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Moussa M, Shu J, Zhang X, Zeng F. Maternal control of oocyte quality in cattle “a review”. Anim Reprod Sci 2015; 155:11-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Latham KE. Role of aberrant protein modification, assembly, and localization in cloned embryo phenotypes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 759:141-58. [PMID: 25030763 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0817-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant post-translational modifications of proteins contribute markedly to the abnormal characteristics of cloned embryos. This review summarizes aberrant aspects of protein modifications and protein interactions, taking an inside-outside view to the cell. These aberrant aspects affect a range of processes including the control of chromatin structure, expression of pluripotency genes, propagation of epigenetic inheritance, protein trafficking, localization and signaling, cytoskeletal structure, mitosis, and correct localization of membrane proteins. By observing these aberrant features of cloned embryos, how they arise, and their impacts on development, it is possible to gain insight into normal development and identify novel strategies for enhancing cloning outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith E Latham
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, and The Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Michigan State University, 474 S. Shaw Lane, Room 1230E, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA,
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Fan Y, Wali G, Sutharsan R, Bellette B, Crane DI, Sue CM, Mackay-Sim A. Low dose tubulin-binding drugs rescue peroxisome trafficking deficit in patient-derived stem cells in Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia. Biol Open 2014; 3:494-502. [PMID: 24857849 PMCID: PMC4058084 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20147641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia (HSP) is a genetically heterogeneous group of disorders, diagnosed by progressive gait disturbances with muscle weakness and spasticity, for which there are no treatments targeted at the underlying pathophysiology. Mutations in spastin are a common cause of HSP. Spastin is a microtubule-severing protein whose mutation in mouse causes defective axonal transport. In human patient-derived olfactory neurosphere-derived (ONS) cells, spastin mutations lead to lower levels of acetylated α-tubulin, a marker of stabilised microtubules, and to slower speed of peroxisome trafficking. Here we screened multiple concentrations of four tubulin-binding drugs for their ability to rescue levels of acetylated α-tubulin in patient-derived ONS cells. Drug doses that restored acetylated α-tubulin to levels in control-derived ONS cells were then selected for their ability to rescue peroxisome trafficking deficits. Automated microscopic screening identified very low doses of the four drugs (0.5 nM taxol, 0.5 nM vinblastine, 2 nM epothilone D, 10 µM noscapine) that rescued acetylated α-tubulin in patient-derived ONS cells. These same doses rescued peroxisome trafficking deficits, restoring peroxisome speeds to untreated control cell levels. These results demonstrate a novel approach for drug screening based on high throughput automated microscopy for acetylated α-tubulin followed by functional validation of microtubule-based peroxisome transport. From a clinical perspective, all the drugs tested are used clinically, but at much higher doses. Importantly, epothilone D and noscapine can enter the central nervous system, making them potential candidates for future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Fan
- National Centre for Adult Stem Cell Research, Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Gautam Wali
- National Centre for Adult Stem Cell Research, Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Ratneswary Sutharsan
- National Centre for Adult Stem Cell Research, Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Bernadette Bellette
- National Centre for Adult Stem Cell Research, Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Denis I Crane
- National Centre for Adult Stem Cell Research, Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Carolyn M Sue
- Kolling Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Alan Mackay-Sim
- National Centre for Adult Stem Cell Research, Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
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Absalón-Medina VA, Butler WR, Gilbert RO. Preimplantation embryo metabolism and culture systems: experience from domestic animals and clinical implications. J Assist Reprod Genet 2014; 31:393-409. [PMID: 24682781 PMCID: PMC3969471 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-014-0179-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advantages of in vitro embryo production in many species, widespread use of this technology is limited by generally lower developmental competence of in vitro derived embryos compared to in vivo counterparts. Regardless, in vivo or in vitro gametes and embryos face and must adjust to multiple microenvironments especially at preimplantation stages. Moreover, the embryo has to be able to further adapt to environmental cues in utero to result in the birth of live and healthy offspring. Enormous strides have been made in understanding and meeting stage-specific requirements of preimplantation embryos, but interpretation of the data is made difficult due to the complexity of the wide array of culture systems and the remarkable plasticity of developing embryos that seem able to develop under a variety of conditions. Nevertheless, a primary objective remains meeting, as closely as possible, the preimplantation embryo requirements as provided in vivo. In general, oocytes and embryos develop more satisfactorily when cultured in groups. However, optimization of individual culture of oocytes and embryos is an important goal and area of intensive current research for both animal and human clinical application. Successful culture of individual embryos is of primary importance in order to avoid ovarian superstimulation and the associated physiological and psychological disadvantages for patients. This review emphasizes stage specific shifts in embryo metabolism and requirements and research to optimize in vitro embryo culture conditions and supplementation, with a view to optimizing embryo culture in general, and culture of single embryos in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. A. Absalón-Medina
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - W. R. Butler
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - R. O. Gilbert
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
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Duncan FE, Padilla-Banks E, Bernhardt ML, Ord TS, Jefferson WN, Moss SB, Williams CJ. Transducin-like enhancer of split-6 (TLE6) is a substrate of protein kinase A activity during mouse oocyte maturation. Biol Reprod 2014; 90:63. [PMID: 24501176 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.113.112565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Fully grown oocytes in the ovary are arrested at prophase of meiosis I because of high levels of intraoocyte cAMP that maintain increased levels of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) activity. Following the luteinizing hormone surge at the time of ovulation, cAMP levels drop, resulting in a reduction in PKA activity that triggers meiotic resumption. Although much is known about the molecular mechanisms of how PKA activity fluctuations initiate the oocyte's reentry into meiosis, significantly less is known about the requirement for PKA activity in the oocyte after exit from the prophase I arrest. Here we show that although PKA activity decreases in the oocyte upon meiotic resumption, it increases throughout meiotic progression from the time of germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) until the metaphase II (MII) arrest. Blocking this meiotic maturation-associated increase in PKA activity using the pharmacological inhibitor H89 resulted in altered kinetics of GVBD, defects in chromatin and spindle dynamics, and decreased ability of oocytes to reach MII. These effects appear to be largely PKA specific because inhibitors targeting other kinases did not have the same outcomes. To determine potential proteins that may require PKA phosphorylation during meiosis, we separated oocyte protein extracts on an SDS-PAGE gel, extracted regions of the gel that had corresponding immune reactivity towards an anti-PKA substrate antibody, and performed mass spectrometry and microsequencing. Using this approach, we identified transducin-like enhancer of split-6 (TLE6)-a maternal effect gene that is part of the subcortical maternal complex-as a putative PKA substrate. TLE6 localized to the oocyte cortex throughout meiosis in a manner that is spatially and temporally consistent with the localization of critical PKA subunits. Moreover, we demonstrated that TLE6 becomes phosphorylated in a narrow window following meiotic resumption, and H89 treatment can completely block this phosphorylation when added prior to GVBD but not after. Taken together, these results highlight the importance of oocyte-intrinsic PKA in regulating meiotic progression after the prophase I arrest and offer new insights into downstream targets of its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca E Duncan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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U KP, Subramanian V, Nicholas AP, Thompson PR, Ferretti P. Modulation of calcium-induced cell death in human neural stem cells by the novel peptidylarginine deiminase-AIF pathway. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:1162-71. [PMID: 24607566 PMCID: PMC3996523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PADs (peptidylarginine deiminases) are calcium-dependent enzymes that change protein-bound arginine to citrulline (citrullination/deimination) affecting protein conformation and function. PAD up-regulation following chick spinal cord injury has been linked to extensive tissue damage and loss of regenerative capability. Having found that human neural stem cells (hNSCs) expressed PAD2 and PAD3, we studied PAD function in these cells and investigated PAD3 as a potential target for neuroprotection by mimicking calcium-induced secondary injury responses. We show that PAD3, rather than PAD2 is a modulator of cell growth/death and that PAD activity is not associated with caspase-3-dependent cell death, but is required for AIF (apoptosis inducing factor)-mediated apoptosis. PAD inhibition prevents association of PAD3 with AIF and AIF cleavage required for its translocation to the nucleus. Finally, PAD inhibition also hinders calcium-induced cytoskeleton disassembly and association of PAD3 with vimentin, that we show to be associated also with AIF; together this suggests that PAD-dependent cytoskeleton disassembly may play a role in AIF translocation to the nucleus. This is the first study highlighting a role of PAD activity in balancing hNSC survival/death, identifying PAD3 as an important upstream regulator of calcium-induced apoptosis, which could be targeted to reduce neural loss, and shedding light on the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin Pong U
- Developmental Biology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | | | - Antony P Nicholas
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, TSRI, Scripps Florida, FL 33458, USA
| | - Patrizia Ferretti
- Developmental Biology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
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Kim B, Zhang X, Kan R, Cohen R, Mukai C, Travis AJ, Coonrod SA. The role of MATER in endoplasmic reticulum distribution and calcium homeostasis in mouse oocytes. Dev Biol 2013; 386:331-9. [PMID: 24374158 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Ca(2+) oscillations are a hallmark of mammalian fertilization and play a central role in the activation of development. The calcium required for these oscillations is primarily derived from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which accumulates in clusters at the microvillar subcortex during oocyte maturation. The migration of the ER to the cortex during maturation is thought to play an important role in rendering the ER competent to generate the calcium transients, and the redistribution of ER is believed to be primarily mediated by microtubules and microfilaments. We have previously shown that the oocyte- and early embryo-restricted maternal effect gene Mater (Nlrp5) localizes to, and is required for, formation of the oocyte cytoplasmic lattices, a tubulin-containing structure that appears to play an important role in organelle positioning and distribution during oocyte maturation. Given these observations, we hypothesized that Mater may also be required for ER redistribution and Ca(2+) homeostasis in oocytes. To test this hypothesis, we first investigated ER localization in metaphase-II Mater(tm/tm) (hypomorph) oocytes and found ER clusters to be less abundant at the microvillar cortex when compared to wild type oocytes. To examine the potential mechanisms by which MATER mediates ER redistribution, we tested whether tubulin expression levels and localization were affected in the mutant oocytes and found that the Triton-insoluble fraction of tubulin was significantly decreased in Mater(tm/tm) oocytes. To identify potential functional defects associated with these ER abnormalities, we next set out to investigate if the pattern of Ca(2+) oscillations was altered in Mater(tm/tm) oocytes after fertilization in vitro. Intriguingly, Ca(2+) oscillations in Mater(tm/tm) oocytes exhibited a significantly lower first peak amplitude and a higher frequency when compared to wild type oocytes. We then found that the Ca(2+) oscillation defect in Mater(tm/tm) oocytes was likely caused by a reduced amount of Ca(2+) in the ER stores. Taken together, these observations support the hypothesis that MATER is required for ER distribution and Ca(2+) homeostasis in oocytes, likely due to defects in lattice-mediated ER positioning and/or redistribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boram Kim
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Xuesen Zhang
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Rui Kan
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Roy Cohen
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Chinatsu Mukai
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Alexander J Travis
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Scott A Coonrod
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Rendleman J, Shang S, Dominianni C, Shields JF, Scanlon P, Adaniel C, Desrichard A, Ma M, Shapiro R, Berman R, Pavlick A, Polsky D, Shao Y, Osman I, Kirchhoff T. Melanoma risk loci as determinants of melanoma recurrence and survival. J Transl Med 2013; 11:279. [PMID: 24188633 PMCID: PMC4228352 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Steadily high melanoma mortality rates urge for the availability of novel biomarkers with a more personalized ability to predict melanoma clinical outcomes. Germline risk variants are promising candidates for this purpose; however, their prognostic potential in melanoma has never been systematically tested. Methods We examined the effect of 108 melanoma susceptibility single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), associated in recent GWAS with melanoma and melanoma-related phenotypes, on recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS), in 891 prospectively accrued melanoma patients. Cox proportional hazards models (Cox PH) were used to test the associations between 108 melanoma risk SNPs and RFS and OS adjusted by age at diagnosis, gender, tumor stage, histological subtype and other primary tumor characteristics. Results We identified significant associations for rs7538876 (RCC2) with RFS (HR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.20-1.83, p = 0.0005) and rs9960018 (DLGAP1) with both RFS and OS (HR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.07-1.91, p = 0.01, HR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.09-2.12, p = 0.01, respectively) using multivariable Cox PH models. In addition, we developed a logistic regression model that incorporates rs7538876, rs9960018, primary tumor histological type and stage at diagnosis that has an improved discriminatory ability to classify 3-year recurrence (AUC = 82%) compared to histological type and stage alone (AUC = 78%). Conclusions We identified associations between melanoma risk variants and melanoma outcomes. The significant associations observed for rs7538876 and rs9960018 suggest a biological implication of these loci in melanoma progression. The observed predictive patterns of associated variants with clinical end-points suggest for the first time the potential for utilization of genetic risk markers in melanoma prognostication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tomas Kirchhoff
- New York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Peptidylarginine deiminases in citrullination, gene regulation, health and pathogenesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2013; 1829:1126-35. [PMID: 23860259 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminases are a family of enzymes that mediate post-translational modifications of protein arginine residues by deimination or demethylimination to produce citrulline. In vitro, the activity of PADs is dependent on calcium and reductive reagents carrying a free sulfhydryl group. The discovery that PAD4 can target both arginine and methyl-arginine for citrullination about 10years ago renewed our interest in studying this family of enzymes in gene regulation and their physiological functions. The deregulation of PADs is involved in the etiology of multiple human diseases, including cancers and autoimmune disorders. There is a growing effort to develop isoform specific PAD inhibitors for disease treatment. However, the regulation of the activity of PADs in vivo remains largely elusive, and we expect that much will be learned about the role of these enzymes in a normal life cycle and under pathology conditions.
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Systems genetics implicates cytoskeletal genes in oocyte control of cloned embryo quality. Genetics 2013; 193:877-96. [PMID: 23307892 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.112.148866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer is an important technology, but remains limited due to poor rates of success. Identifying genes supporting clone development would enhance our understanding of basic embryology, improve applications of the technology, support greater understanding of establishing pluripotent stem cells, and provide new insight into clinically important determinants of oocyte quality. For the first time, a systems genetics approach was taken to discover genes contributing to the ability of an oocyte to support early cloned embryo development. This identified a primary locus on mouse chromosome 17 and potential loci on chromosomes 1 and 4. A combination of oocyte transcriptome profiling data, expression correlation analysis, and functional and network analyses yielded a short list of likely candidate genes in two categories. The major category-including two genes with the strongest genetic associations with the traits (Epb4.1l3 and Dlgap1)-encodes proteins associated with the subcortical cytoskeleton and other cytoskeletal elements such as the spindle. The second category encodes chromatin and transcription regulators (Runx1t1, Smchd1, and Chd7). Smchd1 promotes X chromosome inactivation, whereas Chd7 regulates expression of pluripotency genes. Runx1t1 has not been associated with these processes, but acts as a transcriptional repressor. The finding that cytoskeleton-associated proteins may be key determinants of early clone development highlights potential roles for cytoplasmic components of the oocyte in supporting nuclear reprogramming. The transcriptional regulators identified may contribute to the overall process as downstream effectors.
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Horibata S, Coonrod SA, Cherrington BD. Role for peptidylarginine deiminase enzymes in disease and female reproduction. J Reprod Dev 2012; 58:274-82. [PMID: 22790870 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2011-040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) are a family of calcium-dependent enzymes that post-translationally convert positively charged arginine residues to neutrally charged citrulline in a process called citrullination. There are five PAD family members (PAD1-4 and 6), each with unique tissue distribution patterns and functional roles including: cellular differentiation, nerve growth, apoptosis, inflammation, gene regulation, and early embryonic development. Previous review articles have focused on the expression and function of PADs and on their catalytic activity, citrullination, while other, more recent reviews have addressed the role of these enzymes in disease [1-3]. What has not been previously reviewed in any level of detail is the role that PAD proteins play in female reproduction. Given that: (1) PAD family members are highly represented in female reproductive tissues, (2) that some of the earlier PAD literature suggests that PADs play a critical role in female reproduction, and (3) that our studies have demonstrated that oocyte and early embryo restricted PAD6 is essential for female reproduction, we felt that a more comprehensive review of this topic was warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachi Horibata
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, NY 14853, USA
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Rose R, Rose M, Ottmann C. Identification and structural characterization of two 14-3-3 binding sites in the human peptidylarginine deiminase type VI. J Struct Biol 2012; 180:65-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Jang B, Ishigami A, Maruyama N, Carp RI, Kim YS, Choi EK. Peptidylarginine deiminase and protein citrullination in prion diseases: strong evidence of neurodegeneration. Prion 2012; 7:42-6. [PMID: 23022892 DOI: 10.4161/pri.22380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The post-translational citrullination (deimination) process is mediated by peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), which convert peptidylarginine into peptidylcitrulline in the presence of high calcium concentrations. Over the past decade, PADs and protein citrullination have been commonly implicated as abnormal pathological features in neurodegeneration and inflammatory responses associated with diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Based on this evidence, we investigated the roles of PADs and citrullination in the pathogenesis of prion diseases. Prion diseases (also known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies) are fatal neurodegenerative diseases that are pathologically well characterized as the accumulation of disease-associated misfolded prion proteins, spongiform changes, glial cell activation and neuronal loss. We previously demonstrated that the upregulation of PAD2, mainly found in reactive astrocytes of infected brains, leads to excessive citrullination, which is correlated with disease progression. Further, we demonstrated that various cytoskeletal and energy metabolism-associated proteins are particularly vulnerable to citrullination. Our recent in vivo and in vitro studies elicited altered functions of enolase as the result of citrullination; these altered functions included reduced enzyme activity, increased protease sensitivity and enhanced plasminogen-binding affinity. These findings suggest that PAD2 and citrullinated proteins may play a key role in the brain pathology of prion diseases. By extension, we believe that abnormal increases in protein citrullination may be strong evidence of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byungki Jang
- Laboratory of Cellular Aging and Neurodegeneration, Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Republic of Korea
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Kan R, Jin M, Subramanian V, Causey CP, Thompson PR, Coonrod SA. Potential role for PADI-mediated histone citrullination in preimplantation development. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2012; 12:19. [PMID: 22712504 PMCID: PMC3430579 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-12-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The peptidylarginine deiminases (PADIs) convert positively charged arginine residues to neutrally charged citrulline on protein substrates in a process that is known as citrullination or deimination. Previous reports have documented roles for histone citrullination in chromatin remodeling and gene regulation in several tissue types, however, a potential role for histone citrullination in chromatin-based activities during early embryogenesis has not been investigated. RESULTS In the present study, we tested by laser scanning confocal indirect immunofluorescence microscopy whether specific arginine residues on the histone H3 and H4 N-terminal tails (H4R3, H3R2 + 8 + 17, and H3R26) were citrullinated in mouse oocytes and preimplantation embryos. Results showed that all of the tested residues were deiminated with each site showing a unique localization pattern during early development. Given these findings, we next tested whether inhibition of PADI activity using the PADI-specific inhibitor, Cl-amidine, may affect embryonic development. We found that treatment of pronuclear stage zygotes with Cl-amidine reduces both histone H3 and H4 tail citrullination and also potently blocks early cleavage divisions in vitro. Additionally, we found that the Cl-amidine treatment reduces acetylation at histone H3K9, H3K18, and H4K5 while having no apparent effect on the repressive histone H3K9 dimethylation modification. Lastly, we found that treatment of zygotes with trichostatin A (TSA) to induce hyperacetylation also resulted in an increase in histone citrullination at H3R2 + 8 + 17. CONCLUSIONS Given the observed effects of Cl-amidine on embryonic development and the well documented correlation between histone acetylation and transcriptional activation, our findings suggest that histone citrullination may play an important role in facilitating gene expression in early embryos by creating a chromatin environment that is permissive for histone acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Kan
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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Wang Y, Li P, Wang S, Hu J, Chen XA, Wu J, Fisher M, Oshaben K, Zhao N, Gu Y, Wang D, Chen G, Wang Y. Anticancer peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) inhibitors regulate the autophagy flux and the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 activity. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:25941-53. [PMID: 22605338 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.375725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor genes are frequently silenced in cancer cells by enzymes catalyzing epigenetic histone modifications. The peptidylarginine deiminase family member PAD4 (also called PADI4) is markedly overexpressed in a majority of human cancers, suggesting that PAD4 is a putative target for cancer treatment. Here, we have generated novel PAD inhibitors with low micromolar IC(50) in PAD activity and cancer cell growth inhibition. The lead compound YW3-56 alters the expression of genes controlling the cell cycle and cell death, including SESN2 that encodes an upstream inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway. Guided by the gene expression profile analyses with YW3-56, we found that PAD4 functions as a corepressor of p53 to regulate SESN2 expression by histone citrullination in cancer cells. Consistent with the mTORC1 inhibition by SESN2, the phosphorylation of its substrates including p70S6 kinase (p70S6K) and 4E-BP1 was decreased. Furthermore, macroautophagy is perturbed after YW3-56 treatment in cancer cells. In a mouse xenograft model, YW3-56 demonstrates cancer growth inhibition activity with little if any detectable adverse effect to vital organs, whereas a combination of PAD4 and histone deacetylase inhibitors further decreases tumor growth. Taken together, our work found that PAD4 regulates the mTORC1 signaling pathway and that PAD inhibitors are potential anticancer reagents that activate tumor suppressor gene expression alone or in combination with histone deacetylase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Wang
- Center for Eukaryotic Gene Regulation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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Fernandes R, Tsuda C, Perumalsamy AL, Naranian T, Chong J, Acton BM, Tong ZB, Nelson LM, Jurisicova A. NLRP5 mediates mitochondrial function in mouse oocytes and embryos. Biol Reprod 2012; 86:138, 1-10. [PMID: 22357545 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.111.093583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Unraveling molecular pathways responsible for regulation of early embryonic development is crucial for our understanding of female infertility. Maternal determinants that control the transition from oocyte to embryo are crucial molecules that govern developmental competence of the newly conceived zygote. We describe a series of defects that are triggered by a disruption of maternal lethal effect gene, Nlrp5. Previous studies have shown that Nlrp5 hypomorph embryos fail to develop beyond the two-cell stage. Despite its importance in preimplantation development, the mechanism by which the embryo arrest occurs remains unclear. We confirmed that Nlrp5 mutant and wild-type females possess comparable ovarian germ pool and follicular recruitment rates. However, ovulated oocytes lacking Nlrp5 have abnormal mitochondrial localization and increased activity in order to sustain physiological ATP content. This results in an accumulation of reactive oxygen species and increased cellular stress causing mitochondrial depletion. Compromised cellular state is also accompanied by increased expression of cell death inducer Bax and depletion of cytochrome c. However, neither genetic deletion (Bax/Nlrp5 double knockout) nor mimetic interference (BH4 domain or Bax inhibitory peptide) were sufficient to alleviate embryo demise caused by depletion of Nlrp5. We therefore conclude that lack of Nlrp5 in oocytes triggers premature activation of the mitochondrial pool, causing mitochondrial damage that cannot be rescued by inactivation of Bax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne Fernandes
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Demant M, Trapphoff T, Fröhlich T, Arnold GJ, Eichenlaub-Ritter U. Vitrification at the pre-antral stage transiently alters inner mitochondrial membrane potential but proteome of in vitro grown and matured mouse oocytes appears unaffected. Hum Reprod 2012; 27:1096-111. [PMID: 22258663 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/der453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitrification is a fast and effective method to cryopreserve ovarian tissue, but it might influence mitochondrial activity and affect gene expression to cause persistent alterations in the proteome of oocytes that grow and mature following cryopreservation. METHODS In part one of the study, the inner mitochondrial membrane potential (Ψ(mit)) of JC-1 stained oocytes from control and CryoTop vitrified pre-antral follicles was analyzed by confocal microscopy at Day 0, or after culture of follicles for 1 or 12 days. In part two, proteins of in vivo grown germinal vesicle (GV) oocytes were subjected to proteome analysis by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, tryptic in-gel digestion of gel slices, and one-dimensional-nano-liquid chromatography of peptides on a multi-dimensional-nano-liquid chromatography system followed by mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and Uniprot Gene Ontology (GO) analysis. In part three, samples containing the protein amount of 40 GV and metaphase II (MII) oocytes, respectively, from control and vitrified pre-antral follicles cultured for 12 or 13 days were subjected to 2D DIGE saturation labeling and separated by isoelectric focusing and SDS gel electrophoresis (2D DIGE), followed by DeCyder(Tm) analysis of spot patterns in three independent biological replicates. Statistical and hierarchical cluster analysis was employed to compare control and vitrified groups. RESULTS (i) Mitochondrial inner membrane potential differs significantly between control and vitrified GV oocytes at Day 0 and Day 1, but is similar at Day 12 of culture. (ii) LC-MS/MS analysis of SDS gel fractionated protein lysates of 988 mouse GV oocytes revealed identification of 1123 different proteins with a false discovery rate of <1%. GO analysis assigned 811 proteins to the 'biological process' subset. Thirty-five percent of the proteins corresponded to metabolic processes, about 15% to mitochondrion and transport, each, and close to 8% to oxidation-reduction processes. (iii) From the 2D-saturation DIGE analysis 1891 matched spots for GV-stage and 1718 for MII oocyte proteins were detected and the related protein abundances in vitrified and control oocytes were quantified. None of the spots was significantly altered in intensity, and hierarchical cluster analysis as well as histograms of p and q values suggest that vitrification at the pre-antral stage does not significantly alter the proteome of GV or MII oocytes compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS Vitrification appears to be associated with a significant transient increase in Ψ(mit) in oocyte mitochondria, which disappears when oocyte/cumulus cell apposition is restored upon development to the antral stage. The nano-LC-MS/MS analysis of low numbers of oocytes is useful to obtain information on relevant biological signaling pathways based on protein identifications. For quantitative comparisons, saturation 2D DIGE analysis is superior to LC-MS/MS due to its high sensitivity in cases where the biological material is very limited. Genetic background, age of the female, and/or stimulation protocol appear to influence the proteome pattern. However, the quantitative 2D DIGE approach provides evidence that vitrification does not affect the oocyte proteome after recovery from transient loss of cell-cell interactions, in vitro growth and in vitro maturation under tested conditions. Therefore, transient changes in mitochondrial activity by vitrification do not appear causal to persistent alterations in the mitochondrial or overall oocyte proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Demant
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München 81377, Germany
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Kloc M, Ghobrial RM, Borsuk E, Kubiak JZ. Polarity and asymmetry during mouse oogenesis and oocyte maturation. Results Probl Cell Differ 2012; 55:23-44. [PMID: 22918799 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-30406-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell polarity and asymmetry play a fundamental role in embryo development. The unequal segregation of determinants, cues, and activities is the major event in the differentiation of cell fate and function in all multicellular organisms. In oocytes, polarity and asymmetry in the distribution of different molecules are prerequisites for the progression and proper outcome of embryonic development. The mouse oocyte, like the oocytes of other mammals, seems to apply a less stringent strategy of polarization than other vertebrates. The mouse embryo undergoes a regulative type of development, which permits the full rectification of development even if the embryo loses up to half of its cells or its size is experimentally doubled during the early stages of embryogenesis. Such pliability is strongly related to the proper oocyte polarization before fertilization. Thus, the molecular mechanisms leading to the development and maintenance of oocyte polarity must be included in any fundamental understanding of the principles of embryo development. In this chapter, we provide an overview of current knowledge regarding the development and maintenance of polarity and asymmetry in the distribution of organelles and molecules in the mouse oocyte. Curiously, the mouse oocyte becomes polarized at least twice during ontogenesis; the question of how this phenomenon is achieved and what role it might play is addressed in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Kloc
- The Methodist Hospital, Department of Surgery, Houston, TX, USA.
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