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Mammalian proteasome subtypes: Their diversity in structure and function. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 591:132-40. [PMID: 26724758 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The 20S proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase catalysing the degradation of the majority of intracellular proteins. Thereby it is involved in almost all basic cellular processes, which is facilitated by its association with various regulator complexes so that it appears in different disguises like 26S proteasome, hybrid-proteasome and others. The 20S proteasome has a cylindrical structure built up by four stacked rings composed of α- and β-subunits. Since the three active site-containing β-subunits can all or in part be replaced by immuno-subunits, three main subpopulations exist, namely standard-, immuno- and intermediate-proteasomes. Due to posttranslational modifications or/and genetic variations all α- and β-subunits occur in multiple iso- or proteoforms. This leads to the fact that each of the three subpopulations is composed of a variety of 20S proteasome subtypes. This review summarizes the knowledge of proteasome subtypes in mammalian cells and tissues and their possible biological and medical relevancy.
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52
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Zhang H, Wang X. Priming the proteasome by protein kinase G: a novel cardioprotective mechanism of sildenafil. Future Cardiol 2015; 11:177-89. [PMID: 25760877 DOI: 10.2217/fca.15.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteasome mediates the degradation of most cellular proteins including misfolded proteins, pivotal to intracellular protein hemostasis. Proteasome functional insufficiency is implicated in a large subset of human failing hearts. Experimental studies have established proteasome functional insufficiency as a major pathogenic factor, rationalizing proteasome enhancement as a potentially new therapeutic strategy for congestive heart failure. Protein kinase G activation known to be cardioprotective was recently found to facilitate proteasomal degradation of misfolded proteins in cardiomyocytes; sildenafil was shown to activate myocardial protein kinase G, improve cardiac protein quality control and slow down the progression of cardiac proteinopathy in mice. This identifies the first clinically used drug that is capable of benign proteasome enhancement and unveils a potentially novel cardioprotective mechanism for sildenafil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanming Zhang
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
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53
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Gomes AV, Kazmierczak K, Cheah JX, Gilda JE, Yuan CC, Zhou Z, Szczesna-Cordary D. Proteomic analysis of physiological versus pathological cardiac remodeling in animal models expressing mutations in myosin essential light chains. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2015; 36:447-61. [PMID: 26668058 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-015-9434-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study we aimed to provide an in-depth proteomic analysis of differentially expressed proteins in the hearts of transgenic mouse models of pathological and physiological cardiac hypertrophy using tandem mass tag labeling and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The Δ43 mouse model, expressing the 43-amino-acid N-terminally truncated myosin essential light chain (ELC) served as a tool to study the mechanisms of physiological cardiac remodeling, while the pathological hypertrophy was investigated in A57G (Alanine 57 → Glycine) ELC mice. The results showed that 30 proteins were differentially expressed in Δ43 versus A57G hearts as determined by multiple pair comparisons of the mutant versus wild-type (WT) samples with P < 0.05. The A57G hearts showed differential expression of nine mitochondrial proteins involved in metabolic processes compared to four proteins for ∆43 hearts when both mutants were compared to WT hearts. Comparisons between ∆43 and A57G hearts showed an upregulation of three metabolically important mitochondrial proteins but downregulation of nine proteins in ∆43 hearts. The physiological model of cardiac hypertrophy (∆43) showed no changes in the levels of Ca(2+)-binding proteins relative to WT, while the pathologic model (A57G) showed the upregulation of three Ca(2+)-binding proteins, including sarcalumenin. Unique differences in chaperone and fatty acid metabolism proteins were also observed in Δ43 versus A57G hearts. The proteomics data support the results from functional studies performed previously on both animal models of cardiac hypertrophy and suggest that the A57G- and not ∆43- mediated alterations in fatty acid metabolism and Ca(2+) homeostasis may contribute to pathological cardiac remodeling in A57G hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldrin V Gomes
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Katarzyna Kazmierczak
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Jenice X Cheah
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jennifer E Gilda
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Chen-Ching Yuan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Zhiqun Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Danuta Szczesna-Cordary
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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54
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Yao C, Behring JB, Shao D, Sverdlov AL, Whelan SA, Elezaby A, Yin X, Siwik DA, Seta F, Costello CE, Cohen RA, Matsui R, Colucci WS, McComb ME, Bachschmid MM. Overexpression of Catalase Diminishes Oxidative Cysteine Modifications of Cardiac Proteins. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144025. [PMID: 26642319 PMCID: PMC4671598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive protein cysteine thiolates are instrumental in redox regulation. Oxidants, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), react with thiolates to form oxidative post-translational modifications, enabling physiological redox signaling. Cardiac disease and aging are associated with oxidative stress which can impair redox signaling by altering essential cysteine thiolates. We previously found that cardiac-specific overexpression of catalase (Cat), an enzyme that detoxifies excess H2O2, protected from oxidative stress and delayed cardiac aging in mice. Using redox proteomics and systems biology, we sought to identify the cysteines that could play a key role in cardiac disease and aging. With a ‘Tandem Mass Tag’ (TMT) labeling strategy and mass spectrometry, we investigated differential reversible cysteine oxidation in the cardiac proteome of wild type and Cat transgenic (Tg) mice. Reversible cysteine oxidation was measured as thiol occupancy, the ratio of total available versus reversibly oxidized cysteine thiols. Catalase overexpression globally decreased thiol occupancy by ≥1.3 fold in 82 proteins, including numerous mitochondrial and contractile proteins. Systems biology analysis assigned the majority of proteins with differentially modified thiols in Cat Tg mice to pathways of aging and cardiac disease, including cellular stress response, proteostasis, and apoptosis. In addition, Cat Tg mice exhibited diminished protein glutathione adducts and decreased H2O2 production from mitochondrial complex I and II, suggesting improved function of cardiac mitochondria. In conclusion, our data suggest that catalase may alleviate cardiac disease and aging by moderating global protein cysteine thiol oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiang Yao
- Vascular Biology Section, Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jessica B. Behring
- Vascular Biology Section, Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Di Shao
- Vascular Biology Section, Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Aaron L. Sverdlov
- Myocardial Biology Unit, Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stephen A. Whelan
- Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Aly Elezaby
- Myocardial Biology Unit, Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Xiaoyan Yin
- Boston University and National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Deborah A. Siwik
- Myocardial Biology Unit, Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Francesca Seta
- Vascular Biology Section, Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Catherine E. Costello
- Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Cohen
- Vascular Biology Section, Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Reiko Matsui
- Vascular Biology Section, Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Wilson S. Colucci
- Myocardial Biology Unit, Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mark E. McComb
- Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MMB); (MEM)
| | - Markus M. Bachschmid
- Vascular Biology Section, Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MMB); (MEM)
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55
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McLauchlan CC, Peters BJ, Willsky GR, Crans DC. Vanadium–phosphatase complexes: Phosphatase inhibitors favor the trigonal bipyramidal transition state geometries. Coord Chem Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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56
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Wende AR. Post-translational modifications of the cardiac proteome in diabetes and heart failure. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 10:25-38. [PMID: 26140508 PMCID: PMC4698356 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201500052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications are the leading cause of death in diabetic patients. Decades of research has focused on altered gene expression, altered cellular signaling, and altered metabolism. This work has led to better understanding of disease progression and treatments aimed at reversing or stopping this deadly process. However, one of the pieces needed to complete the puzzle and bridge the gap between altered gene expression and changes in signaling/metabolism is the proteome and its host of modifications. Defining the mechanisms of regulation includes examining protein levels, localization, and activity of the functional component of cellular machinery. Excess or misutilization of nutrients in obesity and diabetes may lead to PTMs contributing to cardiovascular disease progression. PTMs link regulation of metabolic changes in the healthy and diseased heart with regulation of gene expression itself (e.g. epigenetics), protein enzymatic activity (e.g. mitochondrial oxidative capacity), and function (e.g. contractile machinery). Although a number of PTMs are involved in each of these pathways, we will highlight the role of the serine and threonine O‐linked addition of β‐N‐acetyl‐glucosamine or O‐GlcNAcylation. This nexus of nutrient supply, utilization, and storage allows for the modification and translation of mitochondrial function to many other aspects of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Wende
- Department of Pathology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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57
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Ranek MJ, Zheng H, Huang W, Kumarapeli AR, Li J, Liu J, Wang X. Genetically induced moderate inhibition of 20S proteasomes in cardiomyocytes facilitates heart failure in mice during systolic overload. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 85:273-81. [PMID: 26116868 PMCID: PMC4530032 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The in vivo function status of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) in pressure overloaded hearts remains undefined. Cardiotoxicity was observed during proteasome inhibitor chemotherapy, especially in those with preexisting cardiovascular conditions; however, proteasome inhibition (PsmI) was also suggested by some experimental studies as a potential therapeutic strategy to curtail cardiac hypertrophy. Here we used genetic approaches to probe cardiac UPS performance and determine the impact of cardiomyocyte-restricted PsmI (CR-PsmI) on cardiac responses to systolic overload. Transgenic mice expressing an inverse reporter of the UPS (GFPdgn) were subject to transverse aortic constriction (TAC) to probe myocardial UPS performance during systolic overload. Mice with or without moderate CR-PsmI were subject to TAC and temporally characterized for cardiac responses to moderate and severe systolic overload. After moderate TAC (pressure gradient: ~40mmHg), cardiac UPS function was upregulated during the first two weeks but turned to functional insufficiency between 6 and 12weeks as evidenced by the dynamic changes in GFPdgn protein levels, proteasome peptidase activities, and total ubiquitin conjugates. Severe TAC (pressure gradients >60mmHg) led to UPS functional insufficiency within a week. Moderate TAC elicited comparable hypertrophic responses between mice with and without genetic CR-PsmI but caused cardiac malfunction in CR-PsmI mice significantly earlier than those without CR-PsmI. In mice subject to severe TAC, CR-PsmI inhibited cardiac hypertrophy but led to rapidly progressed heart failure and premature death, associated with a pronounced increase in cardiomyocyte death. It is concluded that cardiac UPS function is dynamically altered, with the initial brief upregulation of proteasome function being adaptive; and CR-PsmI facilitates cardiac malfunction during systolic overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Ranek
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA.
| | - Hanqiao Zheng
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA.
| | - Wei Huang
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA.
| | - Asangi R Kumarapeli
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA.
| | - Jie Li
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA.
| | - Jinbao Liu
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA; State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, Department of Pathophysiology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong 510182, China.
| | - Xuejun Wang
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA.
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58
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Carbonell T, Gomes AV. Dynamic regulation of the proteasome by systolic overload. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015. [PMID: 26219953 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Carbonell
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aldrin V Gomes
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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59
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Differential role of the proteasome in the early and late phases of BDNF-induced facilitation of LTP. J Neurosci 2015; 35:3319-29. [PMID: 25716833 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4521-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mediates activity-dependent long-term changes of synaptic strength in the CNS. The effects of BDNF are partly mediated by stimulation of local translation, with consequent alterations in the synaptic proteome. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) also plays an important role in protein homeostasis at the synapse by regulating synaptic activity. However, whether BDNF acts on the UPS to mediate the effects on long-term synaptic potentiation (LTP) has not been investigated. In the present study, we show similar and nonadditive effects of BDNF and proteasome inhibition on the early phase of synaptic potentiation (E-LTP) induced by theta-burst stimulation of rat hippocampal CA1 synapses. The effects of BDNF were blocked by the proteasome activator IU1, suggesting that the neurotrophin acts by decreasing proteasome activity. Accordingly, BDNF downregulated the proteasome activity in cultured hippocampal neurons and in hippocampal synaptoneurosomes. Furthermore, BDNF increased the activity of the deubiquitinating enzyme UchL1 in synaptoneurosomes and upregulated free ubiquitin. In contrast to the effects on posttetanic potentiation, proteasome activity was required for BDNF-mediated LTP. These results show a novel role for BDNF in UPS regulation at the synapse, which is likely to act together with the increased translation activity in the regulation of the synaptic proteome during E-LTP.
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60
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Marshall RS, Li F, Gemperline DC, Book AJ, Vierstra RD. Autophagic Degradation of the 26S Proteasome Is Mediated by the Dual ATG8/Ubiquitin Receptor RPN10 in Arabidopsis. Mol Cell 2015; 58:1053-66. [PMID: 26004230 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Autophagic turnover of intracellular constituents is critical for cellular housekeeping, nutrient recycling, and various aspects of growth and development in eukaryotes. Here we show that autophagy impacts the other major degradative route involving the ubiquitin-proteasome system by eliminating 26S proteasomes, a process we termed proteaphagy. Using Arabidopsis proteasomes tagged with GFP, we observed their deposition into vacuoles via a route requiring components of the autophagy machinery. This transport can be initiated separately by nitrogen starvation and chemical or genetic inhibition of the proteasome, implying distinct induction mechanisms. Proteasome inhibition stimulates comprehensive ubiquitylation of the complex, with the ensuing proteaphagy requiring the proteasome subunit RPN10, which can simultaneously bind both ATG8 and ubiquitin. Collectively, we propose that Arabidopsis RPN10 acts as a selective autophagy receptor that targets inactive 26S proteasomes by concurrent interactions with ubiquitylated proteasome subunits/targets and lipidated ATG8 lining the enveloping autophagic membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Marshall
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 425 Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Faqiang Li
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 425 Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - David C Gemperline
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 425 Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Adam J Book
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 425 Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Richard D Vierstra
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 425 Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Roles of ubiquitination and SUMOylation on prostate cancer: mechanisms and clinical implications. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:4560-80. [PMID: 25734985 PMCID: PMC4394435 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16034560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The initiation and progression of human prostate cancer are highly associated with aberrant dysregulations of tumor suppressors and proto-oncogenes. Despite that deletions and mutations of tumor suppressors and aberrant elevations of oncogenes at the genetic level are reported to cause cancers, emerging evidence has revealed that cancer progression is largely regulated by posttranslational modifications (PTMs) and epigenetic alterations. PTMs play critical roles in gene regulation, cellular functions, tissue development, diseases, malignant progression and drug resistance. Recent discoveries demonstrate that ubiquitination and SUMOylation are complicated but highly-regulated PTMs, and make essential contributions to diseases and cancers by regulation of key factors and signaling pathways. Ubiquitination and SUMOylation pathways can be differentially modulated under various stimuli or stresses in order to produce the sustained oncogenic potentials. In this review, we discuss some new insights about molecular mechanisms on ubiquitination and SUMOylation, their associations with diseases, oncogenic impact on prostate cancer (PCa) and clinical implications for PCa treatment.
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62
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Activation of the cardiac proteasome promotes angiotension II-induced hypertrophy by down-regulation of ATRAP. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 79:303-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Drews O, Taegtmeyer H. Targeting the ubiquitin-proteasome system in heart disease: the basis for new therapeutic strategies. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:2322-43. [PMID: 25133688 PMCID: PMC4241867 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Novel therapeutic strategies to treat heart failure are greatly needed. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) affects the structure and function of cardiac cells through targeted degradation of signaling and structural proteins. This review discusses both beneficial and detrimental consequences of modulating the UPS in the heart. RECENT ADVANCES Proteasome inhibitors were first used to test the role of the UPS in cardiac disease phenotypes, indicating therapeutic potential. In early cardiac remodeling and pathological hypertrophy with increased proteasome activities, proteasome inhibition prevented or restricted disease progression and contractile dysfunction. Conversely, enhancing proteasome activities by genetic manipulation, pharmacological intervention, or ischemic preconditioning also improved the outcome of cardiomyopathies and infarcted hearts with impaired cardiac and UPS function, which is, at least in part, caused by oxidative damage. CRITICAL ISSUES An understanding of the UPS status and the underlying mechanisms for its potential deregulation in cardiac disease is critical for targeted interventions. Several studies indicate that type and stage of cardiac disease influence the dynamics of UPS regulation in a nonlinear and multifactorial manner. Proteasome inhibitors targeting all proteasome complexes are associated with cardiotoxicity in humans. Furthermore, the type and dosage of proteasome inhibitor impact the pathogenesis in nonuniform ways. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Systematic analysis and targeting of individual UPS components with established and innovative tools will unravel and discriminate regulatory mechanisms that contribute to and protect against the progression of cardiac disease. Integrating this knowledge in drug design may reduce adverse effects on the heart as observed in patients treated with proteasome inhibitors against noncardiac diseases, especially cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Drews
- 1 Division of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology , Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Kaake RM, Kao A, Yu C, Huang L. Characterizing the dynamics of proteasome complexes by proteomics approaches. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:2444-56. [PMID: 24423446 PMCID: PMC4241863 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The proteasome is the degradation machine of the ubiquitin-proteasome system, which is critical in controlling many essential biological processes. Aberrant regulation of proteasome-dependent protein degradation can lead to various human diseases, and general proteasome inhibitors have shown efficacy for cancer treatments. Though clinically effective, current proteasome inhibitors have detrimental side effects and, thus, better therapeutic strategies targeting proteasomes are needed. Therefore, a comprehensive characterization of proteasome complexes will provide the molecular details that are essential for developing new and improved drugs. RECENT ADVANCES New mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics approaches have been developed to study protein interaction networks and structural topologies of proteasome complexes. The results have helped define the dynamic proteomes of proteasome complexes, thus providing new insights into the mechanisms underlying proteasome function and regulation. CRITICAL ISSUES The proteasome exists as heterogeneous populations in tissues/cells, and its proteome is highly dynamic and complex. In addition, proteasome complexes are regulated by various mechanisms under different physiological conditions. Consequently, complete proteomic profiling of proteasome complexes remains a major challenge for the field. FUTURE DIRECTIONS We expect that proteomic methodologies enabling full characterization of proteasome complexes will continue to evolve. Further advances in MS instrumentation and protein separation techniques will be needed to facilitate the detailed proteomic analysis of low-abundance components and subpopulations of proteasome complexes. The results will help us understand proteasome biology as well as provide new therapeutic targets for disease diagnostics and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn M Kaake
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California , Irvine, Irvine, California
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Wondrak GT, Lobato-Gil S, Aillet F, Lang V, Rodriguez MS. The Ubiquitin-Proteasome System (UPS) as a Cancer Drug Target: Emerging Mechanisms and Therapeutics. STRESS RESPONSE PATHWAYS IN CANCER 2014. [PMCID: PMC7121086 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9421-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Ubiquitin-Proteasome System (UPS) plays an important role in the setting of the cellular response to multiple stress signals. Although the primary function of ubiquitin was initially associated with proteolysis, it is now considered as a key regulator of protein function controlling, among other functions, signalling cascades, transcription, apoptosis or oncogenesis. Failure at any level of the UPS is associated with the development of multiple pathologies including metabolic problems, immune diseases, inflammation and cancer. The successful use of the proteasome inhibitor Bortezomib (Velcade) in the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) revealed the potential of the UPS as pharmacological target. Ten years later, new inhibitors tackling not only the proteasome but also different subsets of enzymes which conjugate or de-conjugate ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like molecules, have been developed. Most of them are excellent tools to characterize better the emerging molecular mechanisms regulating distinct critical cellular processes. Some of them have been launched already while many others are still in pre-clinical development. This chapter updates some of the most successful efforts to develop and characterize inhibitors of the UPS which tackle mechanisms involved in cancer. Particular attention has been dedicated to updating the status of the clinical trials of these inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg T. Wondrak
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Univ. of Arizona, College of Pharm. & The Univ. of Arizona Cancer Ctr., Tucson, Arizona USA
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66
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Ben-Nissan G, Sharon M. Regulating the 20S proteasome ubiquitin-independent degradation pathway. Biomolecules 2014; 4:862-84. [PMID: 25250704 PMCID: PMC4192676 DOI: 10.3390/biom4030862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
For many years, the ubiquitin-26S proteasome degradation pathway was considered the primary route for proteasomal degradation. However, it is now becoming clear that proteins can also be targeted for degradation by the core 20S proteasome itself. Degradation by the 20S proteasome does not require ubiquitin tagging or the presence of the 19S regulatory particle; rather, it relies on the inherent structural disorder of the protein being degraded. Thus, proteins that contain unstructured regions due to oxidation, mutation, or aging, as well as naturally, intrinsically unfolded proteins, are susceptible to 20S degradation. Unlike the extensive knowledge acquired over the years concerning degradation by the 26S proteasome, relatively little is known about the means by which 20S-mediated proteolysis is controlled. Here, we describe our current understanding of the regulatory mechanisms that coordinate 20S proteasome-mediated degradation, and highlight the gaps in knowledge that remain to be bridged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gili Ben-Nissan
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Michal Sharon
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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Zong N, Ping P, Lau E, Choi HJH, Ng DCM, Meyer D, Fang C, Li H, Wang D, Zelaya IM, Yates JR, Lam MPY. Lysine ubiquitination and acetylation of human cardiac 20S proteasomes. Proteomics Clin Appl 2014; 8:590-594. [PMID: 24957502 PMCID: PMC5094860 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Altered proteasome functions are associated with multiple cardiomyopathies. While the proteasome targets polyubiquitinated proteins for destruction, it itself is modifiable by ubiquitination. We aim to identify the exact ubiquitination sites on cardiac proteasomes and examine whether they are also subject to acetylations. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Assembled cardiac 20S proteasome complexes were purified from five human hearts with ischemic cardiomyopathy, then analyzed by high-resolution MS to identify ubiquitination and acetylation sites. We developed a library search strategy that may be used to complement database search in identifying PTM in different samples. RESULTS We identified 63 ubiquitinated lysines from intact human cardiac 20S proteasomes. In parallel, 65 acetylated residues were also discovered, 39 of which shared with ubiquitination sites. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE This is the most comprehensive characterization of cardiac proteasome ubiquitination to date. There are significant overlaps between the discovered ubiquitination and acetylation sites, permitting potential crosstalk in regulating proteasome functions. The information presented here will aid future therapeutic strategies aimed at regulating the functions of cardiac proteasomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobel Zong
- The NHLBI Proteomics Center at UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Departments of Physiology and Medicine/Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peipei Ping
- The NHLBI Proteomics Center at UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Departments of Physiology and Medicine/Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Edward Lau
- The NHLBI Proteomics Center at UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Departments of Physiology and Medicine/Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Howard JH Choi
- The NHLBI Proteomics Center at UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dominic CM Ng
- The NHLBI Proteomics Center at UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David Meyer
- The NHLBI Proteomics Center at UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Caiyun Fang
- The NHLBI Proteomics Center at UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Haomin Li
- The NHLBI Proteomics Center at UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ding Wang
- The NHLBI Proteomics Center at UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Departments of Physiology and Medicine/Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ivette M Zelaya
- The NHLBI Proteomics Center at UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Maggie PY Lam
- The NHLBI Proteomics Center at UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Departments of Physiology and Medicine/Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Ablation of Akt2 protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced cardiac dysfunction: role of Akt ubiquitination E3 ligase TRAF6. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 74:76-87. [PMID: 24805195 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an essential component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, plays a pivotal role in myocardial anomalies in sepsis. Recent evidence has depicted a role of Akt in LPS-induced cardiac sequelae although little information is available with regard to the contribution of Akt isoforms in the endotoxin-induced cardiac dysfunction. This study examined the effect of Akt2 knockout on LPS-induced myocardial contractile dysfunction and the underlying mechanism(s) with a focus on TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6). Echocardiographic properties and cardiomyocyte contractile function [peak shortening (PS), maximal velocity of shortening/relengthening, time-to-PS, time-to-90% relengthening] were examined in wild-type and Akt2 knockout mice following LPS challenge (4mg/kg, 4h). LPS challenge enlarged LV end systolic diameter, reduced fractional shortening and cardiomyocyte contractile capacity, prolonged TR90, promoted apoptosis, upregulated caspase-3/-12, ubiquitin, and the ubiquitination E3 ligase TRAF6 as well as decreased mitochondrial membrane potential without affecting the levels of TNF-α, toll-like receptor 4 and the mitochondrial protein ALDH2. Although Akt2 knockout failed to affect myocardial function, apoptosis, and ubiquitination, it significantly attenuated or mitigated LPS-induced changes in cardiac contractile and mitochondrial function, apoptosis and ubiquitination but not TRAF6. LPS facilitated ubiquitination, phosphorylation of Akt, GSK3β and p38, the effect of which with the exception of p38 was ablated by Akt2 knockout. TRAF6 inhibitory peptide or RNA silencing significantly attenuated LPS-induced Akt2 ubiquitination, cardiac contractile anomalies and apoptosis. These data collectively suggested that TRAF6 may play a pivotal role in mediating LPS-induced cardiac injury via Akt2 ubiquitination.
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69
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Protein quality control, the ubiquitin proteasome system, and autophagy: when worlds collide. [Corrected]. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 71:1-2. [PMID: 24681348 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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70
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Ranek MJ, Kost CK, Hu C, Martin DS, Wang X. Muscarinic 2 receptors modulate cardiac proteasome function in a protein kinase G-dependent manner. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 69:43-51. [PMID: 24508699 PMCID: PMC3977985 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Proteasome function insufficiency and inadequate protein quality control are strongly implicated in a large subset of cardiovascular disease and may play an important role in their pathogenesis. Protein degradation by the ubiquitin proteasome system can be physiologically regulated. Cardiac muscarinic 2 (M2) receptors were pharmacologically interrogated in intact mice and cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs). Proteasome-mediated proteolysis was measured with a surrogate misfolded protein, proteasome peptidase assay, and by characterizing key proteasome subunits. Successful M2 receptor manipulation in cardiomyocytes was determined by measuring an endogenous protein substrate, and in mice, the cardiovascular physiological response. M2 receptor stimulation was associated with increased proteasome-mediated proteolysis and enhanced peptidase activities, while M2 receptor inhibition yielded opposing results. Additionally, M2 receptor manipulation did not alter abundance of the key proteasome subunits, Rpt6 and β5, but significantly shifted their isoelectric points. Inhibition of protein kinase G abrogated the stimulatory effects on proteasome-mediated proteolysis from M2 receptor activation. We conclude that M2 receptor stimulation enhances, whereas M2 receptor inhibition reduces, proteasome-mediated proteolysis likely through posttranslational modifications. Protein kinase G appears to be the mediator of the M2 receptors actions.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Blotting, Western
- Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/genetics
- Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Myocytes, Cardiac/cytology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/metabolism
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Proteolysis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Rats
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptor, Muscarinic M2/genetics
- Receptor, Muscarinic M2/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction
- Ubiquitin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Ranek
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Curtis K Kost
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Chengjun Hu
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Douglas S Martin
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Xuejun Wang
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA.
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71
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Gomes AV. Genetics of proteasome diseases. SCIENTIFICA 2013; 2013:637629. [PMID: 24490108 PMCID: PMC3892944 DOI: 10.1155/2013/637629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The proteasome is a large, multiple subunit complex that is capable of degrading most intracellular proteins. Polymorphisms in proteasome subunits are associated with cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, neurological diseases, and cancer. One polymorphism in the proteasome gene PSMA6 (-8C/G) is associated with three different diseases: type 2 diabetes, myocardial infarction, and coronary artery disease. One type of proteasome, the immunoproteasome, which contains inducible catalytic subunits, is adapted to generate peptides for antigen presentation. It has recently been shown that mutations and polymorphisms in the immunoproteasome catalytic subunit PSMB8 are associated with several inflammatory and autoinflammatory diseases including Nakajo-Nishimura syndrome, CANDLE syndrome, and intestinal M. tuberculosis infection. This comprehensive review describes the disease-related polymorphisms in proteasome genes associated with human diseases and the physiological modulation of proteasome function by these polymorphisms. Given the large number of subunits and the central importance of the proteasome in human physiology as well as the fast pace of detection of proteasome polymorphisms associated with human diseases, it is likely that other polymorphisms in proteasome genes associated with diseases will be detected in the near future. While disease-associated polymorphisms are now readily discovered, the challenge will be to use this genetic information for clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldrin V. Gomes
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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72
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Wang X, Robbins J. Proteasomal and lysosomal protein degradation and heart disease. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 71:16-24. [PMID: 24239609 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In the cell, the proteasome and lysosomes represent the most important proteolytic machineries, responsible for the protein degradation in the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy, respectively. Both the UPS and autophagy are essential to protein quality and quantity control. Alterations in cardiac proteasomal and lysosomal degradation are remarkably associated with most heart disease in humans and are implicated in the pathogenesis of congestive heart failure. Studies carried out in animal models and in cell culture have begun to establish both sufficiency and, in some cases, the necessity of proteasomal functional insufficiency or lysosomal insufficiency as a major pathogenic factor in the heart. This review article highlights some recent advances in the research into proteasome and lysosome protein degradation in relation to cardiac pathology and examines the emerging evidence for enhancing degradative capacities of the proteasome and/or lysosome as a new therapeutic strategy for heart disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Protein Quality Control, the Ubiquitin Proteasome System, and Autophagy".
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Wang
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA.
| | - Jeffrey Robbins
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, The Heart Institute, Department of Pediatrics, The Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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