant genomics may help with establishing genetic markers of SRLV infection and disease, which could also aid eradication or reduction of SRLVs from herds and flocks throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn M Herrmann-Hoesing
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 3003 ADBF, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6630, USA.
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98
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Cortez-Romero C, Fieni F, Russo P, Pepin M, Roux C, Pellerin JL. Presence of Maedi Visna Virus (MVV)-Proviral DNA in the Genital Tissues of Naturally Infected Ewes. Reprod Domest Anim 2011; 46:e1-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2010.01608.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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99
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Interference of vaccination against bluetongue virus serotypes 1 and 8 with serological diagnosis of small-ruminant lentivirus infection. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2011; 18:513-7. [PMID: 21228143 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00343-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the recent vaccinations against bluetongue virus serotype 1 (BTV-1) and BTV-8 in Europe on the reliability of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) currently used for diagnosis of small-ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) infection were examined. Primary vaccination against BTV-8 in goats induced an increase in reactivity that did not exceed 3 months in a whole-virus indirect ELISA and a competitive ELISA based on the gp135 glycoprotein. Subsequent BTV-1/8 vaccination extended the time scale of false-positive reactivity for up to 6 months. These results are of relevance for SRLV-monitoring programs.
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100
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Barquero N, Arjona A, Domenech A, Toural C, de las Heras A, Fernández-Garayzabal JF, Ruiz-Santa Quiteria JA, Gomez-Lucia E. Diagnostic performance of PCR and ELISA on blood and milk samples and serological survey for small ruminant lentiviruses in central Spain. Vet Rec 2011; 168:20. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.c4951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Barquero
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Avenida Puerta de Hierro 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - A. Arjona
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Avenida Puerta de Hierro 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - A. Domenech
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Avenida Puerta de Hierro 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - C. Toural
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Avenida Puerta de Hierro 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - A. de las Heras
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Avenida Puerta de Hierro 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - J. F. Fernández-Garayzabal
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Avenida Puerta de Hierro 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - J. A. Ruiz-Santa Quiteria
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Avenida Puerta de Hierro 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - E. Gomez-Lucia
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Avenida Puerta de Hierro 28040 Madrid Spain
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