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Sarvaria A, Madrigal JA, Saudemont A. B cell regulation in cancer and anti-tumor immunity. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 14:662-674. [PMID: 28626234 PMCID: PMC5549607 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The balance between immune effector cells and immunosuppressive cells and how this regulates the tumor microenvironment has been well described. A significant contribution of immune regulatory cells, including regulatory T cells, to tumor progression has been widely reported. An emerging body of evidence has recently recognized a role for B cells in modulating the immune response to tumors and lymphoid malignancies. Regulatory B cells (Bregs) are a newly designated subset of B cells that have been shown to play a pivotal role in regulating immune responses involved in inflammation, autoimmunity and, more recently, cancer. Bregs can suppress diverse cell subtypes, including T cells, through the secretion of anti-inflammatory mediators, such as IL-10, and can facilitate the conversion of T cells to regulatory T cells, thus attenuating anti-tumor immune responses. Similar B-cell subpopulations have been reported to be recruited to the tumor but to acquire their immunosuppressive properties within the tumor bed and thereby attenuate anti-tumor immune responses. However, despite a pivotal role for Bregs in promoting inflammation and carcinogenesis, the phenotypic diversity of the cell surface markers that are unique to Bregs remains unclear in mice and humans. In this review, we summarize the characteristics of Bregs and review our current knowledge of Bregs and their inhibition of anti-tumor immune responses in murine tumor models and cancer patients.
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Svensson MC, Warfvinge CF, Fristedt R, Hedner C, Borg D, Eberhard J, Micke P, Nodin B, Leandersson K, Jirström K. The integrative clinical impact of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes and NK cells in relation to B lymphocyte and plasma cell density in esophageal and gastric adenocarcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:72108-72126. [PMID: 29069772 PMCID: PMC5641115 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several studies have demonstrated a prognostic impact of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells in esophageal and gastric adenocarcinoma, but whether these associations differ by the density of tumor-infiltrating immune cells of the B cell lineage remains largely unknown. Results High infiltration of any T and NK lymphocytes investigated was in general associated with a favorable prognosis, but the strongest beneficial prognostic impact was seen in combination with high B lymphocyte infiltration. These findings were most evident in gastric cancer, where significant interactions in relation to OS were observed for CD3+, CD8+ and FoxP3+ with CD20+ cells (pinteraction =0.012, 0.009 and 0.007, respectively) and for FoxP3+ with IGKC+ cells (pinteraction =0.034). In esophageal tumors, there was only a significant interaction for CD3+ and CD20 + cells (pinteraction =0.028). Methods Immunohistochemistry and automated image analysis was applied to assess the density of T lymphocytes (CD3+, CD8+, FoxP3+) and NK cells (NKp46+) in chemoradiotherapy-naïve tumors from a consecutive cohort of 174 patients with resected esophageal or gastric adenocarcinoma. The density of B lymphocytes (CD20+) and plasma cells (IGKC+) had been assessed previously. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazard's modelling was applied to examine the impact of the investigated markers on time to recurrence (TTR) and overall survival (OS). Conclusions These data support that the antitumoral effects of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes in esophageal and gastric adenocarcinoma may be largely dependent on a functional interplay between T and B lymphocytes or plasma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Svensson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Carl Fredrik Warfvinge
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Richard Fristedt
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Charlotta Hedner
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - David Borg
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jakob Eberhard
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Patrick Micke
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Björn Nodin
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Leandersson
- Cancer Immunology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Karin Jirström
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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53
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Nagarsheth N, Wicha MS, Zou W. Chemokines in the cancer microenvironment and their relevance in cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Immunol 2017; 17:559-572. [PMID: 28555670 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2017.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1320] [Impact Index Per Article: 188.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The tumour microenvironment is the primary location in which tumour cells and the host immune system interact. Different immune cell subsets are recruited into the tumour microenvironment via interactions between chemokines and chemokine receptors, and these populations have distinct effects on tumour progression and therapeutic outcomes. In this Review, we focus on the main chemokines that are found in the human tumour microenvironment; we elaborate on their patterns of expression, their regulation and their roles in immune cell recruitment and in cancer and stromal cell biology, and we consider how they affect cancer immunity and tumorigenesis. We also discuss the potential of targeting chemokine networks, in combination with other immunotherapies, for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Nagarsheth
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.,Graduate Programs in Immunology and Tumour Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Max S Wicha
- Graduate Programs in Immunology and Tumour Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1150 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.,The University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Weiping Zou
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.,Graduate Programs in Immunology and Tumour Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.,The University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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van Meir H, Nout RA, Welters MJP, Loof NM, de Kam ML, van Ham JJ, Samuels S, Kenter GG, Cohen AF, Melief CJM, Burggraaf J, van Poelgeest MIE, van der Burg SH. Impact of (chemo)radiotherapy on immune cell composition and function in cervical cancer patients. Oncoimmunology 2016; 6:e1267095. [PMID: 28344877 PMCID: PMC5353924 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1267095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
New treatments based on combinations of standard therapeutic modalities and immunotherapy are of potential use, but require a profound understanding of immune modulatory properties of standard therapies. Here, the impact of standard (chemo)radiotherapy on the immune system of cervical cancer patients was evaluated. Thirty patients with cervical cancer were treated with external beam radiation therapy (EBRT), using conventional three-dimensional or intensity modulated radiation therapy without constraints for bone marrow sparing. Serial blood sampling for immunomonitoring was performed before, midway and at 3, 6 and 9 weeks after EBRT to analyze the composition of lymphocyte and myeloid-cell populations, the expression of co-stimulatory molecules, T-cell reactivity and antigen presenting cell (APC) function. Therapy significantly decreased the absolute numbers of circulating leukocytes and lymphocytes. Furthermore, the capacity of the remaining T cells to respond to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation was impaired. During treatment the frequency of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells dropped and CD4+ T cells displayed an increased expression of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1). In vitro blocking of PD-1 successfully increased T-cell reactivity in all five samples isolated before radiotherapy but was less successful in restoring reactivity in samples isolated at later time points. Moreover, (chemo)radiotherapy was associated with an increase in both circulating monocytes and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and an impaired capacity of APCs to stimulate allogeneic T cells. T-cell reactivity was slowly restored at 6–9 weeks after cessation of therapy. We conclude that conventional (chemo)radiotherapy profoundly suppresses the immune system in cervical cancer patients, and may restrict its combination with immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H van Meir
- Department of Gynecology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - R A Nout
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - M J P Welters
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - N M Loof
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - M L de Kam
- Centre for Human Drug Research , Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - J J van Ham
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - S Samuels
- Center Gynecological Oncology Amsterdam , NKI-AvL , Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - G G Kenter
- Center Gynecological Oncology Amsterdam , NKI-AvL , Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A F Cohen
- Centre for Human Drug Research , Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - J Burggraaf
- Centre for Human Drug Research , Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - M I E van Poelgeest
- Department of Gynecology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - S H van der Burg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden, the Netherlands
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55
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Fristedt R, Borg D, Hedner C, Berntsson J, Nodin B, Eberhard J, Micke P, Jirström K. Prognostic impact of tumour-associated B cells and plasma cells in oesophageal and gastric adenocarcinoma. J Gastrointest Oncol 2016; 7:848-859. [PMID: 28078109 DOI: 10.21037/jgo.2016.11.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While it is well established that the cell-mediated immune response plays an important role in cancer progression and spread, the role of the humoral immune response in this regard has been less studied. According to the existing literature, dense infiltration of B cells or plasma cells appears to correlate mainly with an improved prognosis in several types of cancer, but their prognostic impact in oesophageal and gastric cancer has not yet been described. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was applied on tissue microarrays (TMA) to assess the stromal density of B cells (CD20+) and plasma cells [CD138+ or immunoglobulin kappa C (IGKC+)] in chemo-/radiotherapy-naive tumours from a consecutive cohort of 174 patients with resected oesophageal or gastric adenocarcinoma. Cox proportional hazard's modelling was applied to examine the impact of the investigated markers on overall survival (OS) and time to recurrence (TTR). RESULTS In curatively treated patients with oesophageal adenocarcinoma, high expression of IGKC was an independent predictor of a prolonged OS [hazard ratio (HR) 0.10; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.02-0.57], and TTR (HR 0.15; 95% CI, 0.03-0.71). In curatively treated patients with gastric adenocarcinoma, high expression of IGKC independently predicted a prolonged OS (HR 0.46; 95% CI, 0.24-0.87) and TTR (HR 0.46; 95% CI, 0.21-0.98). Expression of CD20 was not prognostic, and CD138 expression was only prognostic in unadjusted analysis of TTR in gastric cancer. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate, for the first time, that abundant infiltration of IGKC+ plasma cells independently predicts a prolonged survival in both oesophageal and gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Fristedt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - David Borg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Charlotta Hedner
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jonna Berntsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Björn Nodin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jakob Eberhard
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Patrick Micke
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Jirström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
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Parrot T, Oger R, Benlalam H, Raingeard de la Blétière D, Jouand N, Coutolleau A, Preisser L, Khammari A, Dréno B, Guardiola P, Delneste Y, Labarrière N, Gervois N. CD40L confers helper functions to human intra-melanoma class-I-restricted CD4 +CD8 + double positive T cells. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1250991. [PMID: 28123891 PMCID: PMC5214764 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1250991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Although CD4+CD8+ double positive (DP) T cells represent a small fraction of peripheral T lymphocytes in healthy human donors, their frequency is often increased under pathological conditions (in blood and targeted tissues). In solid cancers such as melanoma, we previously demonstrated an enrichment of tumor reactive CD4lowCD8highαβ DP T cells among tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes of unknown function. Similarly to their single positive (SP) CD8+ counterparts, intra-melanoma DP T cells recognized melanoma cell lines in an HLA-class-I restricted context. However, they presented a poor cytotoxic activity but a strong production of diverse Th1 and Th2 cytokines. The aim of this study was to clearly define the role of intra-melanoma CD4lowCD8highαβ DP T cells in the antitumor immune response. Based on a comparative transcriptome analysis between intra-melanoma SP CD4+, SP CD8+ and DP autologous melanoma-infiltrating T-cell compartments, we evidenced an overexpression of the CD40L co-stimulatory molecule on activated DP T cells. We showed that, like SP CD4+ T cells, and through CD40L involvement, DP T cells are able to induce both proliferation and differentiation of B lymphocytes and maturation of functional DCs able to efficiently prime cytotoxic melanoma-specific CD8 T-cell responses. Taken together, these results highlight the helper potential of atypical DP T cells and their role in potentiating antitumor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiphaine Parrot
- CRCNA, INSERM, CNRS, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France
| | - Romain Oger
- CRCNA, INSERM, CNRS, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France
| | - Houssem Benlalam
- CRCNA, INSERM, CNRS, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France
| | - Diane Raingeard de la Blétière
- CRCNA, INSERM, CNRS, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; SNP Transcriptome & Epigenomics Facility, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Angers, France
| | - Nicolas Jouand
- CRCNA, INSERM, CNRS, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France
| | - Anne Coutolleau
- SNP Transcriptome & Epigenomics Facility, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire , Angers, France
| | - Laurence Preisser
- CRCNA, INSERM, CNRS, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France
| | - Amir Khammari
- CRCNA, INSERM, CNRS, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France; Unit of Skin Cancer, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France
| | - Brigitte Dréno
- CRCNA, INSERM, CNRS, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France; Unit of Skin Cancer, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France; GMP Unit of Cellular Therapy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France
| | - Philippe Guardiola
- CRCNA, INSERM, CNRS, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France; SNP Transcriptome & Epigenomics Facility, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Angers, France
| | - Yves Delneste
- CRCNA, INSERM, CNRS, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France
| | - Nathalie Labarrière
- CRCNA, INSERM, CNRS, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France
| | - Nadine Gervois
- CRCNA, INSERM, CNRS, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France
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Reynders K, De Ruysscher D. Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in lung cancer: a new prognostic parameter. J Thorac Dis 2016; 8:E833-5. [PMID: 27618931 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2016.07.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kobe Reynders
- Department of Oncology, Experimental Radiation Oncology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dirk De Ruysscher
- Department of Oncology, Experimental Radiation Oncology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;; Department of Radiation Oncology, Maastro Clinic, GROW School, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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58
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Berntsson J, Nodin B, Eberhard J, Micke P, Jirström K. Prognostic impact of tumour-infiltrating B cells and plasma cells in colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 2016; 139:1129-39. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonna Berntsson
- Division of Oncology and Pathology; Department of Clinical Sciences; Lund University; SE-221 85 Lund Sweden
| | - Björn Nodin
- Division of Oncology and Pathology; Department of Clinical Sciences; Lund University; SE-221 85 Lund Sweden
| | - Jakob Eberhard
- Division of Oncology and Pathology; Department of Clinical Sciences; Lund University; SE-221 85 Lund Sweden
| | - Patrick Micke
- Department of Immunology; Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University; SE-751 85 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Karin Jirström
- Division of Oncology and Pathology; Department of Clinical Sciences; Lund University; SE-221 85 Lund Sweden
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Brambilla E, Le Teuff G, Marguet S, Lantuejoul S, Dunant A, Graziano S, Pirker R, Douillard JY, Le Chevalier T, Filipits M, Rosell R, Kratzke R, Popper H, Soria JC, Shepherd FA, Seymour L, Tsao MS. Prognostic Effect of Tumor Lymphocytic Infiltration in Resectable Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. J Clin Oncol 2016; 34:1223-30. [PMID: 26834066 PMCID: PMC4872323 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.63.0970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Tumor lymphocytic infiltration (TLI) has differing prognostic value among various cancers. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of TLI in lung cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS A discovery set (one trial, n = 824) and a validation set (three trials, n = 984) that evaluated the benefit of platinum-based adjuvant chemotherapy in non-small-cell lung cancer were used as part of the LACE-Bio (Lung Adjuvant Cisplatin Evaluation Biomarker) study. TLI was defined as intense versus nonintense. The main end point was overall survival (OS); secondary end points were disease-free survival (DFS) and specific DFS (SDFS). Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs associated with TLI were estimated through a multivariable Cox model in both sets. TLI-histology and TLI-treatment interactions were explored in the combined set. RESULTS Discovery and validation sets with complete data included 783 (409 deaths) and 763 (344 deaths) patients, respectively. Median follow-up was 4.8 and 6 years, respectively. TLI was intense in 11% of patients in the discovery set compared with 6% in the validation set (P < .001). The prognostic value of TLI in the discovery set (OS: HR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.38 to 0.81; P = .002; DFS: HR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.42 to 0.83; P = .002; SDFS: HR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.38 to 0.82; P = .003) was confirmed in the validation set (OS: HR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.23 to 0.85; P = .01; DFS: HR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.24 to 0.78; P = .005; SDFS: HR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.22 to 0.80; P = .008) with no heterogeneity across trials (P ≥ .38 for all end points). No significant predictive effect was observed for TLI (P ≥ .78 for all end points). CONCLUSION Intense lymphocytic infiltration, found in a minority of tumors, was validated as a favorable prognostic marker for survival in resected non-small-cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Brambilla
- Elisabeth Brambilla and Sylvie Lantuejoul, Institut Albert Bonniot-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U823; and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Albert Michallon, Grenoble; Gwénaël Le Teuff, Sophie Marguet, Ariane Dunant, Thierry Le Chevalier, and Jean-Charles Soria, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Gwénaël Le Teuff, Sophie Marguet, Ariane Dunant, Thierry Le Chevalier, and Jean-Charles Soria, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay; Gwénaël Le Teuff, Université Paris-Saclay, Saint-Aubin; Jean-Yves Douillard, Centre René Gauducheau Institut de Cancerologie de l'Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France; Stephen Graziano, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY; Robert Pirker and Martin Filipits, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna; Helmut Popper, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Rafael Rosell, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; Robert Kratzke, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Frances A. Shepherd and Ming Sound Tsao, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Frances A. Shepherd and Ming Sound Tsao, University of Toronto, Toronto; and Lesley Seymour, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Gwénaël Le Teuff
- Elisabeth Brambilla and Sylvie Lantuejoul, Institut Albert Bonniot-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U823; and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Albert Michallon, Grenoble; Gwénaël Le Teuff, Sophie Marguet, Ariane Dunant, Thierry Le Chevalier, and Jean-Charles Soria, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Gwénaël Le Teuff, Sophie Marguet, Ariane Dunant, Thierry Le Chevalier, and Jean-Charles Soria, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay; Gwénaël Le Teuff, Université Paris-Saclay, Saint-Aubin; Jean-Yves Douillard, Centre René Gauducheau Institut de Cancerologie de l'Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France; Stephen Graziano, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY; Robert Pirker and Martin Filipits, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna; Helmut Popper, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Rafael Rosell, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; Robert Kratzke, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Frances A. Shepherd and Ming Sound Tsao, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Frances A. Shepherd and Ming Sound Tsao, University of Toronto, Toronto; and Lesley Seymour, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sophie Marguet
- Elisabeth Brambilla and Sylvie Lantuejoul, Institut Albert Bonniot-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U823; and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Albert Michallon, Grenoble; Gwénaël Le Teuff, Sophie Marguet, Ariane Dunant, Thierry Le Chevalier, and Jean-Charles Soria, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Gwénaël Le Teuff, Sophie Marguet, Ariane Dunant, Thierry Le Chevalier, and Jean-Charles Soria, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay; Gwénaël Le Teuff, Université Paris-Saclay, Saint-Aubin; Jean-Yves Douillard, Centre René Gauducheau Institut de Cancerologie de l'Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France; Stephen Graziano, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY; Robert Pirker and Martin Filipits, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna; Helmut Popper, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Rafael Rosell, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; Robert Kratzke, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Frances A. Shepherd and Ming Sound Tsao, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Frances A. Shepherd and Ming Sound Tsao, University of Toronto, Toronto; and Lesley Seymour, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sylvie Lantuejoul
- Elisabeth Brambilla and Sylvie Lantuejoul, Institut Albert Bonniot-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U823; and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Albert Michallon, Grenoble; Gwénaël Le Teuff, Sophie Marguet, Ariane Dunant, Thierry Le Chevalier, and Jean-Charles Soria, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Gwénaël Le Teuff, Sophie Marguet, Ariane Dunant, Thierry Le Chevalier, and Jean-Charles Soria, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay; Gwénaël Le Teuff, Université Paris-Saclay, Saint-Aubin; Jean-Yves Douillard, Centre René Gauducheau Institut de Cancerologie de l'Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France; Stephen Graziano, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY; Robert Pirker and Martin Filipits, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna; Helmut Popper, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Rafael Rosell, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; Robert Kratzke, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Frances A. Shepherd and Ming Sound Tsao, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Frances A. Shepherd and Ming Sound Tsao, University of Toronto, Toronto; and Lesley Seymour, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ariane Dunant
- Elisabeth Brambilla and Sylvie Lantuejoul, Institut Albert Bonniot-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U823; and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Albert Michallon, Grenoble; Gwénaël Le Teuff, Sophie Marguet, Ariane Dunant, Thierry Le Chevalier, and Jean-Charles Soria, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Gwénaël Le Teuff, Sophie Marguet, Ariane Dunant, Thierry Le Chevalier, and Jean-Charles Soria, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay; Gwénaël Le Teuff, Université Paris-Saclay, Saint-Aubin; Jean-Yves Douillard, Centre René Gauducheau Institut de Cancerologie de l'Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France; Stephen Graziano, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY; Robert Pirker and Martin Filipits, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna; Helmut Popper, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Rafael Rosell, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; Robert Kratzke, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Frances A. Shepherd and Ming Sound Tsao, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Frances A. Shepherd and Ming Sound Tsao, University of Toronto, Toronto; and Lesley Seymour, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen Graziano
- Elisabeth Brambilla and Sylvie Lantuejoul, Institut Albert Bonniot-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U823; and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Albert Michallon, Grenoble; Gwénaël Le Teuff, Sophie Marguet, Ariane Dunant, Thierry Le Chevalier, and Jean-Charles Soria, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Gwénaël Le Teuff, Sophie Marguet, Ariane Dunant, Thierry Le Chevalier, and Jean-Charles Soria, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay; Gwénaël Le Teuff, Université Paris-Saclay, Saint-Aubin; Jean-Yves Douillard, Centre René Gauducheau Institut de Cancerologie de l'Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France; Stephen Graziano, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY; Robert Pirker and Martin Filipits, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna; Helmut Popper, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Rafael Rosell, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; Robert Kratzke, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Frances A. Shepherd and Ming Sound Tsao, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Frances A. Shepherd and Ming Sound Tsao, University of Toronto, Toronto; and Lesley Seymour, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Pirker
- Elisabeth Brambilla and Sylvie Lantuejoul, Institut Albert Bonniot-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U823; and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Albert Michallon, Grenoble; Gwénaël Le Teuff, Sophie Marguet, Ariane Dunant, Thierry Le Chevalier, and Jean-Charles Soria, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Gwénaël Le Teuff, Sophie Marguet, Ariane Dunant, Thierry Le Chevalier, and Jean-Charles Soria, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay; Gwénaël Le Teuff, Université Paris-Saclay, Saint-Aubin; Jean-Yves Douillard, Centre René Gauducheau Institut de Cancerologie de l'Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France; Stephen Graziano, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY; Robert Pirker and Martin Filipits, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna; Helmut Popper, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Rafael Rosell, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; Robert Kratzke, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Frances A. Shepherd and Ming Sound Tsao, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Frances A. Shepherd and Ming Sound Tsao, University of Toronto, Toronto; and Lesley Seymour, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean-Yves Douillard
- Elisabeth Brambilla and Sylvie Lantuejoul, Institut Albert Bonniot-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U823; and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Albert Michallon, Grenoble; Gwénaël Le Teuff, Sophie Marguet, Ariane Dunant, Thierry Le Chevalier, and Jean-Charles Soria, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Gwénaël Le Teuff, Sophie Marguet, Ariane Dunant, Thierry Le Chevalier, and Jean-Charles Soria, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay; Gwénaël Le Teuff, Université Paris-Saclay, Saint-Aubin; Jean-Yves Douillard, Centre René Gauducheau Institut de Cancerologie de l'Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France; Stephen Graziano, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY; Robert Pirker and Martin Filipits, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna; Helmut Popper, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Rafael Rosell, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; Robert Kratzke, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Frances A. Shepherd and Ming Sound Tsao, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Frances A. Shepherd and Ming Sound Tsao, University of Toronto, Toronto; and Lesley Seymour, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thierry Le Chevalier
- Elisabeth Brambilla and Sylvie Lantuejoul, Institut Albert Bonniot-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U823; and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Albert Michallon, Grenoble; Gwénaël Le Teuff, Sophie Marguet, Ariane Dunant, Thierry Le Chevalier, and Jean-Charles Soria, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Gwénaël Le Teuff, Sophie Marguet, Ariane Dunant, Thierry Le Chevalier, and Jean-Charles Soria, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay; Gwénaël Le Teuff, Université Paris-Saclay, Saint-Aubin; Jean-Yves Douillard, Centre René Gauducheau Institut de Cancerologie de l'Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France; Stephen Graziano, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY; Robert Pirker and Martin Filipits, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna; Helmut Popper, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Rafael Rosell, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; Robert Kratzke, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Frances A. Shepherd and Ming Sound Tsao, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Frances A. Shepherd and Ming Sound Tsao, University of Toronto, Toronto; and Lesley Seymour, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin Filipits
- Elisabeth Brambilla and Sylvie Lantuejoul, Institut Albert Bonniot-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U823; and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Albert Michallon, Grenoble; Gwénaël Le Teuff, Sophie Marguet, Ariane Dunant, Thierry Le Chevalier, and Jean-Charles Soria, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Gwénaël Le Teuff, Sophie Marguet, Ariane Dunant, Thierry Le Chevalier, and Jean-Charles Soria, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay; Gwénaël Le Teuff, Université Paris-Saclay, Saint-Aubin; Jean-Yves Douillard, Centre René Gauducheau Institut de Cancerologie de l'Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France; Stephen Graziano, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY; Robert Pirker and Martin Filipits, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna; Helmut Popper, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Rafael Rosell, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; Robert Kratzke, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Frances A. Shepherd and Ming Sound Tsao, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Frances A. Shepherd and Ming Sound Tsao, University of Toronto, Toronto; and Lesley Seymour, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rafael Rosell
- Elisabeth Brambilla and Sylvie Lantuejoul, Institut Albert Bonniot-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U823; and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Albert Michallon, Grenoble; Gwénaël Le Teuff, Sophie Marguet, Ariane Dunant, Thierry Le Chevalier, and Jean-Charles Soria, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Gwénaël Le Teuff, Sophie Marguet, Ariane Dunant, Thierry Le Chevalier, and Jean-Charles Soria, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay; Gwénaël Le Teuff, Université Paris-Saclay, Saint-Aubin; Jean-Yves Douillard, Centre René Gauducheau Institut de Cancerologie de l'Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France; Stephen Graziano, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY; Robert Pirker and Martin Filipits, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna; Helmut Popper, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Rafael Rosell, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; Robert Kratzke, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Frances A. Shepherd and Ming Sound Tsao, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Frances A. Shepherd and Ming Sound Tsao, University of Toronto, Toronto; and Lesley Seymour, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Kratzke
- Elisabeth Brambilla and Sylvie Lantuejoul, Institut Albert Bonniot-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U823; and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Albert Michallon, Grenoble; Gwénaël Le Teuff, Sophie Marguet, Ariane Dunant, Thierry Le Chevalier, and Jean-Charles Soria, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Gwénaël Le Teuff, Sophie Marguet, Ariane Dunant, Thierry Le Chevalier, and Jean-Charles Soria, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay; Gwénaël Le Teuff, Université Paris-Saclay, Saint-Aubin; Jean-Yves Douillard, Centre René Gauducheau Institut de Cancerologie de l'Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France; Stephen Graziano, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY; Robert Pirker and Martin Filipits, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna; Helmut Popper, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Rafael Rosell, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; Robert Kratzke, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Frances A. Shepherd and Ming Sound Tsao, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Frances A. Shepherd and Ming Sound Tsao, University of Toronto, Toronto; and Lesley Seymour, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Helmut Popper
- Elisabeth Brambilla and Sylvie Lantuejoul, Institut Albert Bonniot-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U823; and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Albert Michallon, Grenoble; Gwénaël Le Teuff, Sophie Marguet, Ariane Dunant, Thierry Le Chevalier, and Jean-Charles Soria, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Gwénaël Le Teuff, Sophie Marguet, Ariane Dunant, Thierry Le Chevalier, and Jean-Charles Soria, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay; Gwénaël Le Teuff, Université Paris-Saclay, Saint-Aubin; Jean-Yves Douillard, Centre René Gauducheau Institut de Cancerologie de l'Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France; Stephen Graziano, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY; Robert Pirker and Martin Filipits, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna; Helmut Popper, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Rafael Rosell, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; Robert Kratzke, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Frances A. Shepherd and Ming Sound Tsao, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Frances A. Shepherd and Ming Sound Tsao, University of Toronto, Toronto; and Lesley Seymour, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean-Charles Soria
- Elisabeth Brambilla and Sylvie Lantuejoul, Institut Albert Bonniot-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U823; and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Albert Michallon, Grenoble; Gwénaël Le Teuff, Sophie Marguet, Ariane Dunant, Thierry Le Chevalier, and Jean-Charles Soria, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Gwénaël Le Teuff, Sophie Marguet, Ariane Dunant, Thierry Le Chevalier, and Jean-Charles Soria, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay; Gwénaël Le Teuff, Université Paris-Saclay, Saint-Aubin; Jean-Yves Douillard, Centre René Gauducheau Institut de Cancerologie de l'Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France; Stephen Graziano, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY; Robert Pirker and Martin Filipits, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna; Helmut Popper, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Rafael Rosell, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; Robert Kratzke, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Frances A. Shepherd and Ming Sound Tsao, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Frances A. Shepherd and Ming Sound Tsao, University of Toronto, Toronto; and Lesley Seymour, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frances A Shepherd
- Elisabeth Brambilla and Sylvie Lantuejoul, Institut Albert Bonniot-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U823; and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Albert Michallon, Grenoble; Gwénaël Le Teuff, Sophie Marguet, Ariane Dunant, Thierry Le Chevalier, and Jean-Charles Soria, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Gwénaël Le Teuff, Sophie Marguet, Ariane Dunant, Thierry Le Chevalier, and Jean-Charles Soria, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay; Gwénaël Le Teuff, Université Paris-Saclay, Saint-Aubin; Jean-Yves Douillard, Centre René Gauducheau Institut de Cancerologie de l'Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France; Stephen Graziano, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY; Robert Pirker and Martin Filipits, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna; Helmut Popper, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Rafael Rosell, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; Robert Kratzke, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Frances A. Shepherd and Ming Sound Tsao, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Frances A. Shepherd and Ming Sound Tsao, University of Toronto, Toronto; and Lesley Seymour, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lesley Seymour
- Elisabeth Brambilla and Sylvie Lantuejoul, Institut Albert Bonniot-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U823; and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Albert Michallon, Grenoble; Gwénaël Le Teuff, Sophie Marguet, Ariane Dunant, Thierry Le Chevalier, and Jean-Charles Soria, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Gwénaël Le Teuff, Sophie Marguet, Ariane Dunant, Thierry Le Chevalier, and Jean-Charles Soria, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay; Gwénaël Le Teuff, Université Paris-Saclay, Saint-Aubin; Jean-Yves Douillard, Centre René Gauducheau Institut de Cancerologie de l'Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France; Stephen Graziano, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY; Robert Pirker and Martin Filipits, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna; Helmut Popper, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Rafael Rosell, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; Robert Kratzke, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Frances A. Shepherd and Ming Sound Tsao, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Frances A. Shepherd and Ming Sound Tsao, University of Toronto, Toronto; and Lesley Seymour, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ming Sound Tsao
- Elisabeth Brambilla and Sylvie Lantuejoul, Institut Albert Bonniot-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U823; and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Albert Michallon, Grenoble; Gwénaël Le Teuff, Sophie Marguet, Ariane Dunant, Thierry Le Chevalier, and Jean-Charles Soria, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Gwénaël Le Teuff, Sophie Marguet, Ariane Dunant, Thierry Le Chevalier, and Jean-Charles Soria, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay; Gwénaël Le Teuff, Université Paris-Saclay, Saint-Aubin; Jean-Yves Douillard, Centre René Gauducheau Institut de Cancerologie de l'Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France; Stephen Graziano, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY; Robert Pirker and Martin Filipits, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna; Helmut Popper, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Rafael Rosell, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; Robert Kratzke, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Frances A. Shepherd and Ming Sound Tsao, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Frances A. Shepherd and Ming Sound Tsao, University of Toronto, Toronto; and Lesley Seymour, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Zhang Y, Gallastegui N, Rosenblatt JD. Regulatory B cells in anti-tumor immunity. Int Immunol 2015; 27:521-30. [PMID: 25999597 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxv034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in understanding of the immune microenvironment have highlighted the role of immunosuppressive T cell, myeloid, dendritic and monocytic sub-populations in inhibition of the anti-tumor immune response. The role of B cells in modulating the immune response to solid tumors as well as lymphoid malignancies is less well understood. Murine models of autoimmune disease have defined B regulatory cell (Breg) subsets with immune suppressive activity, including B cell subsets that express IL-10, and transforming growth factor-β, which can facilitate T regulatory cell recruitment and expansion. Multiple murine tumor models point to the existence of similar immune suppressive B cell sub-populations that can migrate into tumor deposits and acquire an immune suppressive phenotype, which then leads to attenuation of the local anti-tumor immune response. Other murine models of viral or chemically induced skin carcinogenesis have identified a pivotal role for B cells in promoting inflammation and carcinogenesis. While many human solid tumors demonstrate significant B cell infiltration and/or tertiary lymphoid structure formation, the functional properties of tumor-infiltrating B cells and their effects on immunity are poorly understood. Recent successes in early Phase I/II trials using anti-checkpoint inhibitor antibodies such as nivolumab or pidilizumab directed against PD-1 in the setting of Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas validate the therapeutic utility of reversing B cell-mediated immune suppression. Further studies to define Breg subsets, and mechanisms of suppression, may provide new avenues for modulation of the immune response and meaningful therapeutic intervention in both lymphoid and solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Nicolas Gallastegui
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Joseph D Rosenblatt
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Siliņa K, Rulle U, Kalniņa Z, Linē A. Manipulation of tumour-infiltrating B cells and tertiary lymphoid structures: a novel anti-cancer treatment avenue? Cancer Immunol Immunother 2014; 63:643-62. [PMID: 24695950 PMCID: PMC11029173 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-014-1544-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Combining different standard therapies with immunotherapy for the treatment of solid tumours has proven to yield a greater clinical benefit than when each is applied separately; however, the percentage of complete responses is still far from optimal, and there is an urgent need for improved treatment modalities. The latest literature data suggest that tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS), previously shown to correlate with the severity of autoimmune diseases or transplant rejection, are also formed in tumours, have a significant beneficial effect on survival and might reflect the generation of an effective immune response in close proximity to the tumour. Thus, the facilitation of TLS formation in tumour stroma could provide novel means to improve the efficiency of immunotherapy and other standard therapies. However, little is known about the mechanisms regulating the formation of tumour-associated TLS. Studies of chronic inflammatory diseases and transplant rejection have demonstrated that TLS formation and/or function requires the presence of B cells. Additionally, the infiltration of B cells into the tumour stroma has been demonstrated to be a significant prognostic factor for improved survival in different human tumours. This suggests that B cells could play a beneficial role in anti-tumour immune response not only in the context of antibody production, antigen presentation and Th1-promoting cytokine production, but also TLS formation. This review focuses on the latest discoveries in tumour-infiltrating B cell functions, their role in TLS formation and relevance in human tumour control, revealing novel opportunities to improve cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karīna Siliņa
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites 1, Riga, 1067, Latvia,
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Rho JH, Lampe PD. High-Throughput Analysis of Plasma Hybrid Markers for Early Detection of Cancers. Proteomes 2014; 2:1-17. [PMID: 28250367 PMCID: PMC5302729 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes2010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers for the early detection of cancer in the general population have to perform with high sensitivity and specificity in order to prevent the costs associated with over-diagnosis. There are only a few current tissue or blood markers that are recommended for generalized cancer screening. Despite the recognition that combinations of multiple biomarkers will likely improve their utility, biomarker panels are usually limited to a single class of molecules. Tissues and body fluids including plasma and serum contain not only proteins, DNA and microRNAs that are differentially expressed in cancers but further cancer specific information might be gleaned by comparing different classes of biomolecules. For example, the level of a certain microRNA might be related to the level of a particular protein in a cancer specific manner. Proteins might have cancer-specific post-translational modifications (e.g., phosphorylation or glycosylation) or lead to the generation of autoantibodies. Most currently approved biomarkers are glycoproteins. Autoantibodies can be produced as a host's early surveillance response to cancer-specific proteins in pre-symptomatic and pre-diagnostic stages of cancer. Thus, measurement of the level of a protein, the level of its glycosylation or phosphorylation and whether autoantibodies are produced to it can yield multi-dimensional information on each protein. We consider specific proteins that show consistent cancer-specific changes in two or three of these measurements to be "hybrid markers". We hypothesize these markers will suffer less variation between different individuals since one component can act to "standardize" the other measurement. As a proof of principle, a 180 plasma sample set consisting of 120 cases (60 colon cancers and 60 adenomas) and 60 controls were analyzed using our high-density antibody array for changes in their protein, IgG-complex and sialyl-Lewis A (SLeA) modified proteins. At p < 0.05, expression changes in 1,070 proteins, 49 IgG-complexes (11 present in the protein list) and 488 Lewis X-modified proteins (57 on the protein list) were observed. The biomarkers significant on both lists are potential hybrid markers. Thus, plasma hybrid markers have the potential to create a new class of early detection markers of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hyun Rho
- Translational Research Program, Human Biology and Public Health Sciences Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Paul D Lampe
- Translational Research Program, Human Biology and Public Health Sciences Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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Shi JY, Gao Q, Wang ZC, Zhou J, Wang XY, Min ZH, Shi YH, Shi GM, Ding ZB, Ke AW, Dai Z, Qiu SJ, Song K, Fan J. Margin-infiltrating CD20(+) B cells display an atypical memory phenotype and correlate with favorable prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:5994-6005. [PMID: 24056784 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-3497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The role of infiltrating B cells in hepatocellular carcinoma has been overlooked for many years. This study is aimed to delineate the distribution, prognostic value, and functional status of B cells in human hepatocellular carcinoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Immunohistochemistry was used to investigate the distribution and clinical significance of infiltrating CD20(+) B cells in a series of 120 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. The results were further tested in an independent series of 200 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. The functional status of CD20(+) B cells was determined by flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and in vitro coculture assay. RESULTS Infiltrating CD20(+) B cells were predominantly concentrated in the tumor invasive margin, compared with the peri- and intratumor areas. High density of margin-infiltrating B lymphocytes (MIL-B) positively correlated with small tumor size, absence of vascular invasion, and increased density of CD8(+) T cells (P < 0.05). Survival analyses revealed that increased number of MIL-Bs and their penetration through the tumor capsule were significantly associated with improved overall and recurrence-free survival, and were identified as independent prognosticators for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (P < 0.05). Importantly, the results were further validated in another independent hepatocellular carcinoma cohort. Moreover, we found that MIL-Bs featured an atypical memory phenotype (IgD(-)IgG(+)CD27(-)CD38(-)), expressed surface markers characteristic of antigen-presenting cells, possessed tumor-killing potential by producing IFN-γ, interleukin 12p40 (IL-12p40), granzyme B, and TRAIL, and acted in cooperation with CD8(+) T cells. CONCLUSIONS The profile of CD20(+) B cells in situ is a new predictor of prognosis for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and provides a novel target for an optimal immunotherapy against this fatal malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Yi Shi
- Authors' Affiliations: Liver Cancer Institute and Biomedical Research Center, Zhongshan Hospital; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
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Liao Y, Ou J, Deng J, Geng P, Zeng R, Tian Y, Liang H, Ni B, Ruan Z. Clinical implications of the tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte subsets in colorectal cancer. Med Oncol 2013; 30:727. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-013-0727-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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de Vos van Steenwijk PJ, Ramwadhdoebe TH, Goedemans R, Doorduijn EM, van Ham JJ, Gorter A, van Hall T, Kuijjer ML, van Poelgeest MIE, van der Burg SH, Jordanova ES. Tumor-infiltrating CD14-positive myeloid cells and CD8-positive T-cells prolong survival in patients with cervical carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:2884-94. [PMID: 23740735 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of cancer is the influx of myeloid cells. In our study, we investigated the constitution of tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells and their relationship to other tumor-infiltrating immune cells, tumor characteristics and the disease-specific survival of patients with cervical cancer (CxCa). Triple-color immunofluorescence confocal microscopy was used to locate, identify and quantify macrophages (CD14), their maturation status (CD33) and their polarization (CD163) in a cohort of 86 patients with cervical carcinoma. Quantification of the numbers of myeloid cells revealed that a strong intraepithelial infiltration of CD14+ cells, and more specifically the population of CD14+CD33-CD163- matured M1 macrophages, is associated with a large influx of intraepithelial T lymphocytes (p = 0.008), improved disease-specific survival (p = 0.007) and forms an independent prognostic factor for survival (p = 0.033). The intraepithelial CD8+ T-cell and regulatory T-cell (Treg) ratio also forms an independent prognostic factor (p = 0.010) and combination of these two factors reveals a further increased benefit in survival for patients whose tumor displays a dense infiltration with intraepithelial matured M1 macrophages and a high CD8 T-cell/Treg ratio, indicating that both populations of immune cells simultaneously improve survival. Subsequently, we made a heatmap including all known immune parameters for these patients, whereby we were able to identify different immune signatures in CxCa. These results indicate that reinforcement and activation of the intratumoral M1 macrophages may form an attractive immunotherapeutic option in CxCa.
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Gadducci A, Guerrieri ME, Greco C. Tissue biomarkers as prognostic variables of cervical cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2012; 86:104-29. [PMID: 23031678 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The most important prognostic variables of cervical carcinoma are FIGO stage, lymph node status and clinical-pathological features of primary tumor. Recently, there has been increasing interest in the identification of biomarkers able to predict both response to treatment and survival. The aim of this review is to critically evaluate current published evidence on the ability of various tissue biomarkers to predict the clinical outcome of patients with cervical carcinoma. In particular, the paper takes into account DNA content, cell-cycle and apoptosis-regulatory proteins, epidermal growth factor receptor [EGFR], vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF], cyclooxygenase [COX]-2, signal transducer and activator of transcription [Stat]3, human papilloma virus [HPV] status, tumor hypoxia, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes [TIL], microarray technology and microRNA (miRNA). The presence of HPV-18 genotype and an elevated VEGF expression appear to be poor prognostic factors in women with early disease treated with primary surgery, whereas the expression of EGFR, VEGF, COX-2 and tumor hypoxia may have a major impact on the survival of patients treated with definitive radiotherapy or chemoradiation. The data supporting the reliability of ΔNp73 and TAp73α as novel biomarkers of response to radiotherapy are interesting but still limited. DNA microarray technology could offer new laboratory tools for a rationale planning of treatment strategy, and miRNAs might represent new candidate targets to be investigated for both prognostic and therapeutic purposes. Moreover, the assessment of different types of TIL and their ligands in tumor biopsies could enable the identification of a subset of high-risk patients, paving the way to novel immune therapies aimed at blocking T-reg cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angiolo Gadducci
- Department of Procreative Medicine, Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Pisa, Italy.
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Nielsen JS, Sahota RA, Milne K, Kost SE, Nesslinger NJ, Watson PH, Nelson BH. CD20+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes have an atypical CD27- memory phenotype and together with CD8+ T cells promote favorable prognosis in ovarian cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:3281-92. [PMID: 22553348 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), in particular CD8(+) T cells and CD20(+) B cells, are strongly associated with survival in ovarian cancer and other carcinomas. Although CD8(+) TIL can mediate direct cytolytic activity against tumors, the role of CD20(+) TIL is poorly understood. Here, we investigate the possible contributions of CD20(+) TIL to humoral and cellular tumor immunity. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Tumor and serum specimens were obtained from patients with high-grade serous ovarian cancer. CD8(+) and CD20(+) TIL were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Immunoglobulin molecules were evaluated by DNA sequencing. Serum autoantibody responses to the tumor antigens p53 and NY-ESO-1 were measured by ELISA. RESULTS The vast majority of CD20(+) TIL were antigen experienced, as evidenced by class-switching, somatic hypermutation, and oligoclonality, yet they failed to express the canonical memory marker CD27. CD20(+) TIL showed no correlation with serum autoantibodies to p53 or NY-ESO-1. Instead, they colocalized with activated CD8(+) TIL and expressed markers of antigen presentation, including MHC class I, MHC class II, CD40, CD80, and CD86. The presence of both CD20(+) and CD8(+) TIL correlated with increased patient survival compared with CD8(+) TIL alone. CONCLUSIONS In high-grade serous ovarian tumors, CD20(+) TIL have an antigen-experienced but atypical CD27(-) memory B-cell phenotype. They are uncoupled from serum autoantibodies, express markers of antigen-presenting cells, and colocalize with CD8(+) T cells. We propose that the association between CD20(+) TIL and patient survival may reflect a supportive role in cytolytic immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie S Nielsen
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
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Sasada T, Suekane S. Variation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in human cancers: controversy on clinical significance. Immunotherapy 2012; 3:1235-51. [PMID: 21995574 DOI: 10.2217/imt.11.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors develop and progress under the influence of a microenvironment comprising a variety of immune cell subsets and their products. Recent studies have shown that tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are not randomly distributed, but organized to accumulate more or less densely in different regions within tumors, and interact with each other. Substantial evidence has suggested that not only CD8(+) and/or CD4(+) αβ T cells but also other lymphocyte subsets, including γδ T cells, B cells, NK cells, and NKT cells, infiltrate tumor tissues in variable quantities and play a key role in the regulation of antitumor immunity. In this article, we summarize available information regarding the diversity and composition of TILs, which may positively or negatively affect tumor growth and patient clinical outcomes. The clinical significance of TILs in human cancers remains unclear and is a subject of considerable controversy; largely due to the lack of functional data for TILs, as well as due to enormous variability of TILs in different tumors. A great deal more functional data about TILs needs to be obtained for individual tumors before TILs can be considered as a prognostic parameter in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Sasada
- Department of Immunology & Immunotherapy, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan.
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69
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Heusinkveld M, de Vos van Steenwijk PJ, Goedemans R, Ramwadhdoebe TH, Gorter A, Welters MJP, van Hall T, van der Burg SH. M2 Macrophages Induced by Prostaglandin E2and IL-6 from Cervical Carcinoma Are Switched to Activated M1 Macrophages by CD4+Th1 Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:1157-65. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Nelson BH. CD20+ B cells: the other tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:4977-82. [PMID: 20962266 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating CD8(+) T cells are strongly associated with patient survival in a wide variety of human cancers. Less is known about tumor-infiltrating CD20(+) B cells, which often colocalize with T cells, sometimes forming organized lymphoid structures. In autoimmunity and organ transplantation, T cells and B cells collaborate to generate potent, unrelenting immune responses that can result in extensive tissue damage and organ rejection. In these settings, B cells enhance T cell responses by producing Abs, stimulatory cytokines, and chemokines, serving as local APCs, and organizing the formation of tertiary lymphoid structures that sustain long-term immunity. Thus, B cells are an important component of immunological circuits associated with persistent, rampant tissue destruction. Engagement of tumor-reactive B cells may be an important condition for generating potent, long-term T cell responses against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad H Nelson
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
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71
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Koos D, Josephs SF, Alexandrescu DT, Chan RCF, Ramos F, Bogin V, Gammill V, Dasanu CA, De Necochea-Campion R, Riordan NH, Carrier E. Tumor vaccines in 2010: need for integration. Cell Immunol 2010; 263:138-47. [PMID: 20434139 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2010.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Induction of tumor-specific immunity is an attractive approach to cancer therapy, however to date every major pivotal trial has resulted in failure. While the phenomena of tumor-mediated immune suppression has been known for decades, only recently have specific molecular pathways been elucidated, and for the first time, rationale means of intervening and observing results of intervention have been developed. In this review we describe major advances in our understanding of tumor escape from immunological pressure and provide some possible therapeutic scenarios for enhancement of efficacy in future cancer vaccine trials.
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Inaba T, Ino K, Kajiyama H, Shibata K, Yamamoto E, Kondo S, Umezu T, Nawa A, Takikawa O, Kikkawa F. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase expression predicts impaired survival of invasive cervical cancer patients treated with radical hysterectomy. Gynecol Oncol 2010; 117:423-8. [PMID: 20350764 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2010.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a tryptophan-catabolizing enzyme that induces tolerance to host immune surveillance within the tumor microenvironment. The present study aimed to investigate IDO expression and its prognostic significance in invasive cervical cancer. METHODS Immunohistochemical expression of IDO in tumor tissues and its association with clinicopathological factors and survival were analyzed in 112 stage IB-IIB cervical cancer patients treated with radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. RESULTS IDO was diffusely expressed in tumor cells in 29 (26%) cases and focally expressed at the invasive front in 29 (26%) cases, while the other 54 (48%) cases were IDO-negative. IDO expression was positively correlated with clinical stage, lymph node metastasis, and lymph-vascular space invasion, but not with histological type. Patients with diffuse IDO expression had significantly reduced overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) compared to patients with no IDO expression. The 5-year OS/DFS rates for the IDO-negative, focally positive, and diffusely positive groups were 92.3%/84.9%, 89.5%/75.8%, and 65.5%/51.7%, respectively. When we analyzed patients with stage IB disease alone (n=67), the OS and DFS for the IDO-diffusely positive group were significantly lower than those for the IDO-negative group. In multivariate analysis, diffuse IDO expression was found to be an independent prognostic factor for impaired OS and DFS. CONCLUSIONS Diffuse expression of IDO in the tumor obtained from Stage IB-IIB cervical cancer patients who underwent radical hysterectomy was correlated with an unfavorable clinical outcome. These findings suggest that IDO may be a novel post-operative prognostic indicator for stage IB-IIB cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Inaba
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Krockenberger M, Engel JB, Kolb J, Dombrowsky Y, Häusler SFM, Kohrenhagen N, Dietl J, Wischhusen J, Honig A. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor expression in cervical cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2009; 136:651-7. [PMID: 19915866 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-009-0702-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The glycoprotein macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a cytokine that has been shown to promote tumor progression and tumor immune escape in ovarian cancer. The present study investigates MIF in uterine cervical cancer. METHODS Eighty surgical biopsies (32 cervical dysplasias, 23 in situ carcinomas and 25 invasive carcinomas) of uterine cervical tissue were evaluated immunohistochemically for MIF expression. In uterine cervical cancer cell lines SiHa and CaSki and their respective supernatants, MIF protein expression was analyzed by Western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS Immunohistochemical analysis shows that MIF is clearly overexpressed on the protein level in invasive cervical cancer compared to cervical dysplasias. MIF overexpression was confirmed by RT-PCR in surgical biopsies of invasive cervical cancer. Western blotting reveals that the MIF protein is overexpressed in SiHA und CaSki cervical cancer cell lines, whereas the ELISA reveals that cervical cancer cells secrete MIF. CONCLUSIONS MIF has been shown to promote tumor immune escape mechanisms in other cancer entities, which makes it an interesting target for cancer therapy, given the known significance of immune mechanisms for uterine cervical cancer. The overexpression of MIF on the protein and mRNA level, as well as its secretion by cervical cancer cells points to a critical role of the protein for the pathogenesis of uterine cervical cancer.
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Milne K, Köbel M, Kalloger SE, Barnes RO, Gao D, Gilks CB, Watson PH, Nelson BH. Systematic analysis of immune infiltrates in high-grade serous ovarian cancer reveals CD20, FoxP3 and TIA-1 as positive prognostic factors. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6412. [PMID: 19641607 PMCID: PMC2712762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor-infiltrating T cells are associated with survival in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), but their functional status is poorly understood, especially relative to the different risk categories and histological subtypes of EOC. Methodology/Principal Findings Tissue microarrays containing high-grade serous, endometrioid, mucinous and clear cell tumors were analyzed immunohistochemically for the presence of lymphocytes, dendritic cells, neutrophils, macrophages, MHC class I and II, and various markers of activation and inflammation. In high-grade serous tumors from optimally debulked patients, positive associations were seen between intraepithelial cells expressing CD3, CD4, CD8, CD45RO, CD25, TIA-1, Granzyme B, FoxP3, CD20, and CD68, as well as expression of MHC class I and II by tumor cells. Disease-specific survival was positively associated with the markers CD8, CD3, FoxP3, TIA-1, CD20, MHC class I and class II. In other histological subtypes, immune infiltrates were less prevalent, and the only markers associated with survival were MHC class II (positive association in endometrioid cases) and myeloperoxidase (negative association in clear cell cases). Conclusions/Significance Host immune responses to EOC vary widely according to histological subtype and the extent of residual disease. TIA-1, FoxP3 and CD20 emerge as new positive prognostic factors in high-grade serous EOC from optimally debulked patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy Milne
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin Köbel
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Steven E. Kalloger
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rebecca O. Barnes
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dongxia Gao
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - C. Blake Gilks
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Peter H. Watson
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brad H. Nelson
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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