51
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Du J, Gao S, Tian Z, Xing S, Huang D, Zhang G, Zheng Y, Liu G, Luo J, Chang H, Yin H. MicroRNA expression profiling of primary sheep testicular cells in response to bluetongue virus infection. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 49:256-267. [PMID: 28132926 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is a member of the genus Orbivirus within the family Reoviridae and causes a non-contagious, insect-transmitted disease in domestic and wild ruminants, mainly in sheep and occasionally in cattle and some species of deer. Virus infection can trigger the changes of the cellular microRNA (miRNA) expression profile, which play important post-transcriptional regulatory roles in gene expression and can greatly influence viral replication and pathogenesis. Here, we employed deep sequencing technology to determine which cellular miRNAs were differentially expressed in primary sheep testicular (ST) cells infected with BTV. A total of 25 known miRNAs and 240 novel miRNA candidates that were differentially expressed in BTV-infected and uninfected ST cells were identified, and 251 and 8428 predicted target genes were annotated, respectively. Nine differentially expressed miRNAs and their mRNA targets were validated by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Targets prediction and functional analysis of these regulated miRNAs revealed significant enrichment for several signaling pathways including MAPK, PI3K-Akt, endocytosis, Hippo, NF-kB, viral carcinogenesis, FoxO, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways. This study provides a valuable basis for further investigation on the roles of miRNAs in BTV replication and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzheng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China.
| | - Shandian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Zhancheng Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Shanshan Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Dexuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Guorui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Yadong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Guangyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Jianxun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Huiyun Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.
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52
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Spedicato M, Lorusso A, Salini R, Gennaro AD, Leone A, Teodori L, Casaccia C, Portanti O, Calistri P, Giovannini A, Savini G. Efficacy of vaccination for bluetongue virus serotype 8 performed shortly before challenge and implications for animal trade. Prev Vet Med 2017; 136:49-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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53
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Feenstra F, van Rijn PA. Current and next-generation bluetongue vaccines: Requirements, strategies, and prospects for different field situations. Crit Rev Microbiol 2016; 43:142-155. [PMID: 27800699 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2016.1186005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) causes the hemorrhagic disease bluetongue (BT) in ruminants. The best way to control outbreaks is vaccination. Currently, conventionally modified-live and inactivated vaccines are commercially available, which have been successfully used to control BT, but nonetheless have their specific shortcomings. Therefore, there is a need for improved BT vaccines. The ideal BT vaccine is efficacious, safe, affordable, protective against multiple serotypes and enables the differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals. Different field situations require specific vaccine profiles. Single serotype outbreaks in former BT-free areas need rapid onset of protection against viremia of the respective serotype. In contrary, endemic multiple serotype situations require long-lasting protection against all circulating serotypes. The ideal BT vaccine for all field situations does not exist and balancing between vaccine properties is needed. Many new vaccines candidates, ranging from non-replicating subunits to replicating next-generation reverse genetics based vaccines, have been developed. Some have been tested extensively in large numbers of ruminants, whereas others were developed recently and have only been tested in vitro and in mice models. Most vaccine candidates are promising, but have their specific shortcomings and advantages. In this review, current and next-generation BT vaccines are discussed in the light of prerequisites for different field situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke Feenstra
- a Department of Virology , Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR , Lelystad , The Netherlands.,b Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Piet A van Rijn
- a Department of Virology , Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR , Lelystad , The Netherlands.,c Department of Biochemistry , Center for Human Metabolomics, North-West University , Potchefstroom , South Africa
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54
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Welby S, van Schaik G, Veldhuis A, Brouwer-Middelesch H, Peroz C, Santman-Berends IM, Fourichon C, Wever P, Van der Stede Y. Effectiveness and Cost Efficiency of Different Surveillance Components for Proving Freedom and Early Detection of Disease: Bluetongue Serotype 8 in Cattle as Case Study for Belgium, France and the Netherlands. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 64:1771-1781. [PMID: 27670151 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Quick detection and recovery of country's freedom status remain a constant challenge in animal health surveillance. The efficacy and cost efficiency of different surveillance components in proving the absence of infection or (early) detection of bluetongue serotype 8 in cattle populations within different countries (the Netherlands, France, Belgium) using surveillance data from years 2006 and 2007 were investigated using an adapted scenario tree model approach. First, surveillance components (sentinel, yearly cross-sectional and passive clinical reporting) within each country were evaluated in terms of efficacy for substantiating freedom of infection. Yearly cross-sectional survey and passive clinical reporting performed well within each country with sensitivity of detection values ranging around 0.99. The sentinel component had a sensitivity of detection around 0.7. Secondly, how effective the components were for (early) detection of bluetongue serotype 8 and whether syndromic surveillance on reproductive performance, milk production and mortality data available from the Netherlands and Belgium could be of added value were evaluated. Epidemic curves were used to estimate the timeliness of detection. Sensitivity analysis revealed that expected within-herd prevalence and number of herds processed were the most influential parameters for proving freedom and early detection. Looking at the assumed direct costs, although total costs were low for sentinel and passive clinical surveillance components, passive clinical surveillance together with syndromic surveillance (based on reproductive performance data) turned out most cost-efficient for the detection of bluetongue serotype 8. To conclude, for emerging or re-emerging vectorborne disease that behaves such as bluetongue serotype 8, it is recommended to use passive clinical and syndromic surveillance as early detection systems for maximum cost efficiency and sensitivity. Once an infection is detected and eradicated, cross-sectional screening for substantiating freedom of infection and sentinel for monitoring the disease evolution are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Welby
- Coordination of Veterinary Diagnostics, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Unit, CODA CERVA Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Brussels, Belgium
| | - G van Schaik
- Epidemiology Unit, GD Animal Health, Deventer, The Netherlands.,Farm Animal Health Department, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A Veldhuis
- Epidemiology Unit, GD Animal Health, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | | | - C Peroz
- UMR and BioEPAR Department, Oniris LUNAM University, Nantes, France.,Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Unit for Animal Health, INRA, Nantes, France
| | | | - C Fourichon
- UMR and BioEPAR Department, Oniris LUNAM University, Nantes, France.,Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Unit for Animal Health, INRA, Nantes, France
| | - P Wever
- Epidemiology Unit, GD Animal Health, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - Y Van der Stede
- Coordination of Veterinary Diagnostics, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Unit, CODA CERVA Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Brussels, Belgium.,Veterinary Immunology Department, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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55
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Breard E, Garnier A, Despres P, Blaise Boisseau S, Comtet L, Viarouge C, Bakkali-Kassimi L, Pourquier P, Hudelet P, Vitour D, Rossi S, Belbis G, Sailleau C, Zientara S. Development of a Double-Antigen Microsphere Immunoassay for Simultaneous Group and Serotype Detection of Bluetongue Virus Antibodies. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 64:1837-1847. [PMID: 27667484 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue viruses (BTV) are arboviruses responsible for infections in ruminants. The confirmation of BTV infections is based on rapid serological tests such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) using the BTV viral protein 7 (VP7) as antigen. The determination of the BTV serotype by serological analyses could be only performed by neutralization tests (VNT) which are time-consuming and require BSL3 facilities. VP2 protein is considered the major serotype-defining protein of BTV. To improve the serological characterization of BTV infections, the recombinant VP7 and BTV serotype 8 (BTV-8) VP2 were synthesized using insect cells expression system. The purified antigens were covalently bound to fluorescent beads and then assayed with 822 characterized ruminant sera from BTV vaccinations or infections in a duplex microsphere immunoassay (MIA). The revelation step of this serological duplex assay was performed with biotinylated antigens instead of antispecies conjugates to use it on different ruminant species. The results demonstrated that MIA detected the anti-VP7 antibodies with a high specificity as well as a competitive ELISA approved for BTV diagnosis, with a better efficiency for the early detection of the anti-VP7 antibodies. The VP2 MIA results showed that this technology is also an alternative to VNT for BTV diagnosis. Comparisons between the VP2 MIA and VNT results showed that VNT detects the anti-VP2 antibodies in an early stage and that the VP2 MIA is as specific as VNT. This novel immunoassay provides a platform for developing multiplex assays, in which the presence of antibodies against multiple BTV serotypes can be detected simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Breard
- UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE ANSES-INRA-ENVA, Université Paris Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - A Garnier
- UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE ANSES-INRA-ENVA, Université Paris Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - P Despres
- UMR PIMIT (I2T), Université de La Réunion, INSERM U1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, technology platform CYROI, Saint-Clotilde, La Reunion, France
| | - S Blaise Boisseau
- UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE ANSES-INRA-ENVA, Université Paris Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - C Viarouge
- UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE ANSES-INRA-ENVA, Université Paris Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - L Bakkali-Kassimi
- UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE ANSES-INRA-ENVA, Université Paris Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | | | - D Vitour
- UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE ANSES-INRA-ENVA, Université Paris Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - S Rossi
- Unité Sanitaire de la Faune, Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, Gap, France
| | - G Belbis
- Unité de Pathologie du Bétail, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - C Sailleau
- UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE ANSES-INRA-ENVA, Université Paris Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - S Zientara
- UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE ANSES-INRA-ENVA, Université Paris Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
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56
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Development and Evaluation of Real Time RT-PCR Assays for Detection and Typing of Bluetongue Virus. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163014. [PMID: 27661614 PMCID: PMC5035095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus is the type species of the genus Orbivirus, family Reoviridae. Bluetongue viruses (BTV) are transmitted between their vertebrate hosts primarily by biting midges (Culicoides spp.) in which they also replicate. Consequently BTV distribution is dependent on the activity, geographic distribution, and seasonal abundance of Culicoides spp. The virus can also be transmitted vertically in vertebrate hosts, and some strains/serotypes can be transmitted horizontally in the absence of insect vectors. The BTV genome is composed of ten linear segments of double-stranded (ds) RNA, numbered in order of decreasing size (Seg-1 to Seg-10). Genome segment 2 (Seg-2) encodes outer-capsid protein VP2, the most variable BTV protein and the primary target for neutralising antibodies. Consequently VP2 (and Seg-2) determine the identity of the twenty seven serotypes and two additional putative BTV serotypes that have been recognised so far. Current BTV vaccines are serotype specific and typing of outbreak strains is required in order to deploy appropriate vaccines. We report development and evaluation of multiple 'TaqMan' fluorescence-probe based quantitative real-time type-specific RT-PCR assays targeting Seg-2 of the 27+1 BTV types. The assays were evaluated using orbivirus isolates from the 'Orbivirus Reference Collection' (ORC) held at The Pirbright Institute. The assays are BTV-type specific and can be used for rapid, sensitive and reliable detection / identification (typing) of BTV RNA from samples of infected blood, tissues, homogenised Culicoides, or tissue culture supernatants. None of the assays amplified cDNAs from closely related but heterologous orbiviruses, or from uninfected host animals or cell cultures.
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57
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Faverjon C, Leblond A, Lecollinet S, Bødker R, de Koeijer AA, Fischer EAJ. Comparative Risk Analysis of Two Culicoides-Borne Diseases in Horses: Equine Encephalosis More Likely to Enter France than African Horse Sickness. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 64:1825-1836. [PMID: 27658808 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
African horse sickness (AHS) and equine encephalosis (EE) are Culicoides-borne viral diseases that could have the potential to spread across Europe if introduced, thus being potential threats for the European equine industry. Both share similar epidemiology, transmission patterns and geographical distribution. Using stochastic spatiotemporal models of virus entry, we assessed and compared the probabilities of both viruses entering France via two pathways: importation of live-infected animals or importation of infected vectors. Analyses were performed for three consecutive years (2010-2012). Seasonal and regional differences in virus entry probabilities were the same for both diseases. However, the probability of EE entry was much higher than the probability of AHS entry. Interestingly, the most likely entry route differed between AHS and EE: AHS has a higher probability to enter through an infected vector and EE has a higher probability to enter through an infectious host. Consequently, different effective protective measures were identified by 'what-if' scenarios for the two diseases. The implementation of vector protection on all animals (equine and bovine) coming from low-risk regions before their importation was the most effective in reducing the probability of AHS entry. On the other hand, the most significant reduction in the probability of EE entry was obtained by the implementation of quarantine before import for horses coming from both EU and non-EU countries. The developed models can be useful to implement risk-based surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Faverjon
- INRA UR0346 Animal Epidemiology, VetagroSup, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - A Leblond
- INRA UR0346 Animal Epidemiology and Equine Department, VetAgroSup, Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - S Lecollinet
- Animal Health Laboratory, UMR1161 Virologie, INRA ANSES ENVA, UPE, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - R Bødker
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksgerg, Denmark
| | - A A de Koeijer
- Central Veterinary Institute, part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - E A J Fischer
- Central Veterinary Institute, part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands.,Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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58
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Fowler VL, Howson ELA, Flannery J, Romito M, Lubisi A, Agüero M, Mertens P, Batten CA, Warren HR, Castillo-Olivares J. Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay for the Rapid Detection of African Horse Sickness Virus. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 64:1579-1588. [PMID: 27484889 PMCID: PMC5600106 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
African horse sickness (AHS) is a disease of equids caused by African Horse Sickness Virus (AHSV) and is transmitted by Culicoides midges. AHS is endemic in sub‐Saharan Africa, but during the past century, outbreaks of significant economic importance and elevated mortality have been recorded in Northern African countries, the Iberian and Arabian Peninsula, the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent. Effective control combines the application of early warning systems, accurate laboratory diagnosis and reporting, animal movement restrictions, suitable vaccination and surveillance programs, and the coordination of all these measures by efficient veterinary services. Conventional reverse‐transcriptase (RT) PCR (RT‐PCR) and real‐time RT‐PCR (rRT‐PCR) assays have improved the sensitivity and rapidity of diagnosing AHS, resulting in the adoption of these methods as recommended tests by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). However, currently these assays are only performed within laboratory settings; therefore, the development of field diagnostics for AHS would improve the fast implementation of control policies. Loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is an isothermal, autocycling, strand‐displacement nucleic acid amplification technique which can be performed in the field. LAMP assays are attractive molecular assays because they are simple to use, rapid, portable and have sensitivity and specificity within the range of rRT‐PCR. This study describes the development of a novel RT‐LAMP assay for the detection of AHSV. The AHSV RT‐LAMP assay has an analytical sensitivity of 96.1% when considering an rRT‐PCR cut‐off value of CT > 36, or 91.3% when no rRT‐PCR cut‐off is applied. Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were 100%. This assay provides for a rapid and low cost AHS diagnostic for use in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Fowler
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - E L A Howson
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - J Flannery
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - M Romito
- ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - A Lubisi
- ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - M Agüero
- Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria-Sanidad Animal, Algete (Madrid), Spain
| | - P Mertens
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - C A Batten
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - H R Warren
- OptiGene Limited, Horsham, West Sussex, UK
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59
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Marín-López A, Barriales D, Moreno S, Ortego J, Calvo-Pinilla E. Defeating Bluetongue virus: new approaches in the development of multiserotype vaccines. Future Virol 2016. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is a global threat to domestic and wild ruminants, causing massive economic losses throughout the world. New serotypes of the virus are rapidly emerging in different continents, unfortunately there is little cross-protection between BTV serotypes. The eradication of the virus from a region is particularly complicated in areas where multiple serotypes circulate for a long time. The present review summarizes the actual concerns about the spread of the virus and relevant approaches to develop efficient vaccines against BTV, in particular those focused on a multiserotype design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diego Barriales
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA-CISA, Valdeolmos-Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Moreno
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA-CISA, Valdeolmos-Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Ortego
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA-CISA, Valdeolmos-Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Calvo-Pinilla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA-CISA, Valdeolmos-Madrid, Spain
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60
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Brand SPC, Rock KS, Keeling MJ. The Interaction between Vector Life History and Short Vector Life in Vector-Borne Disease Transmission and Control. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1004837. [PMID: 27128163 PMCID: PMC4851302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological modelling has a vital role to play in policy planning and prediction for the control of vectors, and hence the subsequent control of vector-borne diseases. To decide between competing policies requires models that can generate accurate predictions, which in turn requires accurate knowledge of vector natural histories. Here we highlight the importance of the distribution of times between life-history events, using short-lived midge species as an example. In particular we focus on the distribution of the extrinsic incubation period (EIP) which determines the time between infection and becoming infectious, and the distribution of the length of the gonotrophic cycle which determines the time between successful bites. We show how different assumptions for these periods can radically change the basic reproductive ratio (R0) of an infection and additionally the impact of vector control on the infection. These findings highlight the need for detailed entomological data, based on laboratory experiments and field data, to correctly construct the next-generation of policy-informing models. The basic reproductive ratio (R0) is a crucial measure of transmission intensity, lying at the interface between mathematical modelling and policy decision making. If control measures can induce a situation where R0 ≤ 1 for a sustained period of time then the pathogen must be eradicated. For diseases spread by short-lived insect vectors a modeller can not calculate R0 without addressing questions of chance such as, “What percentage of vectors will survive their extrinsic incubation period (EIP) to become infectious?”. Classical Ross-Macdonald theory provides answers for the modeller by making certain concrete assumptions, such as a fixed length EIP and exponentially distributed times between vector blood-meals. Using bluetongue virus spread by biting midges as an exemplar we demonstrate that biologically plausible alterations to the classical assumptions can significantly change the modeller’s prediction of R0 with both serious over-estimation and under-estimation being possible. The important modelling/control question, “How does R0 respond to increased vector per-capita mortality?”, is also found to depend strongly on details of the vector life-cycle expressed in the language of probability distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel P. C. Brand
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- WIDER (Warwick Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research) Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Kat S. Rock
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- WIDER (Warwick Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research) Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Matt J. Keeling
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- WIDER (Warwick Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research) Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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61
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McVey DS, MacLachlan NJ. Vaccines for Prevention of Bluetongue and Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease in Livestock: A North American Perspective. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2016; 15:385-96. [PMID: 26086559 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2014.1698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) are noncontagious, insect-transmitted diseases of domestic and wild ruminants caused by related but distinct viruses. There are significant gaps in our scientific knowledge and available countermeasures to control an outbreak of orbivirus-induced disease, whether BT or EHD. Both BT virus (BTV) and EHD virus (EHDV) cause hemorrhagic fevers in susceptible ruminants; however, BT is principally a disease of domestic livestock whereas EHD is principally a disease of certain species of wild, non-African ungulates, notably white-tailed deer. The live-attenuated (modified live virus [MLV]) vaccines available in the United States for use in small ruminant livestock do provide good protection against clinical disease following infection with the homologous virus serotype. Although there is increasing justification that the use of MLV vaccines should be avoided if possible, these are the only vaccines currently available in the United States. Specifically, MLVs are used in California to protect sheep against infection with BTV serotypes 10, 11, and 17, and a MLV to BTV serotype 10 is licensed for use in sheep throughout the United States. These MLV vaccines may need to continue to be used in the immediate future for protective immunization of sheep and goats against BT. There are currently no licensed vaccines available for EHD in the United States other than autogenous vaccines. If there is a need to rapidly develop a vaccine to meet an emerging crisis associated with either BTV or EHDV infections, development of an inactivated virus vaccine in a conventional adjuvanted formulation will likely be required. With two doses of vaccine (and in some instances just one dose), inactivated vaccines can provide substantial immunity to the epizootic serotype of either BTV or EHDV. This strategy is similar to that used in the 2006-2008 BTV serotype 8 outbreaks in northern Europe that provided vaccine to the field within 2 years of the initial incursion (by 2008). Further research and development are warranted to provide more efficacious and effective vaccines for control of BTV and EHDV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Scott McVey
- 1 USDA, ARS , Arthropod-Borne Animal Disease Research Unit, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - N James MacLachlan
- 2 Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California , Davis, California
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Orłowska A, Trębas P, Smreczak M, Marzec A, Żmudziński JF. First detection of bluetongue virus serotype 14 in Poland. Arch Virol 2016; 161:1969-72. [PMID: 27068167 PMCID: PMC4908167 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2857-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Here, we present the first detected cases of bluetongue virus (BTV) in native cattle from Poland. The virus was found in animals located near the Polish-Belarusian and Polish-Lithuanian borders. The positive animals were detected through an official epidemiological surveillance program. A combination of type-specific real-time RT-PCR and phylogenetic tests revealed the presence of BTV serotype 14 (BTV-14). This serotype is highly homologous to the vaccine strain and BTV-14 present in Russia, Lithuania, and Spain (from an animal imported from Lithuania). The most probable route of virus introduction to Poland was transmission through midges. All of the cases were subclinical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Orłowska
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100, Puławy, Poland.
| | - Paweł Trębas
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Marcin Smreczak
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Anna Marzec
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Jan F Żmudziński
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
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Innocuity of a commercial live attenuated vaccine for epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 2 in late-term pregnant cows. Vaccine 2016; 34:1430-5. [PMID: 26876438 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) is an arthropod-borne infectious viral disease sustained by the epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV). The only commercially available and currently used vaccines are manufactured for EHDV-2 in Japan, either live or inactivated vaccines. In this study we tested the innocuity for fetuses of the live attenuated EHDV-2 vaccine in five late-term pregnant cows. Whole blood and serum samples were collected from dams and screened for the presence of EHDV-2 RNA, infectious virus and antibodies. After calving, whole blood and serum samples collected from calves, before and after colostrum intake, were also tested for antibodies and for virus detection. In dams, neither fever nor clinical signs were observed. All of them seroconverted and a strong humoral response was detected throughout the sampling period. All blood samples tested negative for EHDV-2 except for one sample collected from a dam 11 days post-vaccination which tested positive at virus isolation at the third cell passage following two rounds of blind passages. Although they had free access to colostrum, calves tested serologically negative for EHDV-2 during the entire course of the experiment. Overall, the tested live attenuated vaccine can be safely administered to late-term pregnant cows as it was not demonstrated to cross the placental barrier. The safety of the live-attenuated vaccine is further confirmed by the emergence of Ibaraki virus in 2013 in Japan which is apparently not related to the spread of the vaccine strain currently used in Japan.
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Yang H, Xiao L, Wang J, Meng J, Lv M, Liao D, Song J, Gao L, Xiong H, He Y, Niu B, Chuang X, Li H. Phylogenetic Characterization Genome Segment 2 of Bluetongue Virus
Strains Belonging to Serotypes 5, 7 and 24 Isolated for the First Time in China During 2012 to 2014. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 64:1317-1321. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Yang
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory; Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute; Kunming China
| | - L. Xiao
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory; Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute; Kunming China
| | - J. Wang
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory; Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute; Kunming China
| | - J. Meng
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory; Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute; Kunming China
| | - M. Lv
- Institute of Animal Health; Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Science; Guangzhou China
| | - D. Liao
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory; Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute; Kunming China
| | - J. Song
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory; Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute; Kunming China
| | - L. Gao
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory; Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute; Kunming China
| | - H. Xiong
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory; Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute; Kunming China
| | - Y. He
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory; Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute; Kunming China
| | - B. Niu
- Animal Disease Control Center of Shizong County; Shizong China
| | - X. Chuang
- Animal Disease Control Center of Dehong Prefecture; Mangshi China
| | - H. Li
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory; Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute; Kunming China
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Using shared needles for subcutaneous inoculation can transmit bluetongue virus mechanically between ruminant hosts. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20627. [PMID: 26853457 PMCID: PMC4745043 DOI: 10.1038/srep20627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an economically important arbovirus of ruminants that is transmitted by Culicoides spp. biting midges. BTV infection of ruminants results in a high viraemia, suggesting that repeated sharing of needles between animals could result in its iatrogenic transmission. Studies defining the risk of iatrogenic transmission of blood-borne pathogens by less invasive routes, such as subcutaneous or intradermal inoculations are rare, even though the sharing of needles is common practice for these inoculation routes in the veterinary sector. Here we demonstrate that BTV can be transmitted by needle sharing during subcutaneous inoculation, despite the absence of visible blood contamination of the needles. The incubation period, measured from sharing of needles, to detection of BTV in the recipient sheep or cattle, was substantially longer than has previously been reported after experimental infection of ruminants by either direct inoculation of virus, or through blood feeding by infected Culicoides. Although such mechanical transmission is most likely rare under field condition, these results are likely to influence future advice given in relation to sharing needles during veterinary vaccination campaigns and will also be of interest for the public health sector considering the risk of pathogen transmission during subcutaneous inoculations with re-used needles.
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Xing S, Du J, Gao S, Tian Z, Zheng Y, Liu G, Luo J, Yin H. Analysis of the miRNA expression profile in an Aedes albopictus cell line in response to bluetongue virus infection. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 39:74-84. [PMID: 26774367 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cellular microRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported to be key regulators of virus-host interactions. Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an insect-borne virus that causes huge economic losses in the livestock industry worldwide. Aedes albopictus cell lines have become powerful and convenient tools for studying BTV-vector interactions. However, the role of miRNAs in A. albopictus cells during BTV infection is not well understood. In this study, we performed a deep sequencing analysis of small RNA libraries of BTV-infected and mock-infected A. albopictus cells, and a total of 11,206,854 and 12,125,274 clean reads were identified, respectively. A differential expression analysis showed that 140 miRNAs, including 15 known and 125 novel miRNAs, were significantly dysregulated after infection, and a total of 414 and 2307 target genes were annotated, respectively. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction validated the expression patterns of 11 selected miRNAs and their mRNA targets. Functional annotation of the target genes suggested that these target genes were mainly involved in metabolic pathways, oxidative phosphorylation, endocytosis, RNA transport, as well as the FoxO, Hippo, Jak-STAT, and MAPK signaling pathways. This is the first systematic study on the effect of BTV infection on miRNA expression in A. albopictus cells. This investigation provides information concerning the cellular miRNA expression profile in response to BTV infection, and it offers clues for identifying potential candidates for vector-based antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Junzheng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China.
| | - Shandian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Zhancheng Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Yadong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Guangyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Jianxun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.
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Hanon JB, Vandenberge V, Deruelle M, De Leeuw I, De Clercq K, Van Borm S, Koenen F, Liu L, Hoffmann B, Batten CA, Zientara S, Breard E, Van der Stede Y. Inter-laboratory evaluation of the performance parameters of a Lateral Flow Test device for the detection of Bluetongue virus-specific antibodies. J Virol Methods 2015; 228:140-50. [PMID: 26687976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is a viral vector-borne disease affecting domestic and wild ruminants worldwide. In this study, a commercial rapid immuno-chromatographic method or Lateral Flow Test (LFT) device, for the detection of BT virus-specific antibodies in animal serum, was evaluated in an international inter-laboratory proficiency test. The evaluation was done with sera samples of variable background (ruminant species, serotype, field samples, experimental infections, vaccinated animals). The diagnostic sensitivity was 100% (95% C.I. [90.5-100]) and the diagnostic specificity was 95.2% (95% C.I. [76.2-99.9]). The repeatability (accordance) and reproducibility (concordance) were 100% for seropositive samples but were lower for two of the seronegative samples (45% and 89% respectively). The analytical sensitivity, evaluated by testing positive sera at increasing dilutions was better for the BT LFT compared to some commercial ELISAs. Seroconversion of an infected sheep was detected at 4 days post infection. Analytical specificity was impaired by cross-reactions observed with some of the samples seropositive for Epizootic Haemorrhagic Disease Virus (EHDV). The agreement (Cohen's kappa) between the LFT and a commercial BT competitive ELISA was 0.79 (95% CI [0.62-0.95]). Based on these results, it can be concluded that the BT LFT device is a rapid and sensitive first-line serological test that can be used in the field, especially in areas endemic for the disease where there is a lack of diagnostic facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Hanon
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Coordination of the Veterinary Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Unit (CDV-ERA), Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Valerie Vandenberge
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Coordination of the Veterinary Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Unit (CDV-ERA), Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Matthias Deruelle
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Coordination of the Veterinary Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Unit (CDV-ERA), Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ilse De Leeuw
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Vesicular and Exotic Diseases Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kris De Clercq
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Vesicular and Exotic Diseases Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Steven Van Borm
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Molecular Platform Unit, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frank Koenen
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Coordination of the Veterinary Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Unit (CDV-ERA), Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lihong Liu
- National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology (VIP), SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Carrie Anne Batten
- The Pirbright Institute, Non Vesicular Reference Laboratory, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU240NF, United Kingdom
| | - Stéphan Zientara
- Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), UPE, UMR Anses, INRA, ENVA, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, laboratoire de santé animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Emmanuel Breard
- Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), UPE, UMR Anses, INRA, ENVA, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, laboratoire de santé animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Yves Van der Stede
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Coordination of the Veterinary Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Unit (CDV-ERA), Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium; Ghent University, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Sailleau C, Bréard E, Viarouge C, Vitour D, Romey A, Garnier A, Fablet A, Lowenski S, Gorna K, Caignard G, Pagneux C, Zientara S. Re-Emergence of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 8 in France, 2015. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 64:998-1000. [PMID: 26617414 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
At the end of August 2015, a ram located in central France (department of Allier) showed clinical signs suggestive of BTV (Bluetongue virus) infection. However, none of the other animals located in the herd showed any signs of the Bluetongue disease. Laboratory analyses identified the virus as BTV serotype 8. The viro and sero prevalence intraherd were 2.4% and 8.6% in sheep and 18.3% and 42.9% in cattle, respectively. Phylogenetic studies showed that the sequences of this strain are closely related to another BTV-8 strain that has circulated in France in 2006-2008. The origin of the outbreak is unclear but it may be assumed that the BTV-8 has probably circulated at very low prevalence (possibly in livestock or wildlife) since its first emergence in 2007-2008.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sailleau
- UPEC, ANSES, ENVA, INRA, UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, Laboratoire de Santé Animale d'Alfort, Labex IBEID, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - E Bréard
- UPEC, ANSES, ENVA, INRA, UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, Laboratoire de Santé Animale d'Alfort, Labex IBEID, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - C Viarouge
- UPEC, ANSES, ENVA, INRA, UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, Laboratoire de Santé Animale d'Alfort, Labex IBEID, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - D Vitour
- UPEC, ANSES, ENVA, INRA, UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, Laboratoire de Santé Animale d'Alfort, Labex IBEID, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - A Romey
- UPEC, ANSES, ENVA, INRA, UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, Laboratoire de Santé Animale d'Alfort, Labex IBEID, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - A Garnier
- UPEC, ANSES, ENVA, INRA, UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, Laboratoire de Santé Animale d'Alfort, Labex IBEID, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - A Fablet
- UPEC, ANSES, ENVA, INRA, UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, Laboratoire de Santé Animale d'Alfort, Labex IBEID, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - S Lowenski
- UPEC, ANSES, ENVA, INRA, UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, Laboratoire de Santé Animale d'Alfort, Labex IBEID, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - K Gorna
- UPEC, ANSES, ENVA, INRA, UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, Laboratoire de Santé Animale d'Alfort, Labex IBEID, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - G Caignard
- UPEC, ANSES, ENVA, INRA, UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, Laboratoire de Santé Animale d'Alfort, Labex IBEID, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - C Pagneux
- Eurofins Laboratoire Coeur de France, Moulins, France
| | - S Zientara
- UPEC, ANSES, ENVA, INRA, UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, Laboratoire de Santé Animale d'Alfort, Labex IBEID, Maisons-Alfort, France
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69
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Kyriakis CS, Billinis C, Papadopoulos E, Vasileiou NGC, Athanasiou LV, Fthenakis GC. Bluetongue in small ruminants: An opinionated review, with a brief appraisal of the 2014 outbreak of the disease in Greece and the south-east Europe. Vet Microbiol 2015; 181:66-74. [PMID: 26304745 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue is an arthropod-borne viral disease of ruminants, especially of sheep, caused by Bluetongue virus, which belongs to the genus Orbivirus of the family Reoviridae and is classified into 26 antigenically distinct serotypes. Once thought to be restricted in Africa and parts of the Middle East, bluetongue has now become a concern in sheep-rearing countries around the world. In the past 10 years, severe outbreaks have occurred in Europe with important economic consequences; of these, the 2006-20008 outbreak in Europe was caused by a serotype 8 strain and the 2014 outbreak in Greece and the other countries of south-east Europe was caused by a serotype 4 strain, suggested to be a reassortant strain with genome segments from lineages of serotype 1, 2 and 4. Immunisation campaigns can be implemented for successful control and limiting of the disease. Nevertheless, in both of the above outbreaks, late application of vaccinations led to a wide spread of the disease, which subsequently resulted in significant losses in livestock in the affected regions. In view of that, standardisation of control measures in the future will be beneficial for efficiently limiting outbreaks of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Kyriakis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - C Billinis
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - E Papadopoulos
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - N G C Vasileiou
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - L V Athanasiou
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - G C Fthenakis
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
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Detection of Low-Level Cardinium and Wolbachia Infections in Culicoides. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:6177-88. [PMID: 26150447 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01239-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial endosymbionts have been identified as potentially useful biological control agents for a range of invertebrate vectors of disease. Previous studies of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) species using conventional PCR assays have provided evidence of Wolbachia (1/33) and Cardinium (8/33) infections. Here, we screened 20 species of Culicoides for Wolbachia and Cardinium, utilizing a combination of conventional PCR and more sensitive quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays. Low levels of Cardinium DNA were detected in females of all but one of the Culicoides species screened, and low levels of Wolbachia were detected in females of 9 of the 20 Culicoides species. Sequence analysis based on partial 16S rRNA gene and gyrB sequences identified "Candidatus Cardinium hertigii" from group C, which has previously been identified in Culicoides from Japan, Israel, and the United Kingdom. Wolbachia strains detected in this study showed 98 to 99% sequence identity to Wolbachia previously detected from Culicoides based on the 16S rRNA gene, whereas a strain with a novel wsp sequence was identified in Culicoides narrabeenensis. Cardinium isolates grouped to geographical regions independent of the host Culicoides species, suggesting possible geographical barriers to Cardinium movement. Screening also identified Asaia bacteria in Culicoides. These findings point to a diversity of low-level endosymbiont infections in Culicoides, providing candidates for further characterization and highlighting the widespread occurrence of these endosymbionts in this insect group.
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Chatzopoulos D, Valiakos G, Giannakopoulos A, Birtsas P, Sokos C, Vasileiou N, Papaspyropoulos K, Tsokana C, Spyrou V, Fthenakis G, Billinis C. Bluetongue Virus in wild ruminants in Europe: Concerns and facts, with a brief reference to bluetongue in cervids in Greece during the 2014 outbreak. Small Rumin Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Faverjon C, Leblond A, Hendrikx P, Balenghien T, de Vos CJ, Fischer EAJ, de Koeijer AA. A spatiotemporal model to assess the introduction risk of African horse sickness by import of animals and vectors in France. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:127. [PMID: 26040321 PMCID: PMC4455332 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0435-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background African horse sickness (AHS) is a major, Culicoides-borne viral disease in equines whose introduction into Europe could have dramatic consequences. The disease is considered to be endemic in sub-Saharan Africa. Recent introductions of other Culicoides-borne viruses (bluetongue and Schmallenberg) into northern Europe have highlighted the risk that AHS may arrive in Europe as well. The aim of our study was to provide a spatiotemporal quantitative risk model of AHS introduction into France. The study focused on two pathways of introduction: the arrival of an infectious host (PW-host) and the arrival of an infectious Culicoides midge via the livestock trade (PW-vector). The risk of introduction was calculated by determining the probability of an infectious animal or vector entering the country and the probability of the virus then becoming established: i.e., the virus’s arrival in France resulting in at least one local equine host being infected by one local vector. This risk was assessed using data from three consecutive years (2010 to 2012) for 22 regions in France. Results The results of the model indicate that the annual risk of AHS being introduced to France is very low but that major spatiotemporal differences exist. For both introduction pathways, risk is higher from July to October and peaks in July. In general, regions with warmer climates are more at risk, as are colder regions with larger equine populations; however, regional variation in animal importation patterns (number and species) also play a major role in determining risk. Despite the low probability that AHSV is present in the EU, intra-EU trade of equines contributes most to the risk of AHSV introduction to France because it involves a large number of horse movements. Conclusion It is important to address spatiotemporal differences when assessing the risk of ASH introduction and thus also when implementing efficient surveillance efforts. The methods and results of this study may help develop surveillance techniques and other risk reduction measures that will prevent the introduction of AHS or minimize AHS’ potential impact once introduced, both in France and the rest of Europe. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-015-0435-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Faverjon
- INRA UR346 Animal Epidemiology, Vetagrosup, F-69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France.
| | - A Leblond
- INRA UR346 Animal Epidemiology et Département Hippique, VetAgroSup, F-69280, Marcy L'Etoile, France.
| | - P Hendrikx
- ANSES, Direction scientifique des laboratoires - unité Survepi, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - T Balenghien
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, F-34398 Montpellier, France ; INRA, UMR1309 CMAEE, F-34398, Montpellier, France.
| | - C J de Vos
- Central Veterinary Institute, part of Wageningen UR, PO Box 65, 8200 AB, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
| | - E A J Fischer
- Central Veterinary Institute, part of Wageningen UR, PO Box 65, 8200 AB, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
| | - A A de Koeijer
- Central Veterinary Institute, part of Wageningen UR, PO Box 65, 8200 AB, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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73
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Breard E, Belbis G, Viarouge C, Nomikou K, Haegeman A, De Clercq K, Hudelet P, Hamers C, Moreau F, Lilin T, Durand B, Mertens P, Vitour D, Sailleau C, Zientara S. Evaluation of adaptive immune responses and heterologous protection induced by inactivated bluetongue virus vaccines. Vaccine 2014; 33:512-8. [PMID: 25500308 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Eradication of bluetongue virus is possible, as has been shown in several European countries. New serotypes have emerged, however, for which there are no specific commercial vaccines. This study addressed whether heterologous vaccines would help protect against 2 serotypes. Thirty-seven sheep were randomly allocated to 7 groups of 5 or 6 animals. Four groups were vaccinated with commercial vaccines against BTV strains 2, 4, and 9. A fifth positive control group was given a vaccine against BTV-8. The other 2 groups were unvaccinated controls. Sheep were then challenged by subcutaneous injection of either BTV-16 (2 groups) or BTV-8 (5 groups). Taken together, 24/25 sheep from the 4 experimental groups developed detectable antibodies against the vaccinated viruses. Furthermore, sheep that received heterologous vaccines showed significantly reduced viraemia and clinical scores for BTV-16 when compared to unvaccinated controls. Reductions in clinical signs and viraemia among heterologously vaccinated sheep were not as common after challenge with BTV-8. This study shows that heterologous protection can occur, but that it is difficult to predict if partial or complete protection will be achieved following inactivated-BTV vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Breard
- ANSES, UMR 1161 Virologie ANSES-INRA-ENVA, 23 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Guillaume Belbis
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Unité de Pathologie du Bétail, 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Cyril Viarouge
- ANSES, UMR 1161 Virologie ANSES-INRA-ENVA, 23 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Kyriaki Nomikou
- Vector-Borne Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Pascal Hudelet
- MERIAL S.A.S., 254 Rue Marcel Mérieux, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Claude Hamers
- MERIAL S.A.S., P.I. Plaine de l'Ain, Allée des Cyprès, 01150 Saint-Vulbas, France
| | - Francis Moreau
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Centre de recherche biomédicale, 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Thomas Lilin
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Centre de recherche biomédicale, 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Benoit Durand
- ANSES, unité Epidémiologie, 23 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Peter Mertens
- Vector-Borne Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Damien Vitour
- ANSES, UMR 1161 Virologie ANSES-INRA-ENVA, 23 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Corinne Sailleau
- ANSES, UMR 1161 Virologie ANSES-INRA-ENVA, 23 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Stéphan Zientara
- ANSES, UMR 1161 Virologie ANSES-INRA-ENVA, 23 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
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74
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Abstract
Plant-made or "biofarmed" viral vaccines are some of the earliest products of the technology of plant molecular farming, and remain some of the brightest prospects for the success of this field. Proofs of principle and of efficacy exist for many candidate viral veterinary vaccines; the use of plant-made viral antigens and of monoclonal antibodies for therapy of animal and even human viral disease is also well established. This review explores some of the more prominent recent advances in the biofarming of viral vaccines and therapies, including the recent use of ZMapp for Ebolavirus infection, and explores some possible future applications of the technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward P Rybicki
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa.
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75
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Anderson J, Hägglund S, Bréard E, Riou M, Zohari S, Comtet L, Olofson AS, Gélineau R, Martin G, Elvander M, Blomqvist G, Zientara S, Valarcher JF. Strong protection induced by an experimental DIVA subunit vaccine against bluetongue virus serotype 8 in cattle. Vaccine 2014; 32:6614-21. [PMID: 25312275 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) infections in ruminants pose a permanent agricultural threat since new serotypes are constantly emerging in new locations. Clinical disease is mainly observed in sheep, but cattle were unusually affected during an outbreak of BTV seroype 8 (BTV-8) in Europe. We previously developed an experimental vaccine based on recombinant viral protein 2 (VP2) of BTV-8 and non-structural proteins 1 (NS1) and NS2 of BTV-2, mixed with an immunostimulating complex (ISCOM)-matrix adjuvant. We demonstrated that bovine immune responses induced by this vaccine were as good or superior to those induced by a classic commercial inactivated vaccine. In this study, we evaluated the protective efficacy of the experimental vaccine in cattle and, based on the detection of VP7 antibodies, assessed its DIVA compliancy following virus challenge. Two groups of BTV-seronegative calves were subcutaneously immunized twice at a 3-week interval with the subunit vaccine (n=6) or with adjuvant alone (n=6). Following BTV-8 challenge 3 weeks after second immunization, controls developed viremia and fever associated with other mild clinical signs of bluetongue disease, whereas vaccinated animals were clinically and virologically protected. The vaccine-induced protection was likely mediated by high virus-neutralizing antibody titers directed against VP2 and perhaps by cellular responses to NS1 and NS2. T lymphocyte responses were cross-reactive between BTV-2 and BTV-8, suggesting that NS1 and NS2 may provide the basis of an adaptable vaccine that can be varied by using VP2 of different serotypes. The detection of different levels of VP7 antibodies in vaccinated animals and controls after challenge suggested a compliancy between the vaccine and the DIVA companion test. This BTV subunit vaccine is a promising candidate that should be further evaluated and developed to protect against different serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Anderson
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Host Pathogen Interaction Group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Almas allé 4 C, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Hägglund
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Host Pathogen Interaction Group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Almas allé 4 C, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emmanuel Bréard
- ANSES, UMR Virologie 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA, 23 Avenue Général de Gaulle, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Mickaël Riou
- INRA, Centre Val de Loire, UE-1277 Plateforme d'Infectiologie expérimentale (PFIE), Route de Crotelles, Nouzilly, France
| | - Siamak Zohari
- National Veterinary Institute, Department of Virology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Ulls väg 2B, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Loic Comtet
- IdVet, 167 rue Mehdi Ben Barka, Montpellier, France
| | - Ann-Sophie Olofson
- National Veterinary Institute, Department of Virology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Ulls väg 2B, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robert Gélineau
- INRA, Centre Val de Loire, UE-1277 Plateforme d'Infectiologie expérimentale (PFIE), Route de Crotelles, Nouzilly, France
| | - Guillaume Martin
- INRA, Centre Val de Loire, UE-1277 Plateforme d'Infectiologie expérimentale (PFIE), Route de Crotelles, Nouzilly, France
| | - Marianne Elvander
- National Veterinary Institute, Department of Virology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Ulls väg 2B, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunilla Blomqvist
- National Veterinary Institute, Department of Virology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Ulls väg 2B, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stéphan Zientara
- ANSES, UMR Virologie 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA, 23 Avenue Général de Gaulle, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jean Francois Valarcher
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Host Pathogen Interaction Group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Almas allé 4 C, Uppsala, Sweden; National Veterinary Institute, Department of Virology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Ulls väg 2B, Uppsala, Sweden.
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76
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A synthetic biology approach for a vaccine platform against known and newly emerging serotypes of bluetongue virus. J Virol 2014; 88:12222-32. [PMID: 25142610 PMCID: PMC4248921 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02183-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue is one of the major infectious diseases of ruminants and is caused by bluetongue virus (BTV), an arbovirus existing in nature in at least 26 distinct serotypes. Here, we describe the development of a vaccine platform for BTV. The advent of synthetic biology approaches and the development of reverse genetics systems has allowed the rapid and reliable design and production of pathogen genomes which can be subsequently manipulated for vaccine production. We describe BTV vaccines based on “synthetic” viruses in which the outer core proteins of different BTV serotypes are incorporated into a common tissue-culture-adapted backbone. As a means of validation for this approach, we selected two BTV-8 synthetic reassortants and demonstrated their ability to protect sheep against virulent BTV-8 challenge. In addition to further highlight the possibilities of genome manipulation for vaccine production, we also designed and rescued a synthetic BTV chimera containing a VP2 protein, including regions derived from both BTV-1 and BTV-8. Interestingly, while the parental viruses were neutralized only by homologous antisera, the chimeric proteins could be neutralized by both BTV-1 and BTV-8 antisera. These data suggest that neutralizing epitopes are present in different areas of the BTV VP2 and likely “bivalent” strains eliciting neutralizing antibodies for multiple strains can be obtained. IMPORTANCE Overall, this vaccine platform can significantly reduce the time taken from the identification of new BTV strains to the development and production of new vaccines, since the viral genomes of these viruses can be entirely synthesized in vitro. In addition, these vaccines can be brought quickly into the market because they alter the approach, but not the final product, of existing commercial products.
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77
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van der Sluijs MTW, de Smit AJ, Moormann RJM. Vector independent transmission of the vector-borne bluetongue virus. Crit Rev Microbiol 2014; 42:57-64. [PMID: 24645633 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2013.879850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue is an economically important disease of ruminants. The causative agent, Bluetongue virus (BTV), is mainly transmitted by insect vectors. This review focuses on vector-free BTV transmission, and its epizootic and economic consequences. Vector-free transmission can either be vertical, from dam to fetus, or horizontal via direct contract. For several BTV-serotypes, vertical (transplacental) transmission has been described, resulting in severe congenital malformations. Transplacental transmission had been mainly associated with live vaccine strains. Yet, the European BTV-8 strain demonstrated a high incidence of transplacental transmission in natural circumstances. The relevance of transplacental transmission for the epizootiology is considered limited, especially in enzootic areas. However, transplacental transmission can have a substantial economic impact due to the loss of progeny. Inactivated vaccines have demonstrated to prevent transplacental transmission. Vector-free horizontal transmission has also been demonstrated. Since direct horizontal transmission requires close contact of animals, it is considered only relevant for within-farm spreading of BTV. The genetic determinants which enable vector-free transmission are present in virus strains circulating in the field. More research into the genetic changes which enable vector-free transmission is essential to better evaluate the risks associated with outbreaks of new BTV serotypes and to design more appropriate control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rob J M Moormann
- c Central Veterinary Institute , Lelystad , The Netherlands , and.,d Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Virology Division , Utrecht University , Yalelaan , The Netherlands
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78
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Mulholland C, Hoffmann B, McMenamy MJ, Korthase C, Earley B, Markey B, Cassidy JP, McKillen J, Allan G, Welsh MD. The development of an accelerated reverse-transcription loop mediated isothermal amplification for the serotype specific detection of bluetongue virus 8 in clinical samples. J Virol Methods 2014; 202:95-100. [PMID: 24642243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In 2006 bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV 8) was identified for the first time in the Netherlands causing a major epidemic in sheep and cattle that quickly spread to neighbouring Belgium, Germany and beyond to France and the UK. This resulted in severe animal health and welfare problems as well as substantial economic losses to the agrifood industries of these countries. Given that the early diagnosis of BTV infection 'in-the-field' is extremely useful to its subsequent management and control, this study was established to design a novel, sensitive and rapid nucleic acid diagnostic test for the serotype-specific detection of BTV 8, which could be used without the use of advanced laboratory support and equipment. Primers for the detection of BTV 8 were based on genome segment 2 of the virus, the VP2 gene. The assay was assessed using a full panel of BTV reference strains and clinical samples. Positive amplification was observed using a fluorescent detection reagent. The sensitivity of the RT-LAMP assay was 102 copies of RNA. The assay did not amplify the closely related orbivirus EHDV. This novel RT-LAMP offers a sensitive, specific and rapid method of detecting BTV 8. The approach is inexpensive and easy to use and could potentially be used in a 'pen-side' setting 'in the field' or by smaller less well-equipped laboratories in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Mulholland
- Agri Food Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK; Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland; School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland.
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Michael J McMenamy
- Agri Food Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK
| | - Christian Korthase
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Bernadette Earley
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - Bryan Markey
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Joseph P Cassidy
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - John McKillen
- Agri Food Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK
| | - Gordon Allan
- Agri Food Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK
| | - Michael D Welsh
- Agri Food Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK
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79
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Legisa DM, Gonzalez FN, Dus Santos MJ. Bluetongue virus in South America, Central America and the Caribbean. Virus Res 2014; 182:87-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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80
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Purification, stability, and immunogenicity analyses of five bluetongue virus proteins for use in development of a subunit vaccine that allows differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:443-52. [PMID: 24451327 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00776-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) causes bluetongue disease, a vector-borne disease of ruminants. The recent northerly spread of BTV serotype 8 in Europe resulted in outbreaks characterized by clinical signs in cattle, including unusual teratogenic effects. Vaccination has been shown to be crucial for controlling the spread of vector-borne diseases such as BTV. With the aim of developing a novel subunit vaccine targeting BTV-8 that allows differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals, five His-tagged recombinant proteins, VP2 and VP5 of BTV-8 and NS1, NS2, and NS3 of BTV-2, were expressed in baculovirus or Escherichia coli expression systems for further study. Optimized purification protocols were determined for VP2, NS1, NS2, and NS3, which remained stable for detection for at least 560 to 610 days of storage at +4°C or -80°C, and Western blotting using sera from vaccinated or experimentally infected cattle indicated that VP2 and NS2 were recognized by BTV-specific antibodies. To characterize murine immune responses to the four proteins, mice were subcutaneously immunized twice at a 4-week interval with one of three protein combinations plus immunostimulating complex ISCOM-Matrix adjuvant or with ISCOM-Matrix alone (n = 6 per group). Significantly higher serum IgG antibody titers specific for VP2 and NS2 were detected in immunized mice than were detected in controls. VP2, NS1, and NS2 but not NS3 induced specific lymphocyte proliferative responses upon restimulation of spleen cells from immunized mice. The data suggest that these recombinant purified proteins, VP2, NS1, and NS2, could be an important part of a novel vaccine design against BTV-8.
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81
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The role of wildlife in bluetongue virus maintenance in Europe: lessons learned after the natural infection in Spain. Virus Res 2014; 182:50-8. [PMID: 24394295 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is a re-emergent vector-borne viral disease of domestic and wild ruminants caused by bluetongue virus (BTV), a member of the genus Orbivirus. A complex multi-host, multi-vector and multi-pathogen (26 serotypes) transmission and maintenance network has recently emerged in Europe, and wild ruminants are regarded as an important node in this network. This review analyses the reservoir role of wild ruminants in Europe, identifying gaps in knowledge and proposing actions. Wild ruminant species are indicators of BTV circulation. Excepting the mouflon (Ovis aries musimon), European wild ungulates do not develop clinical disease. Diagnostic techniques used in wildlife do not differ from those used in domestic ruminants provided they are validated. Demographic, behavioural and physiological traits of wild hosts modulate their relationship with BTV vectors and with the virus itself. While BTV has been eradicated from central and northern Europe, it is still circulating in the Mediterranean Basin. We propose that currently two BTV cycles coexist in certain regions of the Mediterranean Basin, a wild one largely driven by deer of the subfamily Cervinae and a domestic one. These are probably linked through shared Culicoides vectors of several species. We suggest that wildlife might be contributing to this situation through vector maintenance and virus maintenance. Additionally, differences in temperature and other environmental factors add complexity to the Mediterranean habitats as compared to central and northern European ones. Intervention options in wildlife populations are limited. There is a need to know the role of wildlife in maintaining Culicoides populations, and to know which Culicoides species mediate the wildlife-livestock-BTV transmission events. There is also a clear need to study more in depth the links between Cervinae deer densities, environmental factors and BTV maintenance. Regarding disease control, we suggest that research efforts should be focused on wildlife population and wildlife disease monitoring.
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82
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Maan S, Ghosh A, Batra K, Kumar A, Maan NS. Genomic diversity among eastern and western topotypes of bluetongue virus serotype 16 based on whole genome sequence analysis. Vet World 2013. [DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2013.960-962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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83
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Full Genome Sequence of a Western Reference Strain of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 16 from Nigeria. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2013; 1:1/5/e00684-13. [PMID: 24051311 PMCID: PMC3778194 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00684-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The genome of NIG1982/10, a Nigerian bluetongue virus serotype 16 (BTV-16) strain, was sequenced (19,193 bp). Comparisons to BTV strains from other areas of the world show that all 10 genome segments of NIG1982/10 are derived from a western lineage (w), indicating that it represents a suitable reference strain of BTV-16w.
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84
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Vandenbussche F, Sailleau C, Rosseel T, Desprat A, Viarouge C, Richardson J, Eschbaumer M, Hoffmann B, De Clercq K, Bréard E, Zientara S. Full-Genome Sequencing of Four Bluetongue Virus Serotype 11 Viruses. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 62:565-71. [PMID: 24750582 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a contamination incident was described in which the challenge inoculum used in a bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) vaccination trial was contaminated with a BTV-11 virus that was closely related to the Belgian BTV-11 virus from 2008. This study reports the first complete genome sequences of four BTV-11 viruses: the BTV-11 contaminant, BTV-11 reference strain, BTV-11 vaccine strain and a recently isolated BTV-11 field strain from Martinique. Full-genome analysis showed that these viruses belong to serotype 11/nucleotype A and cluster together with other western topotype bluetongue viruses. Detailed comparisons of the genomes further indicated that the contaminant was derived from the BTV-11 reference strain, as they were distinguished by a single synonymous nucleotide substitution. The previously reported partial sequence of genome segment 2 of the Belgian BTV-11 was found to be identical to that of the BTV-11 vaccine strain, indicating that it most likely was the BTV-11 vaccine strain. These findings also suggest that the BTV-11 contaminant and the Belgian BTV-11 are not the same viruses. Finally, comparison of the reference and vaccine strain did not allow determining the amino acid substitutions that contribute to the attenuated phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Vandenbussche
- Operational Directorate of Viral Diseases, Molecular Platform, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Ukkel, Belgium
| | - C Sailleau
- ANSES, LSA (Animal Health Laboratory) UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - T Rosseel
- Operational Directorate of Viral Diseases, Molecular Platform, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Ukkel, Belgium
| | - A Desprat
- ANSES, LSA (Animal Health Laboratory) UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - C Viarouge
- ANSES, LSA (Animal Health Laboratory) UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - J Richardson
- ANSES, LSA (Animal Health Laboratory) UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - M Eschbaumer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - B Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - K De Clercq
- Operational Directorate of Viral Diseases, Vesicular and Exotic Diseases, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Ukkel, Belgium
| | - E Bréard
- ANSES, LSA (Animal Health Laboratory) UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - S Zientara
- ANSES, LSA (Animal Health Laboratory) UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA, Maisons-Alfort, France
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85
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Evaluation of the immunogenicity of an experimental subunit vaccine that allows differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals against bluetongue virus serotype 8 in cattle. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2013; 20:1115-22. [PMID: 23720365 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00229-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV), the causative agent of bluetongue in ruminants, is an emerging virus in northern Europe. The 2006 outbreak of BTV serotype 8 (BTV-8) in Europe was marked by an unusual teratogenic effect and a high frequency of clinical signs in cattle. Conventional control strategies targeting small ruminants were therefore extended to include cattle. Since cattle were not routinely vaccinated before 2006, the immune responses to BTV have not been studied extensively in this species. With the aims of developing a subunit vaccine against BTV-8 for differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals based on viral protein 7 (VP7) antibody detection and of improving the current understanding of the immunogenicity of BTV proteins in cattle, the immune responses induced by recombinant VP2 (BTV-8) and nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) and NS2 (BTV-2) were studied. Cows were immunized twice (with a 3-week interval) with the experimental vaccine, a commercial inactivated vaccine, or a placebo. The two vaccines induced similar neutralizing antibody responses to BTV-8. Furthermore, the antibody responses detected against VP2, NS1, and NS2 were strongest in the animals immunized with the experimental vaccine, and for the first time, a serotype cross-reactive antibody response to NS2 was shown in cattle vaccinated with the commercial vaccine. The two vaccines evoked measurable T cell responses against NS1, thereby supporting a bovine cross-reactive T cell response. Finally, VP7 seroconversion was observed after vaccination with the commercial vaccine, as in natural infections, but not after vaccination with the experimental vaccine, indicating that the experimental vaccine may allow the differentiation of vaccinated animals from infected animals regardless of BTV serotype. The experimental vaccine will be further evaluated during a virulent challenge in a high-containment facility.
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