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Abstract
The clinical effectiveness of immunotherapies for prostate cancer remains subpar compared with that for other cancers. The goal of most immunotherapies is the activation of immune effectors, such as T cells and natural killer cells, as the presence of these activated mediators positively correlates with patient outcomes. Clinical evidence shows that prostate cancer is immunogenic, accessible to the immune system, and can be targeted by antitumour immune responses. However, owing to the detrimental effects of prostate-cancer-associated immunosuppression, even the newest immunotherapeutic approaches fail to initiate the clinically desired antitumour immune reaction. Oncolytic viruses, originally used for their preferential cancer-killing activity, are now being recognized for their ability to overturn cancer-associated immune evasion and promote otherwise absent antitumour immunity. This oncolytic-virus-induced subversion of tumour-associated immunosuppression can potentiate the effectiveness of current immunotherapeutics, including immune checkpoint inhibitors (for example, antibodies against programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1), programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PDL1), and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4)) and chemotherapeutics that induce immunogenic cell death (for example, doxorubicin and oxaliplatin). Importantly, oncolytic-virus-induced antitumour immunity targets existing prostate cancer cells and also establishes long-term protection against future relapse. Hence, the strategic use of oncolytic viruses as monotherapies or in combination with current immunotherapies might result in the next breakthrough in prostate cancer immunotherapy.
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Zhang Z, Qu J, Zheng C, Zhang P, Zhou W, Cui W, Mo X, Li L, Xu L, Gao J. Nrf2 antioxidant pathway suppresses Numb-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition during pulmonary fibrosis. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:83. [PMID: 29362432 PMCID: PMC5833372 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0198-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key progression that promotes pulmonary fibrosis (PF). Numb, a phosphotyrosine-binding domain (PTB) protein, is implicated with EMT. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor2 (Nrf2) and its downstream proteins heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) constitute an important pathway of antioxidant defense signal for protecting against PF. It remains elusive whether Nrf2 antioxidant pathway and Numb have a potential relationship in EMT-mediated PF. Here, we observed the effects of Nrf2 pathway and Numb on bleomycin(BLM)-induced PF in Nrf2-knockout (Nrf2-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice. Meanwhile, rat type II alveolar epithelial cells line (RLE-6TN) and human epithelial cells line (A549) were both treated with an Nrf2 activator sulforaphane (SFN), or transfected siRNAs of Nrf2 and Numb to unravel roles of Nrf2 pathway, Numb and the link between them on transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1)-induced EMT. We found BLM-induced lung fibrosis were more severe in Nrf2-/- mice compared to WT mice with reduced expressions of HO-1 and NQO1. Numb was enhanced with down-regulated expressions of Nrf2 in BLM groups and further increased in Nrf2-/- groups. In vitro, given exogenous TGF-β1 on RLE-6TN and A549 up-regulated Numb expressions, accompanied with down-regulations of Nrf2 and its target proteins HO-1 and NQO1. Transfected with Nrf2 and Numb siRNAs further aggravated and relieved the progression of EMT, respectively. Inversely, activating Nrf2 pathway by SFN reduced the expression of Numb and EMT-related protein. Moreover, Numb deficiency by siRNA relieved the protection of activating Nrf2 against EMT. In conclusion, activating Nrf2 antioxidant pathway suppresses EMT during PF via inhibiting the abnormal expression of Numb. These findings provide insight into PF pathogenesis and a basis for novel treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, China
| | - Jiao Qu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
- School of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China
| | - Cheng Zheng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, China
| | - Panpan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China
| | - Wencheng Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Wenhui Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Xiaoting Mo
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Liucheng Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, China
| | - Liang Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, China
| | - Jian Gao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, China.
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China.
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Gujar S, Pol JG, Kim Y, Lee PW, Kroemer G. Antitumor Benefits of Antiviral Immunity: An Underappreciated Aspect of Oncolytic Virotherapies. Trends Immunol 2017; 39:209-221. [PMID: 29275092 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) represent a new class of cancer immunotherapeutics. Administration of OVs to cancer-bearing hosts induces two distinct immunities: antiviral and antitumor. While antitumor immunity is beneficial, antiviral immune responses are often considered detrimental for the efficacy of OV-based therapy. The existing dogma postulates that anti-OV immune responses restrict viral replication and spread, and thus reduce direct OV-mediated killing of cancer cells. Accordingly, a myriad of therapeutic strategies aimed at mitigating anti-OV immune responses is presently being tested. Here, we advocate that OV-induced antiviral immune responses hold intrinsic anticancer benefits and are essential for establishing clinically desired antitumor immunity. Thus, to achieve the optimal efficacy of OV-based cancer immunotherapies, strategic management of anti-OV immune responses is of critical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Gujar
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, NS, Canada; Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, NS, Canada; Centre for Innovative and Collaborative Health Sciences Research, Quality and System Performance, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jonathan G Pol
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France; INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Youra Kim
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Patrick W Lee
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, NS, Canada; Share senior co-authorship.
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France; INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Share senior co-authorship.
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Felt SA, Grdzelishvili VZ. Recent advances in vesicular stomatitis virus-based oncolytic virotherapy: a 5-year update. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:2895-2911. [PMID: 29143726 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virus (OV) therapy is an anti-cancer approach that uses viruses that preferentially infect, replicate in and kill cancer cells. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV, a rhabdovirus) is an OV that is currently being tested in the USA in several phase I clinical trials against different malignancies. Several factors make VSV a promising OV: lack of pre-existing human immunity against VSV, a small and easy to manipulate genome, cytoplasmic replication without risk of host cell transformation, independence of cell cycle and rapid growth to high titres in a broad range of cell lines facilitating large-scale virus production. While significant advances have been made in VSV-based OV therapy, room for improvement remains. Here we review recent studies (published in the last 5 years) that address 'old' and 'new' challenges of VSV-based OV therapy. These studies focused on improving VSV safety, oncoselectivity and oncotoxicity; breaking resistance of some cancers to VSV; preventing premature clearance of VSV; and stimulating tumour-specific immunity. Many of these approaches were based on combining VSV with other therapeutics. This review also discusses another rhabdovirus closely related to VSV, Maraba virus, which is currently being tested in Canada in phase I/II clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien A Felt
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Valery Z Grdzelishvili
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
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Di Nicola M, Apetoh L, Bellone M, Colombo MP, Dotti G, Ferrone S, Muscolini M, Hiscott J, Anichini A, Pupa SM, Braud FD, Del Vecchio M. Innovative Therapy, Monoclonal Antibodies and Beyond. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2017; 38:1-9. [PMID: 29029813 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The seventh Edition of "Innovative Therapy, Monoclonal Antibodies and Beyond" Meeting took place in Milan, Italy, on January 27, 2017. The two sessions of the meeting were focused on: 1) Preclinical assays and novel biotargets; and 2) monoclonal antibodies, cell therapies and targeted molecules. Between these two sessions, a lecture entitled "HLA-antigens modulation and response to immune checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy" was also presented. Despite the impressive successes in cancer immunotherapy in recent years, the response to immune based interventions occurs only in a minority of patients (∼20%). Several basic and translational mechanisms of resistance to immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs) were discussed during the meeting: 1. the impact of tumor microenvironment on the activity of immune system; 2. strategies to inhibit the cross-talk between extracellular matrix and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in the preclinical setting; 3. microRNA expression as a biomarker and as a target of therapy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC); 4. the significance of complement activation pathways in response to immune checkpoint inhibitors; 5. the immunosuppressive activity of the microbiota by inducing IL-17 producing cells; and 6. modulation of HLA antigens as possible markers of response to ICB therapy. In order to overcome the deficiency in active anti-tumor T cells, several clinically applicable combination strategies were also discussed: 1. strategies to enhance the anticancer effects of immunogenic cell death inducing-chemotherapy; 2. the use of CAR T-cells in solid tumors; 3. the use of combination strategies involving oncolytic viruses and ICBs; 4. combinations of new ICBs with anti-PD-1/CTLA-4 therapy; and 4. combinations of targeted therapies and ICBs in melanoma. Overall, this conference emphasized the many novel strategies that are being investigated to improve the overall patient response to cancer immunotherapy. Optimization of biomarkers to accurately select patients who will respond to immunotherapy, coupled with combination strategies to improve long term patient survival remain critical challenges in the immuno-oncology field.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Di Nicola
- Unit of Immunotherapy and Anticancer Innovative Therapeutics, Milan, Italy; Medical Oncology Unit, Dept of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy.
| | - L Apetoh
- INSERM, U1231, Dijon, France; 4Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - M Bellone
- Cellular Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCSS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - M P Colombo
- Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - G Dotti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - S Ferrone
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - M Muscolini
- Laboratorio Pasteur, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - J Hiscott
- Laboratorio Pasteur, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - A Anichini
- Human Tumor Immunobiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - S M Pupa
- Molecular Targeting Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - F de Braud
- Medical Oncology Unit, Dept of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - M Del Vecchio
- Medical Oncology Unit, Dept of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy; Unit of Melanoma Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy.
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56
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Dayalan Naidu S, Dikovskaya D, Gaurilcikaite E, Knatko EV, Healy ZR, Mohan H, Koh G, Laurell A, Ball G, Olagnier D, de la Vega L, Ganley IG, Talalay P, Dinkova-Kostova AT. Transcription factors NRF2 and HSF1 have opposing functions in autophagy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11023. [PMID: 28887499 PMCID: PMC5591275 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11262-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays a critical role in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis by degrading proteins, lipids and organelles. Autophagy is activated in response to stress, but its regulation in the context of other stress response pathways, such as those mediated by heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) and nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (NRF2), is not well understood. We found that the Michael acceptor bis(2-hydoxybenzylidene)acetone (HBB2), a dual activator of NRF2 and HSF1, protects against the development of UV irradiation-mediated cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in mice. We further show that HBB2 is an inducer of autophagy. In cells, HBB2 increases the levels of the autophagy-cargo protein p62/sequestosome 1, and the lipidated form of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 isoform B. Activation of autophagy by HBB2 is impaired in NRF2-deficient cells, which have reduced autophagic flux and low basal and induced levels of p62. Conversely, HSF1-deficient cells have increased autophagic flux under both basal as well as HBB2-induced conditions, accompanied by increased p62 levels. Our findings suggest that NRF2 and HSF1 have opposing roles during autophagy, and illustrate the existence of tight mechanistic links between the cellular stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharadha Dayalan Naidu
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK
| | - Dina Dikovskaya
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK
| | - Egle Gaurilcikaite
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Elena V Knatko
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK
| | - Zachary R Healy
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine, Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
| | - Hema Mohan
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK
| | - Glenn Koh
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK
| | - Axel Laurell
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK
| | - Graeme Ball
- Dundee Imaging Facility, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK
| | - David Olagnier
- Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Division of Experimental Medicine, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Laureano de la Vega
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK
| | - Ian G Ganley
- The Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | - Paul Talalay
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Albena T Dinkova-Kostova
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK.
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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