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Lee GH, Jang B, Choi HS, Kim HJ, Park JH, Jeon YC, Carp RI, Kim YS, Choi EK. Upregulation of Connexin 43 Expression Via C-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Signaling in Prion Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 49:1005-19. [PMID: 26599051 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Prion infection leads to neuronal cell death, glial cell activation, and the accumulation of misfolded prion proteins. However, the altered cellular environments in animals with prion diseases are poorly understood. In the central nervous system, cells connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells via connexin (Cx)-assembled gap junction channels to allow the direct exchange of small molecules, including ions, neurotransmitters, and signaling molecules, which regulate the activities of the connected cells. Here, we investigate the role of Cx43 in the pathogenesis of prion diseases. Upregulated Cx43 expression, which was dependent on c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase (JNK)/c-Jun signaling cascades, was found in prion-affected brain tissues and hippocampal neuronal cells. Scrapie infection-induced Cx43 formed aggregated plaques within the cytoplasmic compartments at the cell-cell interfaces. The ethidium bromide (EtBr) uptake assay and scrape-loading dye transfer assay demonstrated that increased Cx43 has functional consequences for the activity of Cx43 hemichannels. Interestingly, blockade of PrPSc accumulation reduced Cx43 expression through the inhibition of JNK signaling, indicating that PrPSc accumulation may be directly involved in JNK activation-mediated Cx43 upregulation. Overall, our findings describe a scrapie infection-mediated novel regulatory signaling pathway of Cx43 expression and may suggest a role for Cx43 in the pathogenesis of prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geon-Hwi Lee
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Gerontology, Graduate School of Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungki Jang
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Seok Choi
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.,Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jun Kim
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Ho Park
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.,Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Chul Jeon
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Richard I Carp
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Yong-Sun Kim
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.,Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Choi
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Gerontology, Graduate School of Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
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Jin JK, Jang B, Jin HT, Choi EK, Jung CG, Akatsu H, Kim JI, Carp RI, Kim YS. Phosphatidylinositol-glycan-phospholipase D is involved in neurodegeneration in prion disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122120. [PMID: 25867459 PMCID: PMC4395093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PrPSc is formed from a normal glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored prion protein (PrPC) by a posttranslational modification. Most GPI-anchored proteins have been shown to be cleaved by GPI phospholipases. Recently, GPI-phospholipase D (GPI-PLD) was shown to be a strictly specific enzyme for GPI anchors. To investigate the involvement of GPI-PLD in the processes of neurodegeneration in prion diseases, we examined the mRNA and protein expression levels of GPI-PLD in the brains of a prion animal model (scrapie), and in both the brains and cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) of sporadic and familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) patients. We found that compared with controls, the expression of GPI-PLD was dramatically down-regulated in the brains of scrapie-infected mice, especially in the caveolin-enriched membrane fractions. Interestingly, the observed decrease in GPI-PLD expression levels began at the same time that PrPSc began to accumulate in the infected brains and this decrease was also observed in both the brain and CSF of CJD patients; however, no differences in expression were observed in either the brains or CSF specimens from Alzheimer’s disease patients. Taken together, these results suggest that the down-regulation of GPI-PLD protein may be involved in prion propagation in the brains of prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Kwang Jin
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do 431–060, Korea
| | - Byungki Jang
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do 431–060, Korea
| | - Hyoung Tae Jin
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do 431–060, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Choi
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do 431–060, Korea
| | - Cha-Gyun Jung
- Department of Neurophysiology and Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate, School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467–8601, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Akatsu
- Choju Medical Institute, Fukushimura Hospital, Toyohashi 441-8124, Japan
| | - Jae-Il Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 608–737, Korea
| | - Richard I. Carp
- Department of Virology, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY 10314, United States of America
| | - Yong-Sun Kim
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do 431–060, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Shin HY, Park JH, Carp RI, Choi EK, Kim YS. Deficiency of prion protein induces impaired autophagic flux in neurons. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:207. [PMID: 25202268 PMCID: PMC4142790 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal cellular prion protein (PrPC) is highly expressed in the central nervous system. The Zürich I Prnp-deficient mouse strain did not show an abnormal phenotype in initial studies, however, in later studies, deficits in exploratory behavior and short- and long-term memory have been revealed. In the present study, numerous autophagic vacuoles were found in neurons from Zürich I Prnp-deficient mice. The autophagic accumulation in the soma of cortical neurons in Zürich I Prnp-deficient mice was observed as early as 3 months of age, and in the hippocampal neurons at 6 months of age. Specifically, there is accumulation of electron dense pigments associated with autophagy in the neurons of Zürich I Prnp-deficient mice. Furthermore, autophagic accumulations were observed as early as 3 months of age in the CA3 region of hippocampal and cerebral cortical neuropils. The autophagic vacuoles increased with age in the hippocampus of Zürich I Prnp-deficient mice at a faster rate and to a greater extent than in normal C57BL/6J mice, whereas the cortex exhibited high levels that were maintained from 3 months old in Zürich I Prnp-deficient mice. The pigmented autophagic accumulation is due to the incompletely digested material from autophagic vacuoles. Furthermore, a deficiency in PrPC may disrupt the autophagic flux by inhibiting autophagosome-lysosomal fusion. Overall, our results provide insight into the protective role of PrPC in neurons, which may play a role in normal behavior and other brain functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Young Shin
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Ho Park
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Richard I Carp
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Eun-Kyoung Choi
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea ; Department of Biomedical Gerontology, Graduate School of Hallym University Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, South Korea
| | - Yong-Sun Kim
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea ; Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, South Korea
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Jeong BH, Kim HJ, Lee KH, Carp RI, Kim YS. RARB and STMN2 polymorphisms are not associated with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in the Korean population. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:2389-95. [PMID: 24414001 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3093-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphisms in the prion protein gene (PRNP) can affect the susceptibility of humans to prion diseases. Recently, aside from PRNP, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of two candidate genes for susceptibility to human prion diseases have been identified by human genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in the British population. One SNP of retinoic acid receptor beta (RARB), which is correlated with prion disease incubation time in mice, was associated with human prion diseases such as variant and iatrogenic CJD in the British population. The other SNP of the gene that encodes SCG10 (STMN2), which is related to clinical onset of sporadic CJD, was also associated with variant CJD and kuru. In order to investigate whether two polymorphisms located in upstream of RARB and STMN2 are associated with sporadic CJD in the Korean population, we compared genotype and allele frequencies of these polymorphisms in 217 sporadic CJD patients and 216 healthy Koreans. The genotype distribution and allele frequencies in upstream of the RARB and STMN2 polymorphisms were not significantly different between healthy controls and Korean sporadic CJD patients. This finding indicates that the two SNPs are not correlated with genetic susceptibility to sporadic CJD in the Korean population. This is the first genetic association study of RARB and STMN2 with sporadic CJD in an Asian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Hoon Jeong
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, 1605-4 Gwanyang-dong Dongan-gu, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, 431-060, Republic of Korea
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Choi E, Jang B, Jeon Y, Ishigami A, Maruyama N, Carp RI, Kim Y. Peptidylarginine deiminase modulates the physiological roles of enolase via citrullination. FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.553.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eun‐Kyoung Choi
- Ilsong Institute of Life ScienceHallym UniversityAnyangRepublic of Korea
| | - Byungki Jang
- Ilsong Institute of Life ScienceHallym UniversityAnyangRepublic of Korea
| | - Yong‐Chul Jeon
- Ilsong Institute of Life ScienceHallym UniversityAnyangRepublic of Korea
| | | | | | - Richard I Carp
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental DisabilitiesNew YorkNY
| | - Yong‐Sun Kim
- Ilsong Institute of Life ScienceHallym UniversityAnyangRepublic of Korea
- Department of MicrobiologyCollege of MedicineHallym UniversityChuncheonRepublic of Korea
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Jeon YC, Choi JK, Choi EK, Carp RI, Kim YS. Pathological characterization of TgElk mice injected with brain homogenate from elk with chronic wasting disease. J Vet Sci 2013; 14:21-6. [PMID: 23388435 PMCID: PMC3615228 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2013.14.1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is classified as a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy or prion disease that affects cervids. CWD has been reported in 15 US states, two Canadian provinces, and in imported elk on several farms in Korea. This study was conducted to examine the molecular biological and pathogenic characteristics of a CWD-associated prion isolated in Korea. The epidemiological origin of this pathogen was also determined. Homozygous TgElk mice were infected with a CWD-affected elk brain pool prepared from the brain of an imported Canadian elk. We measured the incubation time of the pathogen, neuropathological changes by immunohistochemical staining, the pattern(s) of scrapie prion protein (PrPSc) deposition, and PrPSc protein profiles by Western blotting. We found that TgElk mice infected with brain homogenate from the elk suffering from CWD showed incubation times, vacuolar degeneration, and PrPSc accumulation similar to those previously reported in the literature. Our results suggest that homozygous TgElk mice efficiently transmit CWD with short incubation times and that this animal can serve a valuable research model and reliable in vivo diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Chul Jeon
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang 431-060, Korea
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Lee YJ, Jeong BH, Choi EK, Carp RI, Kim YS. Complete genome sequences of new xenotropic murine leukemia viruses from the senescence-accelerated mouse (SAM): molecular and phylogenetic analyses. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55669. [PMID: 23393596 PMCID: PMC3564811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 10% of the mouse genome is constituted by endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), and a number of mouse ERVs remain active. Many copies of endogenous murine leukemia viruses (MuLVs) are detected in the genomes of inbred mouse strains. Some of these MuLVs are transcriptionally active or produce infectious virus particles. Previously, we identified partial env sequences of new xenotropic MuLVs (X-MuLVs) from a senescence-accelerated mouse (SAM) strain. In the present study, we investigated and characterized the complete sequences of the X-MuLVs. The complete genomes and open reading frames (ORFs) of two X-MuLVs, designated xmlv15 and xmlv18 (accession nos. HQ154630 and HQ154631, respectively), were molecularly cloned from the genome of the SAM mice. We confirmed that the xmlv15 and xmlv18 sequences are distinct from all known MuLV genomes and are most similar to DG-75 MuLV. Moreover, we found that common strains of laboratory mice carry our newly identified xmlvs. Additionally, the expression levels of xmlv15-related sequences were much higher in C57BL and ICR mice than in the SAM strains without any stimulators. Our findings suggest that a specific group of endogenous MuLVs is constitutively expressed in the brain and that they may participate in normal functions and/or pathogenic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Jung Lee
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Hoon Jeong
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Choi
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Richard I. Carp
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
| | - Yong-Sun Kim
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Jeong BH, Jin HT, Carp RI, Kim YS. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)-associated polymorphisms of the prion protein (PRNP) gene in Korean native cattle. Anim Genet 2012; 44:356-7. [PMID: 23134411 DOI: 10.1111/age.12004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B-H Jeong
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, 431-060, South Korea
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Jang B, Ishigami A, Maruyama N, Carp RI, Kim YS, Choi EK. Peptidylarginine deiminase and protein citrullination in prion diseases: strong evidence of neurodegeneration. Prion 2012; 7:42-6. [PMID: 23022892 DOI: 10.4161/pri.22380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The post-translational citrullination (deimination) process is mediated by peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), which convert peptidylarginine into peptidylcitrulline in the presence of high calcium concentrations. Over the past decade, PADs and protein citrullination have been commonly implicated as abnormal pathological features in neurodegeneration and inflammatory responses associated with diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Based on this evidence, we investigated the roles of PADs and citrullination in the pathogenesis of prion diseases. Prion diseases (also known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies) are fatal neurodegenerative diseases that are pathologically well characterized as the accumulation of disease-associated misfolded prion proteins, spongiform changes, glial cell activation and neuronal loss. We previously demonstrated that the upregulation of PAD2, mainly found in reactive astrocytes of infected brains, leads to excessive citrullination, which is correlated with disease progression. Further, we demonstrated that various cytoskeletal and energy metabolism-associated proteins are particularly vulnerable to citrullination. Our recent in vivo and in vitro studies elicited altered functions of enolase as the result of citrullination; these altered functions included reduced enzyme activity, increased protease sensitivity and enhanced plasminogen-binding affinity. These findings suggest that PAD2 and citrullinated proteins may play a key role in the brain pathology of prion diseases. By extension, we believe that abnormal increases in protein citrullination may be strong evidence of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byungki Jang
- Laboratory of Cellular Aging and Neurodegeneration, Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
We previously reported that autophagy is upregulated in Prnp-deficient (Prnp ( 0/0) ) hippocampal neuronal cells in comparison to cellular prion protein (PrP (C) )-expressing (Prnp (+/+) ) control cells under conditions of serum deprivation. In this study, we determined whether a protective mechanism of PrP (C) is associated with autophagy using Prnp ( 0/0) hippocampal neuronal cells under hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2)-induced oxidative stress. We found that Prnp ( 0/0) cells were more susceptible to oxidative stress than Prnp (+/+) cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In addition, we observed enhanced autophagy by immunoblotting, which detected the conversion of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 β (LC3B)-I to LC3B-II, and we observed increased punctate LC3B immunostaining in H 2O 2-treated Prnp ( 0/0) cells compared with H 2O 2-treated control cells. Interestingly, this enhanced autophagy was due to impaired autophagic flux in the H 2O 2-treated Prnp ( 0/0) cells, while the H 2O 2-treated Prnp (+/+) cells showed enhanced autophagic flux. Furthermore, caspase-dependent and independent apoptosis was observed when both cell lines were exposed to H 2O 2. Moreover, the inhibition of autophagosome formation by Atg7 siRNA revealed that increased autophagic flux in Prnp (+/+) cells contributes to the prosurvival effect of autophagy against H 2O 2 cytotoxicity. Taken together, our results provide the first experimental evidence that the deficiency of PrP (C) may impair autophagic flux via H 2O 2-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Min Oh
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Korea
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Park JH, Kim BH, Park SJ, Jin JK, Jeon YC, Wen GY, Shin HY, Carp RI, Kim YS. Association of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and mitochondrial dysfunction in the hippocampus of scrapie-infected mice. Hippocampus 2012; 21:319-33. [PMID: 20082297 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The elevation of nitric oxide (NO) within the central nervous system (CNS) is known to be associated with the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as HIV-associated dementia (HAD), brain ischemia, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. NO is enzymatically formed by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS). There are two forms of NOS, the constitutive and the inducible form. The constitutive form is present in endothelial cells (eNOS) and neurons (nNOS). The inducible form (iNOS) is expressed in various cell types including astroglia and microglia of the CNS. Using an animal model, we investigated the involvement of eNOS in the pathology of prion disease. We showed dramatic upregulation of eNOS immunoreactivity in reactive astroglial cells in the hippocampus in the prion disease animal model, scrapie in mice. Expression of eNOS was upregulated in cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions of whole brain. In the hippocampal region, eNOS was widely overexpressed in various components of the cell. We found that eNOS dramatically accumulated in hippocampal mitochondria and was particularly prevalent in structurally dysfunctional mitochondria. In association with the accumulation of eNOS in mitochondria, we showed that mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD or SOD2), cytochrome c, and ATP activity were downregulated both in whole brain and in the hippocampal region. These results indicate that eNOS plays a role in the development of dysfunctional mitochondria and this, in turn, could induce some of the histopathological changes seen in prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Ho Park
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Gwanyang-dong Dongan-gu, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Yun J, Jin HT, Lee YJ, Choi EK, Carp RI, Jeong BH, Kim YS. The first report of RPSA polymorphisms, also called 37/67 kDa LRP/LR gene, in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). BMC Med Genet 2011; 12:108. [PMID: 21838916 PMCID: PMC3171711 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-12-108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Background Although polymorphisms of PRNP, the gene encoding prion protein, are known as a determinant affecting prion disease susceptibility, other genes also influence prion incubation time. This finding offers the opportunity to identify other genetic or environmental factor (s) modulating susceptibility to prion disease. Ribosomal protein SA (RPSA), also called 37 kDa laminin receptor precursor (LRP)/67 kDa laminin receptor (LR), acts as a receptor for laminin, viruses and prion proteins. The binding/internalization of prion protein is dependent for LRP/LR. Methods To identify other susceptibility genes involved in prion disease, we performed genetic analysis of RPSA. For this case-control study, we included 180 sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) patients and 189 healthy Koreans. We investigated genotype and allele frequencies of polymorphism on RPSA by direct sequencing or restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Results We observed four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including -8T>C (rs1803893) in the 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of exon 2, 134-32C>T (rs3772138) in the intron, 519G>A (rs2269350) in the intron and 793+58C>T (rs2723) in the intron on the RPSA. The 519G>A (at codon 173) is located in the direct PrP binding site. The genotypes and allele frequencies of the RPSA polymorphisms showed no significant differences between the controls and sporadic CJD patients. Conclusion These results suggest that these RPSA polymorphisms have no direct influence on the susceptibility to sporadic CJD. This was the first genetic association study of the polymorphisms of RPSA gene with sporadic CJD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisuk Yun
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, 1605-4 Gwanyang-dong Dongan-gu, Anyang, Gyeonggi-Do 431-060, Republic of Korea
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Jeong BH, Lee KH, Lee YJ, Yun J, Park YJ, Cho HJ, Kim YH, Cho YS, Choi EK, Carp RI, Kim YS. Absence of association between two HECTD2 polymorphisms and sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2011; 31:146-51. [PMID: 21335971 DOI: 10.1159/000324133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HECT (homologous to E6-AP carboxyl terminus) E3 ubiquitin ligases are fundamental components of the eukaryotic ubiquitin-proteasome system and are involved in the pathogenesis of several human diseases, including polyglutamine diseases. HECTD2, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, has been linked to the incubation time of prion disease in mice, and its polymorphisms have been associated with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in the British population. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether 2 HECTD2 polymorphisms, -247G→A (rs7081363) and +16066T→A (rs12249854), are associated with sporadic CJD in the Korean population. METHODS We compared the genotype, allele and haplotype frequencies of the 2 HECTD2 polymorphisms in 205 sporadic CJD patients to those of 208 healthy Koreans. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Our study does not show significant differences in the genotype and allele frequencies of these 2 polymorphisms between sporadic CJD and normal controls. Significant differences in the haplotype frequencies of these 2 polymorphisms were not observed between sporadic CJD and normal controls either. Our results indicate that these 2 HECTD2 polymorphisms are not associated with genetic susceptibility to sporadic CJD in a Korean population. This is the first genetic association study of HECTD2 with sporadic CJD in an Asian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Hoon Jeong
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, South Korea
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Jeong BH, Lee KH, Lee YJ, Yun J, Park YJ, Kim YH, Cho YS, Choi EK, Carp RI, Kim YS. Genetic polymorphism in exon 2 of cathepsin D is not associated with vascular dementia. Acta Neurol Scand 2011; 123:419-23. [PMID: 20597865 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2010.01400.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cathepsin D, the most abundant lysosomal and endosomal aspartyl protease, shows beta and gamma secretase activity in vitro by cleaving the amyloid precursor protein (APP) into amyloid beta protein (Aβ). Polymorphism at position 224, C224T, on exon 2 of cathepsin D gene (CTSD) has been associated with an increased risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) by some investigators, but there have been contrary findings by others. However, an association between CTSD polymorphism and vascular dementia (VaD) has not been reported thus far. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether a polymorphism at CTSD C224T is associated with VaD in the Korean population. METHODS We compared the genotype and allele frequencies at this polymorphism site in clinically assessed 162 VaD patients with those in 197 healthy Koreans. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The major genotype frequency at CTSD C224T in normal controls was higher in the Asian population than in various European populations. Our study does not show a significant difference in genotype (P=0.3071) and allele (P=0.2291) frequencies of CTSD C224T between VaD and normal controls. This was the first genetic association study of CTSD in a VaD population.
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Affiliation(s)
- B-H Jeong
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Dongan-gu, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
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Jeong BH, Jeon YC, Lee YJ, Cho HJ, Park SJ, Chung DI, Kim J, Kim SH, Kim HT, Choi EK, Choi KC, Carp RI, Kim YS. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with the V203I mutation and M129V polymorphism of the prion protein gene (PRNP) and a 17 kDa prion protein fragment. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2011; 36:558-63. [PMID: 20497338 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2010.01094.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Choi JK, Jeon YC, Lee DW, Oh JM, Lee HP, Jeong BH, Carp RI, Koh YH, Kim YS. A Drosophila model of GSS syndrome suggests defects in active zones are responsible for pathogenesis of GSS syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:4474-89. [PMID: 20829230 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We have established a Drosophila model of Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker (GSS) syndrome by expressing mouse prion protein (PrP) having leucine substitution at residue 101 (MoPrP(P101L)). Flies expressing MoPrP(P101L), but not wild-type MoPrP (MoPrP(3F4)), showed severe defects in climbing ability and early death. Expressed MoPrP(P101L) in Drosophila was differentially glycosylated, localized at the synaptic terminals and mainly present as deposits in adult brains. We found that behavioral defects and early death of MoPrP(P101L) flies were not due to Caspase 3-dependent programmed cell death signaling. In addition, we found that Type 1 glutamatergic synaptic boutons in larval neuromuscular junctions of MoPrP(P101L) flies showed significantly increased numbers of satellite synaptic boutons. Furthermore, the amount of Bruchpilot and Discs large in MoPrP(P101L) flies was significantly reduced. Brains from scrapie-infected mice showed significantly decreased ELKS, an active zone matrix marker compared with those of age-matched control mice. Thus, altered active zone structures at the molecular level may be involved in the pathogenesis of GSS syndrome in Drosophila and scrapie-infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Kyu Choi
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, 1605-4 Gwanyangdong Dongangu, Anyang, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
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Jeong BH, Lee KH, Lee YJ, Yun J, Park YJ, Bae Y, Kim YH, Cho YS, Choi EK, Carp RI, Kim YS. Genetic association of a cathepsin D polymorphism and sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2010; 28:302-6. [PMID: 19828951 DOI: 10.1159/000246343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cathepsin D is the most abundant lysosomal and endosomal aspartyl protease; it shows beta and gamma secretase activity in vitro by cleaving the amyloid precursor protein into amyloid beta protein. In recent studies, cathepsin D was co-localized with PrP(Sc), the disease-associated form of the prion disease, and abnormal expression of cathepsin D correlated with tissue damage in brains of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). OBJECTIVE To investigate whether a polymorphism at position 224, C224T, on exon 2 of the cathepsin D gene (CTSD) is associated with sporadic CJD in the Korean population. METHODS We compared the genotype and allele frequencies at this polymorphism site in 172 sporadic CJD patients with those in 197 healthy Koreans. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Our study does not show a significant difference in genotype (p = 0.901) and allele (p = 0.509) frequencies of CTSD C224T between sporadic CJD patients and normal controls. This was the first genetic association study of CTSD in a sporadic CJD population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Hoon Jeong
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, South Korea
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Kim BH, Song JH, Jeon YC, Jeong BH, Yun SK, Cho HC, Carp RI, Kim YS. Spontaneous immortalization of oligodendroglial cells derived from an SV40 T antigen-positive human glioblastoma multiforme. Cancer Lett 2009; 283:212-21. [PMID: 19394139 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2008] [Revised: 03/29/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The polyoma group of viruses, including SV40, is known to be oncogenic in certain species. Here we report for the first time naturally occurring, immortalized tumor cells from a patient with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM); the cells were shown to be oligodendroglia; cells had developed remarkable chromosomal changes and were positive for SV40 T antigen. Therefore, we postulated that the main cause of immortalization of these cells was the expression of SV40 T antigen gene and protein. Since the cells are naturally generated, they will provide a useful model to study the function of oligodendroglial cells and the development of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boe-Hyun Kim
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Ilsong B/D 1605-4, Gwanyang-dong, Dongan-gu, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do 431-060, South Korea
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Jeong BH, Lee KH, Lee YJ, Kim YJ, Choi EK, Kim YH, Cho YS, Carp RI, Kim YS. Lack of association between PRNP 1368 polymorphism and Alzheimer's disease or vascular dementia. BMC Med Genet 2009; 10:32. [PMID: 19351416 PMCID: PMC2676277 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-10-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polymorphisms of the prion protein gene (PRNP) at codons 129 and 219 play an important role in the susceptibility to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), and might be associated with other neurodegenerative disorders. Several recent reports indicate that polymorphisms outside the coding region of PRNP modulate the expression of prion protein and are associated with sporadic CJD, although other studies failed to show an association. These reports involved the polymorphism PRNP 1368 which is located upstream from PRNP exon 1. In a case-controlled protocol, we assessed the possible association between the PRNP 1368 polymorphism and either Alzheimer's disease (AD) or vascular dementia (VaD). METHODS To investigate whether the PRNP 1368 polymorphism is associated with the occurrence of AD or VaD in the Korean population, we compared the genotype, allele, and haplotype frequencies of the PRNP 1368 polymorphism in 152 AD patients and 192 VaD patients with frequencies in 268 healthy Koreans. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Significant differences in genotype, allele and haplotype frequencies of PRNP 1368 polymorphism were not observed between AD and normal controls. There were no significant differences in the genotype and allele frequencies of the PRNP 1368 polymorphism between Korean VaD patients and normal controls. However, in the haplotype analysis, haplotype Ht5 was significantly over-represented in Korean VaD patients. This was the first genetic association study of a polymorphism outside the coding region of PRNP in relation to AD and VaD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Hoon Jeong
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, 1605-4 Gwanyang-dong, Dongan-gu, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do 431-060, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Hee Lee
- Samkwang Medical Laboratories, 9–60, Yangjae-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137–887, South Korea
| | - Yun-Jung Lee
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, 1605-4 Gwanyang-dong, Dongan-gu, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do 431-060, South Korea
| | - Yun Joong Kim
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, 1605-4 Gwanyang-dong, Dongan-gu, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do 431-060, South Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Choi
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, 1605-4 Gwanyang-dong, Dongan-gu, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do 431-060, South Korea
| | - Young-Hoon Kim
- Samkwang Medical Laboratories, 9–60, Yangjae-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137–887, South Korea
| | - Young-Sook Cho
- Samkwang Medical Laboratories, 9–60, Yangjae-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137–887, South Korea
| | - Richard I Carp
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
| | - Yong-Sun Kim
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, 1605-4 Gwanyang-dong, Dongan-gu, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do 431-060, South Korea
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Kim BH, Meeker HC, Shin HY, Kim JI, Jeong BH, Choi EK, Carp RI, Kim YS. Physiological properties of astroglial cell lines derived from mice with high (SAMP8) and low (SAMR1, ICR) levels of endogenous retrovirus. Retrovirology 2008; 5:104. [PMID: 19032740 PMCID: PMC2607306 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-5-104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that various inbred SAM mouse strains differ markedly with regard to a variety of parameters, such as capacity for learning and memory, life spans and brain histopathology. A potential cause of differences seen in these strains may be based on the fact that some strains have a high concentration of infectious murine leukemia virus (MuLV) in the brain, whereas other strains have little or no virus. To elucidate the effect of a higher titer of endogenous retrovirus in astroglial cells of the brain, we established astroglial cell lines from SAMR1 and SAMP8 mice, which are, respectively, resistant and prone to deficit in learning and memory and shortened life span. MuLV-negative astroglial cell lines established from ICR mice served as controls. Comparison of these cell lines showed differences in: 1) levels of the capsid antigen CAgag in both cell lysates and culture media, 2) expression of genomic retroelements, 3) the number of virus particles, 4) titer of infectious virus, 5) morphology, 6) replication rate of cells in culture and final cell concentrations, 7) expression pattern of proinflammatory cytokine genes. The results show that the expression of MuLV is much higher in SAMP8 than SAMR1 astrocyte cultures and that there are physiological differences in astroglia from the 2 strains. These results raise the possibility that the distinct physiological differences between SAMP8 and SAMR1 are a function of activation of endogenous retrovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boe-Hyun Kim
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, 1605-4 Gwanyang-dong Dongan-gu, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do 431-060, South Korea.
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Na YJ, Jin JK, Lee YJ, Choi EK, Carp RI, Kim YS. Increased neurogenesis in brains of scrapie-infected mice. Neurosci Lett 2008; 449:66-70. [PMID: 18973796 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Revised: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Persistent neurogenesis occurs in the adult brain throughout the life of all mammals. Recent studies have shown that neurogenesis was increased in adult gerbil and rat brains after ischemia. Neurogenesis has not been examined during neurodegenerative diseases such as scrapie. To investigate the regeneration of neurons after scrapie-infection, we infused 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU), a DNA replication indicator, into both control and scrapie-infected mice. Mice were sacrificed at 150 days post-infection, i.e., at the start of clinical disease and a time when PrP(Sc) was readily detected in brain by both immunostaining and Western blot. We investigated expression of BrdU in each region of brain and observed cellular localization of BrdU using various cell markers such as neuronal nuclear (NeuN), microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Immunohistochemically, BrdU-labeled cells were observed in the striatum, hippocampus, and brain stem of scrapie-infected brains. BrdU-labeled cells were much more prevalent in the hippocampus of scrapie-infected mice compared to hippocampus of control brains. In scrapie mice, there was more staining in hippocampus than in other brain regions. We also found that BrdU-positive cells colocalized with the neuronal markers NeuN and MAP2, whereas BrdU staining was not merged with GFAP, an astrocytic marker. Taken together, our results suggest that scrapie-infection induces region-specific increases in neuron regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeo-Jung Na
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Kyonggi-do 431-060, South Korea
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Jang B, Kim E, Choi JK, Jin JK, Kim JI, Ishigami A, Maruyama N, Carp RI, Kim YS, Choi EK. Accumulation of citrullinated proteins by up-regulated peptidylarginine deiminase 2 in brains of scrapie-infected mice: a possible role in pathogenesis. Am J Pathol 2008; 173:1129-42. [PMID: 18787103 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.080388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), which are a group of posttranslational modification enzymes, are involved in protein citrullination (deimination) by the conversion of peptidylarginine to peptidylcitrulline in a calcium concentration-dependent manner. Among the PADs, PAD2 is widely distributed in various tissues and is the only type that is expressed in brain. To elucidate the involvement of protein citrullination by PAD2 in the pathogenesis of brain-specific prion diseases, we examined the profiles of citrullinated proteins using the brains of scrapie-infected mice as a prion disease model. We found that, compared with controls, increased levels of citrullinated proteins of various molecular weights were detected in different brain sections of scrapie-infected mice. In support of this data, expression levels of PAD2 protein as well as its enzyme activity were significantly increased in brain sections of scrapie-infected mice, including hippocampus, brain stem, and striatum. Additionally, the expression levels of PAD2 mRNA were increased during scrapie infection. Moreover, PAD2 immunoreactivity was increased in scrapie-infected brains, with staining detected primarily in reactive astrocytes. Using two-dimensional electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry, various citrullinated proteins were identified in the brains of scrapie-infected mice, including glial fibrillary acidic protein, myelin basic protein, enolases, and aldolases. This study suggests that accumulated citrullinated proteins and abnormal activation of PAD2 may function in the pathogenesis of prion diseases and serve as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byungki Jang
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Republic of Korea
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Lee HP, Choi JK, Shin HY, Jeon YC, Jeong BH, Kim JI, Carp RI, Kim YS. P4-235: Altered expression of type 1 inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate receptor in the Ngsk PRNP deficient mice. Alzheimers Dement 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2008.05.2303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Pil Lee
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University; Anyang Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kyu Choi
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University; Anyang Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Young Shin
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University; Anyang Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Chul Jeon
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University; Anyang Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Hoon Jeong
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University; Anyang Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Il Kim
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland OH USA
| | - Richard I. Carp
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities; Staten Island NY USA
| | - Yong-Sun Kim
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University; Anyang Republic of Korea
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Kim BH, Shin HY, Meeker HC, Kim JI, Jeong BH, Choi EK, Carp RI, Kim YS. P3‐409: The establishment of astrocyte cell models expressing endogenous MuLV from SAM mice. Alzheimers Dement 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2008.05.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boe-Hyun Kim
- Ilsong Institute of Life ScienceAnyangRepublic of Korea
| | | | - Harry C. Meeker
- Institute for Basic Research in Developmental DisabilitiesStaten IslandNYUSA
| | - Jae-Il Kim
- Institute for Basic Research in Developmental DisabilitiesStaten IslandNYUSA
| | | | | | - Richard I. Carp
- Institute for Basic Research in Developmental DisabilitiesStaten IslandNYUSA
| | - Yong-Sun Kim
- Ilsong Institute of Life ScienceAnyangRepublic of Korea
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Jeong BH, Lee KH, Lee YJ, Kim YH, Cho YS, Carp RI, Kim YS. PRNP 1368 polymorphism is not associated with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the Korean population. Eur J Neurol 2008; 15:846-50. [PMID: 18549395 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02203.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human prion protein gene (PRNP) is considered a critical and fundamental gene in determining the incidence of human prion diseases. Codons 129 and 219 play an important role in the susceptibility to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). An association between sporadic CJD and the polymorphism (PRNP 1368) in an upstream of PRNP exon 1 has been reported in the British and German populations, but study in the Dutch population has failed to confirm an association. PURPOSE To investigate whether the PRNP 1368 polymorphism is associated with sporadic CJD in the Korean population. METHODS We compared the genotype and allele frequencies of PRNP 1368 polymorphism in 171 sporadic CJD patients with those in 212 healthy Koreans. RESULT AND CONCLUSION A significant difference of genotype and allele frequencies at PRNP 1368 was found between the normal Korean population and various European populations. In contrast to the results in the British and German populations, our study does not show a significant difference in genotype (P = 0.2763) and allele (P = 0.3750) frequencies of PRNP 1368 between sporadic CJD and normal controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- B-H Jeong
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Dongan-gu, Anyang, Kyounggi-do, South Korea
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Abstract
Scrapie is characterized histologically, in part, by astrogliosis in brain and spinal cord. However, the mechanisms of astrogliosis in brain injury occurring during prion infection are not well understood. In this study, we investigated the expression levels and cellular localization of Janus kinase (JAK) -signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) signaling molecules and growth factors such as leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and ciliary neurotropic factor (CNTF) by western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. We found that expression levels of LIF and CNTF were increased in scrapie-infected brains and phosphorylated (p)-JAK2, p-STAT1 (Ser727 and Tyr701), p-STAT3 (Tyr705), and glial fibrillary acidic protein were expressed strongly in scrapie-infected brains. Moreover, we found that p-STAT1 and p-STAT3 were found mainly in the nucleus in scrapie-infected brains. Immunohistochemically, p-STAT1 was colocalized with LIF and CNTF and p-JAK2 in many reactive astrocytes in scrapie-infected brains. In contrast, immunostaining for p-STAT3 was found in comparatively few astrocytes in limited regions; p-STAT3 staining merged with p-JAK2 in hippocampus sections of scrapie-infected brains. Taken together, our results suggest that activation of JAK2-STAT1 signaling pathway occurred in reactive astrocytes in hippocampus of scrapie-infected brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeo-Jung Na
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
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Jeong BH, Na HR, Bae JC, Lee KH, Lee YJ, Kim NH, Song JH, Carp RI, Kim YS. Absence of association between codon 129 and 219 polymorphisms of the prion protein gene and vascular dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2007; 24:86-90. [PMID: 17570906 DOI: 10.1159/000103913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polymorphisms of the prion protein gene (PRNP) are known to cause a strong susceptibility to the occurrence of prion diseases, such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and might be associated with other neurodegenerative disorders. However, an association between PRNP polymorphisms and vascular dementia (VaD) has not been reported thus far. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the PRNP polymorphisms are associated with an increased risk for developing VaD in the Korean population. METHODS We compared the genotype, allele and haplotype frequencies of PRNP polymorphisms in 160 VaD patients with those in 236 healthy Koreans. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Codon 129 (M129V) and 219 (Q219K) polymorphisms in Korean VaD patients were found in the open reading frame of PRNP. Our study shows that there is no significant difference in the genotype, allele and haplotype frequencies of PRNP codon 129 and 219 polymorphisms between Korean VaD patients and normal controls. This was the first genetic association study of the polymorphisms of PRNP with VaD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Hoon Jeong
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, South Korea
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Kim JI, Jin JK, Choi EK, Spinner D, Rubenstein R, Carp RI, Kim YS. Increased expression and localization of cyclooxygenase-2 in astrocytes of scrapie-infected mice. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 187:74-82. [PMID: 17524497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Accepted: 04/10/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A number of aspects of the pathogenesis of scrapie, the archetype disease of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (prion disorders), remain to be elucidated. There is increasing evidence that there are cerebral based inflammatory processes that may contribute to the pathogenesis and to the progression of a number of neurodegenerative disorders, including prion diseases. In peripheral tissues, a key element that controls the generation of proinflammatory mediators is the highly inducible protein cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). In this study, in order to examine the possible association of COX-2 with the pathogenesis of scrapie, we analyzed the expression level and the cellular localization of COX-2 in the brains of control and scrapie-infected mice. The COX-2 mRNA and protein levels were increased significantly compared to the control group of mice. By immunohistological analysis, intense immunoreactivity of COX-2 was localized primarily in reactive astrocytes, with virtually no staining in sections from control mice. The staining for COX-2 was co-localized with the pathological form of the prion protein (PrP(Sc)) and with nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB). These results suggest that the upregulation of COX-2 expression in astrocytes may be related to the accumulation of PrP(Sc), and that COX-2 may then lead to the progression of scrapie, possibly by propagation of a cerebral inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Il Kim
- New York State Institute for Basic Research, Staten Island, New York, USA.
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Kim BH, Jun YC, Jin JK, Kim JI, Kim NH, Leibold EA, Connor JR, Choi EK, Carp RI, Kim YS. Alteration of iron regulatory proteins (IRP1 and IRP2) and ferritin in the brains of scrapie-infected mice. Neurosci Lett 2007; 422:158-63. [PMID: 17614197 PMCID: PMC2365884 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2007] [Revised: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Considerable evidence suggests that oxidative stress may be involved in the pathogenesis of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs). To investigate the involvement of iron metabolism in TSEs, we examined the expression levels of iron regulatory proteins (IRPs), ferritins, and binding activities of IRPs to iron-responsive element (IRE) in scrapie-infected mice. We found that the IRPs-IRE-binding activities and ferritins were increased in the astrocytes of hippocampus and cerebral cortex in the brains of scrapie-infected mice. These results suggest that alteration of iron metabolism contributes to development of neurodegeneration and that some protective mechanisms against iron-induced oxidative damage may occur during the pathogenesis of TSEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boe-Hyun Kim
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Academy of Science, Hallym University, South Korea
| | - Yong-Chul Jun
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Academy of Science, Hallym University, South Korea
| | - Jae-Kwang Jin
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Academy of Science, Hallym University, South Korea
| | - Jae-Il Kim
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Nam-Ho Kim
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Academy of Science, Hallym University, South Korea
| | - Elizabeth A. Leibold
- Department of Medicine and the Eccles Program in Human Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - James R. Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery, G.M. Leader Family Laboratory for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Eun-Kyoung Choi
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Academy of Science, Hallym University, South Korea
| | - Richard I. Carp
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Yong-Sun Kim
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Academy of Science, Hallym University, South Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, South Korea
- * Corresponding author at: Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Ilsong Building, 1605-4 Gwanyang-dong, Dongan-gu, Anyang, Kyounggi-do 431-060, South Korea. Tel.: +82 31 380 1987; fax: +82 31 388 3427. E-mail address: (Y.-S. Kim)
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Jeong BH, Lee KH, Jeong YE, Hwang KA, Lee YJ, Carp RI, Ju YR, Kim YS. Polymorphisms at codons 129 and 219 of the prion protein gene (PRNP) are not associated with sporadic Alzheimer's disease in the Korean population. Eur J Neurol 2007; 14:621-6. [PMID: 17539938 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2007.01786.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphisms of prion protein gene (PRNP) at codons 129 and 219 play an important role in the susceptibility to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). Alzheimer's disease (AD) and prion diseases, such as CJD, are both characterized by the accumulation of abnormally folded proteins in the brain. An association between sporadic AD and the PRNP polymorphism at codon 129 has been reported in several studies, but other studies have failed to confirm an association. To investigate whether PRNP polymorphisms are associated with an increased risk for developing sporadic AD in the Korean population, we compared the genotype, allele, and haplotype frequencies of PRNP polymorphisms in 271 sporadic AD patients with those in 236 healthy Koreans. Our study does not show a significant difference in PRNP genotype, allele, and haplotype frequency at codons 129 and 219 between sporadic AD and normal controls. Analyses stratifying by age at disease onset, and gender also failed to reveal any association between these polymorphisms and sporadic AD. These results indicate that these PRNP polymorphisms have no direct influence on the susceptibility to sporadic AD in the Korean population.
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Affiliation(s)
- B-H Jeong
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Gwanyang-dong, Dongan-gu, Anyang, Kyounggi-do, South Korea
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Jin JK, Na YJ, Song JH, Joo HG, Kim S, Kim JI, Choi EK, Carp RI, Kim YS, Shin T. Galectin-3 expression is correlated with abnormal prion protein accumulation in murine scrapie. Neurosci Lett 2007; 420:138-43. [PMID: 17531384 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2007] [Revised: 04/21/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the involvement of galectin-3 in the process of neurodegeneration in prion diseases, the expression and cellular localization of galectin-3 in the brain were studied in scrapie, a mouse model of prion disease. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot analyses showed that the expression of galectin-3 protein and mRNA was induced in scrapie-affected brains, particularly at the time when the abnormal prion protein PrP(Sc) began to accumulate in the brains. Immunohistochemically, immunostaining for galectin-3 was found mainly in B4-isolectin-positive cells (presumably activated microglia/macrophages), but not in astrocytes. Galectin-3 immunoreactivity was localized mainly in areas of PrP(Sc) accumulation and neuronal death in scrapie-infected brains. These findings suggest that the expression of galectin-3 by activated microglia/macrophages in prion disease correlates with abnormal prion protein accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Kwang Jin
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University Medical Center, Anyang, Kyonggi-do 431-060, South Korea
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Abstract
Recently, an association between bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and insertion/deletion (indel) polymorphisms in the bovine prion protein gene (PRNP) promoter region has been reported in German cattle. These PRNP polymorphisms cause changes in PRNP expression and are thought to play an important role in BSE susceptibility. BSE has been reported in British and Japanese Holstein cattle but has not been diagnosed in Hanwoo cattle (Bos taurus coreanae) up to now. These results prompted us to investigate the genotype distributions of these PRNP promoter polymorphisms in 107 Hanwoo cattle and 52 Holstein cattle and compare the results with those of previous studies. A significant difference (P=0.0249) in allele frequency of the 23 bp indel polymorphism was observed between Hanwoo and the BSE-affected German cattle previously investigated. There were no significant differences in the genotype (P=0.2095) or allele (P=0.8875) frequencies of the 12 bp indel polymorphism between Hanwoo and BSE-affected German cattle. Interestingly, the genotype and allele frequencies of the 23 bp indel polymorphism in Korean Holsteins were very similar to those previously reported for BSE-affected German cattle and healthy US cattle sires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Hoon Jeong
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, 1605-4 Gwanyang-dong, Dongan-gu, Anyang, Kyounggi-do 431-060, South Korea
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33
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Spinner DS, Kascsak RB, Lafauci G, Meeker HC, Ye X, Flory MJ, Kim JI, Schuller-Levis GB, Levis WR, Wisniewski T, Carp RI, Kascsak RJ. CpG oligodeoxynucleotide-enhanced humoral immune response and production of antibodies to prion protein PrPSc in mice immunized with 139A scrapie-associated fibrils. J Leukoc Biol 2007; 81:1374-85. [PMID: 17379700 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1106665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are characterized by conversion of the cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) to a protease-resistant conformer, the srapie form of PrP (PrP(Sc)). Humoral immune responses to nondenatured forms of PrP(Sc) have never been fully characterized. We investigated whether production of antibodies to PrP(Sc) could occur in PrP null (Prnp(-/-)) mice and further, whether innate immune stimulation with the TLR9 agonist CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) 1826 could enhance this process. Whether such stimulation could raise anti-PrP(Sc) antibody levels in wild-type (Prnp(+/+)) mice was also investigated. Prnp(-/-) and Prnp(+/+) mice were immunized with nondenatured 139A scrapie-associated fibrils (SAF), with or without ODN 1826, and were tested for titers of PrP-specific antibodies. In Prnp(-/-) mice, inclusion of ODN 1826 in the immunization regime increased anti-PrP titers more than 13-fold after two immunizations and induced, among others, antibodies to an N-terminal epitope, which were only present in the immune repertoire of mice receiving ODN 1826. mAb 6D11, derived from such a mouse, reacts with the N-terminal epitope QWNK in native and denatured forms of PrP(Sc) and recombinant PrP and exhibits a K(d) in the 10(-)(11) M range. In Prnp(+/+) mice, ODN 1826 increased anti-PrP levels as much as 84% after a single immunization. Thus, ODN 1826 potentiates adaptive immune responses to PrP(Sc) in 139A SAF-immunized mice. These results represent the first characterization of humoral immune responses to nondenatured, infectious PrP(Sc) and suggest methods for optimizing the generation of mAbs to PrP(Sc), many of which could be used for diagnosis and treatment of prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl S Spinner
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Development Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Rd., Staten Island, NY 10314, USA.
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Choi JK, Park SJ, Jun YC, Oh JM, Jeong BH, Lee HP, Park SN, Carp RI, Kim YS. Generation of monoclonal antibody recognized by the GXXXG motif (glycine zipper) of prion protein. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2006; 25:271-7. [PMID: 17044782 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2006.25.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
To develop monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to react with normal prion protein (PrPC) and abnormal isoform of prion protein (PrPSc), PrPSc was isolated from brains of 263 K scrapie-infected hamsters and immunized to PrP knockout mice. We developed two hybridomas, 3F10 and 1C5 (IgG1), of which epitope mappings were screened by using glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion proteins of recombinant hamster prion protein and suitable peptides. 3F10 showed a high affinity for hamster and mouse PrP and was demonstrated to recognize the residues 137-151. 1C5 recognizes the region 119-130 corresponding to the GXXXG motif, the glycine zipper region, conserved in all mammals. In the immunohistochemical analysis, the positive staining for PrPSc was observed in the extracellular compartment of scrapie-infected brains but not in the normal brains. However, in Western blot, these antibodies recognized both normal and abnormal prion proteins. These results suggested that the developed mouse MAbs are specific to prion protein and can recognize abnormal prion protein more effectively than normal prion protein in immunohistochemistry. Therefore, these antibodies could be utilized as a useful reagent for the analysis of biochemical, structural, and functional properties between PrPC and PrPSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Kyu Choi
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Kyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
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35
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LaFauci G, Carp RI, Meeker HC, Ye X, Kim JI, Natelli M, Cedeno M, Petersen RB, Kascsak R, Rubenstein R. Passage of chronic wasting disease prion into transgenic mice expressing Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) PrPC. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:3773-3780. [PMID: 17098997 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82137-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) of elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) is one of three naturally occurring forms of prion disease, the others being Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease in humans and scrapie in sheep. In the last few decades, CWD has spread among captive and free-ranging cervids in 13 US states, two Canadian provinces and recently in Korea. The origin of the CWD agent(s) in cervids is not known. This study describes the development of a transgenic mouse line (TgElk) homozygous for a transgene array encoding the elk prion protein (PrPC) and its use in propagating and simulating CWD in mice. Intracerebral injection of one mule deer and three elk CWD isolates into TgElk mice led to disease with incubation periods of 127 and 95 days, respectively. Upon secondary passage, the incubation time was reduced to 108 and 90 days, respectively. Upon passage into TgElk mice, CWD prions (PrPSc) maintained the characteristic Western blot profiles seen in CWD-affected mule deer and elk and produced histopathological modifications consistent with those observed in the natural disease. The short incubation time observed on passage from cervid to mouse with both mule deer and elk CWD brain homogenates and the demonstrated capacity of the animals to propagate (mouse to mouse) CWD agents make the TgElk line a valuable model to study CWD agents in cervid populations. In addition, these results with this new transgenic line suggest the intriguing hypothesis that there could be more than one strain of CWD agent in cervids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe LaFauci
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
| | - Richard I Carp
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
| | - Harry C Meeker
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
| | - Xuemin Ye
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
| | - Jae I Kim
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
| | - Michael Natelli
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
| | - Marisol Cedeno
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
| | - Robert B Petersen
- Case Western Reserve University - Institute of Pathology, 2085 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH 44120, USA
| | - Richard Kascsak
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
| | - Richard Rubenstein
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
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Lee YJ, Jin JK, Jeong BH, Carp RI, Kim YS. Increased expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in the brains of scrapie-infected mice. Neurosci Lett 2006; 410:178-82. [PMID: 17101222 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.09.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Revised: 09/07/2006] [Accepted: 09/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Prion diseases, also called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), are fatal neurodegenerative disorders characterized by neuronal loss, astrogliosis, and spongiform changes in the brain. It is postulated that appearance of astrogliosis may provide the neurotrophic factors to prevent or reduce neuronal cell loss in the pathogenesis of prion diseases. To investigate the role of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), we studied the expression levels of GDNF mRNA and protein in an animal model of prion diseases. The expression levels of GDNF mRNA and protein were significantly increased in the brains of scrapie-infected mice at 100 and 160 days after inoculation with scrapie strain compared with those of control mice. In addition, we found more intensive immunoreactivity of GDNF in the brains of scrapie-infected mice, specifically in the hippocampal astrocytes, than was seen in control mice. These results suggest that GDNF participates in protection against neuronal cell loss and atrophy in neurodegenerative disorders, which may play one of the important roles in the pathogenic mechanisms of prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Jung Lee
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Anyang, Kyonggi-do 431-060, South Korea
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37
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Vorbrodt AW, Dobrogowska DH, Meeker HC, Carp RI. Quantitative immunogold study of increased expression of metallothionein-I/II in the brain perivascular areas of diabetic scrapie-infected mice. J Mol Histol 2006; 37:143-51. [PMID: 17031522 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-006-9053-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2006] [Accepted: 08/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative immunogold procedure was used to study the distribution of metallothionein I/II (MT-I/II) at the ultrastructural level in the perivascular areas, including microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) and astrocytes with their perivascular end-feet, in brains of scrapie-infected hyperglycemic (diabetic) and normoglycemic (non-diabetic) mice. Samples of the fronto-parietal cortex obtained from diabetic and non-diabetic scrapie-infected, as well as from non-infected (control) SJL/J mice, were processed for immunocytochemical examination. In control mice, the labelling of the ECs was of low intensity, restricted to few immunogold particles in the cytoplasm. More intense labelling was present in the cytoplasm of astrocytic perivascular processes and perikarya, where it was associated with endoplasmic reticulum and fibrils. A few immunosignals were also present inside the nuclei of astrocytes. In diabetic mice the labelling of the EC cytoplasm was slightly increased, whereas in the cytoplasm of perivascular processes and pericarya of astrocytes, including their nuclei, there was significant enhancement of labelling. In these cells the density of immunosignals was highest in the areas of cytoplasm containing bundles of fibrils. In non-diabetic, scrapie-infected mice the intensity of immunolabelling was higher than in control mice but slightly lower than in diabetic mice. These results are similar to those in Alzheimer's disease reported by other authors, and suggest that neurodegenerative diseases as well as metabolic stress enhance the metallothionein expression in perivascular regions of brain cerebral cortex, predominantly in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej W Vorbrodt
- Laboratory of Cytochemistry, Department of Developmental Neurobiology, New York State Office of Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, NY 10314, USA
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Vorbrodt AW, Dobrogowska DH, Tarnawski M, Meeker HC, Carp RI. Immunogold study of altered expression of some interendothelial junctional molecules in the brain blood microvessels of diabetic scrapie-infected mice. J Mol Histol 2006; 37:27-35. [PMID: 16724250 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-006-9026-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2005] [Accepted: 03/27/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative immunogold procedure was used to study the distribution of molecular components of interendothelial junctions in blood-brain barrier (BBB) microvessels of scrapie infected SJL/J hyperglycemic mice showing obesity and reduced glucose tolerance. Samples of brain (fronto-parietal cerebral cortex and thalamo-hypothalamic region) obtained from hyperglycemic (diabetic) mice and from non- infected, normoglycemic (non-diabetic) SJL/J mice, were processed for immunocytochemical examination. The localization of the following tight junction (TJ)-associated proteins was studied: occludin as an integral membrane (transmembrane) protein, and zonula occludens one (ZO-1) as a peripheral protein. The localization of beta-catenin as a representative of the cadherin/catenin complex that is typical for adherens junctions (AJs) also was studied. Morphometric analysis revealed that the density of immunosignals for occludin, represented by colloidal gold particles (GPs), was significantly lower in the brain microvessels of diabetic than in non-diabetic mice. No significant differences in the density of immunosignals for ZO-1 and beta-catenin between both experimental mouse groups were observed. It indicates that abnormal glucose metabolism affects mostly occludin which is believed to play a fundamental role in the maintenance of the tightness of endothelial lining in brain microvascular network and thereby in the preservation of its barrier function. These results also support the previously expressed opinion that occludin, detected with the applied morphological method, can be considered a sensitive indicator of altered molecular architecture of the interendothelial junctions due to the action of some metabolic or pathological insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej W Vorbrodt
- Laboratory of Cytochemistry, Department of Developmental Neurobiology, New York State Office of Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA.
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Lee KH, Jeong BH, Jin JK, Meeker HC, Kim JI, Carp RI, Kim YS. Scrapie infection activates the replication of ecotropic, xenotropic, and polytropic murine leukemia virus (MuLV) in brains and spinal cords of senescence-accelerated mice: implication of MuLV in progression of scrapie pathogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 349:122-30. [PMID: 16930537 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2006] [Accepted: 08/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Senescence-accelerated mice (SAMP8) have a short life span, whereas SAMR1 mice are resistant to accelerated senescence. Previously it has been reported that the Akv strain of ecotropic murine leukemia virus (E-MuLV) was detected in brains of SAMP8 mice but not in brains of SAMR1 mice. In order to determine the change of MuLV levels following scrapie infection, we analyzed the E-MuLV titer and the RNA expression levels of E-MuLV, xenotropic MuLV, and polytropic MuLV in brains and spinal cords of scrapie-infected SAM mice. The expression levels of the 3 types of MuLV were increased in scrapie-infected mice compared to control mice; E-MuLV expression was detected in infected SAMR1 mice, but only in the terminal stage of scrapie disease. We also examined incubation periods and the levels of PrPSc in scrapie-infected SAMR1 (sR1) and SAMP8 (sP8) mice. We confirmed that the incubation period was shorter in sP8 (210+/-5 days) compared to sR1 (235+/-10 days) after intraperitoneal injection. The levels of PrPSc in sP8 were significantly greater than sR1 at 210+/-5 days, but levels of PrPSc at the terminal stage of scrapie in both SAM strains were virtually identical. These results show the activation of MuLV expression by scrapie infection and suggest acceleration of the progression of scrapie pathogenesis by MuLV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Hee Lee
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, 1605-4 Gwanyang-dong, Dongan-gu, Anyang, Kyounggi-do 431-060, South Korea
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Kim BH, Kim JI, Choi EK, Carp RI, Kim YS. P4–124: Comparison of gene expression profiles of prion protein–deficient and wild type neuronal cell lines of mice. Alzheimers Dement 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2006.05.1863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boe-Hyun Kim
- Ilsong Institute of Life ScienceAnyangRepublic of Korea
| | - Jae-Il Kim
- Institute for Basic Research in Developmental DisabilitiesStaten IslandNYUSA
| | | | - Richard I. Carp
- Institute for Basic Research in Developmental DisabilitiesStaten IslandNYUSA
| | - Yong-Sun Kim
- Ilsong Institute of Life ScienceAnyangRepublic of Korea
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Na YJ, Jin JK, Kim JI, Carp RI, Kim YS. P4–125: JAK–STAT signaling pathway mediates astrogliosis in brains of scrapie–infected mice. Alzheimers Dement 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2006.05.1864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yeo-Jung Na
- Ilsong Institute of Life ScienceAnyangRepublic of Korea
| | - Jae-Kwang Jin
- Ilsong Institute of Life ScienceAnyangRepublic of Korea
| | - Jae-Il Kim
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental DisabilitiesNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Richard I. Carp
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental DisabilitiesNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Yong-Sun Kim
- Ilsong Institute of Life ScienceAnyangRepublic of Korea
- Department of MicrobiologyCollege of Medicine, Hallym UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
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Pankiewicz J, Prelli F, Sy MS, Kascsak RJ, Kascsak RB, Spinner DS, Carp RI, Meeker HC, Sadowski M, Wisniewski T. Clearance and prevention of prion infection in cell culture by anti-PrP antibodies. Eur J Neurosci 2006; 23:2635-47. [PMID: 16817866 PMCID: PMC1779824 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04805.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Prion diseases are transmissible and invariably fatal neurodegenerative disorders associated with a conformational transformation of the cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) into a self-replicating and proteinase K (PK)-resistant conformer, scrapie PrP (PrP(Sc)). Humoral immunity may significantly prolong the incubation period and even prevent disease in murine models of prionoses. However, the mechanism(s) of action of anti-PrP monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) remain(s) obscure. The murine neuroblastoma N2a cell line, infected with the 22L mouse-adapted scrapie strain, was used to screen a large library of Mabs with similar binding affinities to PrP, to identify those antibodies which could clear established infection and/or prevent infection de novo. Three Mabs were found capable of complete and persistent clearing of already-infected N2a cells of PrP(Sc). These antibodies were 6D11 (generated to PK-resistant PrP(Sc) and detecting PrP residues 93-109), and 7H6 and 7A12, which were raised against recombinant PrP and react with neighbouring epitopes of PrP residues 130-140 and 143-155, respectively. Mabs were found to interact with PrP(Sc) formation both on the cell surface and after internalization in the cytosol. Treatment with Mabs was not associated with toxicity nor did it result in decreased expression of PrP(C). Both preincubation of N2a cells with Mabs prior to exposure to 22L inoculum and preincubation of the inoculum with Mabs prior to infecting N2a cells resulted in a significant reduction in PrP(Sc) levels. Information provided in these studies is important for the rational design of humoral immune therapy for prion infection in animals and eventually in humans.
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Key Words
- conformational disorder
- monoclonal antibodies
- n2a cell line
- scrapie
- treatment
- atcc, american type culture collection
- bse, bovine spongiform encephalopathy
- mab, monoclonal antibody
- mem, minimal essential medium
- mtt, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
- n2a/22l cells, n2a cells infected with the 22l mouse-adapted scrapie strain
- pk, proteinase k
- prpc, cellular prion protein
- prpsc, scrapie prion protein
- recprp, recombinant prp
- vcjd, variant creutzfeldt – jakob disease
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Pankiewicz
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of
Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York NY 10016, USA
| | - Frances Prelli
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of
Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York NY 10016, USA
| | - Man-Sun Sy
- Departments of Pathology and Neuroscience, Case Western Reserve
University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Richard J. Kascsak
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental
Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
| | - Regina B. Kascsak
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental
Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
| | - Daryl S. Spinner
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental
Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
| | - Richard I. Carp
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental
Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
| | - Harry C. Meeker
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental
Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
| | - Marcin Sadowski
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of
Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York NY 10016, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of
Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York NY 10016, USA
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of
Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York NY 10016, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of
Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York NY 10016, USA
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of
Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York NY 10016, USA
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental
Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
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Jeong BH, Sohn HJ, Lee JO, Kim NH, Kim JI, Lee SY, Cho IS, Joo YS, Carp RI, Kim YS. Polymorphisms of the prion protein gene (PRNP) in Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae) and Holstein cattle. Genes Genet Syst 2006; 80:303-8. [PMID: 16284424 DOI: 10.1266/ggs.80.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms in the prion protein gene (PRNP) in humans and sheep correlate with susceptibility to transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) has been reported in British and Japanese cattle; it has occurred thus far in Holstein cattle. BSE in Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae) cattle has not been diagnosed up to now. To characterize the bovine PRNP polymorphisms in Korean cattle, we analyzed the open reading frame (ORF) of PRNP in 120 Hanwoo (beef) cattle and 53 Holstein (dairy) cattle. Three polymorphisms were found, the third position of codon 78 (G-->A), the third position of codon 192 (C-->T), and the deletion of a single octa-repeat. An analysis of codon 78 revealed no difference in the genotype (P = 0.2026) or allele (P = 0.7180) frequencies between Hanwoo and Holstein animals. However, there were significant differences in the genotype (P < 0.0001) and allele (P < 0.0001) frequencies at PRNP codon 192 between Hanwoo and Holstein animals. The rate of Holstein animals with deletion of a single octa-repeat was 91.5% undeleted homozygotes, 8.5% heterozygotes (with R3 deletion), and 0% deleted homozygotes. However, none of the 120 Hanwoo animals had any octa-repeat deletions. The genotype (P < 0.0001) and allele (P < 0.0001) frequencies of a single octa-repeat-deletion were also significantly different between Hanwoo and Holstein animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Hoon Jeong
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Kyounggi-do, South Korea
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Jin JK, Choi JK, Kim JI, Lee HG, Wasco W, Buxbaum JD, Carp RI, Kim YS, Choi EK. Overexpression of Calsenilin in Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease Brain. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05692.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Jeong BH, Jin JK, Choi EK, Meeker HC, Kozak CA, Carp RI, Kim YS. Analysis of the Cell Distribution of Endogenous Murine Leukemia Virus in the Brains of SAMR1 and SAMP8 Mice. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05667.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Choi JK, Lee HP, Choi EK, Jin JK, Lee HG, Wasco W, Buxbaum JD, Carp RI, Kim YS. Increased Expression of Calsenilin in the Brains of Scrapie-infected Mice. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05682.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Jeong BH, Kim NH, Choi EK, Lee C, Song YH, Kim JI, Carp RI, Kim YS. Polymorphism at 3' UTR +28 of the prion-like protein gene is associated with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Eur J Hum Genet 2005; 13:1094-7. [PMID: 15986038 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The downstream prion-like protein (doppel or Dpl) shares significant biochemical and structural homology with the cellular prion protein, PrP(C), which is considered as a responsible protein for the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) or prion diseases. Recently, polymorphisms in open reading frame (ORF) of the prion-like protein gene (PRND) have been analysed in relation to the occurrence of prion diseases and other neurodegenerative disorders. We examined the role of a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at 3' untranslated region (UTR) +28 of PRND. We analysed this polymorphism in 110 Korean patients with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and 102 healthy control subjects. Significant differences in genotype (P=0.005) and allele (P=0.032) frequencies at 3' UTR +28 were observed between sporadic CJD and normal controls. This result suggests that the PRND polymorphism at 3' UTR +28 might be associated with the occurrence of sporadic CJD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Hoon Jeong
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, 1605-4 Gwanyang-dong, Dongan-gu, Anyang, Kyounggi-do, South Korea
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Jeong BH, Lee KH, Kim NH, Jin JK, Kim JI, Carp RI, Kim YS. Association of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with homozygous genotypes at PRNP codons 129 and 219 in the Korean population. Neurogenetics 2005; 6:229-32. [PMID: 16217673 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-005-0016-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2005] [Accepted: 08/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Human prion protein gene (PRNP) is considered an important gene in determining the incidence of human transmissible spongiform encephalopathies or prion diseases. Polymorphisms of PRNP at codon 129 in Europeans and codon 219 in Japanese may play an important role in the susceptibility to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD); data regarding codon 129 in the Japanese population have led to divergent interpretations. In order to determine which, if any, of the PRNP genotypes in Korean people are associated with sporadic CJD, we examined the genotype and allelic distributions of human PRNP polymorphisms in 150 patients with sporadic CJD. All Korean sporadic CJD patients were Met/Met at codon 129, Glu/Glu at codon 219 and undeleted at the octarepeat region of PRNP. Our study showed significant differences in genotype frequency of PRNP at codon 129 (chi 2=8.8998, P=0.0117) or 219 (chi 2=12.6945, P=0.0004) between sporadic CJD and normal controls. Furthermore, the genotype frequency of the heterozygotes for codons 129 and/or 219 showed a significant difference between the normal population and sporadic CJD patients (chi 2=21.0780, P<0.0001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Hoon Jeong
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Ilsong Building, 1605-4 Gwanyang-dong, Dongan-gu, Anyang, Kyonggi-do 431-060, South Korea
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Abstract
We investigated the expression, activation and distribution of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 MAPKs) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), using western blotting and immunohistochemistry, in the brains of hamsters infected with 263K scrapie agent, to clarify the role of these kinases in the pathogenesis of prion disease. The immunoblot analysis demonstrated that activation of JNK, p38 MAPK and ERK in whole brain homogenates was increased in infected animals. Phosphorylation of cAMP/calcium responsive element binding protein (CREB), a downstream transcription factor of active ERK, was significantly increased in scrapie-infected hamsters. The immunohistochemical study showed that active ERK was enhanced in infected hamsters compared with controls. Active ERK immunoreactivity was observed within neurons in the dentate gyrus and in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive reactive astrocytes of infected animals. The expression level of c-Jun mRNA as well as protein, a substrate of active JNK, was increased in infected animals. A significant increase in JNK activity upon glutathione S-transferase (GST)-c-Jun was observed in infected compared with control animals. Phospho-c-Jun immunoreactivity was observed only in neurons of the thalamus in infected groups. These findings indicated that the JNK pathway was activated in the scrapie-infected group. The chronological activation of MAPKs using immunoblot analysis indicates that the kinases are sequentially activated during the pathophysiology of prion disease. Taken together, these results lend credence to the notion that MAPK pathways are dysregulated in prion disease, and also indicate an active role for this pathway in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Pil Lee
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Kyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
The mouse is a popular and versatile model for the study of scrapie and other transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. In this chapter, information is given for preparation of infectious material for inoculation and a method of clinical scoring that yields accurate and reproducible quantification of the scrapie incubation period. With the help of histopathological and immunopathological techniques, we can detect brain pathological changes in scrapie-infected animals at the cellular and molecular level. We will also describe the histological and immunocytochemistry methods we use for scrapie research, outline step-by-step procedures, discuss tissue preparation, fixation, and processing of specimens, and provide special hints to achieve successful staining. We also include our results of PrPSc and GFAP immunostaining in scrapie research. In conclusion, immunopathological staining is an important and useful tool in the research of scrapie pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry C Meeker
- Department of Virology, New York State Institute for Basci Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
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